Literature review to assess bird species connectivity to Special ...

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(Cramp, 1985). The heights at which display flights take place are generally between 50m and 200m, and generally occur within 300 and 400m from the nest site (Andrew Stevenson pers. comm.). 2.11.4 Competitive behaviour Edge of territory interactions with conspecifics Territories are defended during the breeding season, mainly by the male (Cramp, 1985). During the breeding season, males will vigorously respond to trespassing owls (Mikkola, 1983). 2.11.5 Habitat use Likely habitat use Short-eared owls specialise in quartering moorland, preying on small mammals and passerines on, or close to, ground level (Mikkola, 1983). In the breeding season, extensive areas of open land are required with an abundance of small mammals (Cramp, 1985). Favoured habitats include areas of heather moorland, grass moorland (where not over-grazed), young conifer plantations, and some other rough grassland (Calladine et al., 2005). The majority of hunting short-eared owls adopt a coursing (alternate flapping and gliding) flight technique (Mikkola, 1983). These coursing flights are usually made between 0.3m and 2m above the vegetation, and rarely exceed 3m. A second hunting technique frequently adopted, similar to that of kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), involves hovering, with descent towards the prey on wings raised in a dihedral (Mikkola, 1983). 2.11.6 Winter behaviour Winter dispersal For nestlings ringed at the nest, mean dispersal distances are 9km (n=13) within the second month, 61km (n=8) within the third month, 228km (n=5) within four months, 418km (n=5) within five months, and 490km (n=6) within six months (Glue, 2002). 30
2.12 Black grouse 2.12.1 Foraging Home range sizes Evidence from radio-tracking studies have revealed home ranges of black grouse adults to be between 250ha and 700ha, equating to mean foraging distances of up to 1.5km around leks (Table 5). Male home ranges tend to be larger than those of females. Brood home ranges are also small, generally under 50ha (Starling, 1990) equivalent to a distance of less than 400m, with a typical range between 10ha and 30ha (Warren & Baines, 2004) equivalent to distances between 180m and 300m, both based on work in the Pennines. In good, continuous habitat, Warren & Baines (2004) suggest leks are approximately 2km apart. Most birds attending a lek are therefore generally found within 1km. Table 5 - Evidence of male and female home range size Location North-east Scotland Scotland Scotland Scotland (moorland) Scotland (woodland) Wales (conifer plantation) Wales Lekking male home range 500ha (equivalent to range of 1.3km) 300-690ha; mean: 460 ± 130ha (equivalent to range of 1.2km) 360 ± 180ha (equivalent to range of 1.1km) N/A N/A 325 ± 71ha (equivalent to range of 1.0km) N/A Female home range N/A Reference Johnstone (1969) N/A Robel (1969) N/A Picozzi (1986) 90 ± 40ha (equivalent to range of 0.5km) 50 ± 30ha (equivalent to range of 0.4km) N/A 50ha (equivalent to range of 0.4km) Picozzi (1986) Picozzi (1986) Cayford (1990) Cayford Hope (1989) & Jones 2.12.2 Nesting No information pertinent to connectivity, was found. 2.12.3 Display flights No information pertinent to connectivity, was found. 31
Page 1 and 2: Scottish Natural Heritage Commissio
Page 3 and 4: COMMISSIONED REPORT Summary Literat
Page 5 and 6: Tables Page Table 1 - Species revie
Page 7 and 8: 1. INTRODUCTION Proposals for opera
Page 9 and 10: 2. SPECIES ACCOUNTS 2.1 Red-throate
Page 11 and 12: 2.2 Black-throated diver 2.2.1 Fora
Page 13 and 14: High flying, up to 1000m, can also
Page 15 and 16: moved in successive years between s
Page 17 and 18: 2.5 Goshawk 2.5.1 Foraging Core for
Page 19 and 20: Nest locations were regularly distr
Page 21 and 22: Ringing recoveries of an adult fema
Page 23 and 24: 1986). A pair on a home range in th
Page 25 and 26: Grant & McGrady (1999) followed two
Page 27 and 28: 2.7.5 Habitat use Likely habitat us
Page 33 and 34: will subsequently role away, or til
Page 35: 2.11 Short-eared Owl 2.11.1 Foragin
Page 39 and 40: making longer movements (5 to 10km)
Page 41 and 42: Thompson, 1998). Other interactions
Page 43 and 44: 2.14 Greenshank 2.14.1 Foraging Cor
Page 45 and 46: 2.15 Dunlin 2.15.1 Foraging Foragin
Page 47 and 48: 2.16 Curlew 2.16.1 Foraging Core fo
Page 49 and 50: 2.18 Wintering geese 2.18.1 Foragin
Page 51 and 52: to about 7 km from the roost (Malco
Page 53 and 54: 3.2 Foraging ranges during winter s
Page 55 and 56: 4. REFERENCES Arroyo, B.E. Leckie,
Page 57 and 58: Fuller, R.J. & Lloyd, D. (1981). Th
Page 59 and 60: Mearns, R. (1985). The hunting rang
Page 61 and 62: Rebecca, G.W. & Bainbridge, I.P. (1
Page 63 and 64: Whittingham, M.J., Percival, S.M. &

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