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R-5 “Sistemi za regulacijo razsvetljave z namenom izboljšanja izkoristka…” 1 Introduction Use of automatic systems to control buildings, plants and services, in particular in non-residential buildings, has been proposed as a natural evolution of automation processes developed for industrial production, since the eighties. The introduction of automatic control systems seemed to offer real opportunities to raise the overall building quality, in particular concerning the improvement of building functionality and environmental conditions. Interior lighting came out as a possible application field for automation systems: lighting requirements of a space can change during the day or year in relation to its functions, activities carried out, daylight availability or actual space usage. In order to respond to different lighting requirements users can manually switch on, off or dim luminaires, but being able to automatically control lighting, independently from the occupant’s actions, seems to be a potentially interesting challenge. Introducing partially or completely automatic systems to control or integrate electric lighting and daylighting might help, from a theoretical point of view, in getting advantages such as the increase of visual and thermal comfort or decrease of energy costs. Energy savings can be achieved thanks to both a reduction of luminaires electrical energy consumption and, in air-conditioned buildings, a lowering of the thermal load produced by electric light sources. The problem of energy conservation has been a recurrent topic since the seventies. Over the last few decades the importance of reducing energy consumption has achieved new implications concerned with both the need of preserving natural resources and the link that exists between energy consumption and climatic changes. Over the last few years, there has been a growth of interest towards strategies and technologies aimed at realising “sustainable” buildings, where the goal of reducing energy consumption is associated to achieving high environmental quality. Furthermore, this trend is supported by new international standards that underline the need to reduce energy consumption as well as the importance of achieving high environmental quality levels. Lighting control products have been available on the market since the eighties, however their popularity has so far been limited and often restricted to industrial or large office buildings. Recently, interest towards new solutions for electric lighting and daylighting control has been increased by the diffusion of new architectural design trends and accessibility of new technologies and products. In building design trends, there has been a significant and growing interest in the use of highly glazed facades, implying more daylight availability inside buildings and, consequently, the need for more control of a resource that, beyond its many advantages, can lead, when not controlled, to considerable discomfort from both visual and thermal points of view (glare, overheating, etc). With control technologies, the steady diffusion of dimmable electronic ballasts for discharge lamps, evolution of communication protocols and growing diffusion of new lighting trends such as dynamic lighting and coloured lighting, have boosted the choice in new control lighting products. At present, most luminaires manufacturers have a line of products for lighting control in their catalogues. Depending on the size of the company it can range from very simple devices to complex building automation systems, and this demonstrates that there are further expectations of growth for the lighting control systems market. stran 38 Posvetovanje “Razsvetljava 2006”
“Lighting Control Systems To Improve energy performance…” R-5 2 Lighting control and the quality of lighting design A new phase of the cultural debate on the significance of a lighting project began in the nineties: the definition of the concept of lighting quality took on a value that went beyond purely illuminating engineering aspects [1] [2] [3] [4]. Agreement has traditionally been reached on recognising that light has an influence on: - vision; - visual performance in carrying out a task; - subjective behaviour; - determination of a state of mind; - health; - formulation of an aesthetical evaluation. An illuminated environment, characterised by a good quality, should therefore: - create optimal perception conditions; - create optimal conditions for carrying out an activity or precise visual task; - favour correct behaviour; - contribute to the determination of appropriate states of mind; - favour healthy conditions and avoid phenomena that are dangerous for one’s health; - contribute to the creation of an appreciable aesthetic environment, taking into consideration and valorising the architectonic characteristics. Considerations from the 1998 CIE Symposium on Lighting Quality [1] have made the concept of lighting quality a more holistic approach, apart from falling back on the sphere of visual comfort and related criteria (illuminance, light distribution, glare, etc.), greater importance has been given to the HUMAN NEEDS role of aspects, not directly dealing Visibility with lighting, underlying the Task performance multidimensional nature of the Visual comfort lighting design. In the proposed Social communication model (Fig. 1) the definition of Mood and atmosphere lighting quality encompasses the Helth, safety, well being spheres of human needs, Aesthetic judgment architectural integration, and environmental/ economic con- LIGHTING straints. ECONOMICS AND QUALITY ARCHITECTURE Form ENVIRONMENT Installation Maintenance Operation Energy Environment Composition Style Codes and standards Fig. 1 – Lighting Quality definition developed at First CIE Symposium on Lighting Quality [4] Within this framework it is clear that the use of lighting controls might have a positive influence on the global quality of lighting design. These systems are intended to increase the flexibility of lighting and optimise energy consumption, taking into account actual space occupancy and daylight availability during “Lighting engineering 2006” stran 39
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