Household Metabolism in the Five Cities.

Household Metabolism
in the Five Cities.
Swedish National Report-Stockholm.
Annika Carlsson-Kanyama and Rebecka Karlsson
Environmental Strategies Research Group/FOI
Stockholm, Sweden
Henri Moll and Rixt Kok
IVEM
University of Groningen
The Netherlands
With contributions from Anders Wadeskog
Statistics Sweden
Fms-Report 177, September 2002

Fms report 177 September 2002
Household Metabolism
in the Five Cities.
Swedish National Report-Stockholm.
Annika Carlsson-Kanyama and Rebecka Karlsson
Environmental Strategies Research Group/FOI
Stockholm, Sweden
Henri Moll and Rixt Kok
IVEM
University of Groningen
The Netherlands
With contributions from Anders Wadeskog
Statistics Sweden
Deliverable No. 8
ToolSust is a part of
Key Action 4 "City of
Tomorrow and Cultural
Heritage" from
the programme "Energy,
Environment
and Sustainable Development"
within the
Fifth Framework Programme
of the EU.
S T O C K H O L M S U N I V E R S I T E T / S Y S T E M E K O L O G I O C H F O I
fms 08-402 38 00 Besöksadress:
Box 2142 08-402 38 01 (fax) Lilla Nygatan 1
103 14 Stockholm Gamla Stan

ISSN 1404-6520
Fms homepage: www.fms.ecology.su.se
S T O C K H O L M S U N I V E R S I T E T / S Y S T E M E K O L O G I O C H F O I
fms 08-402 38 00 Besöksadress:
Box 2142 08-402 38 01 (fax) Lilla Nygatan 1
103 14 Stockholm Gamla Stan

1 Preface
This is a national city report of Sweden where we present the Swedish results of the
second research step of the ToolSust project, The involvement of stakeholders to
develop and implement tools for sustainable households in the city of tomorrow.
ToolSust was developed within the fifth framework program of the EU, as a part of
Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Key action 4: City of Tomorrow
and Cultural Heritage, 4.1.2 Improving the quality of Urban life.
The main aim of the second research step is to estimate the total primary energy
requirements of various household types in some European cities. This research step
builds upon the notion that at the city level, individual consumers and household
activities play an important role as far as sustainable development strategies are
concerned. The total (direct and indirect) energy demand of households presents a
useful proxy for environmental pressure related to household consumption in our city.
The direct energy demand refers to the use of energy carriers that are literally
consumed by households (district heating or oil for warming flats and water,
electricity and motor fuels). The indirect energy demand refers to the energy
embodied in consumer items. Accounting for the indirect energy demand implies
calculation of the energy requirements for the production and distribution activities in
the production-consumption chain of consumer items.
The calculation of the indirect energy requirements is based upon a method developed
at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies (IVEM) of the University of
Groningen, Netherlands. The energy data are calculated using the Energy Analysing
Program EAP, available at IVEM. Especially for this project the original Dutch
database was adjusted for the Swedish situation. Swedish data were used as much
possible to build up a Swedish database. The indirect energy requirements of a
household are calculated by linking the energy data with household expenditure data.
Although data availability did not allow us to fully represent the Swedish context in
the databases, this research yields a unique tool for increasing the knowledge of the
energy consumption by households in Södermalm/Stockholm and in Sweden as a
whole.
Although the energy values presented in this study can only be the indicative
estimates of the energy budgets of different household types in Stockholm we
consider these results to be very useful for the design of different sets of change
options for more sustainable consumption patterns in this city.
We would like to thank all participants in the ToolSust project for their contributions
as well as our colleagues Mattias Höjer and Per Bolund for valuable discussions and
help. The project was financed by the European Commission, the Swedish Environmental
Protection Agency and the Swedish Research Council for Environment,
Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning.
3

2 Summary
The study present results from a European project, ToolSust, in which direct and
indirect energy use of household consumption is quantified. The focus is on
households in Stockholm and how their spending contributes to energy use. A Dutch
energy analyses programme, EAP, was modified to portray Swedish conditions, and
analyses of more than 300 consumer goods were performed. These data were matched
with information about family expenditure patterns from 1996. Six households were
analysed, Swedish average, Stockholm City average and four households from
Stockholm City.
The results show that it is possible to portray households’ total energy use, even the
indirect one, with the help of the EAP programme and Swedish statistics. Further,
indirect energy use may account for more than half of households total energy use and
therefore it needs to be considered in policy making. The total primary energy use for
the average households varied from 240 to 260 GJ during 1996. Heating, food and
transportation were large contributors. The energy efficiency of total household
spendings varied from 8.8 MJ per Euro 13 MJ per Euro. Information about the energy
efficiency on spendings is valuable but cannot be presented and used without
considering basic needs and quality of life. The total energy use per person varied
from 50 to 350 GJ per year, a difference of factor seven. The analyses of energy
efficiency of spendings, MJ per SEK, indicate important opportunities for less energy
demanding spending patterns, but those with low incomes have fewer opportunties
than those with high incomes. The energy profiles for different households show that
the individual ones may differ a lot from the average picture. There is a need for
individual household advice about how to find more energy efficient spending
patterns. Large cuts in household energy use means substantial changes in both
energy intensity of goods and services and expenditure profiles. Expenditure levels
should also be questioned.
4

Contents
1 Preface............................................................................................................... 3
2 Summary ........................................................................................................... 4
3 Introducing the household metabolism concept .................................................. 6
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................ 6
A brief reader’s guide to the report..................................................................... 6
3.2 Household consumption and environmental impacts .................................. 7
3.3 A brief introduction to the household metabolism concept.......................... 7
3.4 The metabolism concept applied to households .......................................... 8
3.5 Household metabolism and sustainable cities ............................................. 9
3.6 Household metabolism: focus on energy .................................................. 10
4. Method ............................................................................................................ 10
4.1 A brief introduction in Energy Analysis ................................................... 10
4.2 The original EAP model as a starting point............................................... 12
The EAP database............................................................................................ 12
4.3 Non-Eap analyses..................................................................................... 16
5 Data for the Swedish EAP, version 1.0 and the analyses................................... 16
5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 16
5.2 Databases in the Swedish EAP, version 1.0 .............................................. 16
ERE values and conversion rates...................................................................... 16
Input-output sectors ......................................................................................... 17
Basic goods...................................................................................................... 18
Packaging materials ......................................................................................... 18
Manufacturers.................................................................................................. 18
Transport ......................................................................................................... 18
Trade and Services........................................................................................... 19
Direct Consumption......................................................................................... 19
Waste Processing ............................................................................................. 19
5.3 Data for the EAP analyses ........................................................................ 19
The Swedish Family Expenditure Survey 1996 ................................................ 19
Consumer prices and consumer taxes............................................................... 20
Transportation distances and modes ................................................................. 21
Other assumptions............................................................................................ 22
5.4 Data for analyses made partly outside EAP .............................................. 22
5.5 Demographic data and the types of households selected for the analyses .. 23
6 Direct energy use of households....................................................................... 25
7 Indirect energy use of households. ................................................................... 28
7.1 Household expenditures ........................................................................... 28
7.2 How many items do the households buy? ................................................. 30
5.3 Indirect energy profiles .................................................................................. 30
8 Total energy use in households ........................................................................ 33
9 Discussion and conclusion ............................................................................... 37
9.1 Discussion................................................................................................ 37
Uncertainties.................................................................................................... 37
Total energy use versus spending intensity....................................................... 38
9.2 Conclusions.............................................................................................. 41
References............................................................................................................... 43
Appendix 1-8…………………………………………………………………………46
5

3 Introducing the household metabolism concept
3.1 Introduction
Nearly anyone is familiar with the household concept as a ‘housekeeping’ unit in
which individuals are and interact with each other. Yet this familiarity is not widely
reflected in the scientific and political attention given to households as an important
socio-economic sector with its associated environmental impacts. By spending their
income, modern households consume a complex and ever changing mix of goods and
services. The environmental loading associated with the spending of household
income differs per consumer item. This indicates that the environmental effects of
consumer activities are determined by the way households spend their income. In this
report, the environmental consequences of household consumption are calculated in
energy terms. A distinction is made between direct energy and indirect energy use.
Insight on the total energy use of households offers insight in how to direct the
present day consumption patterns into more environmentally sound directions in the
future, in both the short term and the longer term.
A brief reader’s guide to the report
In the second phase of the ToolSust project (WP2) the concept of household
metabolism is applied to enhance the understanding of the environmental impact of
household consumption in Stockholm. The primary results are presented in this report
(Deliverable 8).
In chapter 1 we briefly present the concept of household metabolism as a metaphor to
study the integral pattern of natural resource flows into and out of households in
Stockholm. Rather than taking into account the full range of natural resources, we
focus on the use of energy by households. By doing so we make a distinction between
direct and indirect energy use. These concepts are introduced in chapter 1.
In chapter 2 we present the method to calculate the total energy budgets of households
in Stockholm. The application of the method depends heavily on the availability of
statistical data of the energy use and the production in the economic sectors and of
information on household budget spending. In chapter 2 we also discuss in general the
databases required to calculate the direct and indirect energy requirements of
households. Chapter 3 presents the available data for Sweden and Stockholm. The
direct energy requirements of households, both at the more aggregate national level
and the city level are presented in chapter 4. In chapter 5 we present and discuss the
indirect energy requirements of households and different consumption categories. In
chapter 6 the results of the chapters 5 and 6 are combined to calculate the total energy
budgets of households in Stockholm. Finally, in chapter 7 we discuss how the results
obtained in the study can contribute to composing short term and longer-term
outlooks on possible transition routes in terms of changing direct and indirect
household energy requirements.
6

3.2 Household consumption and environmental impacts
Many European economies are characterised by the simultaneously occurring trends
of sharply increasing household numbers and slow-growing populations. These
processes have important implications for the direct and indirect use of resources by
households. The total demand for natural resources is not only determined by the
number of households and their average size but also by the consumption per
household and the material and energy efficiency of consumption and production
processes. The latter, in turn, is not only a function of biophysical, technological,
spatial and economic aspects, but also of consumer behavioural aspects, social
institutions and administrative policy measures.
Our main focus, therefore, is on consumers and household consumption in the city. It
is increasingly recognized that when aiming at redirecting the present consumption
and production patterns in a more sustainable direction, cities play an important role.
Urbanization rates show a steady increase all over Europe, whereas at the same time
pollution, noise, poor environmental quality and the increasing demand for energy
endanger sustainable development of the cities and the quality of life of those living in
today’s cities. City planners, together with a wide variety of stakeholders, launch a lot
of new initiatives to deal with the environmental problems that go along with
urbanization.
Cities can be regarded as resource consuming systems. Only in recent decades it has
become increasingly recognised that parallel to the wide range of activities taking
place on the production side of the economy, a society also consists of a large and
rapidly increasing number of households characterized by different lifestyles. Most of
these households live in urban areas. This has led to the insight that households and
lifestyles are interesting concepts for assessing and exploring routes to the required
reduction of the long-term environmental impacts of the combined effects of
consumption and production. The household metabolism metaphor is introduced to
study the natural resource consumption of households and the associated
environmental aspects.
3.3 A brief introduction to the household metabolism concept
In ecological science, metabolism refers to the material cycles and energy flows that
determine the viability and continuation of organism-environment interactions. In
natural systems, waste produced by one organism is food for another. The application
of metabolism as a metaphor in the ToolSust project stresses the fact that human
societies use large amounts of materials and energy in ways analogous to single
organisms and communities of organisms. Just like natural systems, the physical basis
of mankind’s economy is also dependent on the extraction and the conversion of raw
resources into useful products by means of energy. And just as in natural systems,
these processes affect the quality of our natural surroundings. It is not just during the
production and consumption phase of the life cycle of products that environmental
effects occur. After consuming the products or the services related to these products,
waste residues are returned to the natural environment. The resulting material flows in
human societies should preferably occur in “closed” cycles, just as in communities of
other organisms in nature. Making the metabolism concept operational at the city
7

level implies the design of metabolic models that describe the flows of materials and
energy related to the services delivered. Furthermore, such models can be used to
determine the associated environmental impact and to predict some of the
consequences of social and technological development (Moll, 1993).
3.4 The metabolism concept applied to households
Nowadays, similarities are being recognised between the production side of the
economy, which consists of a broad range of activities, and society which consists of
a large (and rapidly increasing) number of households characterised by different lifestyles.
It is acknowledged that households and lifestyle are interesting concepts for
assessing and exploring routes to the required reduction of the (long-term)
environmental impacts of the combined effects of production and consumption
activities that take place within the economy (Duchin, 1995; IIASA, 1990).
Consumer activities, centred on households, can be linked to patterns of inputs and
outputs of the economy and, thus, to the associated environmental effects of economic
activities. Since the major part of consumer activities takes place within households,
households rather than individual consumers determine a large part of resource
consumption. The term “household metabolism” refers both to the demand for
resources, i.e., the direct flows of resources through households, and to the supply of
resources, i.e., the materials and energy indirectly required to realise these flows (e.g.
in mining, production of materials, construction of houses, and manufacturing goods).
Natural system
Natural resources
Man-made system
Production of goods
and services
Energy supply
City level
Waste
management
Waste residues
Figure 1.1: Household metabolism at the city level
8

This is shown in figure 1.1. By adopting the household metabolism metaphor, a
picture is obtained that relates the use of natural resources to the very basis of
economic activity: consumption in households. Measuring household consumption
patterns as a way of understanding how to direct them towards environmentally
sustainable goals requires insight into the mechanics of household metabolism.
3.5 Household metabolism and sustainable cities
When aiming at redirecting the present consumption and production patterns in a
more sustainable direction cities play an important role. For many people the city is
the place were they live, work and build up a social network. Cities often are the
economic, social-cultural and political heart of society. Modern cities face many
challenges when it comes to balancing environmental (urban) quality and
sustainability with modern city life.
When looking at the options for cities to become more sustainable, focussing on the
role of consumers seems a good starting point. Although cities show a great diversity,
and every city is characterized by its own specific features, they share one common
characterstic: the presence of citizens. Since all citizens are consumers, consumption
turns out to be an interesting concept for assessing and exploring routes to the
required reduction of the long-term environmental impacts in sustainability strategies.
Another reason for focussing on household consumption is the recognition that
consumers play a key role in our modern market economy. Consumers’ preferences
determine, to a certain extent, producers’ actions. The products demanded by the
consumer are produced and offered at a price that the consumer is willing to pay.
Clearly, it is not just the consumers who rule the market. Consumers, producers and
retailers mutually affect each other. Insight into these processes at the city level seems
a good starting point when searching for sustainability strategies. From the previous
paragraph it can be concluded that strategies aimed at reducing the environmental
impact of consumption activities should ultimately embrace the entire lifecycle of
consumer goods and services. We draw the line at those aspects of environmental
pressure that take place during and as a result of the consumption itself at the city level.
The different phases and activities regarding production and consumption are
presented in figure 1.2. Four different activities at the city level are distinguished:
distribution, purchase, use and discarding.
extraction
of raw
materials
Production distribution purchase use Discarding
waste
handling
recycling
Figure 1.2: Production and consumption activities in relation to the city level
9

3.6 Household metabolism: focus on energy
In order to illustrate the changing rates of household metabolism in Stockholm, this
study focuses on patterns of household energy use rather than taking into account the
full range of natural resources used in production and consumption processes.
Household energy consumption is usually taken to comprise that fraction of the
national energy consumption that is literally consumed in (electricity, natural gas, etc)
or via (car fuels) households (i.e. direct energy consumption). Typical OECD values
range from 15 to 20 % of total energy consumption. However, households also use
energy in an indirect way. They purchase goods and services delivered by the
production sectors. The energy directly used for producing consumer items and
services can be considered as the indirect energy consumption of households. We
proceed from this perspective and assume that the economy is based on the production
of goods and services on behalf of household consumption, and that the total energy
consumption can be assigned to households (taking into account import and export).
In various studies, it was demonstrated that 60-70% of the total energy consumption is
directly or indirectly consumed by households (Wilting, 1996). Government spending
related to taxes consumes the remaining energy. The total energy consumption has
been calculated as a function of household expenditures. This generates insights into
the relationships between household spending patterns and the effects of these,
counted as energy consumption. Furthermore, the approach reflects the
interdependency between industrial metabolism and household metabolism as
presented in figure 1.1. Metabolic changes in the production processes of consumer
items might have significant impact on the indirect household energy use, but on the
other hand changing consumption patterns has its effect on the structure of production
side of the economy.
The method we used to calculate the total household energy requirements is presented
in chapter 2.
4. Method
4.1 A brief introduction in Energy Analysis
The energy requirements of households are determined using methods of energy
analysis. Energy analysis considers the use of energy throughout the entire production
and consumption chain (life cycle) of products. Energy requirements are expressed in
terms of primary energy, i.e., energy in the form in which it appears in nature. Thus, if
a process uses electricity, the energy used in the production and distribution of the
electricity is also taken into account, e.g., in the extraction, transport and combustion
of coal. Energy analyses can be carried out from both technical (process analysis) and
economic (input-output analysis) points of view.
Process analysis starts from a description in physical terms of the life cycle of a
product. The energy used in different processes is determined in detail. For example,
the energy used in the bakery, on the farm, and in the fertilizer plant contributes to the
energy requirements of a loaf of bread. So process analysis is an accurate but
laborious method.
10

Input-output analysis, which has its origins in economics, is based on input-output
tables. An input-output table of an economy contains the transactions between
economic sectors in financial units. Input-output tables contain only the direct
transactions between economic sectors, but the indirect deliveries between sectors can
be determined using a mathematical formula. In the example of the loaf of bread, the
deliveries of the fertilizer plant and agriculture are indirect deliveries to the bakery.
The energy requirements of the bakery are determined by combining the financial
data on the (direct and indirect) deliveries to the bakery with data on energy use in the
economic sector. Input-output analysis is a rapid method of calculation, but is less
detailed due to the use of aggregated data in input-output tables. The bakery, for
example, belongs to the flour-processing industry, which also produces biscuits.
A combination of elements of process analysis and input-output analysis results in a
so-called hybrid analysis, which builds on the advantages of both methods. The
essence of the methodology used in the ToolSust project is the projection of the total
energy consumption (in production, distribution and consumption) on behalf of
household consumption on desegregated household budget spending categories. This
generates insights into the relationship of household spending patterns and the effects
of these (counted as energy consumption). The energy requirement of a specific
household budget category thus contains a so-called direct part (energy consumed
directly in the household for this purpose) and an indirect part (accounting for the
energy consumption in production and service sectors). The relationship of
consumption of goods and services versus energy requirements can only be
established indirectly. Household consumption must first be split into patterns of
household consumption activities (e.g. vacation, private transport). Next, such
activities need to be translated into energy terms, after which the direct and indirect
energy requirements of these activities can be established.
The methodology for the assessment of energy requirements and intensities is
outlined in figure 2.1. It requires reliable statistical data concerning energy production
and consumption, economic input-output matrices, household budget surveys and
goods and services price information (that are only rarely available in a highresolution,
and compatible form).
11

Economic
I-O data
Energy Statistics
Budget Surveys
I-O Energy
Analysis
Process Analysis
Energy intensities of
Production sectors
Energy Contents
of materials
EAP: LCA of goods and services
prices Energy intensities of goods and services Budget spendings
Energy requirement and intensity of
Household Budget Spending Categories
Figure 2.1: Flowchart of the methodology for calculating energy parameters of
budget spending categories.
Figure 2.1 illustrates that a combination of economic input-output data and energy
statistics delivers data concerning the energy intensity of (about 60 in the case of the
Netherlands) production sectors by means of input-output energy analysis techniques
(Van Engelenburg et al., 1991; Wilting, 1996; Wilting et al., 1994). Energy analysis is
used to determine the energy intensity of a range of basic materials (over 100)
frequently used in the delivery and consumption of goods and services. Both data sets
are used in a simplified Life Cycle Analysis of goods and services pertinent to the
categories of the budget spending surveys. The LCA results are calculated and stored
by a software program EAP (Wilting et al., 1995). The EAP results lead to evaluation
of the energy requirements of goods and services.
4.2 The original EAP model as a starting point
To calculate the energy requirements of the consumer goods and services, the original
EAP model was used as a default. It is beyond the scope of this study to give a full
description of the EAP model. For a detailed description the reader is referred to
Wilting (1996). In this section we only report on the adjustments of the original EAP
model in order to make the method meaningful for the other European countries in the
Toolsust project.
The EAP database
The EAP model consists of a common database of basic data on the energy
requirements of materials, economic sectors, forms of transport, trade and services,
and waste processing. In order to make the original database meaningful for the other
12

countries involved in the Toolsust project, a number of adjustments were needed.
Chapter 3 gives description of the data used in the Swedish EAP version.
For each country, the energy intensities of the production sectors distinguished in the
Input-output table were calculated using country specific energy data and economic
data. It turned out that data is available in different degrees of detail in different
countries. The level of detail at which the energy intensities were calculated was
merely determined by the availability of energy data. To calculate the energy
intensities per country the following economic data were used:
• An input-output table with intermediate deliveries, in basic prices.
• An input-output table with competitive and non-competitive imports.
Competitive imports are imported commodities that are also produced
domestically whereas non-competitive imports are not produced domestically.
• Per sector: total domestic production value.
• Per sector: net value added.
• Per sector: energy prices payed by the producers. In some cases due to lack of
data the energy price per group of sectors was used.
• Per sector: consumption of fixed capital (depreciation of capital goods).
In addition to economic data, information on energy consumption per sector, divided
per fuel type, is required to calculate the energy intensities of the input-output sectors.
The energy intensities were calculated using primary energy terms. The energy
required to produce primary energy and process it into useful fuels or electricity is
included in the so-called ERE (Energy Requirement for Energy) value. Except for
electricity, it was assumed that the ERE values for fuels were the same in the various
countries. This assumption was not valid for electricity production since electricity is
produced in different ways in the different countries using a various combination of
fossil energy, nuclear fuels, and renewable sources.
EAP analyses
Once the national database was available, EAP was used to calculate the energy
intensities of consumer items. The selection of relevant consumer goods was merely
based on the available household budget surveys. Per country, two important sets of
data were needed:
• Consumer prices
• Expenditure surveys
• The format of the various datasets differs per country. The Swedish datasets
will be presented in more detail in chapter 3.
Taxes (such as motor vehicle taxes) were not included in the calculation of the energy
intensities of consumer goods and services in the budget survey. Spending on taxes is
viewed as collective spending and can therefore not be ascribed to an individual
household. Furthermore it is very difficult to identify where the tax money is spent.
Medical costs (except for medicines directly paid for by households) were also not
13

included in the EAP analyses, as medical care is usually paid through insurances and
cannot be ascribed to an individual household.
Per EAP analysis, different types of information are needed:
• Price information (i.e. consumer price of the product, incl. VAT).
• Composition of the product (i.e. type and amount of the basic goods and type
and amount of packaging materials).
• The origin of the product (i.e. name of the manufacturer, names of the
wholesale and retail trade and transport distances).
• How the consumer product is treated after being used (i.e. waste processing
including recycling).
Example of a calculation using EAP
To give a better idea of the possibilities and outcome of a general EAP analysis we
present one here. The case of refrigerators and freezers has been elaborated further to
give an impression of the outcome of the EAP model. The example comes from the
Swedish EAP.
14

Refrigerator
Expenditure
: vk 2352, refrigerators and freezers
Manufacturer sector : manufacturer of domestic appliances
Price incl. Taxes (SEK) : 5671
Unit
: piece,
Number : 1.0
Transport weight (kg) : 69.30
Basic goods kg MJ/kg MJ
Aluminium 2.40 184.93 443.83
Copper (cathodic) 1.80 97.59 175.66
Polystyrene (granules) 9.70 96.05 931.68
PUR 7.30 93.90 685.47
Steel 42.30 43.70 1848.51
Paint 0.70 51.90 36.33
Packaging Kg MJ/kg MJ
Cardboard (corrugated) 2.60 17.86 46.44
LDPE 0.70 83.41 58.39
Other Inputs SEK MJ/SEK MJ
Residual goods 1162.74 0.93 1078.89
Capital goods 120.22 1.00 120.22
Production SEK MJ/SEK MJ
Production 2795.70 0.26 724.09
Transport Km MJ/tonkm MJ
Cargo vessels, large 133.00 0.22 2.03
Heavy lorry with trailer, 40 tons 1745.00 0.72 87.07
Light lorry distribution service 100.00 2.41 16.70
Trade/Services SEK MJ/SEK MJ
Retail trade white goods, audio/visual 1200.36 0.80 960.29
etc.
Wholesale trade electrical domestic 729.77 0.60 437.86
appl. etc.
Household (direct) - - -
Waste treatment Kg MJ/kg MJ
Average plastics (incl. transport) 17.70 -14.25 - 252.22
Average residual waste (incl. 28.20 0.09 2.54
transport)
Recycled aluminium 0.89 -158.01 - 140.63
Recycled copper 0.90 -85.59 -77.03
Recycled steel 16.10 -22.96 -369.66
RESULTS
Energy use MJ MJ/SEK MJ/piece
Indirect 6816.45 1.20 6816.45
Direct - - -
Total 6816.45 1.20 6816.45
15

4.3 Non-Eap analyses
Most energy intensities of consumer items were calculated using EAP. In some cases,
however, energy intensities were calculated in another way. For unspecified products
(products for which the basic goods could not be identified) and expenditures that
constitute only a very small fraction of the total budget spending, average energy
intensities were used.
For some items in the budget survey EAP could not be used (i.e. holidays, domestic
services, taxi transport etc.) The energy intensity of these items cannot be
standardised. Energy intensities were taken from literature or calculated in another
way.
5 Data for the Swedish EAP, version 1.0 and the analyses
5.1 Introduction
In chapter 2 the EAP model was introduced, including the required data to perform
the analyses. In this chapter, the data that we used for the Swedish EAP, version 1.0
and for the analyses are presented in detail. During the course of searching for the
suitable data, it became apparent that some data was readily available while some
were hard or impossible to find. Therefore, we had to make some compromises and to
some extent Dutch data has been used also in the first Swedish version of EAP.
5.2 Databases in the Swedish EAP, version 1.0
In the Swedish EAP databases, version 1.0, we used data from 1995, to the extent
possible.
ERE values and conversion rates
ERE values (Energy Requirements for Energy) are used for calculating the primary
energy use from data about the direct energy use in processes. The Dutch ERE values
for oil, petrol and diesel were used when these fuels were consumed directly by
industries and consumers, as we did not expect any inter-country differences. These
values are 1.11 for oil products, 1.12 for petrol and 1.067 for diesel. The figures
include the energy needed for drilling, extracting and transporting the fuels to where
they are used.
In order to calculate the energy content of the fuels used for power and heat
generation, information about conversion rates are needed in addition to the ERE
values mentioned above. We calculated a general conversion factor of 2.41 for
electricity generated in Sweden (IEA Statistics, 1998). This figure was multiplied
with the electricity use in order to estimate the primary energy use. Electricity in
Sweden is generated mainly by nuclear and hydropower, with the use of oil and coal
during heavy demand. When the electricity production is apportioned to fuel type, the
result is as seen in Figure 3.1; almost half of the electricity generated comes from
nuclear plants and half from hydropower plants. However, when the primary energy
16

use for electricity production is calculated (including ERE value and conversion
losses), the result is different, as can be seen in Figure 3.2. More than 70 % of the
primary energy for electricity production in Sweden comes from fuels used in nuclear
plants. The ERE value + conversion factor for uranium is 3.4 while the same factor
for hydropower is 1. This means that almost all energy in the moving water can be
converted to electricity while the efficiency of converting uranium to electricity is
much lower (IEA Statistics, 1998).
46%
2%
2%
3%
coal
petroleum products
nuclear
hydro
waste
47%
Figure 3.1: Electricity generation (output) according to fuel type in Sweden, 1995
(IEA Statistics, 1998).
75%
21%
1%
0%
0%
1%
2%
coal
petroleum products
nuclear
hydro
waste
other renewable
gas
Figure 3.2: Fuels (primary energy) used for electricity generation in Sweden,
1995 (IEA Statistics, 1998).
Input-output sectors
Swedish official statistics permit a division of 65 input-output (IO) sectors, listed in
Appendix 1. Compared to the Dutch EAP, version 3.2 with 66 sectors (Kok et al,
2001), the Swedish IO sectors are less detailed when it comes to agriculture and food
processing. However, the sectors related to chemical and pharmaceutical industry are
more detailed than the Dutch ones. This reflects the different economic profiles of the
two countries. The IO-matrix is used to calculate the cumulative energy intensities of
the sectors. These cumulative energy intensities are used to calculate the energy use
for residual goods.
17

Basic goods
The table Basic Goods in EAP has information about the energy content and producer
prices of materials used for further processing by industry. All types of basic goods
also have the appropriate number of the input-output sector.
Information about the energy content of basic goods (MJ per kg) and producer prices
(SEK per kg) was collected from Swedish sources as far as possible. Life cycle
inventory (LCI) data was used for estimating the energy content of 75 products from
the agriculture and fisheries sectors, and the information was mainly derived from
Carlsson-Kanyama and Faist (2000). The Dutch EAP, version 3.2, contains
information about energy content of 45 items from the same sectors (Kok et al, 2001).
For all other basic goods we used the Dutch default data on energy content as we
thought them appropriate. In total, the Swedish EAP data-base contains LCI data
about energy content of 131 items. An additional 10 basic goods have been added to
the list after analyses with the help of the EAP programme itself. Examples of such
goods are butter, cream and oil.
Producer prices were collected from official statistics, mainly (SCB 1997a,
Jordbruksverket 1996 and 2001, and Sveriges fiskares producentorganisation, 2001).
Producer prices collected by a research team at the Spatial Modelling Centre in
Kiruna were used for a few items. The energy content and prices of the basic goods in
the Swedish EAP programme are shown in Appendix 2.
Packaging materials
The Packaging Materials table in EAP has information about the energy content and
the producer prices of packaging materials. All types of basic goods also have the
appropriate number of the input-output sector.
Producer prices for packaging materials (SEK per kg) were collected from SCB
(1997a) apart from polypropene and PET granules where industry provided the
information. We used the Dutch default data on energy content of packaging materials
(MJ per kg). Appendix 3 has information about producer prices and energy content of
packaging materials, in total 18 different kinds.
Manufacturers
The Manufacturers table in EAP has information about the price that the
manufacturers in different sectors pay for their energy (SEK per GJ). 65
manufacturing sectors were identified from the Swedish national accounts. The table
also has information about the direct energy intensity of the sectors (MJ per SEK), the
NACE code for each sector, the percentage of net added value (NAV), and the
depreciation. The entire set of information for this table comes from the Swedish
national accounts (SCB, 2002a). Appendix 4 has all the information from the
Manufacturers file with the appropriate number of the input-output sector. Compared
to the Dutch version 3.2 of the EAP, the Swedish EAP has far fewer categories of
manufacturer. In the Swedish version, manufacturers are equal to the input output
sectors.
Transport
The Transport table in EAP has information about the energy demand for
transportation with different vehicles (MJ per tonne km). 21 modes of transport were
18

identified, ranging from aeroplanes, ships, trains, lorries and delivery vehicles. All
data for this file came from the Swedish based Network for Transport and the
Environment, NTM (2002). Appendix 5 contains the energy use for different vehicles.
Trade and Services
The Trade and Services table in EAP has information about margins and cumulative
energy intensities for the Trade and Services sectors. Despite substantial efforts and
collaboration with Statistics Sweden we could not identify the necessary Swedish data
for this table, so the Swedish EAP, version 1.0, has Dutch default values only.
Reasons for the failure to identify Swedish data are related to differences in statistical
procedures in the two countries and also, we believe, a certain extent of confusion
related to language and professional cultures.
Direct Consumption
The Direct Consumption table has not been used in the Swedish in EAP, version 1.0,
so it is empty. It can, however, easily be complemented with data that makes it
possible to add the consumption of e.g. electricity and oil during the user phase of
products. An example is the refrigerator where the user phase is represented by the
electricity required to run it in the household.
Waste Processing
The Waste Processing table has information about the energy use or energy recovery
for processing and recycling of waste (MJ per kg). We found that the recycling
percentages in Sweden were similar to those in the Netherlands, so it was not
necessary to change those values for several materials. However, for landfill, and
collecting and transport of waste the figures were altered, based on data from IVL
(2001). The value for average residual waste was calculated taking into account that
almost all (90%) waste was incinerated with heat exploitation in Stockholm in 1995
(Renhållningsförvaltningen, 2001).
5.3 Data for the EAP analyses
Several pieces of information are needed for analysing products and services in EAP:
consumer prices, taxes, transportation distances and the amount and types of materials
needed in order to manufacture products. The first question is, however, to determine
which items to analyse. The aim of the ToolSust project is to portray the energy
consequences of households’ spending patterns, so we consulted the Swedish family
expenditure survey ,1996, in order to determine which products to analyse.
The Swedish Family Expenditure Survey 1996
The Swedish Family Expenditure Survey (SCB, 1998) is one of the series of studies
on household consumption that have been carried out since the early 1900. Previous
surveys were carried out in 1958, 1969, 1978, 1988, 1992 and 1995. The Family
Expenditure Survey is based on an expenditure diary kept for four weeks by the
selected households. Food purchases are only recorded during two weeks.
Expenditures on petrol, travel outside Sweden, capital goods and second homes are
recorded outside the diary and should be representative for a whole year. The 1995
survey was not detailed enough for our purpose, so we used the 1996 survey. The total
number of households selected for the 1996 survey was 2026 persons, aged 18 to 74
19

years old, and 54 % of them participated (SCB, 1998). We obtained the computer file
containing data for all these households from Statistics Sweden and found 85
households who lived in Stockholm city.
The categories of the Swedish Family Expenditure Survey are presented in Appendix
6. All EAP analyses emanate from those categories. In total, there are 298 expenditure
categories: 76 concerning food and drinks, 15 concerning non-durable goods and 28
concerning clothing and footwear. Some of the expenditure categories are aggregated.
An example is Meal and flour. It is difficult to make an analysis of that category in
EAP, because it includes items as different as wheat flour, flour mixes for cakes, rice
and pasta, all with different consumer prices, ingredients and transportation distances.
For those aggregated categories, we made several separate analyses in EAP.
Information about how much is consumed of each item in the category was gathered
from trade associations or from information about import and export (SCB 2002b,
1997a) and domestic production. These data indicate the Swedish consumption, which
supposedly does not differ much from the consumption in Stockholm. For some
categories no data could be found, and in those cases an educated guess had to be
made (see Appendix 6).
Some of the budget expenditure survey categories are also quite detailed, and for a
number of these categories the same analysis could be used. For example this was the
case for milk, where the Family expenditure survey has three different kinds of milk;
but also for garden tools, which were assumed to be equal to tools; or different kinds
of insurances, which all were assumed to have the same energy intensity.
For some expenditure categories, it has been hard to find out how much and what
types of basic goods that are commonly used for producing the items to be analysed.
If the spending on this category is low, as for example is the case with other printed
paper, the energy intensity has been assumed to be the same as a similar category, in
this case books, although the items are not exactly the same. For different kinds of
furniture it was hard to tell the average weight and composition. It was, however,
possible to find out from import statistics (SCB, 2002b) the price per kg of furniture
and the division between furniture made of wood, metal and synthetic materials. Thus
furniture could more easily be calculated as one category.
Several assumptions have been made with reference to the budget survey expenditure
categories, either by splitting them up when we analysed the energy intensity, or by
aggregating them. We discovered that a rather large part of the total energy of an item
analysed in EAP often comes from manufacturing and trade and service. With this in
mind, we assumed that changes in the composition of basic goods would not make
any major difference to the total outcome when we dealt with goods produced in the
same manufacturing sector and sold in the same stores.
Consumer prices and consumer taxes
Consumer prices for 1995 were gathered from the following sources (see further
Appendix 6):
From Statistics Sweden, we obtained a file on average consumer prices during 1995
for 87 of the items in the budget survey (SCB, 2001a). The consumer prices of
another 17 items have been found in SCB (1997b).
20

From the Swedish Dairy Association we obtained average prices for some dairy
products (Swedish Dairy Association, 2002).
The rest of the consumer prices were calculated in three different ways: some of the
prices are the Dutch consumer prices from EAP version 3.2 but recalculated into SEK
by use of the exchange rate in 1995. Some consumer prices have been calculated from
the producer prices (SCB, 1997, 2002b) plus taxes and trade margins (SCB, 2002a).
Some prices come from stores in Stockholm 2002, recalculated with price index for
the different groups of items to represent the prices of 1995. Appendix 6 contains the
consumer prices and a note of how the prices were estimated.
Consumer prices are important for the result of an EAP-analysis. Average prices are
also hard to find for a lot of items. Clothes, for example, can differ very much in price
depending on whether you shop in expensive boutiques or in cheap stores. To make a
proper assumption of the average price you must then know how much of the clothes
are bought in which stores. Because of those difficulties, Statistics Sweden does not
include average prices for clothes in their price statistics. Instead, we had to make our
own assumptions. The following example shows that the result from EAP can differ
because of the price:
We assumed that the price of a sweater in Sweden is 539 SEK 1 . This gives an energy
intensity of 0.87 MJ per SEK in the EAP analysis. If you buy a more exclusive
sweater, say 1000 SEK per piece, you get an energy intensity of 0.90 MJ per SEK and
if you pay 50 SEK for a t-shirt at the supermarket you get the energy intensity 1.07
MJ per SEK. The average household in Stockholm spent 2581 SEK or on sweaters
every year. If the sweater you buy costs 539 SEK this means 2323 MJ per year, if it
costs 1000 SEK it means 2245 MJ and if it costs 50 SEK it means 2762 MJ per year.
The difference between the highest and the lowest value is 19%.
The consumer taxes used for EAP analyses were gathered by SCB (2002a) and can be
found in Appendix 7.
Transportation distances and modes
Transportation distances have been calculated in the following way:
For all of the 298 categories in the Swedish budget survey, import, export and
Swedish production statistics for 1995 were assembled. Import and export statistics
were available in SCB (2002b). Data about Swedish production could be found in
SCB (1997a), except for some fruits and vegetables where data was found in
Jordbruksverket (1996). These data are in most cases very detailed, so they have been
aggregated to match the budget survey categories. The data are for Sweden, not
specifically for Stockholm.
The countries from which imports to Sweden come were split into three different
groups: Middle Europe, Southern Europe and Rest of the world. The export was
primarily assumed to come from Swedish production. Sometimes the export,
however, was greater than the Swedish production, and the rest was then assumed to
come from Middle Europe. This assumption is not necessarily true, it is even likely
that some of the Swedish production is consumed in the country, but it was not
possible to find out where exported goods came from in such a situation.
1 1 Euro = 9.67 SEK
21

From this information, we estimated a weighted average transportation distance for
each item relevant for analyses according to the expenditure survey. In this process
we assumed that:
• Goods from Swedish production have been transported 400 km by lorry.
• Goods from Middle Europe 2000 km by lorry.
• Goods from Southern Europe 3500 km by lorry.
• Goods from the rest of the world are transported 1000 km by lorry in the
country of origin, then12 000 km by ship to a European harbor, and then 1500
km by lorry to the Swedish wholesaler.
We also assumed that all goods had to be transported 100 km by a small lorry from
wholesaler to retailer. All the transport distance can be found in Appendix 8.
Since the transport distance and mode constitute a fairly small part of the total energy
of most items analysed in EAP, whatever assumptions we made about transportation
seem to have little influence.
Other assumptions
Regarding weight of products, composition of the basic materials needed to make
products, packing materials and waste processing, Dutch default data have been used
to a large extent. However, for some categories in the Swedish Family Expenditure
Survey there were no suitable Dutch default data. For these items we estimated the
weight and composition of materials ourselves based on descriptions on packages and
other product information.
5.4 Data for analyses made partly outside EAP
Some analyses of the energy intensities for households’ expenditure categories were
not made in EAP but were carried out partly outside the program. Travelling by
public transport or taxi, purchasing cars, going on holiday, buying petrol, electricity
and water, paying the part of the rent related to heating, and spending money on
heating are such examples. Several of these categories are related to the direct energy
use of the households.
We estimated the energy intensity for expenditures on trains and local public transport
by dividing the energy use (MJ per person km) for different vehicles with the cost
(SEK per person km). Dutch data was used for energy intensities (1.07 MJ per person
km for train, 1.87 for local buses and 1.29 for tram/subway). The cost was established
by contacting the main travelling companies relevant to the Stockholm area. For
information about prices for train transport, SJ (2000) gave us a price of 0.82 SEK per
person km and for local public transport 1.25 SEK was considered reasonable by SL
(2000).
For expenditures on cars, a standard EAP analysis was made for determining the
energy use of the product (MJ per car). Then, the energy use for the infrastructure that
the car uses (roads, bridges) was determined by using a default value (0.55 MJ per
km, Dutch calculation). This latter value was multiplied with the numbers of
22

kilometers per year that the car will travel (16,300) and the lifespan of a car (11
years). Also here we used Dutch default data. The energy intensity of the car (MJ per
SEK) was then determined by dividing the energy for production and infrastructure by
the price of the car, 247,445 SEK (producer price from SCB, 2002b) plus trade
margins and tax from SCB (2002b).
For expenditures on taxi travel, we used the information about energy use for car
production and divided that figure with the depreciation of the taxi (4 years, Dutch
data) and the numbers of person km driven per year and car 82,710 (Taxi Stockholm,
2001). The result was an estimate of the MJ per person km that could be related to
taxi production. The energy use for running the taxi was obtained by dividing the
assumed energy need per km (5.74 MJ, Dutch default data) with the occupancy rate
(on average 1.7 passenger per taxi, Taxi Stockholm, 2001). We assumed that the
energy use for infrastructure per km was the same as for cars (0.55 MJ), but divided
that figure with the occupancy rate for taxis, 1.7. To get the total energy intensity in
MJ per SEK for spending on taxi travel, the figures for production, infrastructure and
running were summed and divided with the price per km for taxi travel, 15.53 SEK
(Taxi Stockholm 2002).
The energy intensity (MJ per SEK) of expenditures on electricity was calculated by
using the consumer price for electricity in 1995, 1.06 SEK per kWh, and the
stationary cost for electricity, 680 SEK during 1995 (Birka Energi 2002). The energy
intensity of the electricity sector was calculated in EAP and became 2.92 MJ per SEK.
Consumer prices for petrol and diesel, 7.55 SEK and 6.80 SEK per litre respectively
in 1995 (SCB 2001a) were used for calculating the energy intensities for expenditures
on motor fuel. For heating oil, the consumer price was 4705 SEK per m3 in 1995
(SPI, 2002).
Expenditures on rent include heating and water. According to Boverket (2002), 12 %
of the rent is spent on heating and 4 % on water. We assumed that district heating
was used in all houses where rent was paid. In Sweden this is the dominant way of
heating multi-dwelling buildings. In 1995, 68 % of the multi-dwelling buildings were
heated in this way, and in 2000 the share was 75 % (SCB, 2001b). The energy
intensity for heating when it was part of rent expenditures (MJ per SEK) was
calculated by using the consumer price for district heating in 1995 which was 0.48
SEK per kWh, (Birka energi 2002b). We used a factor of 1.18 to calculate primary
energy use of district heating from direct energy use (Birka Energi, 2002c). For water,
the energy intensity was calculated by dividing the energy content (5.74 MJ per m3,
Dutch value) with the consumer price, 11.95 SEK (Stockholm Vatten 2002).
Expenditures on heating are relevant for households that live in single-family houses
because they pay such bills themselves. The energy intensity of heating was
calculated by assuming that such houses were heated 65% by oil and 35% electricity.
In summary, a lot of the energy intensities related to households direct energy use was
calculated outside EAP.
5.5 Demographic data and the types of households selected for the analyses
The Swedish part of the ToolSust project focuses on a densely populated area of inner
Stockholm, called Södermalm. The area and the inhabitants, values and behaviour as
23

well as stakeholders’ opinions about possibilities and constraints for sustainable consumption
were described at length in Carlsson-Kanyama et al (2001a, 2001b). The
description was based on a questionnaire to 600 inhabitants in the area, as well as
interviews and statistics. Here, we summarize some of the demographic data about the
Stockholm and Södermalm area.
The Södermalm area is mostly located on one island and has an area of 744 ha. That is
4 % of the land area of Stockholm City. The population, almost 100,000 persons
(1999) represent 13 % of the population in the city of Stockholm. The central parts of
Södermalm, within the parishes Maria and Katarina, are the most densely populated
parts of Stockholm with 25,000 and 19,000 persons respectively per km 2 . All
inhabitants in the Södermalm area live in apartments in multi-stores buildings. There
are almost no single-family houses at all. The number of rooms, excluding kitchen,
available per person is 1.81 for the Södermalm area and 1.95 for the whole inner city.
The density of shopping and service facilities in Södermalm is high, and the network
for public transportation excellent. Most apartments have fewer than three rooms, not
including the kitchen.
The whole inner city of Stockholm has become increasingly gentrified during the past
decade. Compared with the outer city, the share of immigrants is lower, education and
income levels are higher, and apartments for rental are increasingly replaced by
condomiums. In the Södermalm area, 31 % owned their apartment in 2001, while 68
% rented it. Compared to the inner city as a whole, the share of rented apartments is
higher in Södermalm.
Some specific demographic facts about the Södermalm area are that the age structure
of the population in the Södermalm area is similar to the whole inner city, which is
characterised by a smaller number of children and a higher number of adults in
working ages than the outer city. In the inner city, the share of children aged 0-16
years is 12 % and in the outer city it is 20 %. In the inner city, 45 % of the population
is between 20 and 44 years, and 10 % between 65 and 79 years.
90 % of the population in the Södermalm area had education above the compulsory
level (2001) and 10 % education at compulsory level only; thus a rather highly
educated population. Of those having more than a compulsory education, the average
number of years of additional training was 5. Most of the population in the
Södermalm area (69 %) work full time, while the share of retired and unemployed etc.
is 13 %. Households with one or two members dominate, as this type of household
contains 75 % of the population. Households with three or four members represented
21 % of the total and 79 % of the households have no persons under 14 years of age.
Income distribution within the Södermalm area is rather similar to the inner city. The
average income per household was between 320,000 to 429,000 SEK in 2001. More
than half of the households (57 %) do not have access to cars.
In short, the typical inhabitant is a middle-aged person living alone, or with a partner
and with no children. This person works full time with an average income, has no car
and lives in a rented flat.
We selected six households for the analyses of energy use resulting from expenditure
patterns. Two were average households based on the Family expenditure survey from
24

1996 (SCB, 1998). Expenditures for the average Swedish and the average Stockholm
City household were calculated by SCB (2002c). The average Swedish household had
2.2 persons, an apartment area of 108 m 2 and 1.03 cars. The average in Stockholm
City was 1.8 inhabitants, an apartment area of 84 m 2 and 0.47 cars. We could not
define an average household for the Södermalm area because the sample was too
small: only 11 households. Instead, we selected four individual households: three
living in the Södermalm area and one in Stockholm City. We called these four
households: Urban Rich, Young and Poor, Single with Car and Squeezed with
Children. Two adult persons live in the Urban Rich household and they have no car,
an apartment of more than 200 m 2 and spend about 650,000 SEK a year. In the Young
and Poor household, there is a single person without a car living in an apartment of
75 m 2 and he/she spends about 60,000 SEK yearly. A single person is also living in
the Single with Car household, and the apartment is rather large, 90 m 2 , as are the
expenditures, 250,000 SEK each year. Finally, in the household Squeezed with
Children there are two adults and two children in a rather small apartment, of 60 m 2.
The expenditures are 240,000 SEK a year. It is important to remember that
expenditures were only recorded during a period of four weeks. The yearly
expenditure patterns of individual households may therefore be misrepresented if
expenditures during those four weeks were far from the average.
6 Direct energy use of households
In this chapter we present the direct energy use in the six different households we
analysed. The calculations are based on the household expenditures (SEK) and the
energy intensities (MJ per SEK) shown in Appendix 6. Direct energy use is for
heating, fuel and electricity.
Expenditures on direct energy use are shown in Figure 4.1. The figure shows that such
expenditure ranges from 480 to 2600 Euro 2 every year. The main part of the
expenditures is for heating. Expenditures on motor fuel represent 40 % of the total for
the average Swedish household, that also spend about 45 % more on direct energy use
compared to the average Stockholm City household. Expenditures on household
electricity ranges from 160 to 750 Euro per year and for heating the range is from 320
to 1 870 Euro. Most of the analysed households pay for heating as a part of the rent,
and never directly perceive the heating costs.
2 1 Euro = 9.67 SEK
25

3
1000 Euro
2.5
2
1.5
1
motor fuel
household electricity
heating
0.5
0
Average
Stockholm
City
Average
Swedish
Urban Rich
Young and
Poor
Single with
Car
Squeezed
with
children
Figure 4.1: Expenditures related to direct energy use during 1996 for six Swedish
households.
Figure 4.2 shows how the average Stockholm City household used its direct energy.
65 % was used for heating, 19 % for motor fuel and 16 % for household electricity.
heating
household electricity
motor fuel
16%
65%
19%
Figure 4.2: Percentages of direct energy use in the average Stockholm City
household, 1996 (primary energy).
Table 4.3 shows the shares of direct energy use for all the households. As can be seen,
heating is dominant, and ranges from 50-81 %. For households without a car; Urban
Rich, Young and Poor and Squeezed with Children, the percentage is even higher as
the direct energy use on motor fuel is nil. The average Stockholm City household
differs from the average Swedish household in terms of energy used for motor fuel.
This share is only 0.19 for the average Stockholm City household, but 0.30 for the
average Swedish household.
26

Table 4.3: Shares of direct energy use by household type and usage, 1996
(primary energy).
Average
Stockholm
City
Average
Swedish
Urban
Rich
Young
and
poor
Single
with
Car
Squeezed
with
children
Heating 0.65 0.56 0.77 0.73 0.50 0.81
Household electricity 0.16 0.14 0.23 0.27 0.21 0.19
Motor fuel 0.19 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00
Figure 4.4 shows the absolute numbers for the direct energy use of households. They
vary from 34 to 208 GJ 3 per year. The dominant post, heating, accounts for between
27 to 160 GJ a year. Average energy requirements for heating 1 m 2 of apartment
house in Södermalm built between 1926 to 1975, and heated with district heating,
may be 540 MJ (Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2001a) a year. The same investigation
showed a minimum value of 324 MJ per m 2 and a maximum value of 1044 MJ per m 2 .
If we translate the calculated values of energy use for heating in Figure 4.4 into square
metres, while considering the ERE value for district heating and the average energy
input per unit of area, we conclude that the average Stockholm household pays for
heating 97 m 2 . This is higher that the 84 m 2 apartment area reported but tenants also
pay for common and shared areas in apartment houses. We conclude that the figures
on direct energy use for heating seem plausible.
GJ
250
200
150
100
heating
household electricity
motor fuel
50
0
Household
in
Stockholm
Swedish
households
Urban rich
Young and
poor
Single with
car
Squeezed
with children
Figure 4.4: Direct energy use per year for six types of households, 1996 (primary
GJ)
Figure 4.4 also shows that energy use for household electricity varies from 10 to 47
GJ a year. Calculated into available electricity this means that the average Stockholm
City household used 1500 kWh per year, a plausible figure. The Urban Rich
3 1 GJ = 1000 MJ
27

household used 4700 kWh in their apartment of more than 200 m 2 and the average
Swedish household used 1800 kWh of household electricity per year. All in all,
estimations remain reasonable but probably a bit too low.
Primary energy use for motor fuel amounts to 38 GJ yearly, at most, and that was for
the average Swedish household. Since the primary energy content of 1 litre of fuel is
36.7 MJ, this means that the average Swedish household bought 1040 litre of fuels in
1995 and that the average Stockholm household bought 504 litres, half as much. For
this fuel, the average Swedish household can travel for 12,000 km if the car uses 0.09
litres per km. Carlsson-Kanyama and Linden (1999) found that in 1996 men on the
average travelled 12,000 km by car while women travelled 8500 km. On this point as
well, assumptions and results seems reasonable.
7 Indirect energy use of households.
In this chapter we present the indirect energy use of the six different households. The
calculations were based on household expenditures (SEK) and the energy intensities
(MJ per SEK) shown in Appendix 6 4 . Indirect energy is spent on producing,
transporting and storing products and services that the household buy or rent. Thus,
indirect energy is invisible to the households but has been made visible with the EAP
calculations.
7.1 Household expenditures
Many of the household expenditures are related to indirect energy use, a pattern
common in any household participating heavily in the market economy. Figure 5.1
shows the patterns of expenditures from the six Swedish households. Expenditures
related to indirect energy use ranges from 5600 to 64,000 Euro a year. The average
Stockholm City household has expenditures of 19,500 Euro and the average Swedish
one 18,300 Euros. The single largest expenditure category is food, with expenditures
ranging from 1700 to 19,000 Euro each year when all six households are considered.
The average Stockholm City household spent 4500 Euro on food and the average
Swedish one 4200 Euros.
4 1 Euro = 9.67 SEK
28

other consumption
1000 Euro
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
transport
recreation
education
hygiene
clothing and footwear
household effects
house
food
0
Average Stockholm City
Average Sweden
Urban rich
Young and poor
Single with car
Squeezed with children
Figure 5.1: Expenditures related to indirect energy use during 1996 in six
Swedish households.
The relative importance of the expenditures is shown in Figure 5.2. Food amounts to
between 25-30 % of the expenditures. Other important expenditure categories are
housing (excluding expenditures on heating), clothing and footwear, and recreation.
Households in Stockholm City spend more on clothing, footwear and recreation than
the average Swedish.
100%
80%
60%
40%
other consumption
transport
recreation
education
hygiene
clothing and footwear
household effects
house
food
20%
0%
Average
Stockholm
City
Average
Sweden
Urban rich Young and
poor
Single with
car
Squeezed
with
children
Figure 5.2: Relative expenditures related to indirect energy use in six Swedish
households, 1996.
29

7.2 How many items do the households buy?
From the expenditure survey and consumer prices it is possible to estimate the
numbers and kg of items consumed by the households. Such a cross-check is valuable
for validating the calculations of household energy use.
Using this method, we estimated that each person in the average Stockholm City
household bought 700 kg of food while the corresponding figure for the average
Swedish one was 625 kg. These are plausible figures as national statistics suggest a
food consumption of around 700 kg per person and year (Carlsson-Kanyama and
Linden, 2001). But when we compare the results for food from the four other
households with the national estimates the figures become more difficult to explain.
The inhabitants of the Urban and Rich household bought 1,400 kg food each during
1996. Either they had a big party during the time when they recorded their purchases,
or they bought food for storage, or else they bought very expensive food. The figures
are more realistic for the households called Young and Poor and Squeezed with
Children, especially if one considers that children sometimes eat outside the home and
that the cost for this is included in the child-care expenditure.
The same test for toilet paper showed that the Stockholm City and Swedish household
bought 64 and 80 rolls each and they also bought 13 litres of soap and shampoo. Table
5.3 shows some selected results from the account of amounts purchased for the
Stockholm City and Swedish household. We are confident that the EAP analyses are
based on plausible assumptions on consumer prices and expenditure patterns, but it is
also important to have in mind that the account is based on one years expenditure
pattern only and that consumer prices are likely to vary a lot.
Table 5.3: Amounts of products per year bought by Swedish households, 1996.
Average Stockholm City Average Swedish
Food, kg 1,300 1,400
Toilet rolls, number 64 80
Schampoo, litre 13 13
Dresses, number 1 0.7
Trousers, number 4 2.3
Underwear, number 10 8
Sport shoes, number 1 1.4
Towels, number 4 1.2
Iron, number 1 0.3
5.3 Indirect energy profiles
Figure 5.4 shows how the average Stockholm City household used its indirect energy.
The indirect energy use was largest for food, with 33 % of the total, while the share
for the house was 8 %, and 17 % was used for recreation.
30

11% 1% food
17%
33%
house
household effects
clothing and footwear
hygiene
education
5%
6%
11%
8%
8%
recreation
transport
other consumption
Figure 5.4: Percentages of indirect energy use for the average Stockholm City
household, 1996 (primary energy).
Table 5.5 shows the percentages of indirect energy use for the six households in our
study. As can be seen, food accounts for between 32 and 52 % of the total but a third
is most normal. Recreation is another large contributor, with between 16-17 % of the
total for the two average households and 26 % for the Urban rich household.
Household Squeezed with children use 15 % of the indirect energy for hygiene as
opposed to the other households where hygiene contributed to less than 10%.
Table 5.5: Share of indirect energy use by household type and usage, 1996
(primary energy)
Average
Stockholm
City
Average
Swedish
Urban
Rich
Young and
Poor
Single with
Car
Food 0.32 0.32 0.36 0.52 0.36 0.38
House 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.13 0.06 0.10
Household
effects 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.11
Clothing
and
footwear 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.00 0.32 0.14
Hygiene 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.15
Education 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.02 0.05 0.04
Recreation 0.17 0.16 0.26 0.07 0.05 0.08
Transport 0.11 0.16 0.08 0.13 0.05 0.01
Other
consumptio
n 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01
Squeezed
with
Children
31

The absolute figures for indirect energy use of the average household in Stockholm
City are presented in Table 5.6. The total use per year is 141 GJ 5 . This figure can be
compared to the direct energy use that was just below 100 GJ for this household type.
As with expenditures, the most important category for indirect energy is food with 46
GJ followed by recreation with 25 GJ per year. The energy intensity for both food and
recreation is 10 MJ per Euro and this intensity is higher than for household effects,
clothing and footwear, and transport.
Table 5.6: Indirect energy use for the average household in Stockholm
City, 1996.
Category Spending Total energy Energy intensity
(1000 €) (GJ) (MJ / €)
Food 4.45 45.59 10.2
House 4.84 11.53 2.4
Household effects 1.21 10.64 8.8
Clothing and 1.75 14.89 8.5
footwear
Hygiene 1.09 8.86 8.1
Education 0.91 7.42 8.2
Recreation 2.44 24.72 10.1
Transport 1.71 15.76 9.2
Other consumption 1.08 1.95 1.8
Total indirect 19.47 141.37
The absolute figures for indirect energy use of the six households in our study are
shown in Figure 5.7. The total indirect energy use varies from 42 to 480 GJ per year, a
difference of factor 10. The lowest value is for the household called Young and Poor
and the highest is for the one called Urban and Rich, a pattern consistent with the one
for direct energy use. Food accounts for as much as 176 GJ in the Urban and Rich
household and, as discussed earlier, either they had a big party, stocked food or else
the food was more expensive than we assumed, and the energy inputs are too high for
this household. The average Stockholm City and Swedish households are quite similar
with respect to indirect energy use for food (43-46 GJ), house (11-12 GJ), household
effects (11-12 GJ) and hygiene (9 GJ), but differ in terms of indirect energy for
clothing and footwear, and recreation where the Stockholm City households use more;
15 GJ as opposed to 11 GJ for clothing and 25 GJ as opposed to 21 GJ for recreation.
The Swedish household uses more energy for transportation, 22 GJ compared with the
Stockholm household that used 16 GJ a year. The different patterns reflect differences
in lifestyles between the inner city and the rest of the country; in the inner city
opportunities for shopping and recreation are plentiful and close-by, enabling people
to spend money on such activities.
5 1 GJ = 1000 MJ
32

GJ
600
500
400
300
200
other consumption
transport
recreation
education
hygiene
clothing and footwear
household effects
house
food
100
0
Average
Stockholm
City
Average
Sweden
Urban rich Young and
poor
Single with
car
Squeezed
with
children
Figure 5.7: Indirect energy use per year for six types of household, 1996
(primary GJ).
8 Total energy use in households
In this chapter we present the total energy use, both direct and indirect of the six
different households. The figures are the same as in chapter four and five.
Total expenditures for the six households are shown in Table 6.1 and the relative
expenditures in Table 6.2.
33

Table 6.1: Total expenditures during 1996 in six Swedish households.
Average
Stockhol
m City
Average
Sweden
Urban
rich
Young
and poor
Single
with car
Squeezed
with
children
1000 Euro 6
Food 4.45 4.15 18.92 1.66 7.60 4.85
House 4.84 4.66 13.43 2.29 4.06 5.48
Household 1.21 1.33 2.16 0.24 1.14 1.48
effects
Clothing
and
footwear
1.75 1.20 4.49 0.00 6.93 2.20
Hygiene 1.09 1.08 2.15 0.29 1.02 4.91
Education 0.91 0.63 4.89 0.07 0.78 0.43
Recreation 2.44 2.26 12.88 0.48 1.02 1.21
Transport 1.71 2.11 4.66 0.48 1.28 0.25
Other
consumpti
on
1.08 0.87 0.63 0.14 0.33 0.80
Heating 0.74 0.90 1.87 0.32 0.51 0.59
Electricity 0.25 0.29 0.75 0.16 0.31 0.19
Motor fuel 0.39 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00
Total 20.85 20.29 66.82 6.13 25.50 22.38
households, the house for 23 % and recreation for 12 %. These are the only individual
spending categories wwhich exceed 10 % of the total. For the individual households,
the shares differ; recreation is 19% for the Urban Rich household but only 5 % for the
household Squeezed with Children. The house is 37 % for the Young and Poor
household but only 16 % for the household called Single with Car. Clearly, individual
patterns differ from the average and from each other.
The relation between expenditures for direct and indirect energy use is similar in all
households; more than 90 % of the expenditures are related to indirect energy use.
6 1 Euro = 9.67 SEK
34

Table 6.2: Total relative expenditures in six Swedish households, 1996.
Average
Stockholm
City
Average
Sweden
Urban rich Young and
poor
Single with
car
Squeezed
with
children
Food 0.21 0.20 0.28 0.27 0.30 0.22
House 0.23 0.23 0.20 0.37 0.16 0.24
Household 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.07
effects
Clothing
and
footwear
0.08 0.06 0.07 0.00 0.27 0.10
Hygiene 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.22
Education 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.02
Recreation 0.12 0.11 0.19 0.08 0.04 0.05
Transport 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.01
Other
consumptio
n
0.05 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.04
Heating 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.03
Electricity 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01
Motor fuel 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00
The energy profile for the average Stockholm City household is shown in Figure 6.3.
The relation between direct and indirect energy use is 40 versus 60; thus indirect
energy use is more important than the direct one. The largest contributor to total
energy use is heating, with 27 %, followed by food with 19%. However, mobility,
another known energy-demanding activity is divided up in two categories in the
Figure (transport and motor fuel), accounting for 4 and 8 %, respectively, of the total.
Mobility is also included in recreation to some extent and the conclusion is that the
house, travelling and eating are the most energy demanding activities in the
household.
35

6%
8%
19%
food
house
household effects
clothing and footw ear
5%
hygiene
education
27%
1%
7%
10%
4%
6%
4%
3%
recreation
transport
other consumption
heating
electricity
motor fuel
Figure 6.3: Percentages of total energy use in the average Stockholm City
household, 1996 (primary energy).
Figure 6.4 shows the total energy use for the six households. It varies from 80 to 691
GJ per year. The average Stockholm City household uses a total of 237 GJ and the
average Swedish one a total of 263 GJ. The share of direct versus indirect energy
varies to some extent; in the average Swedish household it was 48:52, in the Urban
Rich 30:70, in the Single with Car 32:68. Thus, indirect energy use is always
important, and may be dominant in urban households without a car and with high
incomes.
In general, heating the house, and food, are the most energy demanding categories in
all households. In the individual households, categories such as recreation, and
clothing and footwear may contribute substantially as well. The profiles show that
individual household profiles may differ from the average picture, enhancing the need
for individual consumer advice on energy efficiency measures.
36

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
GJ
motor fuel
electricity
heating
other consumption
transport
recreation
education
hygiene
clothing and footwear
household effects
house
food
0
Average
Stockholm
City
Average
Sweden
Urban rich Young and
poor
Single with
car
Squeezed
with
children
Figure 6.4: Total energy use per year of six different households, 1996 (primary
energy).
9 Discussion and conclusion
9.1 Discussion
Uncertainties
There are three levels at which uncertainities can be discussed; the general EAP level
(1), the level of analysis of consumption items (2) and at the level of budget surveys
(3). We highlight some of the most important observations from our study with
respect to these three levels.
At the general EAP level, it is important to investigate to what extent the Dutch data
that we used for the energy intensities of the trade and service sectors are relevant for
Sweden. The contribution to the total from these sectors is significant in many
analyses. Validating these energy intensities, or finding suitable Swedish information,
is a priority for further research. Likewise, further use of EAP should include an
update of the statistics and figures from 1995/1996 that was used in this study. It is
also important to discuss the significance of conversion losses during power
production for the outcome of results. When primary energy is used to portraye
household consumption, as done here, it is not only the consumption pattern that is
described but also the power production pattern of the specific country the household
is living in. The consequence is that household energy use could change, perhaps
substantially, should the household move to a different country while spending their
money in the same way as before. Another uncertanity when it comes to comparing
results about Swedish households with those from other countries is that many
services commonly payed for directly by households are payed by taxes in Sweden.
Examples are school lunches and schoolfees. The energy intensity of taxes was not
included in our study.
37

At the level of analysing consumption items we particularly feel that the uncertainities
about consumer prices should be further investigated as reliable statistics were partly
missing and we had to estbalish several prices based on rather ad-hoc methods. Also,
the default data about the composition of products should be validated if possible.
At the level of budget surveys it is important to remember that the expenditure
profiles for the individual households are based on recordings from one month only.
Thus, the energy profiles for these households are even more uncertain than for the
two average ones. This was particularly striking for the household called Urban and
Rich where energy use for food purchases was clearly overstimated.
Despite these uncertainities, it seems that our results resemble those that can be
derived from the national accounts concerning direct energy. SCB (2002 d) reports
that the direct energy use per person and year during 1993 to 1997 was 50 GJ.
Transposed to the average Swedish household, of 2.2 persons, it means a direct
energy use of 110 GJ per year, which comes close to our estimate of 129 GJ per year.
We have not been able to validate the indirect energy use in the same way but the
partitioning between direct and indirect energy that we found is similar to what was
found by others.
In summary, the absolute numbers about total household energy consumption
presented in this report are more uncertain than relative comparisions between
households. The results can therefore mainly be used for evaluating effects of change
in variables such as spended amounts or spending patterns.
Total energy use versus spending intensity
EAP analyses can be used to discuss the potential for decoupling energy use from
income growth and for identifying energy efficient ways to spend money (e.g.
Alfredsson, 2002). Clearly, such a discussion is much needed, with a continued
growth in household incomes while meeting needs for energy efficiency. However,
absolute numbers of energy use must also figure in such discussions as they otherwise
risk becoming partial and incomplete.
The comparision of households in our study showed that the average household in
Stockholm City spent more money (2029 Euro 7 ) than the average Swedish (2085
Euro) but used less energy. The Stockholm City household used a total 237 GJ 8 per
year and the Swedish one 263 GJ. This means that the energy intensity of spending in
the Stockholm City household is lower, at 11.36 MJ per Euro, than the intensity for
the Swedish one, at 12.94 MJ per Euro. If the comparision stops there, it may appear
that the Stockholm City household is the most environmentally friendly because they
spend their money in a more energy efficient way. The same can be said for the Urban
and Rich household with an energy intensity in their spendings of 10.34 MJ per Euro
when compared to the Young and Poor household with a spending intensity of 12.98
MJ per Euro. Figure 7.1 shows the energy intensity of the households spendings in MJ
per Euro. The lowest intensity was found for the household Squeezed with Children,
at 8.79 MJ per Euro.
7 1 Euro = 9.67 SEK
8 1 GJ = 1000 MJ
38

MJ per Euro
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Average
Stockholm
City
Average
Sweden
Urban rich Young and
poor
Single with
car
Squeezed
with
children
Figure 7.1: Energy intensity of budget spending in the six households, 1996. In
MJ primary energy per Euro.
However, when we consider the total energy use of the households as well as the
number of persons living in them, a different picture of which is the most energy
demanding emerges. The Stockholm City household had only 1.8 person while the
Swedish household had 2.2 persons and as Figure 7.2 shows, the energy use per
person in the Stockholm City household is higher than in the average Swedish one.
So, despite a more energy efficient way of spending their money, the Stockholm City
household use more energy per person because they have more money to spend. The
same can be said about the comparision between the Urban Rich household (two
persons) and the one called Young and Poor (one person). Although Urban Rich has a
more energy efficient spending pattern it does not outweigh the fact that they have
much more money to spend per person than the Young and Poor household. The
lowest energy per person is in the Squeezed with Children household (four persons).
Here, sharing a household with several other people contributes to less energy use.
The lesson that can be learnt from these comparisions is to put total energy use first
and to use household size, household incomes, intensities of spending, intensities of
basic and luxury needs as explanatory factors for differences between households total
energy use.
39

primary GJ
800
700
600
500
400
total energy per
household
total energy per
person
300
200
100
0
Average
Stockholm
city
Average
Sweden
Urban rich
Young and
poor
Single with
car
Squeezed
with children
Figure 7.1: Total yearly energy use per household and per person in the
households, 1996.
How then can households find more energy efficient ways of spending money? It
seems that the options identified in EAP are open, mostly but not only, to households
that have already fullfilled their basic needs. Every household needs a warm and light
house, food on the table and some transportation services. There is little choice but to
spend some money on energy intensive categories such as heating with 8.85 MJ per
SEK or electricity with 6.63 MJ per SEK. Food is another category with relatively
large energy inputs per expenditure unit, ranging from 0.5 to 3 MJ per SEK. Food
expenditures cannot be altered without nutrition considerations so any suggestions for
changing expenditures in that area will have to consider that aspect.
We looked more closely at the energy intensities of the different spending categories
related to indirect energy use to find suggestions for less energy demanding spending
patterns for the not-poor households. It is obvious that there are numerous options in
the field of food and that has been discussed extensively in the literature (Carlsson-
Kanyama, 1998, Kramer et al, 1999). Other options identified in the Swedish EAP is
reparing shoes, 0.59 MJ per SEK, versus buying new shoes, 0.96 MJ per SEK.
Similarly, repair and hire of domestic appliances, 0.69 MJ per SEK, is a more energy
efficient expenditure option than to buy a new dishwasher at 1.03 MJ per SEK.
Within the sector of recreation and entertainment, it is more energy efficient to buy
lotteries, 0.52 MJ per SEK than to buy flowers, 1.28 MJ per SEK.
We did find some examples of energy efficient expenditure patterns when we looked
at the six households. When we compared the Urban and Rich household with the
Young and Poor, we saw that the latter used almost all the money spent within the
category called Hygiene on soap and schampoo. These items have a rather high
energy intensity 1.57 MJ per SEK. The Urban and Rich household spent as much
money on soap and schampoo but also bought a lot of vitamins with lower energy
itensity, 1.17 MJ per SEK. So once the need for being clean was fullfilled the
remaining money was spent in an energy efficient manner. Also, the Urban and Rich
household used a lot of it’s money for Transport on phone calls, an item with lower
energy intensity, 0.58 MJ per SEK, than travelling by collective transportation such as
40

us at 0.98 MJ per SEK. So it is better to stay home and make a phone call than to
take the bus to a friends place! Also, the food expenditure pattern of the Young and
Poor household was not very energy efficient, as a lot of the money was spent on
energy expensive items such as soft drinks and greenhouse vegetables. The Urban and
Rich household had more wine and spirits, items with lower energy intensities, partly
because they are expensive. However, we want to emphasize again that figures about
the energy efficiency of spendings cannot be discussed in isolation from issues related
to basic needs and quality of life.
In order to demonstrate some possible effects of changed spending patterns while
maintaining income, we also calculated a possible reduction level in total energy use
by changing the spending patterns related to indirect energy use for the average
Stockholm city household. We did not change expenditures related to direct energy
because the effects of such changes have already been explored elesewhere. Benefits
from insulating the house, saving electricity and changing to a more fuel efficient cars
are well known. Likewise, we did not change much in the overall expenditure pattern
related to indirect energy but instead identified some changes which should not
require major lifestyle alterations. Changes that we included were a reduction of
expenditure on meat (but not a vegetarian diet), less vegetables grown in greenhouses
and less soft drinks. Instead, the expenditures on vegetables of the season was
increased as was expenditures on drinks other than soft drinks. The expenditures on
clothing and footwear were reduced to the same level as the average Swedish
household, and the saved money was spent on home help, e.g. cleaning of the house.
Further, we assumed no personal owning of any vehicles, but instead put this money
on taxis or renting vehicles. The international travelling was reduced, and replaced
with domestic travelling. These changes led to a reduction of total energy use by 10%.
Thus, there are options for change in the short term by changing expenditures related
to indirect energy use only. The potential is, however, far from the goal to reduce
resource use by a factor ten or even a factor four (e.g. Von Weizäcker et al., 1997).
To achive such large changes, it is clear that there have to be major alterations in the
energy intensities of goods and services, major shifts in expenditure patterns and
possibly also reduced household expenditures. This will involve actors at the micro
level (households), at the meso level (city authorites) as well as actors at the national
level. The EAP approach could be used to model the effect of interventions by these
different actors and also to analyse a multitude of energy intensities for goods and
services not covered in this study, but that may evnetually reach the market.
9.2 Conclusions
It is possible to portray households total energy use, even the indirect, with the help of
the EAP programme and Swedish statistics.
Indirect energy use may account for more than half the households’ total energy use.
Therefore it needs to be considered in policy making.
Information about the energy efficiency on spendings is valuable but cannot be
presented and used without considering basic needs and quality of life.
41

The energy profiles for different households show that the individual ones may differ
a lot from the average. There is a need for individual consumer advice about more
energy efficient spending patterns.
The preliminary figures on the energy efficiency of spending presented here indicate
opportunities for less energy demanding spending patterns. The potential in the short
term may be in the order of 10% if income is maintained, only indirect energy is
considered and no “drastic” changes are considered.
Large reductions in household energy use, such as a factor four or more, seem to
require substantial changes in the energy intensities of goods and services, together
with major shifts in expenditure patterns, and possibly also reduced household
expenditures.
Further use of the Swedish EAP programme should include updating the databases
and consumer prices as well exploring important uncertainties.
Results about energy intensities should be presented together with total energy use.
Otherwise they don’t make sense in the debate about how to achieve sustainability,
where safeguarding the functioning of ecological support systems is the ultimate
goal. Household energy use should be put in the context of the number of persons per
household. Otherwise, household dilution may obscur increases in energy use.
42

References
Alfredsson A. 2002. Green Consumption, Energy Use and Carbon Dioxide Emissions.
PhD thesis, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Spatial Modelling
Centre, Umeå, Sweden.
Bil Sweden, 2001: Bilismen i Sverige 2001. BIL Sweden Adm AB, Stockholm.
Birka Energi, 2002 a: Anette Rådman, personal communication
Birka Energi, 2002 b: Anders Lindberg, personal communication
Birka Energi, 2002 c: Per-Olof Moberg, personal communication
Boverket, 2002: homepage www.boverket.se
Carlsson-Kanayma A., 1998: Climate change and dietary choices: How can emissions
of greenhouse gases from food consumption be reduced? Food Policy 23 (3-4), 277-
293.
Carlsson-Kanyama A. and Faist M., 2000: Energy Use in the Food Sector: A Data
Survey. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, AFR Report 291, Stockholm.
Carlsson-Kanyama A. and Linden A-L, 1999: Travel Patterns and Environmental
Effects Now and in the Future: implications of differences in energy consumption
among socio-economic groups. Ecological Economics, 30 (3), 405-417.
Carlsson-Kanyama A. and Lindén A-L., 2001: Trends in food production and
consumption - Swedish experiences from environmental and cultural impacts. The
International Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (4), 392-406.
Carlsson-Kanyama, A., Eriksson, B., Henriksson, G., 2001a: Stake holders and
Consumption in the Five Cities. Swedish National Report -- Stockholm. Fms-report
173.
Carlsson-Kanyama A., Eriksson, B. and Henriksson, G., 2001b: Mindre
miljöpåverkan från hushållens konsumtion på Södermalm? - nuläge, hinder och
möjligheter (In Swedish). Popular Science Summary of a Study Carried out within the
EU Project ToolSust. Working paper.
Duchin F., 1995: Global Scenarios about Lifestyle and Technology. Paper presented
at the Conference "The Sustainable Future of the Global System", United
Nations University, October 1995. 1995. Tokyo.
IEA Statistics, 1998: Energy Balances of OECD countries 1995-1996, Paris
IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 1990: The Price of
Pollution. Brown, L.R. et al. (Eds) State of the World 1993, Earthscan Publications
Ltd, London.
43

IVL, 2001: Jessica Granath, personal communication
Jordbruksverket, 1996: Trädgårdsundersökningen 1995. Jönköping.
Jordbruksverket, 2001: Prisindex, priser, produktion och utrikeshandel inom
livsmedelsområdet. Månadsstatistik 2001:9. Sveriges Officiella statistik. Price
indices, prices, production and foreign trade in the food sector. Monthly statistics
2001:9. Official statistics of Sweden. Jönköping.
Kok, R., Benders, R.M.J. and Moll, H.C., 2001: Energie-intensiteiten van de
Nederlandse consumptieve bestendingen anno 1996, IVEM-researchreport no. 105,
University of Groningen.
Kramer K.J., Moll H.C., Nonhebel S. and Wilting H.C., 1999. Greenhouse gas
emissions related to Dutch food consumption. Energy Policy 27, 203-216.
Moll H.C., 1993: Energy counts and materials matter in models for sustainable
development. Dynamic lifecycle modelling as a tool for design and evaluation
of long-term environmental strategies. PhD. Thesis. Groningen, the
Netherlands, Groningen University.
NTM, 2002: Network for Transport and the Environment, homepage
www.ntm.a.se/english/
Renhållningsförvaltningen, 2001: Anita Tärnström, personal communication.
SCB, Statistics Sweden1997 a: Industri. Del 2 Varudata 1995. Produktion av varor
och tjänster fördelade enligt HS-nomenklaturen. Manufacturing 1995. Part 2, Örebro.
SCB, Statistics Sweden 1997 b: När mat kommer på tal. Tabeller om livsmedel 1997.
SCB-Tryck, Örebro.
SCB, Statistics Sweden 1998: The Swedish Family Expenditure Survey
SCB, Statistics Sweden 2001 a: Datafile on consumer prices in 1995 sent by email in
2001
SCB, Statistics Sweden. 2001 b: Energistatistik för småhus, flerbostadshus och
lokaler. Sammanställning avseende år 1999 och 2000. EN 16 SM 0104, Stockholm.
SCB, Statistics Sweden 2002 a: Datafiles on manufacturers, taxes and trade margins,
calculated by Anders Wadeskog
SCB, Statistics Sweden 2002 b: databases on homepage, www.scb.se
SCB, Statistics Sweden 2002 c: Datafile on expenditures for the average Swedish and
the average Stockholm City household, calculated by Anita Olsson-Malmberg
SCB, Statistics Sweden 2002 d: Regionala miljöräkenskaper 1993-1997 för
Stockholms län. SCB-Tryck, Örebro 2002.06.
44

SJ (Statens Järnvägar), 2000: Årsberättelse. Year report, can be downloaded at the
homepage www.om.sj.se
SL (Storstockholms Lokaltrafik), 2000: Årsberättelse. Year report, can be
downloaded at the homepage www.sl.se/om
SJV, 1991: Jordbruksekonomiska meddelanden 1991:7-8. Can be downloaded at
www.sjv.se
SPI, 2002: Swedish Petroleum Institute, homepage www.spi.se
Stockholm Vatten, 2002: Marita Hult, personal communication.
Swedish Dairy Association, 2002: homepage www.svenskmjolk.se
Sveriges fiskares producentorganisation, 2001: Datafile on producer prices of fish in
1995 sent by email in 2001.
Taxi Stockholm, 2001: Årsredovisning och koncernredovisning 2001-01-01 – 2001-
12-31. Taxi Trafikförening upa Org nr 700202-3045. Year report.
Taxi Stockholm, 2002: Arve Fjeld, personal communication
Van Engelenburg,B, T van Rossum, K Blok, W Biesiot, H C Wilting, 1991: Energy
use and household consumption. 1991. The Netherlands. (in Dutch),
IVEM/STS, Utrecht University.
Von Weizäcker E., Lovins A., and Lovins H. 1997. Factor Four: doubling wealth,
halving resource use. Island Press.
Wilting,HC, W Biesiot, H C Moll,1994: Economic activities from an energetic
perspective - changes in The Netherlands in the period 1969-1988. IVEM
research report 72. 1994. Groningen, the Netherlands, July 1994 (in Dutch),
University of Groningen.
Wilting,HC, W Biesiot, H C Moll, 1995: Energy Analysis Program, a manual for
version 2.0. IVEM research report 76. 1995. Groningen, the Netherlands,
February 1995 (in Dutch), University of Groningen.
Wilting H.C., 1996: An Energy Perspective on Economic Activities. Groningen,
the Netherlands, University of Groningen.
List of deliverables from the ToolSust project, see further www.ToolSust.org
45

Appendix 1: Input output sectors
sector number
agriculture 1
air transport 49
banking 52
beverage industry 13
business activities (other) 58
clothing and leather industry 16
construction 43
data consultants, research 57
education 59
electricity and gas supply 41
fishery 3
forestry 2
graphical industry 21
hotels and restaurants 46
human health and veterinary activities 60
insurance 53
land transport 47
manufacture of animal feed 12
manufacture of computers 34
manufacture of dairy products 10
manufacture of detergents 26
manufacture of domestic appliances 33
manufacture of electrical and electronical machinery n.e.c. 35
manufacture of fats and oils 9
manufacture of furniture 39
manufacture of glass, bricks and cement 29
manufacture of iron and steel 30
manufacture of motor vehicles, trains, trams and aircraft 36
manufacture of other basic chemicals 23
manufacture of other food products 11
manufacture of other machinery and equipment 32
manufacture of other transport equipment 38
manufacture of paints 24
manufacture of pharmaceutical products 25
manufacture of ships and boats 37
manufacture of wood and wood products 17
metal industry 31
metal ore mining 4
other chemical industry 27
other financial activities 54
other manufacturing 40
other mining and quarrying 5
other service activities 64
paper and cardboard industry 18
paperware industry 19
petroleum industry 22
post and telecommunication 51
printing, publishing and related industry 20
processing of fish 7
processing of fruit and vegetables 8
public sectors and ngo's 65
real estate activities 55
recreational, cultural and sporting activities 63
renting of movables 56
rubber and synthetic material-processing industry 28
sewage and refuse disposal services 62
slaughtering and meat-processing industry 6
social work activities 61
supporting transport activities 50
textiles industry 15
tobacco-processing industry 14
trade/repair of motor vehicles 44
water supply 42
water transport 48
wholesale and retail trade 45

Appendix 2: Basic goods Energy use and prices
SEK/kg MJ/kg SEK/kg MJ/kg
apples , Swedish farm 5.32 1.08 cotton 30.60 49.90
apples, farm in Europe 5.32 2.44 leather 16.16 40.80
barley 1.11 2.79 softwood (sawn) 2.17 3.10
beef, bullocks 23.49 40.65 cardboard (solid) 6.01 27.54
beef, culled cow 18.12 27.52 plywood 6.90 16.00
bananas 6.00 6.36 chipboard 8.08 11.80
broiler 6.78 17.72 hardwood (sawn) 2.06 6.20
cabbage, white 1.94 1.13 plywood 3.50 16.00
carrots 2.08 0.60 paper pulp 5.27 32.84
cherries 32.51 2.56 cardboard (corrugated) 10.78 17.86
cocoa beans 11.16 3.42 cardboard (folding) 6.01 27.54
coffee beans 28.50 10.22 paper (graphic) 8.43 28.52
cons. potatoes (organic) 3.00 1.09 paper (newspaper) 4.78 21.31
consumer potatoes 2.50 1.09 paper (sanitary) 10.59 13.30
cucumber, open ground 2.41 0.83 petrol (gasoline) 1.47 49.28
eggs 7.76 15.24 bitumen 0.28 42.00
factory potatoes 0.56 1.09 ammonia 13.89 74.56
grapes 10.44 3.94 chlorine (Cl2) 0.64 18.40
glasshouse growing vegetables 38.34 26.19 paint 20.45 51.90
lamb 27.66 21.72 surface active material 11.67 51.40
leek 5.08 1.92 glycerol 7.66 0.79
lettuce, open ground 5.35 1.50 lipid 8.52 32.60
lettuce, greenhouse 18.88 111.24 sweeteners 28.22 160.00
lingonberries, picked in Norrland 11.00 0.80 nylon (PA 66) 23.08 130.70
milk, whole, organic 3.58 3.51 ABS (granules) 19.44 86.71
milk , whole 3.08 3.85 HDPE (granules) 10.51 75.74
mushrooms 23.00 7.63 LDPE (granules) 10.51 83.41
oat 1.07 3.64 PET (granules) 14.52 73.02
olives 6.96 2.71 PUR 19.04 93.90
oranges 7.64 3.79 PVC (granules) 16.75 61.79
peas, green 1.35 1.40 SBR rubber (grains) 4.83 85.47
pork 12.25 22.72 polyacrylic fibre 49.84 135.70
rape seed 1.70 5.84 nylon fiber 23.08 185.58
raspberries, open ground 28.00 3.94 polycarbonate (granules) 33.81 105.00
rice (paddy) 7.12 9.03 polyester 67.01 97.80
rye 1.10 2.90 polypropene (granules) 5.94 82.00
soya beans 2.06 7.07 polystyrene (granules) 9.92 96.05
sugar beets 0.42 0.53 Portland cement clinker 0.18 3.90
sunflower seeds 3.90 11.94 bricks 1.62 3.10
strawberries, open ground 15.75 3.74 cement (Portland) 0.27 4.50
tea 8.44 7.30 chalk sandstone 0.37 0.77
tobacco 29.40 45.50 glass (flat) 3.21 10.57
tomatoes, open ground 2.66 4.08 glass wool 11.60 20.00
tomatoes, greenhouse 11.06 56.24 stainless steel 40.69 43.70
wheat 1.18 2.94 steel 5.95 43.70
wool 2.00 20.00 aluminium 13.82 184.93
fish (cod) 11.00 31.00 chrome 99.01 174.88
fish (herring) 4.88 4.20 copper (cathodic) 20.62 97.59
chalk 0.83 0.10 gold (per gram) 87.40 5.60
natural stone (broken) 1.43 0.37 lead 4.91 28.90
sand 0.19 0.10 manganese 1.08 216.34
gravel 0.05 0.10 nickel (electrolytic) 64.80 360.50
gravel (broken) 0.05 0.19 silver 1174.00 80.00
lime 0.09 0.02 tin 47.90 211.05
soya mash 4.54 6.10 titanium 12.48 641.00
sunflower mash 2.00 5.64 zinc 8.27 52.10
whey 0.10 0.50 zirconium 1509.95 1200.00
beet pulp (dried) 0.90 12.50 water 0.01 0.00
cocoa butter 28.34 15.34 clams 4.33 1.40
cocoa mass 18.16 13.50 fish (cultured salmon) 32.79 36.00
cocoa powder 22.16 12.00 nuts and peanuts 97.71 15.70
molasses (as by-product) 1.07 1.24 onions 2.99 1.92
sugar 7.21 9.21 shrimps 35.00 64.00
pastry 11.33 13.00

Appendix 3: Packaging materials Energy use and prices
SEK/kg
MJ/kg
aluminium 13.82 168.01
cardboard (beverages) 6.01 36.37
cardboard (corrugated ) 10.78 17.86
cardboard (dry food) 6.01 12.55
cardboard (others) 6.01 43.89
glass (once used) 3.21 10.57
glass (re-used, deposit) 0.14 2.64
HDPE (granules) 10.51 75.74
LDPE 10.51 83.41
paper 8.43 40.85
PET bottle grade (re-used, deposit) 7.26 23.86
PET (granules) 14.52 73.02
polycarbonate (granules) 33.81 105.00
polypropene (granules) 5.94 82.00
polystyrene (granules) 9.92 96.05
PVC (soft, granules) 16.75 61.79
softwood (sawn) 2.17 3.10
tin 28.27 35.77

Appendix 4: Manufacturers
Sector NACE-code SEK/GJ MJ/SEK NAV Depreciation
agriculture 01 69.24 1.030 29.4 13.1
air transport 62 24.24 1.720 30.0 8.6
banking 65 128.13 0.019 65.8 3.7
beverage industry 15.9 27.65 0.333 26.4 4.3
business activities (other) 74 98.69 0.102 43.2 6.0
clothing and leather industry 18-19 23.64 0.383 27.4 4.3
construction 45 118.01 0.195 45.4 4.6
data consultants, research 72-73 122.77 0.082 41.1 6.0
education 80 73.49 0.430 43.6 5.1
electricity and gas supply 40 22.09 3.320 47.1 18.8
fishery 05 38.93 2.502 35.8 13.1
forestry 02 96.77 0.311 73.9 13.1
graphical industry 22.2-22.3 43.79 0.155 37.7 4.3
hotels and restaurants 55 63.92 0.208 35.3 5.8
human health and veterinary activities 851-2 103.01 0.246 52.5 5.1
insurance 66 64.25 0.311 58.6 3.7
land transport 60 97.02 0.866 39.0 9.0
manufacture of animal feed 15.7 17.50 0.373 7.0 4.3
manufacture of computers 30 64.41 0.093 36.7 4.3
manufacture of dairy products 15.5 14.24 0.443 12.2 4.3
manufacture of detergents 24.5 49.24 0.306 24.7 4.3
manufacture of domestic appliances 297 42.55 0.259 31.3 4.3
manufacture of electrical and electronical machinery n.e.c. 31-33 62.16 0.095 27.3 4.3
manufacture of fats and oils 15.4 28.37 0.543 15.8 4.3
manufacture of furniture 361 44.66 0.209 28.6 4.3
manufacture of glass, bricks and cement 26 19.17 1.800 37.0 4.3
manufacture of iron and steel 27 8.95 1.783 24.1 4.3
manufacture of motor vehicles, trains, trams and aircraft 34,352-353 39.69 0.177 23.5 4.3
manufacture of other basic chemicals 24.1-24.2 165.45 1.333 28.4 4.3
manufacture of other food products 15.6,15.8 19.13 0.465 29.9 4.3
manufacture of other machinery and equipment 291-296 55.48 0.198 31.8 4.3
manufacture of other transport equipment 354-355 55.12 0.372 30.4 4.3
manufacture of paints 24.3 204.77 0.170 25.8 4.3
manufacture of pharmaceutical products 24.4 107.68 0.161 48.7 4.3
manufacture of ships and boats 351 38.10 0.186 36.2 4.3
manufacture of wood and wood products 20 38.59 0.484 24.0 4.3
metal industry 28 39.88 0.340 37.7 4.3
metal ore mining 10-13 14.68 3.149 35.7 11.4
other chemical industry 24.6-24.7 58.52 0.819 27.7 4.3
other financial activities 67 168.09 0.019 43.1 3.7
other manufacturing 362-366,37,39 52.77 0.518 25.5 4.3
other mining and quarrying 14 52.55 0.990 32.6 11.4
other service activities 93 76.40 0.215 50.9 5.1
paper and cardboard industry 211 3.77 3.634 35.1 4.3
paper ware industry 21.2 28.29 0.370 30.6 4.3
petroleum industry 23 17.13 2.397 9.8 4.3
post and telecommunication 64 85.97 0.137 48.1 11.0
printing, publishing and related industry 22.1 78.15 0.087 34.3 4.3
processing of fish 15.2 30.33 0.381 20.1 4.3
processing of fruit and vegetables 15.3 16.04 0.484 22.7 4.3
public sectors and ngo's 75 67.63 0.239 57.2 5.1
real estate activities 70 69.15 0.202 48.0 20.5
recreational, cultural and sporting activities 92 70.26 0.363 45.4 5.1
renting of movables 71 89.02 0.289 46.8 6.0
rubber and synthetic material-processing industry 25 53.76 0.424 31.2 4.3
sewage and refuse disposal services 90 74.09 0.786 44.0 5.1
slaughtering and meat-processing industry 15.1 28.26 0.236 14.5 4.3
social work activities 853 89.65 0.468 66.2 5.1
supporting transport activities 63 86.92 0.180 40.5 5.8
textiles industry 17 30.06 0.462 33.4 4.3
tobacco-processing industry 16 7.28 0.145 50.4 4.3
trade/repair of motor vehicles 502 117.42 0.588 44.7 6.6
water supply 41 62.77 1.001 27.1 31.5
water transport 61 19.00 3.495 22.1 5.0
wholesale and retail trade 50-52 övr 93.64 0.249 59.0 6.6

Appendix 5: Energy use for different vehicles
MJ/tonkm Comment
Boeing 747-400 1200 km
7.88 MTOW 394 ton
Boeing 747, intercontinental flights 7.59 payload 75 %
Cargo vessels, large
0.22 >8 dwt. Medium value.
Cargo vessels, large, cooling transport
0.26 >8 dwt. Medium value.
Cargo vessels, medium size
0.30 2-8 dwt. Medium value
Cargo vessels, medium size, cooling transport
0.34 2-8 dwt. Medium value
Diesel train 0.24
Diesel train, cooling transport 0.28
Ferries
0.43 of the type traficking Sweden-Finland
Heavy lorry with trailer, 40 tons
0.72 Total weight, 40 tons, payload 26 ton, Euro 1. Medium values.
Heavy lorry with trailer, 60 tons
0.65 Total weight, 60 tons, payload 40 ton, Euro 1. Medium values.
Heavy lorry with trailer, cooling transport, 40 tons
0.83 Total weight, 40 tons, payload 26 ton, Euro 1. Medium values.
Heavy lorry with trailer, cooling transport, 60 tons
0.75 Total weight, 60 tons, payload 40 ton, Euro 1. Medium values.
Light Lorry Distribution Service
2.41 Total weight, 14 tons, payload 8.4 ton, Euro 1. Medium values.
Light Lorry Distribution Service, cooling transport
2.77 Total weight, 14 tons, payload 8.4 ton, Euro 1. Medium values.
Medium lorry, cooling transport, regional transport
2.15 Total weight, 24 tons, payload 14 ton, Euro 1. Medium values.
Medium lorry, regional transport
1.87 Total weight, 24 tons, payload 14 ton, Euro 1. Medium values.
Parcel delivery vehicle (diesel)
9.72 total weight, 3.5 tons, payload 1.4 ton, diesel
Parcel delivery vehicle (petrol)
13.68 total weight, 3.5 tons, payload 1.4 ton, petrol
Parcel delivery vehicle, cooling transport (diesel)
11.18 total weight, 3.5 tons, payload 1.4 ton, diesel
Parcel delivery vehicle, cooling transport (petrol)
15.73 total weight, 3.5 tons, payload 1.4 ton, petrol

Appendix 6: Energy and consumer prices
Code of Energy Energy Consumer Aggregated
expenditure Description intensity MJ/unit Unit price Unit Source of consumer price Category
category
MJ/sek
Food
rad1 flour and meal 1.19 1.19 kg food
rad1a wheat flour 1.25 12.05 kg 9.61 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad1b flour mixes 1.10 27.49 kg 25 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad1c rice 1.09 27.24 kg 25 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad1d pasta 1.19 23.80 kg 20 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad1e breakfast cereals 1.22 54.80 kg 45 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad2 crisp bread 1.05 49.28 kg 47 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad3 white bread 1.10 24.12 kg 22 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
rad4 other soft bread 1.06 34.88 kg 33 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
rad5 unspecified bread 1.07 1.07 sek food
rad6 cake and biscuits 0.39 23.92 kg 62 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
rad7 beef and veal, fresh 1.18 88.85 kg 75.03 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad8 pork, fresh 1.17 57.95 kg 49.65 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad9 minced meat, fresh 1.13 61.01 kg 53.93 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad10 other meat 0.55 0.55 sek food
rad10a game 0.46 31.32 kg 68 kg Dutch prices recalculated food
rad10b lamb 0.79 62.84 kg 80 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad11 poultry 1.44 32.84 kg 22.85 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad12 sausage 1.14 56.23 kg 49.48 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad13 meat products for sandwiches 1.06 1.06 sek food
ham for sandwiches 1.06 161.44 kg 152.55 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
sausage for sandwiches 1.06 161.08 kg 152.55 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad14 meat courses and other meat products 1.04 79.26 kg 76 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad15 cod, fresh and frozen 1.68 1.68 sek food
cod, fresh 1.65 74.34 kg 45 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
cod, frozen 1.71 76.91 kg 45 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad16 salmon (cultured), fresh and prepared 1.01 69.44 kg 69 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad17 herring, fresh and pickled 1.60 1.60 sek food
herring, fresh 1.65 46.23 kg 28 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
herring, pickled 1.54 118.06 kg 80 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad18 other fish, fresh and prepared 1.55 1.55 sek food
rad19 shellfish 1.24 200.74 kg 162 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad20 caviar, spawn and other fish products 1.40 57.20 kg 123 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad21 milk 3% fat 1.49 9.12 litre food
rad22 milk 1.5% fat 1.49 1.49 sek 6.15 litre The Swedish Dairy Association food
rad23 milk 0.5% fat 1.49 1.49 sek food
rad24 powdered milk 1.49 1.49 sek food
rad25 soured milk and yoghurt 1.29 1.29 sek food
soured milk 1.29 9.40 litre 7.28 litre The Swedish Dairy Association food
fruit yoghurt 1.28 19.13 litre 15 litre Stores in Stockholm food
rad26 cream >=29% fat 1.05 35.57 litre 33.77 litre The Swedish Dairy Association food
rad27 cream 10-28% fat 1.05 1.05 sek food
rad28 cheese >17% fat 1.37 88.12 kg 64.24 kg The Swedish Dairy Association food
rad29 cheese

Appendix 6 continued
Code of Energy Energy Consumer Aggregated
expenditure Description intensity MJ/unit Unit price Unit Source of consumer price Category
category
MJ/sek
rad44 berries 0.27 0.27 sek food
strawberries 0.29 24.48 kg 84 kg Stores in Stockholm food
lingonberries 0.25 21.15 kg 84 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad45 canned fruit and soups 1.97 69.03 litre 35 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad46 fruit-syrup 1.34 4.01 litre 3 litre Stores in Stockholm food
rad47 fruit juice 0.70 9.14 litre 13 litre Stores in Stockholm food
rad48 cucumber, fresh and pickled 2.02 2.02 sek food
cucumber, fresh 2.51 52.81 kg 21 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
cucumber, pickled 1.19 21.36 can 18 can Stores in Stockholm food
rad49 salad, different kinds, fresh 4.18 75.32 kg 18 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
rad50 cabbage, fresh 0.43 5.65 kg 13 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
rad51 tomatoes, fresh and canned 2.53 2.53 sek food
tomatoes, fresh 2.86 60.05 kg 21 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
canned tomatoes 1.28 6.38 piece 5 can Stores in Stockholm food
rad52 onions and leek 0.62 6.05 kg 10 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
rad53 other vegetables, fresh and prepared 1.44 1.44 sek food
rad54 mushrooms, fresh and canned 0.50 0.50 sek food
mushrooms, fresh 0.39 20.46 kg 52 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
canned mushrooms 0.57 5.43 piece 10 can Stores in Stockholm food
rad55 vegetable dishes, soups and salads 1.10 39.78 36 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad56 root vegetables 0.40 3.22 kg 8 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
rad57 potatoes fresh and canned 0.66 4.65 kg 7 kg Average prices Statistics Sweden food
rad58 potato-products (french fries etc) 0.98 30.44 kg 31 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad59 sugar 0.94 16.03 kg 10.82 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad60 jams and marmelades 1.78 71.07 kg 40 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad61 honey and syrup 1.21 69.86 kg 57.5 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad62 ice-cream 1.24 39.53 litre 32 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad63 confectionary 1.01 101.45 kg 100 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad64 Sauces and dressings 1.14 63.77 litre 56 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad65 salt and spices 0.96 196.86 kg 204 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad66 broth and additives 1.34 85.72 litre 64 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad67 snacks 1.04 103.52 kg 100 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad68 soft drinks 2.18 25.21 litre 11.58 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad69 mineral and soda water 1.20 13.88 litre 11.58 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad70 coffee 0.64 46.50 kg 72.92 kg SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad71 tea 0.90 262.38 kg 290 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad72 cocoa 0.58 43.69 kg 75 kg Stores in Stockholm food
rad78 unspecified food 1.00 1.00 sek food
rad100 own produced food 0.00 0.00 sek food
rad101 outdoor consumption 0.85 0.85 sek food
sum15 alcoholic beverages 0.94 0.94 sek food
sum15a beer 1.13 21.60 litre 19.06 litre SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
sum15b wine 0.90 165.41 litre 183.31 litre Average prices Statistics Sweden food
sum15c spirits and liqueurs 0.63 165.46 litre 262.86 litre SCB 1997: När mat kommer på tal food
rad 102
tobacco
vk2052 tobacco 0.38 0.38 sek recreation
vk2052a cigarettes 0.25 301.25 kg 29.2 pack of 20 Stores in Stockholm recreation
vk2052b moist snuff 0.48 205.58 kg 560 kg Stores in Stockholm recreation
rad 103
non-durable goods
vk2021 electrical supplies 0.84 0.84 sek household effects
vk2021a cords, plugs and switches 0.74 0.74 sek household effects
vk2021b light bulbs 0.96 6.22 piece 6.5 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2021c batteries, NiCd 0.84 17.23 piece 10.25 piece Stores in Stockholm electricity
vk2021d batteries, zinc/manganese 0.81 16.67 piece 10.25 piece Stores in Stockholm electricity
vk2022 detergents (not personal) 0.96 45.84 bottle 48 litre Stores in Stockholm hygiene
vk2023 cleaning tools 1.01 1.01 sek household effects
vk2024 kitchen roll 0.91 8.22 piece 9 roll Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2025 toilet paper 0.97 21.57 kg 31 packet of 8 rolls Stores in Stockholm
vk2026 rubbish bags 2.03 97.64 roll 48 kg Stores in Stockholm household effects
hygiene

Appendix 6 continued
Code of Energy Energy Consumer Aggregated
expenditure Description intensity MJ/unit Unit price Unit Source of consumer price Category
category
MJ/sek
vk2027 nails, screws etc 1.25 48.89 kg 39 kg Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2028 paint 1.07 133.26 kg 125 kg Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2029 soap and shampoo 1.57 95.76 kg 61 litre Stores in Stockholm hygiene
vk2030 cosmetics 1.09 0.72 sek hygiene
vk2030a perfume 1.21 120.09 kg 327 kr litre Stores in Stockholm hygiene
vk2030b skin cream 0.97 316.44 kg 1 295 kr litre Stores in Stockholm hygiene
vk2031 sanitairy protection 0.98 199.91 kg 204 kg Stores in Stockholm hygiene
vk2032 diapers 1.60 86.27 kg 54 kg Stores in Stockholm hygiene
vk2033 other toilet requisites 0.98 10.81 tube 11 tooth paste tube Stores in Stockholm hygiene
vk2034 medical articles 0.76 0.76 sek hygiene
vk2035 other disposables 1.27 1.27 sek household effects
vk2035a candles 1.24 1.24 sek household effects
vk2035b charcoal 1.18 69.43 bag 59 bag of 5 kg Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2035c paper plates 1.19 0.76 piece 31.8 packet of 50 Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2035d disposables 1.80 0.54 piece 30 packet of 100 Stores in Stockholm household effects
sum 16
rad 104
household services
child care
vk2692 municipal babysitting out of doors 0.74 0.74 sek hygiene
vk2693 privat babysitting out of doors 0.74 0.74 sek hygiene
rad 105
union dues, other insurance
AKASSA union dues 0.69 0.69 sek other consumption
H12E1 casualty insurance 0.64 0.64 sek other consumption
H12F1 health and accident insurance 0.64 0.64 sek other consumption
rad 106
other services
vk2391 laundry, dry-cleaning 0.67 0.67 sek hygiene
vk2392 social home help 0.00 0.00 sek hygiene
vk2393 cleaning 0.00 0.00 sek hygiene
vk2721 hairdresser 0.69 0.69 sek hygiene
vk2755 banking service 0.29 0.29 sek other consumption
vk2772 subscription public organisations 0.69 0.69 sek recreation
vk2774 other interest 0.29 0.29 sek other consumption
vk2775 administrative expenses 0.80 0.80 sek other consumption
vk2776 cash donations and benefit 0.00 0.00 sek other consumption
vk2777 other service activities 0.67 0.67 sek other consumption
sum 17
rad 107
clothing and footwear
clothing
vk2100 unspecified clothes 0.90 0.90 sek clothing and footwear
vk2101 women's coats 0.91 1007.60 piece 1108 piece Dutch prices recalculated clothing and footwear
vk2102 men's coats 0.86 850.37 pieces 987 piece Dutch prices recalculated clothing and footwear
vk2103 fur and leather wear 0.92 1372.27 piece 1499 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2104 women's suits 0.90 1467.13 piece 1629 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2105 dresses 0.87 403.48 piece 465 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2106 jackets 0.91 1126.07 piece 1242 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2107 men's suits 0.86 1401.25 piece 1629 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2108 skirts 0.90 377.73 piece 418 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2109 jeans 0.92 426.33 piece 465 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2110 trousers 0.91 350.88 piece 387 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2111 coats 0.89 0.89 sek clothing and footwear
vk2112 cardigans and jersey/sweater 0.87 469.46 piece 539 piece Dutch prices recalculated clothing and footwear
vk2113 babies' clothes 0.92 124.62 piece 136 piece Dutch prices recalculated clothing and footwear
vk2114 sports and beachwear 0.92 512.78 piece 559 piece Dutch prices recalculated clothing and footwear
vk2115 rainwear and overalls 0.90 671.16 piece 743 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2116 night and dressing gowns 0.87 324.57 piece 372 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2117 blouses 0.87 263.16 piece 302 piece Dutch prices recalculated clothing and footwear
vk2118 shirts 0.87 263.41 piece 302 piece Dutch prices recalculated clothing and footwear
vk2119 bra 0.92 314.38 piece 340 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2120 other underwear 0.87 40.79 peice 47 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2121 socks 0.87 0.87 sek clothing and footwear
vk2122 hats 0.96 282.24 piece 295 piece Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear

Appendix 6 continued
Code of Energy Energy Consumer Aggregated
expenditure Description intensity MJ/unit Unit price Unit Source of consumer price Category
category
MJ/sek
vk2123 gloves 0.94 93.19 pair 99 pair Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2124 clothing accessories 0.92 139.67 piece 151 piece Dutch prices recalculated clothing and footwear
vk2125 material for clothes 0.94 73.06 piece 78 metre Average prices Statistics Sweden clothing and footwear
vk2126 knitting wool 1.05 10.10 ball 9.6 ball Dutch prices recalculated clothing and footwear
vk2127 requisites, haberdashery 0.90 15.78 piece 17.5 piece Dutch prices recalculated clothing and footwear
vk2128 charge for making clothes 0.60 0.60 sek clothing and footwear
rad 108
footwear
vk2141 ski boots 0.99 693.08 piece 698 pair Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2142 leather boots 0.96 490.58 pair 509 pair Average prices Statistics Sweden clothing and footwear
vk2143 sport shoes 0.98 321.03 pair 327 pair Average prices Statistics Sweden clothing and footwear
vk2144 ordinary shoes 0.91 438.18 pair 479 pair Average prices Statistics Sweden clothing and footwear
vk2145 sandals and flip flops 0.94 289.94 pair 309 pair Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
vk2146 Wellingtons 1.29 303.97 pair 236 pair Average prices Statistics Sweden clothing and footwear
vk2147 shoe-repairs 0.59 52.22 time 89 heeling Stores in Stockholm clothing and footwear
sum 18
rad 109
furniture and household articles
furniture and textiles
230 furniture 0.52 0.52 sek household effects
230a furniture (wood) 0.43 39.29 kg 91 kg Dutch prices recalculated household effects
230b furniture (metal) 0.93 179.83 kg 193 kg Dutch prices recalculated household effects
230c furniture (synthetic material) 1.73 483.76 piece 279 piece Dutch prices recalculated household effects
vk2301 table household effects
vk2302 cupboard household effects
vk2304 set of shelves household effects
vk2306 chair household effects
vk2307 sofa household effects
vk2309 armchair household effects
vk2311 bed household effects
vk2313 light fittings 0.85 0.85 sek household effects
vk2314 outdoor furniture household effects
vk2316 carpets 0.51 0.51 sek household effects
vk2316a linoleum carpets 0.49 108.19 m2 219 m2 Production price+tax+margin household effects
vk2316b vinyl carpets 0.75 95.76 m2 128 m2 Production price+tax+margin household effects
vk2316c woolen carpets 0.39 388.76 m2 1002 m2 Production price+tax+margin household effects
vk2317 paintings 1.22 1.22 sek household effects
vk2318 blind, synthetic material 1.10 329.57 piece 300 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2319 furnishings 1.00 1.00 sek household effects
vk2320 repair and hire of furniture 0.69 0.69 sek household effects
vk2320a repair/mainten.furniture 0.67 0.67 sek household effects
vk2320b hire of furniture 0.70 0.70 sek household effects
vk2321 other furnishing accessories 0.88 0.88 sek household effects
vk2331 sheets 0.94 155.56 piece 166 set Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2332 quilts and pillows 0.86 204.43 piece 239 täcke Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2333 mattresses 1.31 2191.58 piece 1678 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2334 table-cloths and curtains 0.92 336.99 piece 366 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2335 towel 0.93 24.10 piece 26 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
rad 110
household equipment
vk2352 microwave oven 0.91 2168.34 piece 2372 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2353 toaster 0.87 243.18 piece 279 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2354 refrigerators and freezers 1.20 6816.45 piece 5671 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2355 dishwasher 1.03 5071.11 piece 4923 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2356 vacuum cleaner 0.96 1216.64 piece 1268 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2357 washing and drying machines 1.12 1.12 sek household effects
vk2357a washing machine 1.17 6330.28 piece 5408 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2357b drying machine 0.96 5136.33 piece 5355 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2359 electric iron 0.86 310.88 piece 363 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2360 electrical sewing machine 0.89 3102.86 piece 3499 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2361 garden tools, electrical 0.80 3044.89 kg 3794 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2362 repair and hire of domestic appliances 0.69 0.69 sek household effects
vk2362a repair of domestic appliances 0.67 0.67 sek household effects
vk2362b hire of domestic appliances 0.71 0.71 sek household effects

Appendix 6 continued
Code of Energy Energy Consumer Aggregated
expenditure Description intensity MJ/unit Unit price Unit Source of consumer price Category
category
MJ/sek
vk2363 food-processor 0.89 738.90 piece 1419 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2364 compost mill etc 0.85 0.85 sek household effects
vk2371 pottery and glassware 1.32 1.32 sek household effects
vk2372 knives, forks and spoons 0.96 0.96 sek household effects
vk2373 cooking utensils 0.99 0.99 sek household effects
vk2374 receptacles 0.98 0.98 sek household effects
vk2375 bathroom and sauna eqiupment 0.77 4740.54 piece 6163 piece Dutch prices recalculated household effects
vk2376 tools 0.75 0.75 sek household effects
vk2377 garden tools 0.75 0.75 sek household effects
vk2378 other cooking apparatus 0.99 237.44 piece 239 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2704 bags 0.85 657.97 piece 773 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden clothing and footwear
vk2705 prams, buggies, baby-carriages 0.86 2720.56 piece 3181 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2706 electric razor 0.62 362.63 kg 585 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden hygiene
rad 111
health and medical care
vk2401 medicines etc. 0.82 0.82 sek hygiene
vk2402 vitamins 1.17 1.17 sek hygiene
vk2403 dental care 0.00 sek
vk2404 medical attendance / hospital treatment 0.00 sek
vk2406 glasses 0.82 1008.30 piece 1226 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden hygiene
sum 19
rad 112
transport
purchases of cars
vk2501 new car 1.38 1.38 sek transport
vk2501a car 0.98 243545.60 piece 247445 piece Production price+tax+margin
vk2502 used car 1.38 1.38 sek transport
rad 113
operation of cars
vk2503 fuel 4.89 4.89 sek petrol
vk2503a
vk2503b
petrol
diesel
vk2504 maintenance of cars 1.02 1.02 sek transport
vk2505 car tyre 1.12 1.12 sek transport
vk2506 accessories of cars 1.12 262.56 kg 235 kg Stores in Stockholm transport
vk2508 taxes and vehicle testing 0.00 0.00 sek
vk2509 hire of car 1.22 1.22 sek transport
vk2511 rent of garage 0.80 0.80 sek transport
H12B1 car insurance 0.64 0.64 sek other consumption
rad 114
other vehicles
vk2521 caravans 0.94 443.36 kg 282979 piece Production price+tax+margin recreation
vk2522 motor cycle, scooter, snowmobile 0.94 82432.22 piece 87819 piece Production price+tax+margin transport
vk2523 bicycle 0.97 2256.66 piece 2338 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden transport
vk2524 fuel, other vehicles 4.89 4.89 sek petrol
vk2525 repairs, other vehicles 1.02 1.02 sek transport
vk2527 parts, other vehicles 1.13 476.70 kg 423 kg Stores in Stockholm transport
vk2529 other vehicle accessories 1.02 1.02 sek transport
vk2531 moped 0.92 11725.40 piece 12789 piece Production price+tax+margin transport
H12D1 insurance other vehicles 0.64 0.64 sek other consumption
rad 115
local journeys
vk2541 local journeys 1.20 1.20 sek transport
sum 20
rad 116
recreation and cultural services
secondary dwelling
vk2261 mortgage secondary dwelling 0.21 0.21 sek house
vk2263 delivered reparations sec.dw. 0.67 0.67 sek house
vk2264 reparation materials sec.dw. 1.00 1.00 sek household effects
vk2267 rent/tenancy, association fees sec.dw. 0.23 0.23 sek house
vk2268 electricity and heating sec.dw. 6.63 6.63 sek electricity
vk2269 water/sewage and refuse removal sec.dw. 0.82 0.82 sek house
vk2272 site-lease rent, tenancy sec.dw. 0.21 0.21 sek house
H12A1 insurance secondary dwelling 0.64 0.64 sek household effects
rad 117
radio and tv
vk2601 television sets 0.66 4563.37 piece 6939 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden recreation
vk2602 VCR 0.67 2169.16 piece 3257 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden recreation

Appendix 6 continued
Code of Energy Energy Consumer Aggregated
expenditure Description intensity MJ/unit Unit price Unit Source of consumer price Category
category
MJ/sek
vk2603 sound-equipment combined 0.66 2796.11 piece 4246 combination Average prices Statistics Sweden recreation
vk2605 repair and hire of audio/video equipment 0.69 0.69 sek recreation
vk2605a hire audio/video equipment 0.71 0.71 sek recreation
vk2605b repair audio/video equipment 0.67 0.67 sek recreation
vk2607 satellite dish 0.66 0.66 sek recreation
rad 118 play, sport, hobby
vk2622 musical instrument 0.92 5512.99 piece 5967 piece Stores in Stockholm recreation
vk2634 sports goods 0.95 1103.94 kg 1165 kg Stores in Stockholm recreation
vk2635 fishing equipment 0.95 0.95 sek recreation
vk2636 camping equipment 0.94 1071.45 kg 1134 kg Stores in Stockholm recreation
vk2639 gramophone record 0.89 0.89 sek recreation
vk2640 music cassettes 0.89 0.89 sek recreation
vk2641 video cassettes 0.89 0.89 sek recreation
vk2642 toys 0.97 404.50 kg 176 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden recreation
vk2643 other hobby articles 0.61 575.57 kg 932 kg Dutch prices recalculated recreation
vk2646 cd's 0.89 1201.80 kg 149 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden recreation
vk2662 hire of video cassettes 0.71 0.71 sek recreation
rad 119 watches, optics, photo
vk2604 video camera 0.58 4516.73 piece 7775 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden recreation
vk2621 photo-cameras 0.60 537.75 piece 894 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden recreation
vk2632 film develop/print 1.19 74.08 piece 62 time Dutch prices recalculated recreation
vk2633 photo materials 0.95 1442.82 kg 1511 kg Dutch prices recalculated recreation
vk2701 jewellery 0.63 485.27 piece 765 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden clothing and footwear
vk2703 watches 0.63 0.63 sek clothing and footwear
rad 120 travels, hotel services
vk2542 taxi 0.29 0.29 sek transport
vk2543 domestic conducted tour 0.98 0.98 sek recreation
vk2544 domestic journey by train 1.30 1.30 sek transport
vk2545 domestic flights 0.98 0.98 sek transport
vk2546 domestic journey by ferry or bus 0.98 0.98 sek transport
vk2672 domestic school tour 0.98 0.98 sek recreation
vk2741 hotel accomodation 0.92 0.92 sek recreation
vk2801 international travelling 1.70 1.70 sek recreation
rad 121 other recreation
vk2003 food for pets 1.22 57.19 kg 47 kg Stores in Stockholm recreation
vk2408 sunglasses 0.88 242.48 piece 274 piece Stores in Stockholm recreation
vk2565 internet subscription charges 0.58 0.58 sek transport
vk2623 sailing and motor-boats 1.06 186.95 kg 62008 piece Dutch prices recalculated recreation
vk2624 boat engine 0.81 0.81 sek recreation
vk2625 other boat expenditure 0.76 0.76 sek recreation
vk2627 fuel 4.98 4.98 sek Average prices Statistics Sweden petrol
vk2628 computer equipment 0.56 12985.79 piece 23038 piece Stores in Stockholm education
vk2630 electrical tools 0.85 659.40 piece 773 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2631 other larger recreation articles 0.56 0.56 sek education
vk2637 purchase of pets 0.65 0.65 sek recreation
vk2638 vet 0.60 0.60 sek recreation
vk2644 flowers 1.28 1.28 sek household effects
vk2644a indoor plants 1.28 39.73 piece 31 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2644b cut flowers 0.47 5.67 piece 12 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden household effects
vk2644c outdoor plants 2.38 16.68 piece 7 piece Stores in Stockholm household effects
vk2645 repair and hire of recreation articles 0.69 0.69 sek recreation
vk2707 other recreation articles 1.09 1.09 sek recreation
H12C1 boat insurance 0.64 0.64 sek other consumption
rad 122 entertainment
vk2661 pools and lottery 0.52 0.52 sek recreation
vk2663 entrance fee movie 0.85 0.85 sek recreation
vk2664 entrance fee theatre 0.85 0.85 sek recreation
vk2665 entrance fee opera and concert 0.85 0.85 sek recreation
vk2666 entrance fee stage performance and dance 0.85 0.85 sek recreation
vk2667 entrance fee museum and exhibition 0.85 0.85 sek recreation

Appendix 6 continued
Code of Energy Energy Consumer Aggregated
expenditure Description intensity MJ/unit Unit price Unit Source of consumer price Category
category
MJ/sek
vk2668 entrance fee sporting event 0.85 0.85 sek recreation
vk2669 subscribtion sports organization 0.69 0.69 sek education
rad 123
books, communication
vk2547 cargo services 1.28 1.28 sek transport
vk2561 postage 0.58 0.58 sek transport
vk2562 telephone 0.58 0.58 sek transport
vk2563 licence fee tv 0.85 0.85 sek recreation
vk2564 cell phone 0.58 0.58 sek recreation
vk2566 cell phone accessories 0.58 0.58 sek recreation
vk2681 books 0.71 139.72 kg 196 kg Stores in Stockholm education
vk2682 newspapers 1.16 45.37 kg 7.06 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden education
vk2683 magazines 0.72 131.90 kg 21.82 piece Average prices Statistics Sweden education
vk2684 other printed paper 0.71 0.71 sek education
vk2685 other stationary 0.81 475.67 kg 584 kg Dutch prices recalculated education
vk2691 school, course-fees etc. 0.98 0.98 sek education
sum 21
rad 203
dwelling
rent, insurance
f39b householders comprehensive insurance (small house) 0.64 0.64 sek household effects
f40a joint ownership fees 0.80 0.80 sek house
f40 water/sewage and refuse collection 0.82 0.82 sek house/hygiene
f40b refuse collection 1.15 1.15 sek house
f40c water and sewarage charges 0.48 0.48 sek hygiene
f43a householders comprehensive insurance (not small house) 0.64 0.64 sek household effects
sfskatt tax on real estate 0.00 0.00 sek house
hyra2 rent and fees 0.23 0.23 sek house
hyra2a heating (district heating) house
hyra2b water and sewarage charges hygiene
skkutomt site-lease rent 0.21 0.21 sek house
rad 204
repairs
rad204 repairs 0.83 0.83 sek
rad204a repairs and maintenance 0.67 0.67 sek house
rad204b wallpaper 1.00 149.00 kg 149 roll Stores in Stockholm household effects
rad204c wooden sheets 0.99 12.89 kg 7565 m3 Stores in Stockholm household effects
rad204d beams and boards 0.99 11.72 kg 6851 m3 Stores in Stockholm household effects
rad204e plywood 1.01 34.72 kg 24007 m3 Stores in Stockholm household effects
rad 205
household energy
rad205a fixed charge electricity 2.92 2.92 sek electricity
hhel household electricity 6.63 6.63 sek electricity
uppv heating (district heating) heating
rad 206
district heating 8.85 8.85 sek
oil 8.46 8.46 sek
electricity 6.63 6.63 sek
interests (gross)
rad206 mortgage 0.21 0.21 sek house
sum 22
benefits (taxable)
skpfbil car benefit 0 sek
skpfbila car and other benefit 0 sek
skpfan remaining benefit 0 sek

Appendix 7: Taxes
Bread and grains 17% Patient's fee medical care 0% Hire of sport equipment 7%
Meat 17% Patient's fee dental care 0% Boat fees 5%
Fish 17% Physiotherapy 2% Municipal school of music 0%
Dairy products 17% Chiropractor 0% Educational associations 0%
Fats 17% Patient's fee hospital treatment 0% TV 0%
Fruit 17% New cars 26% Cable TV 20%
Vegetables 17% Used cars 20% Photographic services 20%
Sugar, jam, confectionary 17% Motor cycle etc 20% Hire of equipment 18%
Salt, spices, sauces 17% Bike 20% Movies 0%
Coffee, tea, chocolate 17% Spare parts 20% Library, museum 0%
Soft drinks, juice 17% Fuel 72% Theatre, concert 0%
Spirits and liqours 84% Oil, lubricants 20% Play 38%
Wine 60% Maintenance and repair 20% Books 20%
Beer class III 60% Driving schools 0% Newspapers 0%
Beer class I and II 30% Vehicle test 20% Magazines 20%
Tobacco 65% Garage 0% Other printed paper 20%
Materials for clothes 20% Parking 20% Stationary 20%
Clothes 20% Car hire service 1% Charter trip 0%
Other clothing articles 20% Train 10% Recreation fee, public 0%
Repair, hire and laundry 20% Taxi, car travelling 11% Recreation fee, other 0%
Shoes 20% Coach 11% University studies 0%
Repair and hire of shoes 20% Air transport 5% Restaurants and cafés 20%
Rent in apartment block 0% Sea transport 2% Hotel services 11%
Other rent 0% Public transport 11% Hair and beauty care 16%
Small house 0% Other transport 20% Electrical articles 20%
Secondary dwelling 0% Postal services 20% Other articles 20%
Goods for maintanance 20% Telephone, fax 25% Jewellery and watches 20%
Services for maintenance 20% Cell phone 20% Repair of jewellery and watches 20%
Electricity 34% Telephone 20% Other personal items 20%
Gas 38% Cell phone 20% Child care 0%
Liquid fuels 62% Radio, TV etc 20% Eldercare 0%
Solid fuels 4% Photo equipment etc 20% Other care 0%
District heating 20% Computers etc 20% Individual care 0%
Furniture etc. 19% Film, cd, cassettes 20% Life insurance 0%
Carpets 20% Repair of TV, IT, photo 20% Householder's comprehensive insurance 0%
Repair of furniture 20% Caravan 20% Health insurance 0%
Household textiles 20% Boat 20% Vehicle insurance 0%
Large household equipment 20% Boat accessories and motors 20% Other insurance 0%
Small household equipment 20% Horses 21% Financial services 8%
Repair of larger apparatus 19% Large recreation articles 19% Funeral 20%
Kitchen tools, glass ware, pottery 20% Musical instruments 20% Passport, hunting fees etc 0%
Larger power tools 20% Repair and maintenance recreation articles 20% Consultant fees 16%
Smaller tools 20% Play, sport, hobby 19%
Detergents, not personal 20% Sport, camping articles etc 20%
Household services 17% Flowers and plants 20%
Medicines on prescription 0% Pets 20%
Other medicine 20% Medicines, vitamins 20%
Other health care products 19% Vet 20%
Glasses etc. 20% Entrance fee play and sport 0%

Appendix 8: Transport distance and mode
Item ship lorry light lorry Item ship lorry light lorry
Food
Food
meal and flour 154 504 100 cocoa 0 1776 100
flour mixes 28 542 100 beer 388 998 100
rice 3357 2489 100 wine 1250 1742 100
pasta 613 1811 100 spirits and liqours 272 866 100
breakfast cereals 174 1449 100 Tobacco
crisp bread 0 544 100 cigarettes 2 2000 100
white and wholemeal bread 0 442 100 moist snuff 11 454 100
cake and bisquits 57 591 100 Non-durable goods
beef and veal 233 720 100 detergents 37 1960 100
pork 5 594 100 kitchen roll 0 777 100
other meat 1848 856 100 toilet paper 3 664 100
poultry 0 434 100 rubbish bags 545 924 100
sausage 0 463 100 nails and screws 2071 2188 100
meat products for sandwiches 0 628 100 paint 40 1299 100
salmon 457 1945 100 hair care articles 406 1887 100
herring 49 704 100 perfumes 209 2085 100
cod 35 2002 100 cosmetics 832 2048 100
other fish 2203 2108 100 sanitary protection 13 1672 100
shellfish 2156 1997 100 diapers 3 1883 100
caviar, spawn etc 294 2012 100 other toilet requisites 1678 2242 100
milk and cream 0 402 100 medical articles 1830 2153 100
soured milk and yoghurt 2 484 100 light bulbs 1447 2135 100
cheese 1 661 100 Zn-Mn batteries 924 2289 100
eggs 0 964 100 Ni-Cd batteries 10626 2444 100
butter 0 430 100 candles 216 1367 100
margarine 9 471 100 disposable mugs 1319 1613 100
oil and other fats 20 948 100 paper plates 913 2296 100
apples and pears 4189 2101 100 matches 260 1158 100
bananas 9777 2407 100 aluminium foil 3 1589 100
citrus fruits 258 2937 100 coffee filters 34 1856 100
other fresh fruit 2222 2751 100 Clothes
dried fruit and nuts 6435 2552 100 men's coats 6677 2504 100
berries 539 2280 100 men's suits 241 2529 100
canned fruit 2641 2217 100 men's jackets 1433 2510 100
fruit syrup 219 958 100 men's trousers 3464 2691 100
cucumber, fresh 2 1408 100 men's shirts 7615 2612 100
cucumber, pickled 60 550 100 men's underwear 8332 2449 100
salad, different kinds 1 1948 100 men's pyamas 7894 2660 100
cabbage, different kinds 15 1812 100 women's coats 3840 2275 100
tomatoes, fresh 17 1461 100 women's suits 760 1853 100
tomatoes, canned 66 3420 100 women's jackets 1273 2379 100
leek and onion 873 1761 100 women's dresses 5139 2439 100
other vegetables, fresh and prepared 1192 1816 100 women's skirts 3509 2424 100
mushroom, fresh 17 1994 100 women's trousers 4813 2501 100
mushroom, canned 4772 2133 100 women's shirts 5185 2389 100
root vegetables 0 738 100 bra 6908 2451 100
potatoes, fresh or canned 207 1310 100 women's other underwear 4572 2834 100
potato products (french fries etc) 442 776 100 women's nightgowns 6939 2568 100
sugar 70 842 100 cardigans and sweaters 5599 2576 100
jam and marmalade 15 627 100 sports and beachwear 4429 2437 100
syrup and honey 242 1652 100 socks and stockings 2362 2601 100
ice cream 0 512 100 babies' clothes 6251 2527 100
confectionary 48 2046 100 gloves 10610 2462 100
sauces and dressings 557 923 100 accessories 5243 2954 100
salt and spices 4871 2488 100 hats and caps 6607 2148 100
baking powder, broth 7 503 100 textile fabrics 2104 2222 100
soft drinks 28 461 100 yarns 13 2355 100
mineral and soda water 2 444 100 sewing materials 3446 2726 100
coffee 3527 1178 100 fur and leather wear 10972 2586 100
tea 1369 2061 100

Appendix 8 continued
Item ship lorry light lorry Item ship lorry light lorry
Shoes
Transport
Wellingtons 5217 2344 100 cars 1096 1635 100
ski boots 208 2560 100 tyres 2181 2291 100
sports shoes 8223 2815 100 car accessories 524 1973 100
sandals and flip flops 5139 3000 100 caravans 2 776 100
leather boots 7271 2845 100 motor cycles 9615 2546 100
ordinary shoes 4503 2597 100 mopeds 2598 2526 100
soles 3891 2207 100 bicycles 2656 1240 100
Reparating materials accessories other vehicles 5095 2475 100
beams and boards 497 725 100 Radio and TV
wooden sheets 14 974 100 television sets 216 2179 100
plywood 685 1681 100 VCR 1442 2090 100
Furniture and textiles sound equipment 5855 2247 100
tables 869 1905 100 Play, sport, hobby
cupboards 4 430 100 musical instruments 11055 2579 100
sets of shelves 12 495 100 sports equipment 7462 2419 100
chairs 3588 3201 100 fishing equipment 11439 2547 100
sofas 426 1335 100 camping equipment 7914 2334 100
armchairs 445 1307 100 gramophone records 3218 1914 100
beds 344 1043 100 cd records 2857 2130 100
chairs, synthetic material 1620 3059 100 cassettes 3279 2153 100
furniture 361 1053 100 toys 6594 2349 100
blinds 463 839 100 hobby articles 967 1121 100
matrasses 68 781 100 Watches, optics, photo
bed-linen 6415 2870 100 cameras 3685 1795 100
table-cloths 4809 2287 100 photographic materials 1892 2099 100
curtains 2863 1435 100 jewellery 4543 2767 100
quilts and pillows 8813 2479 100 watches 9646 2407 100
towels 7035 2673 100 Other recreation
linoleum carpets 0 2206 100 boats 1328 1255 100
vinyl carpets 543 1736 100 boat engines 8955 2380 100
woolen carpets 7497 2414 100 computer 2731 2122 100
Household equipment power tools 3233 2301 100
microwave oven 4050 1639 100 typewriter 5581 2141 100
toaster 9586 2400 100 food for pets 1210 1561 100
fridges/freezers/chillers 133 1745 100 outdoor plants 87 1014 100
dishwashers 0 1662 100 indoor plants 21 1189 100
vacuum cleaners 3015 1993 100 cut flowers 555 1937 100
washing- and drying machines 50 2735 100 sunglasses 5229 2290 100
sewing machines 4730 1607 100 books 379 740 100
power garden tools 9668 2694 100 newspapers 0 401 100
electric iron 6873 2291 100 magazines 105 547 100
food processors 2046 1776 100 stationary 466 1001 100
compost mill 9010 2375 100
glass and pottery 2464 2353 100
knives, forks and spoons 3043 1304 100
cooking tools 5152 2300 100
receptacles 2276 2195 100
geysers 2 869 100
tools 2589 1846 100
garden tools 3725 966 100
other household items 5416 2310 100
bags 6709 2199 100
baby carriages 482 609 100
electric razor 1094 2046 100
glasses 5725 2633 100

ISSN 1404-652