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R-3 “Energetska učinkovitost v notranji razsvetljavi – Romunski primer” 4 The Interior Lighting Evaluation System - ILES The quality of a lighting installation would be described by several parameters: illuminance level and uniformity; direct glare control or avoidance (luminance distribution); appearance colour and colour rendition; modelling. The qualitative parameters have different weight, related to the room destination and architecture. The accent should be on: visual performance, choosing the right illuminance level and the glare avoidance; visual comfort, by the colour rendering and the luminance distribution; visual environment, by the selection of the light colour and direction and modelling. Lighting quality is a multi-faceted concept. We assess it directly, by measuring its photometrical parameters, and, indirectly, using behaviour measures – for instance, responses to semantic differential scales or Likert-scale responses to statements of opinion. There are also many research studies proposing new methods and surveys devoted to identify a proper modality to refine visual performance and comfort models. However, since there are yet no comprehensive and objective measures of visual comfort; occupant surveys remain the most accurate way to assess the lighting installation not only by its photometric properties, but also by economic parameters and human behaviour. It is useful to simultaneously estimate photometric and economic (cost and energy) parameters, maintenance program and subjective evaluation of visual comfort. Energy efficiency and quality do not automatically go hand in hand Greater lighting comfort for people in offices, for example, is often combined with a higher energy consumption. If a measurable (energy consumption) and a non-measurable (lighting comfort) parameter have to be weighted against each other, the non-measurable parameter comes under pressure (Zeguers, Jacobs 1997). A lighting installation with good quality is energy-efficient whether permits a high level of performance without creating discomforts. The light quality is not directly measurable, but it is a state generated by the link between environment and users. A lighting has a good quality when: (1) there is a good visual condition; (2) it permits the accomplishment of the task or determines the behaviour in accordance with the environment; (3) assures the availability of the interactions and desired communication between the participants; (4) contributes to the aesthetics of the space. The evaluation of the lighting quality has to be made by the evaluation of its effect on the people, having in mind all the characteristics of the room space and the users. Designed to be inexpensive, simple to administer, to score, and easy to interpret, the ILES covers a reduced number of parameters, but most important ones, and a rough scale of preferences. The system has two components - an objective photometric and energetic analysis LQED - Lighting Quality & Economic Diagnose and a subjective survey ULCS - Users’ Lighting Comfort Survey. (a) Its objective component – LQED – evaluates the photometric and energetic of the lighting system. This module may be used for in design to compare different variants and to offer an objective criterion to choose the better one. Photometrical measurements. The physical data collection includes a general space inventory as well as measures of lighting – illuminance, luminance, daylight factor, and surface reflectance following the CIE standards. Questionnaire concept. It is proposed a questionnaire following the reference models and answering to the specific questions, presented below: Room: Destination; Dimensions; Daylight factor – average value; Ceiling/walls reflexivity Equipment: Luminaries; Lamps - type, power, colour; Ballast; Installed power = Number of lamps x (Power + Ballast loses) stran 16 Posvetovanje “Razsvetljava 2006”
“ Energy efficiency in INTERIOR Lighting – a Romanian Case Study ” R-3 Photometric measurement: Average illuminance - norm/measured (designed); Illuminance uniformity - min/av.; Lighting source luminance; Luminance contrast - source/ceiling Electric measurement: Voltage Technical state: Lighting source - clean/dirty/painted; Installed power per unit - W/m 2 and/or W/(m 2·100 lx); Switching control – wall mounted/local, manual/automatic control Maintenance programme: Is there a scheduled activity? Last date of the change of the lamps/luminaries - Yes / No; Cleaning period of the room/installation - Yes / No The Quality Value Method. The quality of the lighting installation is influenced by different parameters. They cover the lighting quality – referred by its photometric parameters -, the lighting energy-effectiveness – referred by its economic parameters -, and the benefit of final users – referred by their comfort, pleasantness and productivity. The importance of different parameters varies inside of each of these groups and also between them. Following the Krochmann study (1990), there are proposed a method and a model for quantifying them into a final “quality value” number, by weighting the meaning of parameters and by evaluation of their levels. The photometric parameters targeted to the lighting quality are: average illuminance, illuminance uniformity, modelling (cylindrical illuminance), lighting source luminance, luminance distribution (contrast) on the visual field, reflectance of the room surfaces – walls, ceiling, ground, luminaries protection angle, correlated colour temperature, colour rendering index and a lot of many others. Each of the parameters – noted with x – has a certain importance on the quality assembly, noticed by the weighting factor w(x), valued from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest importance). Each of the parameters is evaluated in function with its effective value, compared with the standard, recommended or optimum value by the scaling factor s(x), valued from 1 to 10. Each of the parameters contribute to define the quality value of the lighting installation by the quality factor q(x), product of both specific factors q(x)=w(x)·s(x). The effective quality factor of the installation is the sum of the quality factors of each component parameters q ef =∑ w(x)·s(x), having the minimum - min q ef =∑ w(x) -, and, respectively, the maximum value - max q ef =10 ∑ w(x). The optimum quality factor of the installation is corresponding to the standard, recommended or optimum values, being the maximum value q opt =max q ef =10 ∑ w(x). The Quality Value, describing the overall quality of the lighting installation, is the ratio: q Q = q opt ⋅10 = ∑ w( ∑ x) ⋅ s( x) ef . w( x) The scaling factor of each parameter x is defined by comparing the effective value, measured or designed, to the normalised value, recommended or admissible, and introducing the minimal/maximal values ratio: ( seff , snorm ) ( s , s ) min s( x) = 10 ⋅ . max eff norm By using the ratio of the two illuminances, we take into account the following aspects: on one side, an installation which assures an illuminance level lower than the normalised value is under standard, but the rules concerning the illuminance are, as we all know, very elastic and conjectural (there are many working installations with illuminance levels well under the normalised values, accepted by the users); on the other side, an installation which assures an illuminance level higher than the normalised value does this by consuming extra electrical energy over the right balance. In “Lighting engineering 2006” stran 17
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