Literature review to assess bird species connectivity to Special ...

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2.7 Osprey 2.7.1 Foraging Foraging range Foraging locations are usually within 10km of nesting locations, with some males recorded as making regular foraging flights of approximately 20km (Hardey et al., 2006; Roy Dennis pers. comm.). One satellite-tracked individual has been recorded to occasionally hunt at 28km from the nest (Roy Dennis pers. comm.). 2.7.2 Nesting Nest site fidelity The same nest is regularly used from year to year, with fidelity to the site thought to be strong (Cramp & Simmons 1980). If eggs are lost from a nest, for example through egg collecting, ospreys would tend to build a ‘frustration eyrie’ within 2km of the original nest, which may be used in the following year (Hardey et al., 2006). Breeding-age birds may settle close to or far from natal sites (Cramp & Simmons, 1980). From colour-ringing sightings, eight of 26 males and two of 28 females were found to breed within 10km of their natal sites (Dennis, 2002). Maximum recorded displacement, based on ringing, is 950km (Cramp & Simmons, 1980). 2.7.3 Display flights Male display flights consist of ‘sky-dancing’ in the vicinity of the nest (Cramp & Simmons, 1980). Other aerial activity in the nesting area may include: high circling flights by the pair; chasing of other ospreys; and undulating sky-dance song flights by the male carrying fish or nest-material (Cramp & Simmons, 1980). The undulating sky-dance song flight, which may begin and end at the nest, involves the male usually carrying nest material or fish (Cramp & Simmons, 1980). The bird rises increasingly steeply with rapid and pronounced wing-beats to approximately 300m or more. He hovers a moment with tail fanned and legs dangling – displaying what he carries in his feet (hovering-flight) - then dives with wings flexed. This is followed by rising steeply again, repeating the performance one or more times. The descent may be for only 10m, or the male can lose most of the height gained in steps of 20-40m with intermediate stops. Sky-dancing males are most frequent near the nest-site before incubation. This is most often performed on clear, sunny days and seems to mark out nesting territory as well as to advertise the nest site to the female (Cramp & Simmons, 1980). 2.7.4 Competitive behaviour Edge of territory interactions with conspecifics Ospreys do not defend a home range, such as foraging locations (Hardey et al., 2006). They will, however, defend a nesting territory against ospreys of the same sex (Hardey et al., 2006). 20
2.7.5 Habitat use Likely habitat use The locations of breeding sites require an ample supply of medium-sized fish which are caught near the surface of clear, unpolluted water (Cramp & Simmons, 1980). Lochs used for foraging are generally shallow and eutrophic (nutrient-rich) or mesotrophic (medium levels of nutrients), but not normally oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) since these do not tend to support sufficient amounts of fish (Hardey et al., 2006). In Scotland, ospreys are tree-nesters, with Scots pine selected most frequently, and exotic conifers and deciduous trees also used (Dennis, 1987). 2.7.6 Winter behaviour Winter dispersal The main wintering grounds of European ospreys are in sub-Saharan Africa (Cramp & Simmons, 1980). 21
Page 1 and 2: Scottish Natural Heritage Commissio
Page 3 and 4: COMMISSIONED REPORT Summary Literat
Page 5 and 6: Tables Page Table 1 - Species revie
Page 7 and 8: 1. INTRODUCTION Proposals for opera
Page 9 and 10: 2. SPECIES ACCOUNTS 2.1 Red-throate
Page 11 and 12: 2.2 Black-throated diver 2.2.1 Fora
Page 13 and 14: High flying, up to 1000m, can also
Page 15 and 16: moved in successive years between s
Page 17 and 18: 2.5 Goshawk 2.5.1 Foraging Core for
Page 19 and 20: Nest locations were regularly distr
Page 21 and 22: Ringing recoveries of an adult fema
Page 23 and 24: 1986). A pair on a home range in th
Page 25: Grant & McGrady (1999) followed two
Page 29 and 30: 2.8.5 Habitat use Likely habitat us
Page 31 and 32: 2.9.6 Habitat use Likely habitat us
Page 33 and 34: will subsequently role away, or til
Page 35 and 36: 2.11 Short-eared Owl 2.11.1 Foragin
Page 37 and 38: 2.12 Black grouse 2.12.1 Foraging H
Page 39 and 40: making longer movements (5 to 10km)
Page 41 and 42: Thompson, 1998). Other interactions
Page 43 and 44: 2.14 Greenshank 2.14.1 Foraging Cor
Page 45 and 46: 2.15 Dunlin 2.15.1 Foraging Foragin
Page 47 and 48: 2.16 Curlew 2.16.1 Foraging Core fo
Page 49 and 50: 2.18 Wintering geese 2.18.1 Foragin
Page 51 and 52: to about 7 km from the roost (Malco
Page 53 and 54: 3.2 Foraging ranges during winter s
Page 55 and 56: 4. REFERENCES Arroyo, B.E. Leckie,
Page 57 and 58: Fuller, R.J. & Lloyd, D. (1981). Th
Page 59 and 60: Mearns, R. (1985). The hunting rang
Page 61 and 62: Rebecca, G.W. & Bainbridge, I.P. (1
Page 63 and 64: Whittingham, M.J., Percival, S.M. &

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