FAO Project Document book - Solutions for Water platform - World ...

ANDHRA PRADESH FARMER
MANAGED GROUNDWATER
SYSTEMS PROJECT
Project Document
ANNEX 3
OF THE AGREEMENT
between
BHARATI INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY
and
THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
OF THE UNITED NATIONS
GCP/IND/175/NET

CONTENTS
Contents i-iii
Abbreviations iv-viii
A GENERAL BACKGROUND 1
A1 Major Constraints /challenges of agriculture sector 1
A1a Importance of groundwater management for agriculture 1
A1b Pressure on natural resources due to population growth 2
A1c Conflicts over groundwater use 3
A1d Conflicts between various sub-sectors for the share of groundwater 3
A1e Scope for sustainable use of groundwater 4
A1f Situation of groundwater management in the country 6
A1g Situation of groundwater management in Andhra Pradesh 9
A2 Host Country Strategy 12
A2a National level 12
A2b State level 15
A3 Prior or On-going Assistance 17
A3a APWELL project 17
A3b National Hydrology project 18
A3c Water Conservation Mission 19
A3d APRLP 19
A3e Water Vision 20
A4 Institutional framework for groundwater management 21
A4a Government departments and research/training institutions 21
A4b Non-Government Organizations 22
A4c People’s Institutions 23
B PROJECT RATIONALE – JUSTIFICATION 25
B1 Problems to be addressed – the present situation 25
B1a Environmental problems 25
B1b Institutional problems 26
i

B1c Technical problems 28
B1d Socio-cultural problems 29
B1e Economic problems 30
B2 Expected end–of–project situation and sustainability of project results 31
B2a Statement of the project goal 31
B2b Major objectives of the project 31
B2c Key actions required 31
B3 Target Beneficiaries 32
B4 Project Strategy 32
B4a Rationale for choosing the approach 32
B4b Activities and Outputs required for reaching the specific objectives 36
B5 Institutional framework and counterpart support capacity 36
B5a Institutional arrangements and responsibilities for project
implementation 36
B5b Description of the implementation agency 43
B5c How the project would fit into the structure of the agencies? 46
B5d Project’s Organizational structure 47
B6 Reasons for assistance from FAO 49
B7 Special Considerations 50
B8 Coordination arrangements 51
B8a Coordination with project partners 51
B8b Coordination with government agencies 54
B8c Coordination with other NGOs 54
B8d Project Steering Committee 54
C DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE 57
D IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES, OUTPUTS AND ACTIVITIES 59
ii

E INPUTS 87
Contribution of BIRDS, Partner NGOs and Farmers 89
F RISKS 91
G PRIOR OBLIGATIONS AND PRE-REQUISITES 83
H PROJECT REPORTING, REVIEWS AND EVALUATION 95
I BUDGET (Plan of Expenditure) 99
FAO Costs 99
BIRDS, NGOs and Farmers Costs 100
J APPENDICES 101
I Project Activities & Work Plan 101
II Training Programme 103
III Equipment / Supplies 105
IV Job Descriptions 106
V Logical Framework Matrix 117
iii

Abbreviations
AARDIP
AFPRO
AGL
AGLL
AGLW
AGP
AGR
AME
AMEF
ANGRAU
ANM
AP
APARD
APFAMGS
APRLP
APTRANSCO
APWALTA
APWELL
BC Corp.
BIRDS
BPL
BUA
BWA
CAPART
CARE
CARVE
CBI
C C T
CDHI
Adoni Area Rural Development Initiatives Programme
Action for Food Production
Land and Water Development Division of FAO
A service of AGL (FAO) ensuring productive and efficient use of land
A service of AGL (FAO) ensuring productive and efficient use of water
Plant production and protection division of FAO
Artificial Groundwater Recharge
Agriculture, Man and Ecology
Agriculture, Man and Ecology Foundation
Acharya N G Ranga Agriculture University
Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh Academy of Rural Development
Andhra Pradesh Farmer Managed Groundwater Systems Project
Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihood Programme
Andhra Pradesh Transmission Company
Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Tree Act
Andhra Pradesh Groundwater Borewell Irrigation Schemes project
Backward Caste Corporation
Bharathi Integrated Rural Development Society
Below Poverty Line
Borewell User Association
Bamboo Workers Association
Council for Advancement of Rural Technologies
Center for Applied Research and Extension
Collective Activity for Rejuvenation of Village Arts and Environment
Community Based Institution
Continuous Contour Trench
Center for Development of Human Initiatives
iv

CESA
CWB
ha
JNTU
HU
GoI
CGWB
SC Corp.
CRIDA
DFID
DIPA
DRDA
ED
ELCI
EPHM
EPTRI
ESCI
FAO
FFS
FTT
FWWB-I
GEC
GIS
GoMS
GPS
GVS
GWA
HDPE
HDUG
HIS
Crop Eco System Analysis
Crop Water Budgeting
Hectare
Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University
Hydrological Unit
Government of India
Central Ground Water Board
Scheduled Caste Corporation
Central Research Institute for Dry land Agriculture
Department For International Development, UK
Development Initiatives and People’s Action
District Rural Development Agency
Executive Director
Environmental Liaison Center International
Extensive Participatory Hydrological Monitoring
Environmental Protection Training and Research Institute
Engineering Staff College of India
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Farmer Field Schools
Farmer Training Teams
Friends of the Women World Banking – India
Groundwater Estimation Committee
Geographic Information System
Government Order
Global Positioning System
Gram Vikas Samstha
Ground Water Authority
High Dense Poly Ethylene
Hydrological Data User Group
Hydrological Information System
v

HMR
HPR
HUN
ICDS
IGSSS
IOFAM
IPHM
GTZ
ICCO
ICRISAT
IPM
ISI
IWMI
KC Canal
Kg
LFA
LIT
M&E
MB
MD
mm
MoWR
MPM
MR
MSR
NABARD
NAP
NDHRF
NEX
NFE
Hydrological Monitoring Record
Half yearly Progress Report
Hydrological Unit Network
Intensive Child Development Scheme
Indo German Social Service Society
International Federation of Organic Movement
Intensive Participatory Hydrological Monitoring
A German donor agency
A donor agency
International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics
Integrated Pest Management
Indian Standard Item
International Water Management Institute
Kurnool-Cuddapah Canal
Kilogram
Logical Framework Analysis
Literary Trust of India
Monitoring and Evaluation
Mega Bites
Managing Director
Millimeter
Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India
Manager Process Monitoring
Monthly Report
Monthly Staff Report
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
National Agriculture Policy
National Dalit Human Rights Forum
Nationally Executed Projects
Non Formal Education
vi

NGN
NGO
NGRI
NHP
NIN
NIW
NMDFC
NNGO
NOVOK
OU
PARTNER
PGRFA
PHM
PHP
PIA
PIT
PL
PNGO
PPA
PRA
PRIYUM
PROGRESS
PSC
PTD
RDT
RMK
RNE
SAID
S C
SE
NGO level Network
Non Governmental Organization
National Geophysical Research Institute
National Hydrology Project
National Institute of Nutrition
National Institute of Water
National Minorities Development Finance Corporation
Nodal NGO
Network of Voluntary Organizations of Kurnool
Osmania University
People’s Activity and Rural Technology Nurturing Ecological Rejuvenation
Programmes for conservation of plant genetic resources of FAO
Participatory Hydrological Monitoring
Presbyterian Hunger Foundation
Project Implementing Agency
Project Implementing Team
Project Leader
Partner NGO
Participatory Poverty Assessment
Participatory Rural Appraisal
PRIYUM Advisory and Consultancy Services Pvt. Limited
People’s Research Organization for Grass Root Environmental and Social Service
Project Steering Committee
Participatory Technology Development
Rural Development Trust
Rashtriy Mahila Kosh
Royal Netherlands Embassy
Social Awareness for Integrated Development
Supreme Court
Subject Expert
vii

SERP
SIFF
SMART
SRBC
SRL
SWA
SYA
TBF
tmc
ToF
ToR
ToT
TST
UNCTAD
UNDP
UNICEF
USA
VAO
V C
VDO
VSS
W&CWD
WALAMTARI
WASSAN
W C
WCM
WCUC
WDT
WE
WEI
WWI
Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty
South Indian Fishermen Federation
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timed
Srisailam Right Bank Canal
Sustainable Rural Livelihoods
State Water Authority
Star Youth Association
The Bridge Foundation
tetra meter cube
Training of Facilitators
Terms of Reference
Training of Trainers
Technical Support Team
United Nations Council for Trade and Development
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations International Children Emergency Fund
United States of America
Village Administrative Officer
Village Coordinator
Village Development Officer
Vana Samrakshana Samithi
Women and Child Welfare Department
Water and Land Training and Research Institute
Network of watershed NGOs
Weaver’s Committee
Water Conservation Mission
Water Conservation and Utilization Committee
Watershed Development Team
World Education - Boston
World Education – India
World Water Institute
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Project Document
A. GENERAL BACKGROUND
A 1
Major constraints/challenges of groundwater in Agriculture sector
Water is the most important input in agriculture. Understandably, agriculture continues to
be the biggest user of water in spite of increased demand for other uses resulting from
growing industrialization and urbanization. It is estimated that about 69% of surface/ground
water, around the globe, is consumed by the agriculture sector (FAO, 2002). This water use
is further supplemented by the water consumed by rainfed agriculture directly from rain
water.
As a result of much acclaimed Green Revolution, many developing countries like India
could become food-surplus. FAO reports that some countries accumulated substantial water
deficits as a result of mining groundwater to produce their own cereals. The following
section examines the importance of groundwater management in the agriculture sector.
A 1a
Importance of groundwater management for agriculture
The over-exploitation of groundwater as a resource for food production has serious
implications. About 180 million tonnes of grains (10% of the global harvest) is being produced
by depleting groundwater resources, while an equal or greater amount of food production
is under threat from raising groundwater tables in places where irrigation is used but
drainage is inadequate. One of the most conspicuous results of over-exploitation of
groundwater is the drying up of rivers, before reaching the sea. Where rivers no longer
flow, water for irrigation become unavailable and farmers go out of business and local
production fails.
Where clean water is abstracted and returned to the hydrological cycle in unusable state is
another major problem in groundwater management. Used irrigation water is often
contaminated with salts, pesticides and herbicides, polluting the groundwater.
The national Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development Plan, in its report
of September 1999, puts the national groundwater resources at 432 billion cubic meters
and the utilization component at 396 billion cubic meters. The importance of groundwater
in the national life is evident from the fact that around 50% of the irrigated agriculture is
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based on groundwater and 85% of rural drinking water comes from groundwater. Even
after all the major and medium irrigation projects (under construction and contemplated)
are implemented, a substantial part of irrigation (not far below 50%) will still depend on
groundwater.
A 1b
Pressure on natural resources due to population growth
Global population will continue to grow in the future, it is expected that there will be
increased pressure on the natural resource base. It is likely that the competition between
various stakeholders depending on natural resources would lead to conflicts and violence.
With a population that is 16% of the world’s, India has 2.45% of the world’s land resources
and 4% of its water resources. It is estimated that the annual usable water resources of
the country are 690 cu.km of surface water and 396 cu.km of groundwater, making a total
of 1,086 cu.km. The present quantum of use is put at around 600 cu.km. As a result of
population growth, it is estimated that the country will require about 973 to 1,180 cu.km of
water to meet its various needs. It is obvious that the supply would hardly match the
demand.
Growing population would also mean increased demand for food. With increasing
urbanization, food preference will also change, creating additional demand for food
production. Increase in demand can be met in three different ways viz; 1) increasing
agricultural yield; 2) increasing the area of arable land; and 3) increasing cropping intensity
(number of crops per year).
Over the past 30 years, most of the increase (69%) came from increase in yield, mainly
from the Green Revolution. While 12% increase came from cropping intensity, the rest
was from increase in the area of cultivated land. Therefore, it is inevitable to look at other
ways and means to increase food production. Alternative methods are: 1) improving irrigation
efficiency – currently less than 40%; 2) change the cropping pattern; 3) increasing the
productivity of rainfed agriculture; 4) improving drainage to reduce salinity; 5) using waste
water for irrigation and 6) storing more in the aquifers.
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Project Document
A 1c
Conflicts over groundwater use
Groundwater boundaries are not coterminous with land boundaries and are also difficult to
demarcate and monitor. It is not surprising that many individuals and groups tend to take
advantage of this situation to reap the benefits of efforts made by others in recharging
groundwater table. Large scale mining of groundwater by individual farmers is one of the
cases for growing influence of individualism. This change in values leads to conflicts over
water resources but which can be tackled only at societal level.
Conflicts between upstream and downstream stakeholders are quite common. This is
because the investments made by upstream stakeholders benefit downstream stakeholders.
Sharing of costs and benefits becomes a major issue before the two groups can come
together.
Equity, especially in terms of gender, is crucial for sustainable groundwater management,
though men and women may have different roles to play. Men’s preference for irrigation
would need to be tempered with women’s concern for drinking and other uses of water.
The ability of an institution to resolve such differences would depend upon the nature of
decision making process and the quality of leadership.
Class equality is another important aspect, as they seem to know more about efficient
management than the elitist groups. The recent research studies has debunked the myth
that large farmers are more efficient than small ones. Given their share of cultivable land,
small holders contribute disproportionately to the production of major crops, particularly
the traditional ones. In a study of 55 developing countries, small holder production in 39
countries was found to be considerably higher than its share in arable land would suggest.
A 1d
Conflicts between various sub-sectors for the share of groundwater
Due to increased pressure on groundwater systems in recent times, competing claims lead
to tensions and conflicts both between various sub-sectors such as: agriculture, domestic,
industrial and power generation.
Best example of the conflict between sub-sectors is illustrated by the case of Nalgonda
district in Andhra Pradesh State of India. Here the groundwater is the major source of
drinking water supply and at many places is enriched with the harmful fluoride. The point
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Project Document
of regular conflict situation in the district arises from the fact that the Nagarjuna Sagar, a
medium level reservoir constructed for the purpose of irrigation and power generation, is
located in the district. As no effort was made to supply the safe water in the reservoir for
fluorosis affected villages of the district, there were violent protests and strikes. Recently,
the conflict has taken another angle that of rural-urban, after the pipe-line work had begun
to supply drinking water to the capital city – Hyderabad. The people of Nalgonda district
are now threatening to break the pipe-line as they should be the first to get the clean and
safe drinking water.
Another recent conflict is between industrial and agriculture/domestic sectors. The conflict
came into light in three states viz., Kerala, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh of India where
Coca Cola company has started extracting groundwater to meet the supply demands of
their production plants. This resulted in drying up of several hundreds of tube wells in the
vicinity that was providing irrigation/domestic water to the communities residing in the
villages nearby. The communities have started organizing themselves against the Coca
Cola company and organized large-scale protests at both the places. Now the governments
have no choice but to rethink the policy options of addressing these inequalities in the
groundwater use.
A 1e
Scope for sustainable use of groundwater
In the recent years, emphasis is given for sustainable utilization of groundwater by various
stakeholders. The main reasons for the focus are; dwindling resource base, increasing
demands of growing population, incomplete understanding of the water resource systems,
inadequate monitoring network and lack of political will to introduce laws for sustainable
water use.
Water management plans and regulations can only be enforced locally. Water quality
provides good example. Although legislation and effluent standards exist in many places,
experience shows that regulations are often ineffective at regional or national level. However,
regulations are enforced where local pressure is exerted by those directly affected and
where local government assumes responsibility. This makes all the difference between
water regulation on paper and water management in practice. Local action and local water
management experiences provide opportunities to learn from reality and to find out what
does and does not work in practice. This experience can then be used to create models
that have the potential to be applied in a much wider context.
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Project Document
Local organizations, local government, local civil society and local private sector all have
important and often unique roles to play in water management and need to be encouraged
to participate. Priorities at local level differ from at a regional or national level. However,
there are several micro interventions with common local issues, which need to scale-up to
higher policy levels. Enabling individuals and communities to understand their options for
change, to choose form these options, to assume the responsibilities that these choices
imply, and then to realize their choices could radically alter the way the world uses its
limited water resources.
In future, the farmers should be in control of their livelihoods and resource base and would
produce all the food needed, both the farmers and non-farmers, using their own ingenuity
and the physical resources available with them. There should be access to food produced
locally and elsewhere, transportation and communication links with markets, administrative
centers and the economy at large. Agriculture and other activities should be carried out in
harmony with the environment, with clean water in streams, lakes and aquifers, surrounded
by and integrated with healthy natural ecosystems. Water should be managed efficiently
and on a sustainable basis. Access to water and other agricultural resources should be
available on an equitable basis and in a fair economic environment that provided
opportunities for all. Most importantly, both men and women must have a voice in the
decisions that affect them, including those that relate to water allocation and management.
Decision-making authority needs to be devolved to the lowest possible level and people
need to have access to the information required to make such decisions.
Groundwater development in hard rock areas faces many uncertainties including variability
in rock type and its capacity to hold and transmit water. There is a need for artificial
recharge and conservation of groundwater in these areas. At the same time, limitations
are present on the scope for large scale recharge due to heterogeneous nature and no
continuity of hard-rock aquifers. Options for effective use of available groundwater in
these low potential areas should be worked out.
Where coastal areas are concerned, there is a need to precisely understand the
hydrogeological environment in order to evolve an operating mechanism for controlled
groundwater withdrawal that does not upset the hydro chemical and hydrodynamic balance.
In canal command areas where the problem of water logging is prevalent, the need to
adopt conjunctive use of surface and groundwater which combines the advantages of
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Project Document
groundwater storage with surface water system and serves as both a remedial and corrective
measure for preventing water logging and for efficient use and management of water
resources should be emphasized.
A 1f
Situation of groundwater management in the country
India contains a wide diversity of hydrogeological settings. The utilizable groundwater
resources in the country have been assessed as 45.34 million ha m per year and the
current level of groundwater development is about 30% of the amount available for irrigation.
Groundwater development is not, however, uniform all over the country. In a number of
areas, intensive groundwater development has led to rather critical situations and the
emergence of problems like declining water levels, shortage in supply and saline water
encroachment, etc. The need for in-depth analysis of problems that have emerged due to
extensive development of groundwater in certain areas should be emphasized.
India has a very large cropped area under irrigation. The gross irrigated area is about
42% of the gross cropped area. The gross area irrigated from groundwater sources is
about 44.5% of the total area that can ultimately be irrigated from groundwater and is
47.5% of the total cropped area under irrigation. Groundwater plays a critical role in
meeting the growing needs of Indian people for drinking, domestic, industrial and irrigation
purposes.
The use of groundwater in India for irrigation has taken place from the time immemorial.
The history of open well construction can be traced back to the epic of Vedas (3,000 B.C.
to 800 B.C.) wherein mention has been made concerning irrigation from wells. Localized
use of groundwater through open wells continued during the medieval periods particularly
in areas where surface water supplies were not available. Towards the end of the nineteenth
century, open wells formed an important source of irrigation and accounted for nearly
30% of the total irrigation in the country. The first large scale venture in the development
of groundwater for irrigation was taken in 1934 when a project for construction of about
1,500 public deep tube wells in the Ganga basin was initiated. Since the middle of the
1960s the importance of groundwater for irrigation has been increasingly realized. Recurrent
droughts, and advent of high yielding varieties of wheat and rice (which require timely and
carefully managed irrigation) and the introduction of an incentive oriented agricultural
price policy by the Government, paved the way for extensive development of groundwater
irrigation in the country.
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Project Document
Until the end of the second Five-Year Plan (1960-61) the groundwater development
programme was dependent largely on Government resources. Institutional investment
through banks grew rapidly with the setting up of the Agricultural Refinance and Development
Corporation (now National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)), in
1963. This was done with a view to supplement the resources of existing institutions which
were charged with dispensing medium and log term loans for agricultural development
(such as Land Development Banks, Sate Cooperative Banks and Commercial Banks) and
reorienting the operational policies of these institutions in order to make them responsive
to growth oriented lending. In addition to NABARD, the Rural Electrification Corporation is
the backbone of the minor irrigation programme. It is particularly important for groundwater
development as it provides most economical and efficient means of lifting water.
Groundwater development in India is essentially a people’s programme, implemented
primarily through individual and cooperative efforts from finances obtained as loans
(recoverable with interest) from institutional sources or invested by farmers from their
own sources. Public sector outlay in the case of groundwater schemes is limited only to
such items as groundwater surveys, public tube wells, services provided and grants extended
to the small farmers. Unlike major and medium irrigation and surface water minor irrigation
projects which are more or less entirely dependent on public sector outlays, the programme
of groundwater development imposes very little burden on the public exchequer.
With the policy of the government to encourage institutional finance for groundwater
development and the extension of electrification to rural area, more and more farmers are
constructing wells and tube wells. The number of groundwater abstraction structures has
increased dramatically over the period 1951-90. Over this period, the number of dug wells
has increased from 3.86 million to 9.49 million, shallow tube wells from 3,000 to 4.75
million and public tube wells from 2,400 to 63,600. Similarly, the number of electric pump
sets has increased from 21,000 to 8.23 million and diesel pump sets from 66,000 to 4.35
million.
At present, both the Governmental and Non-Governmental agencies are making substantial
efforts to improve the groundwater situation through watershed approach. It is found
through research studies on watershed programs that the contribution of the watershed
treatment to actual groundwater reservoir is often not reflected in the water levels in the
borewells. Moreover, one notable omission in these efforts is lack of proper base line data.
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Project Document
Even when the data is available it is not easy to attribute the increase in water levels solely
to watershed treatment. However, it should be understood that the watershed development
programme has much broader agenda than the groundwater recharge and should be looked
at as a positive step towards sustainable land and water management.
Watershed treatment or artificial recharge of groundwater would definitely help the aquifer
to improve its annual recharge. But, researchers found that only a marginal improvement
is possible through watershed treatment. Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC) puts
the increase in annual recharge, as a result of watershed development, by 2% of the
rainfall received.
It is often noticed in the watershed villages that farmers come up with the pleas for
construction of more wells, as they had improved the groundwater situation. Private drillings
also took place with the hope that they would find water, even if they had earlier drilled
several failed borewells. Looking from a water balance angle, the benefit accrued by the
watershed treatment is nullified by the increased groundwater extraction, in the post
treatment scenario. This brought the situation back to square one.
Watershed treatment, artificial recharge, afforestation, etc., are the programs that target
the supply side of the groundwater management. In other sense, they try to put more
water into the ground, logically for more use. So far, very little attention is paid to the
demand side management, the other side of the same coin. This means the judicious use
of the available water. The critical technological challenge is to use less water more efficiently
to produce the same or greater benefits.
It is very easy to convince the farmer for supply side management, because his/her
contribution is very limited. Moreover, s/he looks at it as an opportunity to increase the
draft. On the other hand, demand side management is quite unattractive, initially, as s/he
does not see any reason to curb wastage of water, know more about crop-water requirement,
change cropping pattern, or close some of the borewells. In quantitative terms also farmer
has no clue what would happen over a period of time, if the present water draft continued.
However, some positive trends towards demand side management of groundwater are
evident. According to NABARD, demand for loans to purchase piping and complete drip
and sprinkler systems is growing rapidly. However, much of the demand for these higher
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Project Document
level technologies is coming from wealthy farmers growing cash crops. Several private
companies are manufacturing irrigation supply pipe, drip irrigation and sprinkler equipment.
Another positive step towards demand side management, as witnessed in the Participatory
Hydrological Monitoring (PHM) pilot is the willingness of the farmers to adopt low-water
intensive cropping systems. However, the development of marketing networks and other
agricultural support systems will have a major impact on cropping systems. Marketing
organizations on crop production are essential to accrue the benefit to farmers.
Over the last one hundred years or so, India has seen two major shifts in water management.
One is that individuals and communities have steadily given over their role almost completely
to the state even though more than 150 years ago no government anywhere in the world
provided water. The second is that the simple technology of using rainwater has declined
and in its place exploitation of rivers and groundwater through dams and tube wells has
become the key source of water. As water in rivers and aquifers is only a small percentage
of the total rainwater, there is an inevitable and growing and in many cases unbearable
stress on water from rivers and groundwater.
This present project calls for a reversal of the present trend, back to the traditional methods
of water management. It demands a new approach to governance itself - a participatory
form of governance rather than a top-down bureaucratic one - a culture of providing
services, howsoever poor and abysmal they maybe rather than one of empowering people
to develop their own water resources. The revised national water policy supports this
approach. This project is not only in tune with the revised national water policy but also
addresses the need for trend reversal in the water management.
A 1g
Situation of groundwater management in Andhra Pradesh
Physically, Andhra Pradesh is the fourth largest State in India, occupying 8.4% of the
country’s territory. The state is divided into 23 districts (sub-unit to the state), and is
combined into three regions popularly known as Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema and
Telangana. The present population is about 75.7 million, with predominantly rural population
of 73%. There is a slowing down of population growth in the last decade and the population
is expected to reach 90 million by 2020.
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Project Document
The number of wells in Andhra Pradesh increased from eight lakhs (1 “lakh” = 100,000) in
1975 to 22 lakhs in 2002, bringing the area under groundwater irrigation from 8 lakhs ha
in 1975 to 26 lakhs ha in 2002. The reason for increased use of groundwater is due to
increased demand mainly from agriculture, apart from industrial and domestic sectors.
However, this rapid and unplanned development of groundwater resource resulted in depletion
as well as contamination, in absence of proper legislation and management. As per the
recent estimates of the AP State Ground Water Department, 9% of the state area is
categorized as over-exploited, while 6% was classed as critical and 15% as semi-critical.
Totally, 1481 villages have been classified as over exploited.
The climate of the State is semi-arid to sub-humid, receiving an average annual rainfall of
881 mm, with Rayalaseema receiving about 690 mm. Rayalaseema and the two southern
districts of Telangana and Prakasam district of Coastal Andhra face droughts frequently.
Coastal Andhra is frequently battered by cyclonic storms. It is a riverine state with 40
minor and major rivers joining the Bay of Bengal. Krishna and Godavari rivers are the
inter-state rivers and constitute almost 90% of the state’s surface water resources. Most
of the rivers are ephemeral, with monsoon runoff conditions for about 4 months. Out of the
state’s surface water resources of 108.15 billion cubic meters (bcm) (3820 tetra meter
cube (tmc)), about 62.29 bcm (2200 tmc) is being utilized. Groundwater potential is estimated
as 30.41 bcm (1074 tmc) and about 43% of the potential is being used for irrigation,
drinking water and industry. The rural areas’ drinking water requirements are mostly met
from groundwater. With per head annual water availability of about 1400 cubic meters
(cum), the state can be termed as water scarce and may become severe with the expanding
population and needs.
Agriculturally, Andhra Pradesh is a very important state in India, with significant contributions
in rice, groundnut, fruits, poultry and fish. The total food grain production of the state is
13.7 tonnes from its net sown area of 10.7 m ha (million hectares). The delta areas of
Godavari, Krishna and Pennar are agriculturally very rich due to fertile soils, canal irrigation
and enterprising farmers. About 4.4 m ha of this area is irrigated under various resources,
some of this area more than once in a year. The ultimate gross irrigation potential of the
State is estimated as about 11.2 m ha. In non-canal commands, the groundwater irrigation
is expanding rapidly. In Rayalaseema, the stage of development of groundwater is as high
as 72%. Large parts of Vizianagaram, Srikakulam, Nellore, Chittoor, Warangal and
Khammam districts are under tank irrigation.
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About 0.27 m ha area in the State is water logged, out of which 0.03 m ha is within four
major canal commands. An area of about 0.12 m ha is suffering from soil salinity. Declining
groundwater levels is another major problem faced in more than 500 mandals. About 30%
groundwater basins are in semi-critical to over-exploited stage of development. Watershed
treatment and rainwater conservation are being taken up under the Neeru-Meeru (Water
and You) programme to enhance groundwater recharge. Under this programme, about
11.5 m ha watershed area is expected to be treated by 2007, and the more than 70,000
tanks are being taken up for desilting in phases. Nearly 50% of target watershed area is in
Telangana region.
The groundwater potential of Andhra Pradesh has been revised in 2002, by dividing the
state into 1195 assessment units using the database of 2000-1 by the State Level
Groundwater Estimation Committee constituted in 1999. As per the estimates, the net
annual available groundwater is 30.41 bcm (1,074 tmc), out of which 12.97 bcm (458 tmc)
is being currently used. The area considered for evaluation of groundwater potential is
about 22.8 m ha, and groundwater is being used in about 2.6 m ha for irrigation and in
areas occupied by villages (26,586) and urban areas (117) for drinking water. Thus the
total area from which groundwater exploitation is taking place may be of the order of
about 5 m ha. Therefore, consideration of groundwater potential in areas of present use or
areas of likely future use could only provide a better picture of supplies and demands.
Even considering the groundwater utilization in the entire net sown area of about 39% of
the State, which may not increase much in future, consideration of a net groundwater
potential of about 50% of the 30.41 bcm could provide a realistic picture of the utilizable
groundwater potential. The exploitation of groundwater has tremendously increased with
the well population increasing from 0.89 mln (million) in 1975 to 2.2 mln in 2001. The area
irrigated with groundwater has increased from 1 m ha to 2.6 m ha in the same period.
The present stage of groundwater development is about 43% (on consideration of net
utilizable potential as above, it would be 86%), but is not uniform through out the State. In
certain pockets/areas intensive development has led to a critical situation, and the problem
is manifested in the form of declining groundwater levels, shortage in supply, saline water
encroachment and increase in the incidence of fluoride, iron, salinity, etc. contrary to this
condition, the groundwater levels are rising in canal command areas leading to water
logging and soil salinity.
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Increase groundwater development could be a result of substantial amount of subsidies
extended to the power sector. A large share of power subsidy is going to the agriculture
sector, mainly to pump groundwater which has led to an increase in the number of wells,
which in turn led to over-extraction of groundwater. The power subsidy is giving wrong
signals to the farming community. The agriculture sector in the state consumes 36-40% of
power, but is contributing only 4-5% of the revenue due to the highly subsidized tariff.
Recently, some rationalization has been done in this direction, but the hike is still nominal
in agriculture sector when compared with other sectors. Low tariff and high subsidies in
agriculture have resulted in the installation of a large number of tube wells, and led to
distortion in cropping with the resultant inefficient usage of water and electricity. This has
also led to a sharp decline in water table in the non-canal commands.
Depending on the exploitation of groundwater and trends of fluctuation of groundwater
levels, the groundwater assessment units have been categorized. About 70% area of the
state has been categorized within safe limits of groundwater utilization. The groundwater
development in non-command areas is highest in the dry Rayalaseema, reaching 72%
with 52 over-exploited assessment units, 57% in Telangana and 50% in Coastal Andhra
respectively. Detailed micro-level studies are being planned to demarcate village with
over exploited and critical stages of groundwater development. In Andhra Pradesh Water,
Land and Tree Act, 2002, have been legislated to control over exploitation of groundwater
and to safeguard drinking water sources.
In Andhra Pradesh, even after all the major and medium irrigation projects, under
construction or contemplated are implemented; about 50% of irrigation will still depend on
groundwater. Moreover, 85% of the rural drinking water supply comes from groundwater
source. Thus, sustainable management of groundwater plays a major role in the agriculture
sector, which in turn contributes to the economic development of the country that still
remains agrarian.
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A 2
Host country strategy
A 2a National level
The water sector is mainly a State subject but the Government of India’s Policies and Acts
are applicable to each of the State. In addition, the Andhra Pradesh State’s Policies and
Acts comprise the legal framework for water sector development, management and
regulation in the state of Andhra Pradesh where the project is implemented. The following
are some of the important policies and acts.
· The Directive Principles of the Indian Constitution provides for safe drinking water
supply to every citizen by the Government
· The National Water Policy 2002 prioritized the various uses in the order of drinking and
domestic water, irrigation, industrial use, use in power generation and others.
· The Constitution provides for protection and improvement of the environment and
states that “it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the
national environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have
compassion for living creatures”
· Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 and Cess Act of 1977
· Environment (Protection) Act as amended in 1988
· Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972
· Coastal Regulation Zone Notification (1991) under the Environment Protection Act of
1986
· Policy Statement of Abatement of Pollution of 1992. Affirmed the government’s intention
to integrate environmental and economic aspects in development planning with stress
on preventive aspects of pollution abatement and “polluter pays” principle
· The Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Projects Notification of 1994
· National Agricultural Policy (NAP) 2002
· Supreme Court’s Judgments from time to time related to water sector
The Government of India in 1987 adopted the National Water Policy (NWP). It enunciates
the following guidelines for groundwater.
· There should be periodic assessment on scientific basis of the groundwater potential,
taking into consideration the quality of the water available and economic viability
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· Exploitation of groundwater resources should be so regulated as not to exceed the
recharge possibilities, as also to ensure social equity
· Groundwater recharge projects should be developed and implemented for augmenting
the available water supplies
· Integrated and coordinated development of surface water and groundwater and their
conjunctive use should be envisaged right from the project planning stage and should
form an essential part of the project
· Over exploitation of groundwater should be avoided near the coast to prevent ingress
of sea water into fresh water aquifers
Government has revised its national water policy in 2001/02. One of the main additions to
the revised national water policy is the private sector participation and community
management of water resources.
Transfer of power to local level is a key component in the recently revitalized Panchayat
Raj Act (the 73 rd Amendment to the Constitution). Water is listed as one of the several
functions of the Panchayat. But, the real management of water is still to change hands
from the government departments to Panchayat. Given the complexity, it is important to
recognize that effective institutions will not emerge overnight and that processes enabling
the development of institutions and capacity are essential.
The Supreme Court has interpreted several constitutional provisions as having implications
for groundwater management. These include Article 21 concerning the right to life, Article
48A directing the state to endeavour to protect and improve the environment and Article
51 A (g) stating that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve
natural environment including forests, lakes and rivers.
In 1985, the Supreme Court of India passed a judgment requiring the government through
the Ministry of Environment and Forests to address groundwater overdraft problems. In
response, the Ministry of Environment and Forest issued a notification on January 14,
1997, creating Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA), and designating the Central
Groundwater Board (CGWB) to have administrative responsibility of the Groundwater
Authority (GWA) with a mandate for regulating and controlling groundwater extraction.
Complementary authorities have been subsequently created at state level.
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The GWA has a board chaired by the Chairman of the CGWB. With the exception of one
member of Joint Secretary Rank to be appointed by the central government, all other
board members are drawn from the CGWB. The Authority was established provisionally
for a year with the following powers and functions:
· to issue direction and take measures pertaining to Sub-section 2 of Section 3 of the
Environment (Protection) Act;
· to resort to the penal provisions contained in Sections 15-21 of Environment (Protection)
Act;
· to regulate discriminate drilling and withdrawal of groundwater in the country and
issue necessary regulations with a view to preserving and protecting groundwater.
The Supreme Court has recently mandated government action to address groundwater
overdraft problems and establish the CGWB as a GWA, with a complementary authority in
each state. Various states have passed legislation intended to enable groundwater regulation,
which include: the Maharashtra Water Act, Madras mini-act, Gujarat amendments to the
irrigation act and the model bill circulated by CGWB.
The Supreme Court ruling, while mandating regulation of groundwater extraction, does
not specify how that should be implemented. Although some approaches, such as the mini-
Act of Madras, have had some success, in most cases legislation has yet to prove effective.
Although the proposed legislation could not be revised rapidly, it might be more productive
to use the SC mandate and existing administrative authorities to initiate pilot management
projects.
A 2b
State level
Andhra Pradesh State has been formed in 1956 by the merger of the Telangana area of old
Hyderabad State with Andhra, the erstwhile Madras State. The legal systems of both the
former States have come into application in the respective areas after the formation of
Andhra Pradesh. The major elements of AP’s legal framework for water sector are:
· There is no statutory Irrigation Act in the Andhra region. Some directives from the
Government and Revenue Board’s standing orders covered some aspects of irrigation
indiscipline
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· Andhra Pradesh (Telangana) Irrigation Act, 1965. This Act confers powers on irrigation
officers for regulation of water, localization, operation of canal system, for proper
maintenance of water courses and for stoppage of water for certain specified reasons,
powers to impose penalties and collection of water taxes.
· Andhra Pradesh Irrigation (Construction and Maintenance of water courses) Act, 1965
covers the construction of water courses up to a block of 10 ha and cost recovery
· Andhra Pradesh (Andhra area) Irrigation Cess Act, 1865. Amended in 1900. To enable
the Government to levy a separate Cess for the use of water supplied for irrigation
purposes.
· Andhra Pradesh Farmer Management of Irrigation Systems Act, 1997, by which the
maintenance of irrigation systems and management of irrigation water have been
transferred to farmers through establishing Water Users Associations, Distributary
Committees and Project Committees. This Act is under review.
· Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002, to promote water conservation and
tree cover and to regulate the exploitation of surface and groundwater
Localization means allocation of land proposed to be served by an irrigation project to
different types of irrigation, that is, perennial, wet, garden, irrigated dry and light. Uncommendable
areas and anti-malarial zones are also demarcated.
While there is plethora of legislation available for water management in Andhra Pradesh,
the challenge is to coordinate the implementation of this legislation. A further challenge is
to ensure that implementation of legislation takes place. This can be done by strengthening
the organizations responsible for implementation.
The Governor of Andhra Pradesh promulgated Andhra Pradesh Ordinance No. 15 of 200 on
15 December 2000, under the article 348 (3) of the Constitution of India. Under this
Ordinance, the Government should constitute an authority called Andhra Pradesh Water,
Land and Trees Authority. Groundwater protection measures forms the third chapter of the
Ordinance, salient features of which is listed below.
· All wells have to be registered
· Designated officer can prohibit water pumping in certain areas
· Permission to be obtained from the GWA for sinking a well for any purpose by any
individual or agency
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· Permission has to be obtained from Andhra Pradesh Transmission Company
(APTRANSCO) also for sinking wells
· The authority may declare any area as over exploited, on the advice of a Technical
Officer
· If deemed necessary, the Authority can order for closure of wells and pay compensation
The Water Vision Document of Government of Andhra Pradesh states the following goals
for 2020
· To have clean, hygienic, accessible, affordable and secure drinking water supplies for
all people
· To encourage individual, community and government commitment and participation
for efficient water management for securing water resources for present and future
uses
· To develop a strong, efficient, secure, well managed and sustainable irrigation sector
· To transform existing subsidized and government controlled water management system
into sustainable, self-reliance and people’s managed one
· To achieve sustainable levels of water extraction from rivers, tanks and groundwater
resources
· To develop an efficient rain fed agriculture
· To conserve each drop of rainwater to generate more revenue and community
satisfaction
· To improve management of surface water bodies both in rural and urban areas
· To increase the level of participation of women and landless people in decision-making
at local levels
· To conserve aquatic ecosystems and the environmental sources they provide such as
secure fish stocks and clean water
· To use an informed knowledge base, built on reliable and up to date water data and
information in decision-making at all levels
· To restore the commitment of Government to provide a secure water future for all
A 3
Prior or on-going assistance in support of groundwater management
There were/are several programmes/projects which in one way or the other relate to the
groundwater management. In this section, only five important initiatives (APWELL, NHP,
WCM, Neeru-Meeru and APRLP) directly relevant to the present project have been described.
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A 3a Andhra Pradesh Groundwater Borewell Irrigation Schemes (APWELL)
Project
APWELL, funded by Netherlands Government, aimed at improving living conditions of small
and marginal farmers by providing borewell schemes, in seven districts viz., Anantapur,
Chittoor, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda and Prakasam, of Andhra Pradesh
and was completed in 2002. The main aim of the project is fulfilled to a large extent with
visible impact on living conditions of small and marginal farmers, increased agriculture
production and existence of strong people’s institutions.
Environmentally sound intervention was the main strategy adopted by the project through
strict site selection procedures. However, mushrooming of borewells around the clusters
created by the project cannot be avoided as it is outside the scope of the project to keep
the number of borewells in a hydrological regime to the safe limit.
The project approached the problem of groundwater depletion from a different angle i.e.,
generating user awareness on the hydrological systems they are operating within. Towards
this, a pilot activity viz., Participatory Hydrological Monitoring was implemented to field
test the idea of people controlled groundwater management. Local NGO staff provided
training and agriculture extension services, while technical services were provided by
APSIDC, the government agency back-stopped by a team of consultants.
APWELL successfully established models on community managed groundwater systems. It
also had a very large capacity building programme that was able to improve the agriculture
production in small and marginal land holdings. Project organization of APWELL is another
successful model. Ingredients of APWELL organizational model are found in the one proposed
for the project. Capacity building approach of APWELL is also built into the project wherever
relevant. The concept of community managed groundwater systems is widened to natural
resource base, in the project document.
A 3b
National Hydrology Project (NHP)
National Hydrology Project funded by the World Bank and Netherlands Government (Technical
Assistance) helped set up a Hydrological Information System (HIS) at state and national
level. Project has improved measurement, validation, analysis and storage of the
hydrological, hydro-meteorological and water quality data; Strengthened institutional and
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technical capabilities of various government agencies; improved physical and management
facilities and infrastructure; embarked on a huge training programme for government
staff.
Andhra Pradesh State Ground Water Department (APSGWD) was also part of the project
and provided assistance in widening the observation well networks through piezometers
and automatic water level recorders. Both the historical data and the data generated by
additional peizometers are found to be of great scientific importance. The computer based
hydrological monitoring system would right away give inputs for the present project not
only during the planning stages of the watersheds but also will be of immense help in
monitoring and evaluation of the hydrological systems in post-watershed scenario. The
expertise available directly with the project and its implementing agency APSGWD can be
used in the present project also.
One major area the project could not make progress was the Hydrology Data Users Group
(HDUG), wherein the data users were to be taken into the partnership of development of
HIS. This project will try to address this issue in a moderate way from the users side.
A 3c
Water Conservation Mission (Neeru – Meeru)
Water Conservation Mission in the state of Andhra Pradesh was constituted with eminent
people who had practical experience in working with the local communities in the field of
watershed management and allied areas, under the GOMS No. 180, in the year 2000. WCM
is established with the objective of providing advisory service to water conservation
programme being implemented in Andhra Pradesh.
The mission embarked on a huge water conservation programme – Neeru Meeru (Water
and You) by pooling in the resources of seven major departments dealing with water in
one way or the other. Over a period of time and in five phases huge desilting works of
tanks and water bodies wre taken-up across the state and billions of rupees were spent.
Under the neeru-meeru programme, Water Conservation and Utilization Committees have
been formed at the village level, recently. These committees participate in implementation
of works under neeru-meeru. Works taken up include: Continuous Contour Trenches (CCTs),
desiltation of minor irrigation tanks, recharge pits, farm ponds, cover crops and improved
agronomic practices.
A 3d AP Rural Livelihoods Programme (APRLP)
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Department for International Development (DFID; UK Government) is funding Government
of Andhra Pradesh - the Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Project (APRLP) assisting in the
scaling-up of watershed activity by providing financial support for capacity building, livelihood
support and convergence of other schemes and services.
APRLP aims to reduce poverty through the strategy of building effective and sustainable
rural livelihoods in 5 of the state’s drought prone districts (Anantapur, Kurnool,
Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, and Prakasam), taking watersheds as an initial entry point. The
project’s broader goal is that more effective and sustainable approaches are adopted by
government agencies and other stakeholders to eliminate poverty in drought-prone areas
of AP.
The sustainable rural livelihood strategy (SRL) is based on an analysis of the capital assets
(physical, social, human, natural and financial) from which the rural poor derive their
livelihoods. The approach also takes into consideration the vulnerability context and the
policy and institutional environment. The project will enable Government of Andhra Pradesh
(GoAP) to carry out interventions which build on people’s strengths and will include activities
which are off-farm and non-farm as well as those which are land-based.
APRLP provides critical support to the on-going watershed movement in five drought prone
districts in Andhra Pradesh. The mandate is to position livelihood concerns strategically in
watersheds for the inclusion of women, the poor and the landless. The project advocates
innovation, lesson learning, convergent actions and policy influence. APRLP will invest in
a new stream of approaches and ideas for bringing about a positive change in the wellbeing
of the rural populace.
A 3e
Water Vision
The Netherlands Government supported the Government of Andhra Pradesh in positioning
the water sector in Andhra Pradesh, its first ever kind of exercise by any state in India.
Andhra Pradesh Water Vision is the result of these efforts for more than two years. This
water vision is a shared vision and reflects the opinions and concerns of the various
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government departments and other stakeholders faced with the daunting task of managing
an increasingly scarce resource. The preparation of water vision facilitated a water sector
overview, which reveals the status of water resources in the state today and a strategic
framework for action which identifies the priority initiatives that are required to put the
vision into practice.
A number of project partners were closely associated with the vision process and the
project at present has taken onboard a number of elements from the Framework for
Action. The project also cooperates closely with the Water Vision Task Force which was put
in place by the government to operationalize the vision.
A 4
Institutional framework of groundwater management
Water is a State subject and so is its development, utilization and monitoring. The government
of Andhra Pradesh is responsible for water resources planning, storage and use of its
water resources. The water resources of the inter state rivers are governed by the water
allocation between States by tribunals set up by the Government of India. Several
Government Departments/Agencies, Non Governmental Organizations and people’s
institutions are involved in water development, use, monitoring and regulation. This section
provides a brief institutional framework of the water sector.
A 4a.
Government Departments and research/training institutions
Groundwater development is largely a private initiative. However, seven Government
Departments can be identified as Water User Departments viz., Agriculture, Horticulture,
Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Municipal Administration and Urban Development,
Panchayat Raj (Rural Water Supply), Industry and Energy. The Government Departments
that have monitoring function are: Ground Water (State and Central), Environment and
Forests, AP Pollution Control Board, Irrigation and Central Water Commission
Water Conservation Mission - an advisory body constituted in May 2000 under the
Chairmanship of the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh with well-know water conservation
experts from all over the country promotes water conservation and management on a
sustainable basis.
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There are two international research institutes which deal with water and agriculture, located
in the capital city of Andhra Pradesh. These are: International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and International Water Management Institute, South
India (IWMI-SI) Hyderabad.
National level research institutes located in the capital city include: National Geophysical
Research Institute (NGRI), Central Research Institute for Dry land Agriculture (CRIDA),
Water and Land Management Training and Research Institute (WALAMTARI) and National
Institute of Nutrition (NIN).
State level research organizations include: Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University
(ANGRAU), Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), Osmania University (OU)
and other state Universities.
Training institutions dealing with water and agriculture, in the state, include: Andhra Pradesh
Academy of Rural Development (APARD), Water and Land Management Training Institute
(WALAMTARI), Agriculture District Training Centers, Engineering Staff College of India
(ESCI) and Environmental Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI).
A 4b
Non Governmental Organizations
Several NGOs have been active in water sector, especially in areas such as Tank
Management, Watershed Management, Groundwater Management and water supply and
sanitation. NGOs can be broadly grouped as donor agencies, supporting NGOs and executing
NGOs.
Main donor agencies in water sector of the state include: Water Aid, UNICEF, DFID, ICCO,
GTZ and Royal Netherlands Embassy (RNE). While the first two agencies support mainly
the rural water supply and sanitation projects, the latter two have a large presence in
supporting state level bilateral projects in watershed management, groundwater
development and management.
Supporting NGOs include: Agriculture Man and Ecology Foundation (AMEF), Action for Food
Production (APFRO), PROGRESS and WASSAN. AMEF has successfully field-tested the
methods or low input agriculture, which is crucial in dry land agriculture. The approaches
developed by AMEF could also benefit the present project and it is proposed that proper
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Project Document
linkages be established during the implementation phase. APFRO has been a reputed
technical support for more than three decades and has dedicated professional staff on
board. They specialize in pumping tests. It is proposed that APFRO’s services be utilized
for scientific and technical inputs in specialized topics relevant to present watershed
programme also. PROGESS provides technical support services to smaller NGOs which
implement water related activities and also carries out its own field based research
programmes. WASSAN is a research organization established only recently. It has conducted
few studies on the watersheds implemented in Andhra Pradesh. It has very limited staff
that are mainly specialized in socio-economic studies.
There are hundreds of NGOs involved presently in the watershed programme as Project
Implementing Agencies (PIAs). But, not much is known about the capability of most of
these NGOs. Some NGOs in the state, however, have an excellent track record in watershed
management. These include Rayalaseema Development Trust (RDT), Mysore Area
Development Agency (MYRADA) and Deccan Development Society (DDS). All these NGOs
have multi-donors supporting them.
A 4c
People’s Institutions:
Water User Associations (WUA), Watershed Associations (WA), Vana Samrakshana Samithi
(VSS) and Water Conservation and Utilization Committees are people’s institutions promoted
by the Government for management of canal irrigation, watersheds, water conservation
and forest, respectively.
In all 10,292 Water User Associations on canal commands and tanks (having a command
area of more than 40 ha), at tertiary level and 170 Distributary committees covering 10
million farmers and 43.3 million ha of irrigated land have started working in 1997 with the
provisions of Andhra Pradesh Farmers Management of Irrigation Systems Act, 1997. They
are responsible for the maintenance and management of irrigation systems from the allotted
share of water charges.
Watershed Associations of residents of the watershed or nearby village are formed under
guidelines from the central government for water shed development in units of area of
about 500 ha. They are registered under the Andhra Pradesh Registrar of Cooperative
Society Act. The association contributes about 10-25% cost of the watershed development,
which is reserved for maintenance works after completion of the watershed works. The
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WA is responsible for the execution of watershed development works as per the sanction
from the State Government under the guidance of Watershed Development Team (WDT)
appointed by the Project Implementation Agency (PIA), an approved agency, usually an
NGO, by the government. There are no provisions for revenue to Watershed Association
other than the sanction issued by the Government for the capital works.
Vana Samrakshana Samiti (VSS) is a people’s committee, formed on the concept of
community forest management, constituted by Divisional Forest Officer by order. The
Committee represents residents of villages and hamlets situated within 5 km of forest
boundary. The operational area under each VSS is about 500 ha. No contribution is paid by
the Committee.
Water Conservation and Utilization Committees (WCUCs) are formed to promote people’s
participation in water conservation works, at district, mandal and village level. They are
advisory bodies without any executive role. The village WCUC is headed by Gram Panchayat
with members from village level Self Help Groups (SHGs). Village Development Officer is
the Convener.
Borewell User Associations (BUAs) are people’s institutions formed by the APWELL project.
These are village level apex bodies consisting of all the borewell owners benefiting under
the project, essentially including both men and women farmers. BUAs have the function of
assisting the farmers in operation and maintenance and establishing linkages with line
departments. As part of PHM pilot initiative, Groundwater Management Committees have
been formed under the aegis of APWELL Project at Hydrological unit level in all the IPHM
clusters (7). These committees facilitate the farmer data collection and crop water budgeting
exercise, apart from taking up linkage building activities with the line departments.
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B. PROJECT RATIONALE - JUSTIFICATION
B 1
Problems to be addressed; the present situation
Though the economic and social impacts of groundwater development are obvious,
groundwater overdraft has become a significant concern in many arid zones and hardrock
regions. While groundwater development contributed to improved agriculture
production, lack of proper understanding of the system, neither by scientists nor by farmers,
has led to serious situation of groundwater depletion. Now the challenge in front of the
scientists and farmers is not that of groundwater development but that of sustainable
management of precious groundwater resources. Following section of the document
discusses the key issues that need to be addressed for making the management of
groundwater resource a sustainable one.
Over coming decades, groundwater management will need to address the broad array of
resource and allocation problems now emerging. Overdraft, pollution, poor quality and
array of impacts that declines (or increase) in the water table have on the environment
and third parties. In addition, as urban areas and the non-agricultural economy grow,
mechanisms must be found to ensure that water is allocated to high-value, generally nonagricultural
uses. India’s ability to feed its rapidly growing population depends on its ability
to increase agricultural production and that depends in turn on irrigation. Access to
groundwater can be a major engine for poverty alleviation and economic development in
rural areas. There is a large social value in increasing rural agricultural incomes and
slowing migration of the poor to urban areas. Re-allocation must therefore not be at the
expense of maintaining a viable agricultural economy.
B 1a
Environmental problems
Rapid extraction of groundwater has its environmental impacts, already evident in parts of
India, including Andhra Pradesh. While total number of dark blocks (over exploited areas
as specified by CGWB) in India increased from 253 in 1984-85 to 383 in 1992-93, those in
Andhra Pradesh increased from 0 to 30 (CGWB 1991, 1993). An overall increase of 51%
has occurred over a period of seven to eight years. If this rate continues, over-exploited
and critical blocks will double every 12.5 years. This implies that by the year 2017-18,
36% of the blocks will be dark or critical. Possible doubts about the accuracy of the data
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based on which estimates were made notwithstanding, the overall pattern indicates the
extent to which overdraft is a growing concern.
Environmental impacts could be far-reaching due to the inter-connectedness of the aquifers
and interactions between the aquifers and the surface waters. Modeling efforts indicate
that dry-season flows could decline approximately 75% if historical patterns of development
continue. Though the modeling is based on limited amounts of hydrological and geological
data, the results cannot be taken lightly. If they prove accurate, unmanaged groundwater
development could have a major impact on stream flows, fisheries, aquatic ecosystems,
pollution loads, and water availability for downstream users.
B 1b
Institutional problems
So far, scientific and semi-scientific staff of government departments viz., Meteorology,
Ground Water (state and central) and Agriculture carried Hydrological Monitoring. The
monitoring was on a regional scale and gave a general picture of a large area. Watersheds
within this area might show quite a different picture when analyzed separately. Mainly
scientific community used results of hydrological monitoring to predict the water table
depletion, natural calamities, weather forecast, drought forecast, etc.
A farmer who is away from communication network was usually not in a position to access
data and either understand its importance or use the data to his/her advantage. It is
believed that the scientific knowledge should be shared with the farmers because of the
simple reason that the sustainability of the resource lies in their hands. This project
attempts to blend both the scientific and people’s knowledge together for proper
management of groundwater resources.
In the recent past, NGOs have played a major role in accelerating the developmental
initiatives not only in the traditional community organization but also in the land and water
sector. For example, NGOs have proved their worth in the massive watershed development
programme being implemented by the government. In fact, the present approach of
watershed development is evolved blending the NGO experience with the government
procedures. Similar is true in water and sanitation sector.
Implementation through NGOs and NGO networks has proved to be smooth and transparent,
as they are not only answerable to Government but also to the people they are working
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Project Document
with. It is to the advantage of this project that capable and committed NGOs are existing in
the project areas that are willing to participate in the project. As NGOs respond to the
needs of the people and would not go with a fixed programme, it is to the advantage of the
project that other needs of the community are addressed through other NGO initiatives.
Good NGOs usually have multiple donors funding which permits them to address the needs
of the rural masses in a holistic way.
As the NGOs are very near to the people’s heart, as evident from the good response of the
community to the project staff, it will be a wise policy to kick start the process of farmer
managed groundwater systems by using them as change agents. It is a fact that NGOs
have come to stay not only in India but also in most of the developing world. They already
have a major role to play in evolving development policies at global, regional and national
level.
However, the role of government institutions specifically those involved in the sector such
as CGWB, APSGWD, Department of Agriculture (DoA), Department of Rural Development
(DoRD)cannot be undermined, as the ultimate responsibility of sustainable development is
theirs. The project will act as a facilitator between the peoples’ institutions (that will come
into existence as a result of project intervention) and the government department during
its implementation period.
The PHM experience proves that building up of strong linkages is feasible and sustainable,
as government is becoming more and more responsive to the peoples need and people’s
institutions have become strong and started influencing the government policy in the recent
past.
While it is important that the farmer is in charge of the groundwater management, critical
scientific inputs are inevitable for the farmers for proper understanding of the dynamic
and complex hydrological regimes they are operating within. A sustainable groundwater
management would therefore mean a meaningful farmer-scientist linkage, which seems to
be weak at present. As the projects’ goal is to build capable people’s institutions around
the groundwater resource, it is a sustainable way of solving the problem of groundwater
depletion in stress areas.
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B 1c
Technical problems
In hard-rock areas of the country, groundwater depletion is the result of over-exploitation.
Occasional drought years add to the problem, as the natural annual recharge is less than
the annual draft. Drying up or declining yields is a common phenomenon during the drought
years as the pressure increases on the groundwater system. Therefore, sustained use of
groundwater resources is definitely an important aspect of drought proofing. The water
stored underground during normal rainfall years is the key to survival of the population
during a drought year.
To understand the relationship of recharge-usage, it is necessary to conduct the monitoring
for a hydrologic unit i.e., watershed. In some cases, such as sedimentary terrain, the
hydrologic unit can be a sub-basin or a basin. It is imperative that monitoring should be on
that scale if one tries to understand the relationship of hydrological parameters. Thus
delineation of aquifer systems/watersheds have to be done on scientific basis and the
rationale should be explained to the users. It is necessary, at a later stage, to integrate
user groups under the umbrella of a watershed/sedimentary basin.
The decline in water level can affect the domestic water supply even where there is no real
threat of overdraft. Fluctuations in the water table, which are due to groundwater extraction
for agriculture, reduce the reliability of shallow wells as sources of drinking water, resulting
in social, financial and institutional implications. Deeper water levels necessitate more
technologically complex and expensive drinking water systems.
In order to make full use of resources it is necessary to maintain a continuing inventory
that will show the quantity of water passing through each phase of hydrologic cycle (recharge
and draft) and permit a periodic accounting of water storage in the soil, in surface reservoirs
and groundwater reserves.
Positive effect of watershed development programme is increasingly realized in the country
and the implementation is done on a massive scale, with financial assistance of national
and international donors. Though improved recharge is a definite consequence of watershed
development activities, the data to authenticate the same is often found missing. Moreover,
it is found that the farmers went for more groundwater extraction with the assumption that
the situation has improved. With more groundwater draft, after implementation of watershed
development activities, the water balance came back to the pre-treatment scenario.
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Project Document
Therefore, it can be concluded that emphasis should be given to sustainable utilization of
groundwater based on the water balance in the microclimate. Monitoring the hydrological
cycle of watersheds becomes all the more important in overall context of land and water
management.
The major bottleneck in India, for sustainable management of groundwater systems, is
the lack of sufficient data. Present monitoring network that has one observation well and a
rain gauge station for every 25sq kilometres is not representing the local or the regional
groundwater situation. The present project would fill these gaps by establishing a
representative hydrological monitoring network in the project area.
B 1d
Socio-cultural problems
In India, while 76% of the operational landholdings are small and marginal farms (of less
than 2 ha), they operate only 29% of the area. They constitute 38% of the net area
irrigated by wells and account for 35% of the tube wells fitted with electric pump-sets
(GOI, 1992). Thus, in relation to operational area, small and marginal farmers are well
represented in groundwater irrigation.
Understanding of the status of development in a certain aquifer system by the scientist
would only result in publication of research papers. If there is no political will to take
measures to control groundwater extraction, this scientific analysis is a worthless exercise.
Therefore, the only alternative to control indiscriminate pumping of an aquifer is to make
the communities realize the enormity of the problem.
It is obvious that the farmer is in a better position than anybody else to take preventive
measures and escape from consequences of the drought. It is proved beyond doubt that
drought forecasting by scientists can only help in documentation and will not save the
farmer from misery. Further, the users themselves best control depletion of groundwater
resource. The role of scientists and administration therefore would be to empower the
people with useful skills to monitor and manage their own groundwater systems.
Given the broad array of problems, uses and impacts, approaches to groundwater
management need to be broadly integrated. Because needs and opportunities vary greatly,
often at a local scale, management approaches need to be flexible and capable of adapting
to reflect very local conditions. This is difficult to achieve through centrally controlled
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Project Document
programme. Further more, the large number of wells, entrenched tradition of private users
right, and limited administrative capacities in many rural areas, militate against the success
of centralized regulatory approaches. GOI emphasizes the importance of stakeholder
participation in the management of wells (MOWR, 1996). Expanding this approach to include
mechanisms for effective stakeholder participation in management of the resource base
will be critical.
It is clear from the above discussion that the poor bear the greatest burden of groundwater
management. Given the framework of the project proposal, it is beyond doubt that the
main beneficiaries of sustainable groundwater management will be those small/marginal
farmers and landless depending on agriculture labour.
B 1e
Economic problems
Groundwater development has led to increased drought proofing of India’s agricultural
economy. If one compares the drought years 1965-66 and 1987-88, food grains production
declined 19% in 1965-66, in contrast to 1987-88, when food grain production declined only
2%. Much of this can be attributed to the spread of irrigation in general and of groundwater
irrigation in particular. The growth of India’s irrigated area, particularly, the area irrigated
with groundwater has greatly reduced the economy’s vulnerability to face reductions in
rainfall, drought proofing the rural economy in general and the crop sector in particular.
Groundwater irrigation supports employment generation and thus rural development and
poverty alleviation. Groundwater development also promotes direct and indirect employment
of skilled and unskilled persons. Additional indirect employment created on every ha of
irrigated land through increased agricultural activity would be approximately 45 days per
ha.
A rough estimate suggests that about 80% of the population in the target area have
agriculture and allied activities as their principal livelihood. Therefore any poverty alleviation
initiative should result in improved agricultural productivity. All the seven districts, covered
under the project are declared as drought prone areas by the Government. Apart from
vagaries of the monsoon, the land holding pattern makes the small and marginal dry land
farmers the most vulnerable.
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Project Document
B 2
Expected end-of-project situation and sustainability of project results
B 2a
Statement of the project goal
The project has a specific purpose as stated below:
Stage is set for enabling the farmers to manage their groundwater systems in about 650
villages in seven drought-prone districts of Andhra Pradesh by the year 2008
Under the favorable circumstances in the external environment, this goal is achievable
during the project period itself. This is also the expected end result as a result of the
implementation of the project.
B 2b
Major objectives of the project
Following are the major objectives of the project:
o
About 3,000 Men and Women farmers are in a position to understand groundwater
systems within which they are operating at about 650 habitations in Andhra Pradesh,
in a scientific manner, by the year 2008.
o
Hydrological data base, using GIS platform, is developed for usage of Groundwater
Management Committees, covering 650 habitations, by the year 2006.
o
About 6,500 farm families enabled for adoption of alternative agricultural practices
suiting the availability of groundwater, by the year 2008.
o
Community based institutions established for alternative management of
groundwater resources with equal representation/ participation of men and women,
covering about 650 habitations, by the year 2008.
B 2c
Key actions required
The following are the key actions BIRDS has to take to achieve the project goal:
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· Identify and formalise relations with NGOs in each district who can be part of the
network
· Set up Steering Committee involving various major non-project stakeholders
including government agencies and independent experts
· Ensure coordination with AME Foundation, Bangalore for mutual learning
B 3
Target beneficiaries
The project is located in seven drought prone districts of Andhra Pradesh, a southern state
of Republic of India. Parts of these districts were identified based on the socio-technical
criteria and delineated into 58 Hydrological Units, in about 650 habitations. All the inhabitants,
both men and women will be targeted for project benefits, irrespective of economic status,
caste, creed and religion. Vulnerable sections of the society are also included along with
the people who control the groundwater resource on account of land ownership.
At a secondary level, the government departments at the district level would be benefited
from the data collected and maintained by the farmers in a geo-spatial database apart
from having the benefit of qualitative interaction with the population of the project area in
implementing other programmes.
At another level, the population in the neighbourhood areas of the project hydrological
units would be benefited by the interaction with the project farmers and demos provided
by the project farmers. Project Partner NGOs would also take the learning’s into their
other programs and improve their effectiveness.
B 4
Project Strategy
B 4a
Rationale for choosing the approach
It is obvious that the farmer is in a better position than anybody else to take preventive
measures and escape from consequences of the drought. In the absence of the information
with the farmer, it is proved beyond doubt that drought forecasting by scientists can only
help in documentation and will not save the farmer from misery. Further, depletion of
groundwater resource is best controlled by the users themselves. The role of scientists
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Project Document
and administration therefore would be to empower the people with useful skills to monitor
and manage their own groundwater systems.
Understanding of the status of development in a certain aquifer system by the scientist
would only result in publication of papers. If there is no political will to take measures to
control groundwater extraction, this scientific analysis is a worthless exercise. Therefore,
the only alternative to control indiscriminate pumping of an aquifer is to make the communities
realize the enormity of the problem.
To understand the relationship of recharge-usage, it is necessary to conduct the monitoring
for a hydrologic unit i.e., watershed. In some cases, such as sedimentary terrain, the
hydrologic unit can be on a sub-basin or a basin. It is imperative that monitoring should be
on that scale if one tries to understand the relationship of hydrological parameters. Thus
delineation of aquifer systems/watersheds have to be done on scientific basis and the
rationale should be explained to the users. It is necessary, at a later stage, to integrate
user groups under the umbrella of a watershed/sedimentary basin.
The need for monitoring, obvious in relation to the physical dimension of groundwater
utilization is equally important for achieving equity of the poor. To determine the impact of
specific government policies and activities on the ability of the poor to gain access to and
benefit from the groundwater resource, it is necessary to know the circumstances in the
field.
Watershed treatment, artificial recharge, afforestation, etc., are the programmes that target
supply side of the groundwater management. In other sense, they try to put more water
into the ground, logically for more use. So far, very little attention is paid to the demand
side management, the other side of the same coin. This means the judicious use of the
available water. The critical technological challenge is to use less water more efficiently to
produce the same or greater benefits.
Another positive step towards demand side management is the willingness of the farmers
to adopt low-water intensive cropping. However, the development of marketing networks
and other agricultural support systems will have a major impact on cropping systems.
Marketing organizations on crop production are essential to accrue the benefit to farmers.
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Project Document
APFAMGS is an intervention towards empowering the community to be able to delve in to
a domain which is seemingly ‘technical and scientific’ in the realm of Groundwater
management. This is a non-traditional sector in which the scientists have to work with an
ever-learning spirit while utilizing and assimilating the native wisdom from the community.
The project document rightly terms the scientists, social workers with strong community
and social face. Keeping this spirit, for implementation of the project a team of multidisciplinary
professionals from agriculture, hydrogeology, social work, non-formal education
and gender are put together. These teams will be supported by a very active village level
organisers who have long experience in dealing with the community. The team providing
the technical support will also be drawn from experts who have proven track record in the
NGO sector.
Again the idea is that the learning from the project has to be strongly institutionalized into
the milieu of facilitate and create conditions for sustainability of the project in its effort to
develop appropriate water management strategy in an ever developing scenario which
makes the current situation in the seven project districts of Andhra Pradesh. The
institutionalization has to be seen in terms of facilitating / evolving and creating / recreating
a stable pattern of norms and values among farmers who have a shared goal and value
system to put their efforts towards achieving the above shared goals developing and
following appropriate strategy for the monitoring/management of groundwater.
Capacity building activities will be the main focus having an array of training activities
across the farming seasons. A constant effort will be maintained to refine the training
materials and methodology using the non-formal education methods.
As the pilot activities being implemented by APFAMGS project are unique and try to find
answers for some of the most burning issues in groundwater management, the project has
adopted an approach of sharing its learning from the pilots on several platforms. This
strategy was adopted not only to get outsiders view on the initiatives that are useful for
making mid-course corrections, but also to influence policy decisions.
Hydrological data collected by the farmer volunteers under the PHM pilot has generated
interest in Government Departments such as the State Ground Water Department and the
Forest Department. In Prakasam district, farmers continue to share the rainfall and water
level data with the APSGWD while sharing of rainfall data with the Forest Department is
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Project Document
continuing in Mahabubnagar. Data were also shared with APSGWD at Anantapur, Cuddapah
and Nalgonda districts.
The problems identified by Groundwater Management Committee (GMC) & Networks will
be represented to Government and policymakers for effective implementation or legislation.
Since the network has representation of larger physical area, it is very easy to influence
the policy. Legal support may be provided to these committees if necessary.
Sharing of burdens and benefits more equitably between women and men tends to increase
mutual respect within communities and families. Broader social participation will result in
more effective use of existing water resources through rehabilitation activities, waste
reduction and innovative arrangements. If women have a more effective role in water
management, it will boost economic production both in agriculture and allied activities. Use
of irrigation methods will increase and be improved and both food security and cash crop
production will benefit. Increased services will also result, leading to increased income.
Furthermore, when women share in decisions regarding water resource management it
leads to greater efficiency for the task of conserving scarce supplies, finding low-cost,
sustainable technologies and solutions, and paying the costs for water delivery, operation
and maintenance, and conservation. Since women are generally more concerned with
family nutrition and health than men, their greater autonomy over water use will boost
health. A gendered approach will also spread concern for nutrition, child-care and health
among men. Improved family health generates both social and economic benefits.
The central to implementation of sustainable agriculture are On Farm Demonstrations (OFDs).
The OFDs will provide opportunity to the farmers to experiment with naturally sustainable
practices and to convey the message “go back to nature”. Further more these OFDs will be
used as base for above stated extension methods to drive home the central theme. OFDs
will be location specific and based on the felt needs of the farmers. These demonstrations
will be used for conducting exposure visits, vocational training, farmer field school, farmers’
fairs (kisan melas), field days, group meetings, training cum production centres.
Watershed development covers a plethora of activities aimed at soil and water conservation
and improved groundwater recharge is perceived as one of the effects. Studies reveal that
the artificial recharge technique, which is directly targeting the aquifer, would contribute
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Project Document
more to the groundwater resource than the watershed activities such as check-dams,
percolation ponds, etc.
Crop Water Budgeting (CWB) would pave way for identification of aquifer systems that
have a negative groundwater balance. Augmentation of groundwater recharge through
artificial recharge techniques would be taken up to improve the groundwater situation in
those aquifer systems.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is proving to be a handy tool for storage and
analysis of data ranging from scientific applications to corporate use. However, fruits of
this wonderful tool are yet to reach the farming community who could benefit a lot from it.
Some efforts are being made in the states like Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka to bring the
benefits to the general public in the domain of land records and agriculture markets.
Kiosks of Madhya Pradesh model are very successful and today a farmer can access to
global market information by simply paying small amount.
The farming community in the project area can benefit a lot if GIS technology is simplified
and tailor made for the purpose of sustainable groundwater management. The technology
has an edge over the present methodology of CWB in the sense that it brings in visuals in
place of spread sheet, which can be better appreciated by even an illiterate farmer. A
special effort is being made to setup GIS data bases and ultimately scope will be explored
for setting up simple kiosks for farmers use.
B 4b
Activities and Outputs required reaching specific objectives
Following up from the problem addressed and the chosen strategy spelt out in detail in the
earlier section the project has consciously designed the technical and institutional activities
and outputs required to reach the specific project activities.
These are detailed out in Section-D and as well in the appendix V – Logical Framework.
B 5
B 5a
Institutional framework and counterpart support capacity
Institutional arrangements and responsibilities for project
implementation
Keeping up the spirit and enthusiasm of the civil society belief in networking, the project
will be implemented through a network of NGOs, each one implementing the project activities
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Project Document
in each area/district and being fully responsible for the activities in that area/district. Over
a period of time this arrangement will come handy while dealing with the dynamic communities
at the hydrologic unit level.
Bharathi Integrated Rural Development Society (BIRDS) will be the Nodal NGO for the
project implementation. Overall administrative responsibility of the project rests with the
Nodal organization– BIRDS, as the contract will be signed between BIRDS and FAO. All
funds from the donor will be received by the Nodal NGO which in turn, will transfer funds to
the Technical Support Team (TST) and partner NGOs against an agreed workplan. Funds
will trickle down to the village level through PNGO /PIT/GMC. This arrangement will ensure
the coherence of the project principles and the uniform progress across the teams.
Eight other Partner NGOs (as listed in the table B.1) of repute will be responsible for one
Project Implementation area/district.
Table B.1: Partner NGOs of the APFAMGS Project
SN NAME ACRONYM STATION DISTRICT
1
2
Adoni Area Rural Development
Initiatives Programme
Bharathi Integrated Rural
Development Society
AARDIP
BIRDS
Cumbhum
Allagadda
Prakasam
Kurnool
3
Centre for Applied Research
and Extension
CARE
Achampet
Mahbubnagar
4
Collective Activity for
Rejuvenation of
Village Arts and
Environment
CARVE
Markapur
Prakasam
5
6
Development
Initiatives and
People’s Action
Gram Vikas Samstha
DIPA
GVS
Giddalur
Madanapalle
Prakasam
Chittoor
7
People’s Activity and Rural
Technology Nurturing
Ecological Rejuvenation
PARTNER
Porumamilla
Cuddapah
8
Social Awareness for
Integrated Development
SAID
Miryalaguda
Nalgonda
9
Star Youth Association
SYA
Gooty
Anantapur
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Project Document
PRIYUM, an agency registered under the Companies Act of India will be providing the
technical support services who were also associated with the pilot phase. During the gap
between closure of pilot phase and the launching of APFAMGS, PRIYUM had provided bridge
funding to continue the PHM activities, which covered field expenses of staff for maintaining
continued contact with the village communities. Keeping in view company’s compatibility
during the pilot and bridge phases, and to retain the manpower associated BIRDS continued
the association with PRIYUM for running the Technical Support Team of APFAMGS. PRIYUM
contracted services of Sumadhura Technologies Limited to avail technical services in the
field of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the benefit of men and women farmers.
STL provides technical services to both the Governmental and the Non-Governmental
organizations within as well as outside India.
Word Education (WE), with its Head Office at Boston, USA, has been a pioneering agency in
the field of Non Formal Education (NFE) with a long track record. As the project intended to
incorporate the NFE approach in the project implementation, the input of the Indian Office
of World Education had been enlisted by BIRDS. And sub-contracted the NFE component
to World Education India, which will be another important project partner, bringing in their
rich experience at the global level. The services of WE-Boston team are provided by RNE
at present.
Project Steering Committee (PSC) will be formed with the membership of all the
stakeholders, both within and outside the project to advice on crucial policy matters as
well as building up linkage at higher levels. Table B.2 gives a list of project partners and
their respective responsibilities in the implementation of the project.
A number of important positions within these organizations who play a major role in successful
implementation of the project is described in Table B.3 and lists their role in the overall
context of their agency as well as in relation to the project implementation.
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Project Document
Table B.2: Responsibilities of the project stakeholders
SN Status in project Responsibilities
· Coordination with the donor
1 Nodal NGO
· Coordination with project partners
· Receiving funds from the donor
· Distribution of funds to project partners
· Reporting to donor
· Progress review
· Annual Plans and Budgets
· Internal Auditing
· Monitoring and Evaluation
2 Partner NGOs
· Coordination with the Nodal NGO
· Coordination with other project partners
· Receiving funds from the Nodal NGO
· Utilization of funds for project
implementation
· Execution of project activities at the
village level
· Building up linkages between CBOs and
Line Departments
· Reporting to the Nodal NGO
· Managing Project Implementation Teams
and other PNGO staff
· Progress review
· Annual Plans and Budgets
3 PRIYUM
4 WEI
5 Project Steering
Chief Executive
· Coordination with the Nodal NGO
· Coordination with project partners
· Receiving funds from the Nodal NGO
· Reporting to the donor on behalf of the
Nodal NGO
· Providing technical support to PNGOs
· Progress review
· Annual Plans and Budgets
· Building up linkages at the state level
· Sub-contracting specific technical
support tasks
· Coordination with the Nodal NGO
· Coordination with project partners
· Receiving funds from the Nodal NGO
· Reporting to the Nodal NGO
· Providing technical support to PNGOs,
on NFE approaches
· Progress review, Annual Plans and
Budgets
· Biannual Progress review
· Advising on policy matters
· Linkages at national/international level
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Project Document
Table B.3: Responsibilities of some important persons of
project partners
Stakeholder
BIRDS
Executive Committee
Executive Director
PRIYUM
Board of Directors
Managing Director
Project Leader
Responsibilities
• Review the projects/activities
• Advice on policy matters
• Appoint/remove Executive Director
• Approve plans and budgets
• Supervise all day-to-day matters pertaining to
implementation of the projects
• Take necessary decisions to ensure execution of
project activities
• Be legally responsible for legal/ financial obligations
of the society
• Report on the physical and financial progress of
projects to the EC and donor
• Appoint/remove staff
• Operate all the funds received on behalf of the society
• Prepare project proposals and negotiate funding
arrangements with donors
• Review of company activities
• Plan for future activities
• Advice on policy matters
• Review the work of the Managing Director
• Appoint/remove the Managing Director
• Approval and ratification of decisions taken by MD
• Approve plans and budgets
• Supervise all day-to-day matters pertaining
company’s business operations
• Take necessary steps to ensure effective
implementation of decisions taken by the Board of
Directors
• Be responsible for legal/ financial obligations of the
company
• Report on the physical and financial progress of
projects to the Board of Directors
• Appoint/remove staff
• Operate all the funds received on behalf of the
company
• Execute the contract between PRIYUM and BIRDS
• Take necessary decisions to ensure execution of
project activities
• Operate funds received on behalf of the company
• Coordinate with all the project partners
• Take on board Subject Experts
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Project Document
Stakeholder
Responsibilities
• Appoint/remove TST staff
• Prepare Terms of Reference for TST staff / Consultants
• Report on the physical and financial progress of project to
NNGO
• Appraise PRIYUM and NNGO about the status of the project
implementation, periodically
Subject Experts
Managers – Process
Monitoring
PNGOs
Executive Committee or
Governing Body or
Board of Directors
Chief Executive (Executive
Director, Secretary,
Director)
• Coordinate with all the project partners, on subject specific
matters
• Write strategy papers, on subject matters
• Facilitate planning process on subject matters
• Write Half Yearly Progress Report on subject matters
• Plan and execute capacity building of PNGO staff
• Provide on-field guidance to PNGO staff, on subject matters
• Collect and share information on subject matters with PNGO
staff
• Build up linkages with line departments at the state level
• Coordinate with a group of PNGOs, on process monitoring
matters
• Collect, collate and manage data pertaining to a group of
PNGOs
• Report on the implementation process at the field level
• Assist PNGOs in generating timely and qualitative progress
reports
• Facilitate planning process at PNGO level
• Write case studies
• Provide on-field guidance to PNGO staff, on process
documentation
• Coordinate with the Subject Experts on subject matters
• Report to the Project Leader
• Review the projects/activities
• Advice on policy matters
• Appoint/remove Executive Director
• Approve plans and budgets
• Supervise all day-to-day matters pertaining to
implementation of the projects
• Take necessary decisions to ensure execution of project
activities
• Be legally responsible for legal/ financial obligations of the
society
• Report on the physical and financial progress of projects to
the EC and donor
• Appoint/remove staff
• Operate all the funds received on behalf of the society
• Prepare project proposals and negotiate funding
arrangements with donors
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Project Document
Stakeholder
NGO Coordinator
Professional Staff
Village Coordinator
WORLD EDUCATION
Boston Office: President,
Vice President, Other
staff
Country Office: Country
Director
State Office: State
Coordinator
Programme Associates
Responsibilities
• Coordinate with all the staff members of PNGO
• Coordinate with subject experts on subject matters
• Coordinate with MPMs on process documentation
• Prepare Terms of Reference for all members of staff
• Take necessary decisions to ensure execution of project
activities
• Report on the physical and financial progress of project to
PNGO
• Conduct staff appraisals
• Recommend appointment/removal of PNGO staff to Chief
Functionary
• Operate funds received on behalf of the PNGO
• Prepare Monthly, Quarterly and Half-yearly Progress Reports
• Coordinate with other member of staff, on subject matters
• Evolve site-specific implementation strategies, on subject
matters
• Facilitate planning process on subject matters
• Generate Monthly/Quarterly/Half-yearly Progress Reports
on subject matters
• Plan and execute capacity building of men and women
farmers
• Provide on-field guidance to VCs/farmers, on subject matters
• Collect and share information on subject matters with VCs/
farmers
• Build up linkages with line departments at the local level
• Report to the NGO Coordinator on a weekly basis
• Coordinate all the project activities at village level
• Evolve site-specific implementation strategies
• Facilitate planning process at village level
• Generate village-wise Monthly Progress Reports
• Plan and organize capacity building of men and women
farmers
• Provide on-field guidance to farmers
• Collect and share information with farmers
• Build up linkages with line departments at the local level
• Report to the NGO Coordinator on a weekly basis
• Guide the country staff, from RNE side
• Advice on global linkages
• Guide the state staff
• Advice on country level linkages
• Guide the field staff
• Coordinate with the project partners
• Report to the Nodal NGO
• Coordinate with NGO Coordinators
• Identify issues related to NFE, in close coordination with PIT
• Report to the State Coordinator
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Project Document
B 5b
Description of the Implementation agency (Nodal NGO – BIRDS)
Bharathi Integrated Rural Development Society (BIRDS) came into existence in the year
1991, with the initiative of its Executive Director who has been working with poorest of the
poor in the same district since 1985. BIRDS is registered under Societies Registration Act
21 of 1860, in the year 1991. Its registration number is 262/91, dated 28.11.1991. It is
also registered under Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), 1976, on 16 May 1994.
BIRDS have income tax exemption under Sections 12 A and 80 G.
It is noteworthy to mention that the organization worked with meager funds raised mainly
from personal savings and small donations till 1994. It started with an annual budget of Rs.
40,000/- and could gradually rise to an annual budget of about 2002-2003 figures. From
working with the support of small donations, BIRDS has reached a stage of multiple donor
funding. Right now BIRDS runs projects supported by about 10 donors (7 international and
3 governmental).
The Executive Director has won accolades for the work of the organization at several
levels. He has received Dalit Sahitya Academy Award in the year 1995, from his Excellency
the President of India, for exceptional work in promotion of Adult Literacy. BIRDS has won
five annual commendation awards (1995, 97, 98, 2000 and 2002) from the District Collector,
for carrying out exceptional work in the rural development sector. In micro-finance sector,
BIRDS is one of the leading agencies in the world (among top 50) as announced at the
Micro-credit Summit, USA.
BIRDS has been an active partner in earlier network initiatives supported by Action Aid
India, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) and Presbyterian Hunger Programme (PHP). In total,
there are 3 people in the senior manager level, while 10 people work at junior managerial
position supported by 30 field level staff. Capability of BIRDS to work as a lead NGO or
Nodal organization in net work programs is established beyond doubt. BIRDS employs
personnel who are professionally qualified as well gained good experience working in the
development sector. Its senior staff have proved their managerial skill by successfully
handling a range of development projects supported by different donors. All the senior
staffs of BIRDS are postgraduates in social sciences or social work and have got a minimum
of five years experience in community projects.
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Personnel with social background are complimented by technical staff hired specifically
(referred to as PITs in this document) for implementation of PHM pilot activity. These
teams have established their credibility and are the only professionals who understand
and appreciate the concept of PHM, which is the basis for this proposal. BIRDS has regular
staff capacity building programs through training and exposure visits. Especially under
multidisciplinary, it is acknowledged that staffs are exposed to different types of skill
development resulting in creation of staff that have multidisciplinary skills.
All planning in BIRDS is bottom-up. Participatory methodologies such as PRA (Participatory
Rural Appraisal), PPA (Participatory Poverty Assessment) and Change Plans are extensively
used in planning all the present activities. Men and women in target villages, with the
facilitation of skilled staff, carry out resource inventory and situational analysis culminating
in preparation of village level micro-plans. These micro-plans are compiled at the junior
manager level. After a thorough discussion, in a workshop mode, these plans are segregated
into separate action plans for different funding agencies. After approval of the Executive
Committee, ED sends these plans and budgets to different donors for funding.
BIRDS has several external contacts on account of its partnership with its donors and
other organizations. The first programme of BIRDS was supported by Literacy India Trust
(LIT). Indo German Social Service Society (IGSSS) has extended financial support to
BIRDS for administration and institutional development in Midthur mandal during the period
1995-96. United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) supported similar programme in
all the villages of Midthur mandal. CAPART (Council for Advancement of People’s Action
and Rural Technologies, a government of India enterprise) has funded BIRDS for a lowcost
housing programme for poor and destitute women in Midthur mandal. The Presbyterian
Hunger Programme (USA) is supporting BIRDS for socio-economic empowerment of poor
women in Midthur, Kolimigundla and Owk mandals. After organizing women self help groups
in these mandals, BIRDS initiated a micro activity since 1998, with the credit support from
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK, a Government of India enterprise), National Minorities
Development Finance Corporation (NMDFC, Government of India), The Bridge foundation
(TBF, international donor, USA), Friends of World Women Bank India (FWWB-I, a financial
institution) and BASIX (a micro-finance institution). BIRDS has facilitated the formation of
two people’s banks in Midthur (1998) and Kolimigundla (1999), under the Mutually Aided
Cooperative Societies Act. These banks are totally run by the community. The total loan
received from these agencies amounted to about one crore.
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BIRDS is also acting as a financial custodian for a national network of NGOs, referred to as
CHETHANA. This programme has started in 2002 with the financial support of Presbyterian
Hunger Programme, USA. There are 14 NGOs across the country, involved in this
programme. BIRDS is responsible for reporting to the donor and monitoring the works of
other NGOs in the network. The goal of this programme is to bring out implications of
global economy on rural artisans, farmers and labour. BIRDS is also a founder member of
NOVOK (Network Of Voluntary Organizations in Kurnool district). Executive Director of
BIRDS was the first Convener of NOVOK and served for five years during 1996-2000. He
was instrumental in finding support from donors viz., Action Aid India and RMK. Two projects
are being implemented by member organizations (list enclosed as Annex 5) of NOVOK
viz., Dalit empowerment programme (Action Aid India) and micro-credit programme (RMK).
An independent and individual donor from Germany had contributed for establishing the
BIRDS administrative office with a cost of Rs.3 lakhs during the year 1998. The same
donor is also supporting BIRDS in establishing Organic Agriculture Farm cum Training
Centre in 15 hectares.
At the international level, BIRDS has linkages with International Federation of Organic
Movement (IOFAM), Micro-credit Summit, United Nations Council for Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) and International Council of Environmental Movement. With IOFAM, BIRDS is
one of the active member NGOs with an aim to bring the movement of organic agriculture
to the farmers in the world. As member-practitioner of Micro-credit Summit, BIRDS aims
to improve the standard of living of the poorest of the poor through providing credit facilities.
As an active participant of micro-credit division of UNCTAD, BIRDS thrives to exchange
the ideas and establishing the linkages among the micro-credit institutions around the
globe. As member of Environmental Liaison Center International (ELCI), BIRDS has the
mandate to work on environmental issues (one of which is groundwater depletion in arid
and semi-arid areas) through global networking and sharing of experience around the
globe.
At the National level, BIRDS has linkages with National Dalit Human Rights Forum (NDHRF),
Weavers Collective (WC), Bamboo Workers Association (BWA) and South Indian Fishermen
Federation (SIFF). NDHRF is a national forum of about 150 NGOs working in remotest
corners of the country to bring to the fore the issues related to human rights of Dalit
population. Through WC, BIRDS is involved in a study aiming to study reasons behind the
suicidal deaths in the weaver’s community and disseminate the findings at the national
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level through a network of about 200 NGOs. On the similar line to the WC, BIRDS is
associated with BWA, working for betterment of the bamboo workers. Though BIRDS do
not work directly with the fishermen community, it is a supporter of the work carried out by
SIFF across the country as an active member of the federation of NGOs.
At the state level, BIRDS has established linkages with SERP (Society for Eradication of
Rural Poverty) and APRLP (Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Programme). With both SERP
and APRLP, BIRDS is involved as resource institution for training in participatory
methodologies.
At the district level, BIRDS has working relationship with APSIDC (Andhra Pradesh State
Irrigation Development Corporation), DRDA (District Rural Development Agency), DPAP
(Drought Prone Area Programme), SC Corp. (Scheduled Caste Corporation), BC Corp.
(Backward Caste Corporation), SWD (Social Welfare Department) and W&CWD (Women
and Child Welfare Department).
At village level, BIRDS has strong linkages with all the government machinery including
VAO, VDO, ANM, Sarpanch, teachers and ICDS worker. At all the operational villages of
BIRDS, it has developed people’s institutions (self help groups, borewell user association,
mutually aided cooperative societies, forest protection committees, etc.), which work in
close association with these government staff.
B 5c
How the project would fit into the structure of the Nodal NGO?
Following are the objectives of BIRDS, as listed in its by-law.
· To educate the rural poor through non-formal education
· To act as liaison organization between government rural poor and to inform the rural
poor about various governmental programs intended to help them
· To provide opportunities for the development of village artisans
· To undertake land-based projects for the benefit of small and marginal farmers
· To establish homes for the aged, child labour, widows and disabled
· To undertake women welfare programs
· To organize self help groups for poor women for economic independence
· To improve health conditions of rural poor
· Low cost housing programme for the poor
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· To preserve environment of the target areas
· To promote sustainable agriculture programs and organic farming systems
The present project would contribute to the attainment of the objective number 10 and is
in complete agreement with the stated project goal. Apart from this, the project will also
directly help achieve a number of objectives listed above.
B 5d
Project’s organizational structure
Figure B.1 illustrates the proposed organizational structure of the project. It is proposed
that the Nodal NGO - BIRDS will set up a Project Steering Committee (PSC) and a Technical
Support Team (TST) specifically to manage this project. PRIYUM will appoint the Project
Leader, in consultation with the Nodal NGO. Subject Experts will be appointed in the areas
viz., groundwater management, institutional development, agriculture and gender and other
staff by PRIYUM again in consultation with the Nodal NGO.
Subject Experts will support and guide the field level Project Implementation Teams (PITs).
There will be formal interaction between the FAO, Project Steering Committee and BIRDS
(through ED). It is obligatory on part of the BIRDS and PNGOs to have interaction with the
Government, under FCRA. Project Implementation Team will have formal interaction with
TST, on subject specific matters only. For all personal and administrative matters, PITs will
be guided by the representative appointed by the PNGO. There will be direct interaction of
PIT members with the CBOs (men and women farmers) on subject specific matters.
For all routine activities, at the village level, the Village Coordinator (VC) will be responsible.
VC will not only facilitate the implementation process at the village level but also will
carryout proper documentation of the processes, to enable the project make necessary
mid-course corrections. VC will be guided by the PIT members in process documentation
of subject specific matters. At the PNGO level, process documentation responsibilities will
lie with respective members of the PIT. Manager – Process Monitoring (of TST) will provide
the necessary support to members of PIT, through regular field visits. The PNGO or its
representative will have the responsibility of overall coordination between the TST and the
PNGO, including timely submission of all reports. A copy of each report sent to TST will
necessarily be marked to the Nodal NGO.
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TST will assist the Nodal NGO in preparation of all reports to be submitted to the donor. At
the end of each reporting period (biannual), TST will present the progress of the project in
a Project Steering Committee meeting. PSC will advise the TST, if necessary, on policy
related matters. The Nodal NGO may incorporate the changes suggested in its
implementation process. The responsibility of reporting to donor however, finally lies with
the Nodal NGO. NGOs (both Nodal and PNGOs) will report to the Government, under FCRA
regulation.
Figure B.1 : Project Organizational Structure
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B 6
Reasons for assistance from FAO
This project is one of the three nationally executed (NEX) projects that comprise the Land
and Water Management Programme funded by the Netherlands through FAO. FAO was
selected as the managing partner of the Programme because of its technical expertise and
institutional capacity to support the projects. FAO is also expected to add value to the NEX
projects through synergies with its other projects and Regular Programme activities. These
are coordinated by the Organization’s Land and Water Development Division (AGL). This
Division is charged with the development of technology, strategy and policy, and the provision
of advisory and technical services to FAO Members to ensure a more productive and
efficient use of land (AGLL) and water resources (AGLW) in order to meet present and
future food and agriculture demands on a sustainable basis.
AGLW supports FAO member nations in achieving the sustainable use of limited fresh
water resources through activities such as water development for food security, capacity
building and its Special Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural
Development. AGLL is responsible for programmes and activities related to integrated
planning and management of land and plant nutrient resources, enhancement of soil fertility
and land productivity for food production and other social and environmental services of
land. It promotes sustainable land use and land development policies, strategies and
technologies, integrated management of soil, water and plant nutrients, including the efficient
use of fertilizer. The programmes and activities of the service include the development of
participatory approaches; policy advice, perspective studies and technical guidance at
global, regional and national levels; supporting inventory and assessment of land resources
status and trends; dissemination of appropriate technologies; management practices and
decision support systems.
Plant Production and Protection division (AGP) of FAO addresses the development of
sustainable agricultural systems to improve crop and grassland productivity, to create
conditions for enhanced food security and general economic development and to conserve
the environment through the development of agriculture’s biological resources.
AGP’s activities include the provision of regional and global fora for common action among
countries and programmes on the conservation of plant genetic resources for food and
agriculture (PGRFA), crop improvement and seed production development, and
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environmentally sound management of pests including Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
in order to meet present and future food and agriculture demands on a sustainable basis.
AGPP supports FAO member nations in Plant protection which is a practice that can be
subject to many pressures including anxiety of farmers, government services and pressure
of interest groups. FAO can provide the necessary impartiality. IPM has strongly been
promoted through exchanges among countries and among programmes. This international
dimension can easily be handled by FAO. FAO assisted by a number of trust fund donors
has provided long term attention and commitment to IPM.
Through these programmes, it is expected that FAO will further facilitate the exchange of
experience between this project and others in the region
B 7
Special considerations
With its larger coverage of the community, not covered by the present project, BIRDS has
been thriving to address the issue of poverty alleviation since its inception in 1991. BIRDS
has been addressing this issue through different methods such as organizing self help
groups, supporting micro-enterprises, community based organizations, health support to
vulnerable communities, improving productivity of lands through community irrigation
systems, etc.
Another major intervention of BIRDS in the past decade has been the gender mainstreaming,
mainly through mobilization of 25,000 families into self help groups. These self help groups
have become self-sustaining and has been operating two rural banks without any external
support. Several families (especially women-headed households) have been benefited
through the promotion of micro-enterprise. With economic independence, not only the
women were able to address their monetary problems but also they are in a position to
address social issues, as evident from several case studies wherein they have been fighting
for their land rights and human rights.
Food security has been another major concern of BIRDS in its operational area. Because
of unemployment arising out of continuous drought conditions, the earning of several
communities (both landless as well as land owners) have been entirely dependent on
wages earned by going on migration. However, the earnings on migration could hardly
meet their food demands as their traditional earning in term of food grains has been
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reduced to earning cash that cannot fetch them two meals a day. Most affected in the
drought conditions were children and elderly people. BIRDS ensured food security issue
by mobilizing communities into self help groups and imparting the necessary skills and
capital for taking up non-farm activities such as: basket weaving, rope making, vermiculture,
quarrying, etc. Additionally, BIRDS has provided community borewell irrigation to small
and marginal farmers, wherever feasible, to bring back the fallows under irrigation and
food crop production. With this both the land owners and landless benefited and migration
is minimized.
The proposed project is of special interest to BIRDS because of its potential to address
these issues of poverty alleviation, gender mainstreaming and food security. The project
will strengthen the initiatives of BIRDS in these three areas, as it addresses the issue of
sustainable management of groundwater resources by the farmers themselves, apart from
bringing in the organic agriculture component and building up of strong community based
institutions with a gender balanced approach.
B 8
Coordination arrangements
Overall administrative/coordination responsibility of the project rests with the Nodal NGO
- BIRDS, as the contract will be signed between BIRDS and FAO. However, The Project
Leader of TST will carry out the entire day-to-day coordination task on behalf of the Nodal
NGO. S/he will be the key person dealing with the entire main stakeholders in the project
such as ED-BIRDS, PNGOs and stakeholders in the external environment.
B 8a Coordination with Project Partners
All the contracts with PRIYUM, World Education India and all Partner NGOs will be signed by
the Executive Director – BIRDS. Nodal NGO will coordinate with PRIYUM on all project
matters. PRIYUM will submit a report on TST activities, on a quarterly basis.
While regular coordination with World Education India and Partner NGOs will be carried out
by the Project Leader, ED-BIRDS will coordinate on administrative, financial and legal
matters. Field visits of WEI’s staff need to be approved by the Project Leader. WEI and
PNGOs will submit a monthly progress report on their field operations, at the end of every
month along with monthly action plans to the Project Leader. WEI and PNGOs will incorporate
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the changes, as suggested by the Project Leader and execute the same. WEI and PNGOs
will be carrying out only the activities mutually agreed upon and within the workplan.
Each Partner NGO will appoint a representative (from their own financial resources) for
routine coordination of project related matters, with the Project Leader. The PNGO
representative will be responsible for coordination, at the PNGO level, including field
operations, personnel matters, and routine administrative and financial tasks. S/he will
coordinate with the Project Leader for technical guidance of Subject Experts, process
documentation, staff appraisal and technical/regular monitoring/reporting. S/he will conduct
a monthly meeting to draw monthly action plans of each of the staff and inform the Project
Leader. S/he will conduct weekly meetings to review the progress and make necessary
changes in the monthly action plan, based on the field realities. S/he will be responsible for
procurement and physical execution of the all project related works, with technical guidance
of the related member of Project Implementation Team.
Each Subject Expert (in the TST) will be responsible for coordinating with the PNGOs, on
matters related to his/her area of specialization. While s/he formally coordinates only with
the NGO representative, s/he is free to directly guide the counterpart member of PIT on
subject specific matters, with intimation to NGO representative. All procurements, technical
designs and other matters of subject specific nature will be referred to the Subject Expert
and the implementation will be carried out by the PNGOs, strictly adhering to the norms/
specification suggested by her/him. Each Subject Expert will draft one section in the Half
Yearly Report, relevant to his/her subject. All the Subject Experts will prepare a monthly
action plan at the beginning of every month and after approval of the Project Leader will
execute the same. At the end of every month, each SE will submit a monthly report to the
Project Leader describing the progress in the sector handled by him/her. Subject Experts
will draft all the letters pertaining to the subject related aspects and after taking the signature
of the Project Leader will send to the project partners. All the letters, including on the
subject related matters, to the PNGOs should be signed by the Project Leader.
Manager-Process Monitoring (MPM) will coordinate with three PNGOs. S/he will be responsible
for assessing the field difficulties in realizing the project goal and carrying out problem
solving exercises. S/he will also be bringing out staff capacity building needs, apart from
facilitating the process documentation at PNGO level. They will guide the PNGOs on matters
related to field operations and bringing out qualitative reports. MPMs have the additional
responsibility of ensuring strict implementation of Operational Guidelines (including the
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financial and administrative guidelines), issued by TST from time to time. They will be
responsible for maintaining a project related data base of PNGOs and provide information
to Subject Experts as and when required. S/he will keep track of NGOs with regular field
visits as well as collection of press clipping and of their confidential reports. All the MPMs
will prepare a monthly action plan at the beginning of every month and after approval of
the Project Leader will execute the same. At the end of every month, each MPM will submit
a monthly report to the Project Leader describing the progress in the area handled by him/
her.
Members of the Project Implementation Team are responsible for coordinating all the
activities taken up in their area, pertaining to each one’s expertise. At the village level
members, of PIT would coordinate with VC while at the team level with the PNGO
representative. They will functionally report to the PNGO representative, on a weekly
basis. On the technical matters they will coordinate directly with the concerned SE. Each
PIT member will submit a monthly action plan to the PNGO representative, at the beginning
of every month. The action plan will be finalized, in consultation with VCs. At the end of
every month, each PIT member will submit a monthly progress report to the PNGO
representative, who in turn will forward it to the Project Leader.
Village Coordinator will be responsible for the implementation of all the activities, at the
village level. Each VC will be responsible for about 10-12 villages. VC will coordinate with
members of the Project Implementation Team directly, based on the nature of the activity
taken up at the village level. VC will functionally report to the NGO representative, on a
weekly basis. VCs will submit a monthly action plan to the PNGO representative, at the
beginning of every month. The action plan will be finalized, in consultation with PITs. At the
end of every month, each VC will submit a monthly progress report to the PNGO
representative.
Nodal NGO will co-opt or terminate PNGOs, in consultation with the Project Leader. PNGOs
will appoint or terminate the members of PIT, VCs and other support staff. TST will assist
the PNGOs in carrying out the annual staff performance appraisal. They will report to the
Project Leader on a quarterly basis.
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B 8b Coordination with Government Agencies
It is obligatory on part of the BIRDS to have interaction with the Government, under FCRA.
PNGOs are also having the obligation to have formal interaction with the Government, as
per FCRA.
At the state level, coordination with government agencies will be done by the Project
Leader and Subject Experts. At the district level, PNGO representative or the Head will
coordinate with the relevant district authorities. Within the district, members of PIT and
VCs will coordinate with the concerned government officers and Panchayat Institutions.
B 8c
Coordination with other NGOs
AMEF (Bangalore) is identified as an NGO with similar interests in promoting organic
agriculture. The Subject Expert – Agriculture will coordinate with AMEF to bring in the
experience gained therein for the benefit of farmers of project area.
CDHI (Jalpaiguri) has been doing pioneering work, especially in gender and institutional
development aspects of water-based projects. It is therefore identified as one of the resource
agencies for the proposed project to gain from. Subject Experts (Institutional Development
and Gender) will coordinate with CDHI.
World Water Institute (Pune) is a resource agency for water related research and training.
Subject Expert – Water Management will coordinate with WWI for enlisting support in
research and training component of the project.
B 8d
Project Steering Committee
A Project Steering Committee (PSC) will be constituted for smooth running of the project
with the following members.
Status Name Agency/Department Association
Chair-Person Sri. V. Paul Raja Rao BIRDS Nodal NGO
Convener Dr. T. N. Reddy PMT- PRIYUM Project Partner
Member Sri. V. K. Upadhyay PRIYUM Project Partner
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Member Smt. Sunitha Sharma World Ed Project Partner
Member Sri. Dasaratha Reddy GVS Project Partner
Member Sri. M. C. Josiah BIRDS Project Partner
Member Sri. Veerupaksha Reddy AARDIP Project Partner
Member Sri. A. R. K. Prasad CARVE Project Partner
Member Sri. D. Swamy Das DIPA Project Partner
Member Dr. M. Madhukar Reddy PARTNER Project Partner
Member Dr. Vijayalaxmi CARE Project Partner
Member Dr. Ravi Prakash AME Foundation Project Partner
Member Sri. Ganesh Pangare World Water Institute Expert
Member The Commissioner Agriculture Deptt., GoAP Expert
Member The Director APSGWD, GoAP Expert
Member The Managing Director APSWFC, GoAP Expert
Member FAO Representative FAO India
Member FAO National Programme FAO India
Coordinator
(Land and Water)
As soon as these persons express their willingness to participate in the project
implementation, they will automatically become the members of the Project Steering
Committee.
The Project Steering Committee shall meet once in six months to review the implementation
and progress of the project and advise the project for better implementation. Further, it
also has the mandate to monitor the financial and physical achievements of the project
and ensure transparency and accountability.
The Project Steering Committee shall be in vogue till the end of the project.
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Project Document
C. DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE
The Water Vision Document of Government of Andhra Pradesh states the following goals
for 2020
1. To have clean, hygienic, accessible, affordable and secure drinking water supplies for
all people
2. To encourage individual, community and government commitment and participation
for efficient water management for securing water resources for present and future
uses
3. To develop a strong, efficient, secure, well managed and sustainable irrigation sector
4. To transform existing subsidized and government controlled water management system
into sustainable, self-reliance and people’s managed one
5. To achieve sustainable levels of water extraction from rivers, tanks and groundwater
resources
6. To develop an efficient rain fed agriculture
7. To conserve each drop of rainwater to generate more revenue and community
satisfaction
8. To improve management of surface water bodies both in rural and urban areas
9. To increase the level of participation of women and landless people in decision-making
at local levels
10. To conserve aquatic ecosystems and the environmental sources they provide such as
secure fish stocks and clean water
11. To use an informed knowledge base, built on reliable and up to date water data and
information in decision-making at all levels
12. To restore the commitment of Government to provide a secure water future for all
The Governor of Andhra Pradesh promulgated Andhra Pradesh Ordinance No. 15 of 200 on
15 December 2000, under the article 348 (3) of the Constitution of India. Under this
Ordinance, the Government should constitute an authority called Andhra Pradesh Water,
Land and Trees Authority. Groundwater protection measures forms the third chapter of the
Ordinance, salient features of which are listed below.
· All wells have to be registered
· Designated officer can prohibit water pumping in certain areas
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· Permission to be obtained from the GWA for sinking a well for any purpose by any
individual or agency
· Permission has to be obtained from APTRANSCO also for sinking wells
· The authority may declare any area as over exploited, on the advise of a Technical
Officer
· If deemed necessary, the Authority can order for closure of wells and pay compensation
The project has a specific purpose as stated below:
Stage is set for enabling the farmers to manage their groundwater systems in about 650
villages in seven drought-prone districts of Andhra Pradesh by the year 2008
It is evident that the project would contribute to accomplishing all the stated long term
objectives of Government of Andhra Pradesh in general. The project would in particular
contribute directly to goal numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 9 and 11, in particular. Additionally, it would
create an enabling environment for real implementation of the APWALTA, as the project
would address the issue from the bottom up approach.
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D. IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES, OUTPUTS AND ACTIVITIES
In order to reach the Project Goal as stated in Section C of the document, four immediate
objectives have to be achieved. For achieving each immediate objective, a set of outputs
have to result. A set of activities need to be taken up for resulting of the each output.
Immediate objectives of the project and their respective outputs (and their respective
activities) are discussed in the following section.
D 1 Immediate objective 1:
About 3,000 Men and Women farmers are in a position to understand groundwater systems
within which they are operating at about 650 habitations in Andhra Pradesh, in a scientific
manner, by the year 2008.
D1a Output 1.1:
Hydrological Monitoring Networks established, covering about 650 habitations in Andhra
Pradesh, by 2006.
Activity 1.1.1: Delineation of Hydrological Units
Reconnaissance is a desk exercise including study of maps and secondary literature. This
would result in delineation of the hydrological units, which might include villages not covered
earlier in the PHM pilot. The exercise would result in listing of villages that could be partnered
for project intervention. However, in the later field validation some new villages may be
added and listed villages may be deleted. The project staff will visit each of the villages
short-listed in the reconnaissance. This first contact of the village would permit the project
staff to familiarize themselves not only with the general physical set-up of the village but
also the social power equations within a village.
Activity 1.1.2: Preparation of Base Document for each Hydrological Unit
PRA techniques what that will be used in the resource inventory will necessarily include;
resource mapping, social mapping, seasonal analysis, time-line and matrix ranking. Transect
walks (another important PRA tool) will validate the information collected through group
exercises at the village. PRA will give a very broad picture of the village resources, which
essentially include water, land, plant, animal and human components of the village ecosystem.
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Theme based fieldwork will then be carried out to collect the base line data. The pilot
activity has already evolved a methodology of data collection (including the formats), in
the Gundlakamma pilot. The same will be used in primary data collection at new villages.
Each member of the professional team will have specific task in the process of primary
data collection. Hydrological Facilitator will be responsible to record and assess the water
resources (special emphasis on groundwater) through well inventory, study of natural
drainage, tanks, etc. Agriculture Facilitator would concentrate on matters related to
agriculture-water use, agronomic practices, soil analysis, cropping patterns, etc. While
Institutional Development Facilitator would look into the broader aspects of community
dynamics and institutional capacities, the Gender Facilitator would specifically collect and
record the data related to gender roles in water management.
Base document is a very crucial document in the sense that it will give data for later impact
analysis. Chapterization of the base document is already evolved through PHM pilot and
same will be followed for all the villages. The base document would record pre-project
intervention scenario in a partner village on all aspects related to the village ecosystem.
Each member of the PT will contribute to the document based on his or her specialization.
Activity 1.1.3: Physical works
Physical work in the project includes; insertion of measuring pipe and discharge measurement
provision in the observation wells, establishment of rain gauge station, putting up of
signboards and display boards. Installation will be carried out under the guidance of the
project staff, preferably the Hydrological Facilitator. Skilled and unskilled human labour is
available in the village. The installations will be carried out as per the procedures
recommended in the reference document and later field innovations in the pilot activity.
In the RNE phase, staff has tried several standards and the project is now a standard
procedure is evolved and communicated to all the staff. The PHM Manual, prepared in the
pilot phase, describes the procedure and criteria for selection of observation wells and site
for rain gauge station. PRA exercise and theme-specific fieldwork would bring out the
spatial distribution and other technical details of water sources, including the wells. Working
with the resource map and the hydrological data collected, HF will shortlist the wells suitable
as observation wells. Geographic location, type of well, yield, apart from the hydrogeological
characters will determine the well selection.
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Feasibility of the short listed wells will be assessed through social validation consisting of
individual meetings with well owners and common meeting of farmers and opinion leaders.
Though the number of observation wells in a hydrological unit is determined by its shape
and extent, it is appropriate to assume that each village will have five wells, on an average.
Of these five, one will be failed or abandoned well, which is capped. If an observation well
has to be abandoned on social or technical reasons, a substitute will be found immediately
and converted into an observation well. Discharge measurement provision will be made
for at least two wells in a village.
By the time this stage is reached in a village, it is learned that sufficient confidence is built
up in the farming community about the intention and purpose of the project. In all the
villages where pilot project had established rain gauge, farmers have donated a piece of
land suitable for rain gauge installation. Site conditions were perfect at all these places
even from a purely technical angle. It is planned to follow the same approach for the new
villages that will be covered under the project.
The hydrological equipment needed for creating infrastructure for the project include;
water level indicator, insertion pipe and accessories, rain gauge, stopwatch, calibrated
drum and other accessories. One time procurement of the material is not advisable, as the
project will not have suitable stocking facilities and equipment might change from time to
time based on field assessments. It is proposed that material is procured just before an
activity for example a rain gauge station is installed. This will mean a staggered
procurement. The procurement and supply will be transparent and would follow the following
steps.
· Quotations will be called for from at least three manufacturers
· Previous performance, cost and other technical aspects will determine the selection of
the material
· Procurement will necessitate proper bills and vouchers
· Immediately after procurement, the same will be entered in assets registered
· Material is issued to farmers after taking signatures in the issue register
Where applicable, manufacturers will be encouraged to demonstrate the quality of the
material on no profit basis.
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D1b Output 1.2:
Farmer equipped to collect, record and share the hydrological data covering about 650
habitations in Andhra Pradesh, by 2008.
Activity 1.2.1: Farmers training (Module 1, 2 and 3)
Farmer volunteers play a vital role in the success of the present project, as they are the
torchbearers of farmer managed groundwater systems. It is learned that wherever active
volunteers are present, there is greater success. One lesson learned in the pilot phase is
the inactiveness or migration of the trained volunteer would necessitate identification of a
substitute, which means loss of time and some valuable data. To overcome this difficulty,
more number of volunteers will be identified and trained for the purpose of the farmer
managed groundwater systems.
As in the case of project staff, farmer trainings are best timed if they are conducted just
before start of a project activity. Demonstration and practice session is an effective way of
skill transfer. Usage of audio-visuals and live models is another useful method proved to
be effective. Training of farmers will take into consideration these learning and adapt the
training modules, as and when required. However, a general training calendar will be
prepared and followed for proper monitoring of the training activity. The World Education
component will be incorporated into this broader project calendar to ensure proper scheduling
of the various project activities.
Exposure visit is the most effective method of rural communication because of the fact
that seeing is believing. Farmer to farmer interaction is proved to be superior to scientistfarmer
interaction because of the simple reason that they speak the same language in the
same accent. It is proposed that farmers of new villages are exposed to the successful
IPHM/EPHM villages of pilot project.
Exchange visit is another most important way of farmer-to-farmer learning. This is effective
and there is always something to learn from a failure initiative also. It is proposed that
during the implementation, staff would organize exchange visits from one project village
to another, if they think that it is meaningful.
Activity 1.2.2: Farmers data management
Soon after the physical works are over, the stage is set for collection of hydrological data.
As the start of data collection is season-related, it will be kept in mind to time the physical
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activities in such a way that a hydrological calendar is not missed. In the present project,
the data collection will be done on same lines as that of PHM pilot.
Hydrological monitoring record was developed during PHM pilot. One difficulty the farmers
faced in updating the HMR is related to lack of writing skills. However, this problem was
overcome by identifying a literate person for the job, who in most cases is a farmer
volunteer. However, there is a necessity to devise a pictorial Hydrological Monitoring Record
to overcome this problem in case a village (in most cases inhabited by tribals) has no
literate person. This will be done during the implementation of the project.
In PHM pilot, data display board was planned only in case of IPHM watersheds. This board
depicted the hydrology and geological section of the watershed and location of observation
wells, apart from provision for exhibiting the analyzed results of the farmer collected
hydrological data. This was done at a central location in a watershed, which means only
one of the constituent villages.
The need for displaying the EPHM data was also realized during the pilot phase. Rising to
the occasion, the project made provision for data boards at every village, including those
covered under EPHM. These village boards were simple and low cost as they involved
black painting a wall in the village centre and providing space for writing water levels and
rainfall received. Erection of sign boards at the entrance of every PHM villages also proved
to be effective in generating awareness among the villagers about the PHM pilot.
It is proposed that a signboard and data display board is erected at all the partner villages,
while watershed updating type of board is erected at the central village in every watershed/
hydrological unit.
The importance of creating a groundwater-based institution was realized in the PHM pilot
as each existing village institution has a specific agenda and pursues the same. GMC is
formed with the membership of men and women farmers. As the sustainable groundwater
management would call for presence of a strong and exclusive village institution, it is
proposed that the pilot project approach is adopted in the present project also.
Specific training/exposure is needed for building the capacity of the GMC, which would
have the mandate to facilitate the farmer managed groundwater systems. Apart from the
technical skill, management aspects such as book keeping and conducting meeting, conflict
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resolution would be some of the topics that will be covered under this activity. Regular
meeting of GMC members is essential, as that would give a platform for discussing the
issues related to groundwater management. The fund creation is important to meet the
common expenditure that will be incurred in operation and maintenance of the assets
created by the project as well as for liaising with the line departments.
D1c Output 1.3:
Additional groundwater recharge potential is created in overexploited aquifer zones covering
about 650 habitations in Andhra Pradesh, by 2008.
Activity 1.3.1: Identification of over-exploited aquifer zones
Watershed development activities are being implemented in the state in a big way with
multiple donors funding. It is possible that most of the project villages will be covered by
this. An inventory of watershed activities will come out in the base line survey. Impact of
the watershed activities in project villages will be clear through the farmer monitoring of
groundwater systems.
However, it is possible that some of the project villages are left out under the watershed
development programme. Additionally, in some of the villages the watershed development
might not result in the desired improvement in groundwater situation. It is proposed that
such villages are assessed thoroughly and if feasible groundwater recharge structures are
built, especially in depleting aquifer systems.
Activity 1.3.2: Construction of Artificial Recharge Structures
Where suitable sites are available, artificial groundwater recharge, construction of structures
will be taken up with active participation of the communities.
D1d Output 1.4:
Staffs possess the knowledge and skills to take up the tasks in Hydrology covering about
650 habitations in Andhra Pradesh, by 2005.
Activity 1.4.1: Staff training and exposure: PHM
Staff from pilot phase is very well acquainted with content and targets of PHM. The new
staff recruited during RNE phase are also picking up very fast. The new staffs that are
going to be taken on board will have been oriented properly.
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While, PHM manual written in the pilot phase will serve as guide for field level operations,
the new staff will be given specific training, apart from keeping them under apprenticeship
with the old staff for a one month period.
Activity 1.4.2: Staff training and exposure: AGR
Few staff was exposed to the intricacies of Artificial Groundwater Recharge methodology,
during the pilot phase. However, due to personal reasons, they were not available for the
project in the RNE phase. They will again be contacted to take them on board for FAO
phase. However, there is a need for training and exposing the other staff also. Specific
training/exposure will be organized with reputed institutes for building the capacity of the
project staff for efficiently implementing the artificial recharge component.
D 2 Immediate Objective 2:
Hydrological data base, using GIS platform, is developed for usage of Groundwater
Management Committees, covering 650 habitations, by the year 2006.
D 2a Output 2.1:
Pilot GIS Stations established at 9 PNGO base towns, by the year 2005.
Activity 2.1.1: Installation of hardware
Before the GIS demystification can take place, the required hardware will be installed at
all the PNGO offices. In the RNE phase, seven PNGOs and TST were equipped with necessary
hardware. In the FAO phase, two more PNGOs will be equipped with the computer hardware
for installation of GIS.
Activity 2.1.2: Installation of software
Arc Info was installed at the TST office, during the RNE phase, apart from Arc View at
seven partner NGOs. In the FAO phase, two more PNGOs will be provided with Arc View
software. Each of the partner NGO will try out the GIS usage at one pilot Hydrological Unit.
D 2b Output 2.2:
About 20 Staff members equipped with necessary skills in GIS and GPS, by 2005.
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Activity 2.2.1: Staff training: Arc Info
Key staff will be trained in usage of the higher end Arc Info. This will be important as most
of the analysis will be carried out at this level, with the inputs from Sumadhura.
Activity 2.2.2: Staff training: Arc View
All the technical staff will be equipped with the skills to operate Arc View. As there will be
minimum analysis at this level, the software will be good enough at that level. Sumadhura’s
services will be enlisted in staff training and handholding.
Activity 2.2.3: Staff training: GPS
With the introduction of GIS environment, the necessity for usage of Global Positioning
Systems will arise. Therefore, all the technical staff will be trained by Sumadhura in handling
of GPS, which locates points such as wells that can be directly fed to the GIS.
D 2c Output 2.3:
Data necessary to build up base maps of pilot Hydrological Units procured, by 2005.
Activity 2.3.1: Farmers data storage
Farmers, in some of the target HUs have amassed large amount of hydrological data. It is
proposed that a methodology for storage of this data in GIS environment for later usage in
Crop Water Budgeting is essential. This will be done for one pilot Hydrological Unit of each
PNGO.
Activity 2.3.2: Collection of paper/digitized maps
For generation of thematic maps (a one time exercise, to be used later by staff and farmers),
it is necessary to procure the available paper/digitized maps. All the relevant paper/digitized
maps will be collected for usage in the project.
Activity 2.3.3: Collection of satellite imageries
Satellite imageries provide excellent updated information on geology, geomorphology and
other geographic features on the earth. Satellite images covering pilot HUs will be procured
and used for generation of thematic maps.
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Activity 2.3.4: Collection of secondary data
All the relevant secondary data will be collected, in all forms, from government departments
and other agencies for usage in building up the thematic data on pilot Hydrological Units.
D 2d Output 2.4:
Nine GIS Stations customized for application of Crop Water Budgeting, by 2006.
Activity 2.4.1: Farmer-Scientist Workshops
Series of farmer-scientist workshops will be organized to initiate discussion on
demystification of GIS. The points noted down in these workshops will be guiding factor
for later research and development.
Activity 2.4.2: Research and Development
With active partnership of Sumadhura and other resource agencies, TST will carry out the
necessary research to develop suitable hardware and software for usage by the farmers.
Activity 2.4.3: Crop-Water Information Kiosks
It is proposed that Crop-Water information Kiosks are established at Hydrological Unit
level which will provide services to the farmers on issues related to crops and water. These
kiosks will ultimately be managed by the GMC.
D 3 Immediate Objective 3:
About 6,500 farm families enabled for adoption of alternative agricultural practices suiting
the availability of groundwater, by the year 2008.
D 3a Output 3.1:
Crops suiting the groundwater balance promoted, in about 650 habitations in Andhra
Pradesh, by 2008.
Activity 3.1.1: Crop Water Budgeting
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As learned in the pilot, the resource inventory exercise will be repeated at the beginning of
each Rabi season. While the project staff will do the first Rabi season, necessary linkages
with groundwater department or other related department are necessary for post-project
sustainability.
Crop-water budgeting is done at the beginning of each Rabi season. The budgeting is
greatly influenced by the groundwater balance and baseline data on cropping pattern. It is
proposed that such crop-water budgeting workshops are organized in the partner villages
of the project. The workshop will serve as a platform for scientist-farmer interaction to
evolve a scientifically sound and farmer-friendly allocation of water use for different purposes
of which agriculture consumes more than 70% of the total water available. This will be
based on the outcome of the groundwater balance estimate, worked out in the previous
step of the project. The effort will be to match the annual groundwater balance (at the
beginning of Rabi) with the groundwater draft for Rabi crop (during which the main irrigation
source is groundwater). Groundwater need and allocation will be facilitated at this workshop,
for each of the constituent villages based on the irrigable area and cropping pattern.
The Crop Water Budgeting package developed in the pilot project will be used for this
purpose. The output of the crop-water budgeting is the crop-water use plans based on the
groundwater estimation, farmer’s choice of crop and soil conditions. It is proposed that the
same practice is continued in the new villages covered under the project.
Once it is clear, what type of crops will ensure equitable and judicious groundwater use,
the demand for agricultural inputs will be created. The need for external support in choosing
the right crops, right agronomic practices, fertilizer use and pest/weed management will
be realized by the farmers. The demand is expected to be more where farmers choose an
entirely new cropping pattern, in which they do not have, working experience. The agriculture
extension part of the project will play crucial role in extending the agricultural technologies
in this stage of the project. It is proposed that with active involvement of the Agriculture
Facilitator, the process of improved agriculture that is sustainable and environment friendly
is promoted in the project. The link between water and agricultural practices has become
more evident in the present IPHM watersheds. The pilot activity has taken up the following
sub-activities under agriculture extension.
· Crop planning based on irrigation water availability
· Organic farming
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· Alternate wetting and drying in paddy resulting 30 - 50% saving
· Alternate furrow irrigation 35- 70% saving in different crops
· Mulching practices - plastic mulch-50%, organic mulch 35% saving
· Pressurized irrigation systems - drip and sprinkler
· Promotion of dry land horticulture
· Promotion of Irrigated Dry crops
· Improved rain fed farming
· Seed production - seed village, seed bank
It is proposed that some of these sustainable agricultural practices are promoted in the
project.
Planning the crops is different than actual cropping. Pilot project, at the end of the each
Rabi crop planning session, carried out a detailed crop adoption survey to gauge willingness
of the farmers to adopt changed cropping system as well as to estimate decrease in
groundwater use. It is proposed that such crop adoption surveys are carried out in the
project also.
Activity 3.1.2: Participatory Technology Development on irrigation methods
PTD is a process with people through people for development, and it searches for real
solutions to actual problems in their agricultural crop production system. PTD essentially is
a process of purposeful and creative interaction between local communities and outside
facilitators, in order to understand the main characteristics and dynamics of that particular
agro-ecological “options” based on the experiences derived from both indigenous knowledge
(locally, farmers elsewhere) and formal science.
To do this activity to select farmers from the selective ground water management committee
in selected of Hydrological Unit to set an experiment on irrigation methods to have efficient
utilization of water for the crop production.
During the process of organising PTD the following steps followed by staff and farmers.
· Identifying the existing situations and method of irrigation.
· Identifying the major problems in irrigation methods.
· Prioritizing the major problems studied.
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· Organise a workshop consists of farmers, staff and selective scientists to design the
experiment.
· Implement the experiment consists of two to three variations to evaluate
· Minimum 4 farmers should be there for each of the variable used for the experiment.
· Document the process of changes and observations consisting of social, technical and
economical.
· Participatory evaluation with the farmers by cross visit to each of hydrological units.
· Organise workshops to conclude the method for effective and efficient water utilisation.
· Analyse the results for influence the policies and adopt more number of farmers in
larger areas.
Some of the evolved methods shall be followed by the project area farmers and change in
their production system.
Selection criteria : Affinity group of 20 to 25 farmers of selected ground water management
committees, selected crop, from either marginal, small, medium farm households from
different farming situations (such as, upper reaches, middle reaches and lower reaches or
other criteria, based on the learning from field studies during capacity building exercises).
· Identify innovative farmers and also energetic youth and actual cultivator/ from farm
households (mostly from farmers groups and female farmers also be preferred) and
build their capacity to become Farmer Trainers by involving them, with gradually
increasing responsibilities, in the implementation of PTD processes.
· Farmer trainers will be selected from farmers participating in PTD process using selection
criteria paying attention to gender equity as well as knowledge, attitude and skills
required to implement the tasks allotted.
· Facilitate experiential field learning to them while jointly guiding experimentation through
PTD exercises in different cropping seasons.
· They will be trained and further screened at regular intervals and extensively retrained
for about 3 years. Gradually taking over the responsibility of training of other farmers.
· A number of farmer trainers are gradually to take the role of resource persons who
will provide the required support services (technical, input supplies and other services,
etc.).
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The following experiments will be initiated;
· Promote experiments towards strengthen the main crop production with effective
use of water in rice, cotton, chilly, vegetable and fruit crops. On issues including
method of irrigation , green manure, crop rotation, improved varieties, cropping
systems, cropping practices, in-situ moisture conservation etc.,
· To supplement the on going experimentation the following other activities could be
taken if desired; experiments on tree, fodder, fruit crops for the alternative in
come through the waste/ vacant lands, recycling of the agricultural waste in the
farm by improved method of composting and vermin-composting practices.
· Experiment with alternate agriculture practices, such as intensified horticulture
consists of vegetables, fruits and nutritional gardening for the linkages with the
marketing and processing of farm products to gain the additional income and
nutritious food.
· Experiment with less water consuming, high value and less volume crops and
cropping systems, in areas with good hydro resources developed under the project,
Activity 3.1.3: Farmer Field Schools: Integrated Pest and Production Management
Farmer Field School: Is an approach for the empowering and mastering of the farmers
through discovery and experiential learning on integrated pest and production management
through non formal education. It is community based hands on practical oriented field
study programme. The FFS provides an opportunity to for these farmers to learn together
using interesting hands on methods of discovery learning.
The following activities will be held as as a step by step approach:
Selecting the few habitats of hydrological Unit
Orientation to staff on FFS principles and concept
Training to the selected staff facilitators
Developing curriculum for FFS along with staff
Identification of HU and HB
Identification and prioritization of the issues
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Selection of topics
Learning contract
Base line establishment
Inauguration of FFS
Season long sessions for every week on fixed day
Designing the experimentation
Review of FFS at early season
Review of FFS at mid season
Review of FFS at the end of the season
Field day
Impact assessment of the FFS
Alumni groups of previous seasons FFS will be imitated.
Compilation and analysis of data
Progress report.
The guidelines followed will be as per the FAO –EU cotton IPM Programme in Asia -
Experiences in India. Some of them are listed below.
Selection of FFS farmers: In a typical FFS, there will be 25 selected crop and farmers
(male and/female) as trainees. In special situations, however, some grass-root level NGO
staff and farmer-trainers on apprenticeship training may also participate as trainees; the
total number of FFS trainees shall be kept as 25.
Selection of Facilitators: Normally each FFS is facilitated by two technically competent
facilitators who have undergone a fully season-long Training of Facilitators (ToF) course.
Field Plots: The primary learning material at the FFS is the cotton field. A typical FFS will
have about 2 acres of crop field for group study. Normally, this field will be owned by one
of the FFS trainee participant farmers. It is at this field that the FFS trainees will conduct
simple experiments/validation trials, make observations for Crop Ecosystem Analysis (CESA
Duration: The FFS lasts for a full crop season, covering seed to seed, so that the participants
can observe and analyze the dynamics of cotton field ecology across the season. There
will be a total of at least 20 training sessions during this period. The first 16 sessions will be
held on weekly basis (on any fixed day of the week) while the remaining 4 sessions,
fortnightly. ( It depends on the crop situation).
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FFS session Duration: Each session will last 4 to 5 hours except the inaugural and field
days and shall be run in the morning only.
Grouping of trainees: At the beginning of the FFS, the trainees will be grouped into four
and, normally, this grouping will be maintained till the end of the FFS.
FFS gathering grouping place: The FFS will have a gathering place, close to the FFS field,
where the farmers will be able to gather, make drawings on their field observations, discuss,
make presentations etc.
Field day: Towards the end of the FFS sessions, a field day will be conducted by the FFS
farmers themselves using the FFS field study plots to explain about IPM. Farmers of the
FFS village, local leaders and politicians/policy makers will participate.
Training Norms and Expectations: In participatory discussion with the FFS farmers, the
training norms and expectations should be set at the beginning of the FFS and clearly
explained to the participants. Some points to remember are:
Training Methodologies and approaches: The training is season-long covering all stages of
the selected crops from seed to seed. The participants meet on a regular basis so that they
can observe and analyse the dynamics of crop field ecology ( including the population
dynamics of crop pests and their natural enemies during various stages of the crop growth)
across the full season. The training is fully field oriented, participatory and discovery
based i.e. “learning by doing”. The primary learning material is the field. The FFS uses field
studies as a learning method. Simple experiments such as comparison between IPM and
farmer practice (conventional practice), study on plant compensation etc. are usually carried
out by the group. These are not demonstrations. The FFS farmers maintain the fields as a
group. This allows the group to take decisions they may not be able to do in their own field
(e.g. not spray or have a control plot) and helps farmers learn how to have an experimental
approach to problem solving. The training aims at teaching Science to the farmers in his
own fields
The FFS has a minimum amount of lecture. Most concepts and skills are taught through
interesting and hands-on structured learning activities that are run by the facilitator. Skill
learning is more efficient when done this way. It also removes the burden of lecture from
the facilitator and allows farmers to become facilitators themselves (they repeat the
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facilitation process of hands-on activities). The basis for the training approach is nonformal
education, itself a ‘learner-centered’ discovery process. Training curriculum is based
on local needs. What is relevant and meaningful is decided by the farmers. Empowerment
of farmers to solve ‘living problems’ actively by fostering participation, self-confidence,
dialogue, joint decision making and self-determination. FFS learning is an evolutionary
process, and is characterized by free and open communication, confrontation, acceptance,
respect and the right to make mistakes. Working in small groups and co-operative
approaches are enabling
Training Objective and Quality Indicators: The broad aim of the FFS is to make the farmers
experts in all the farming operations including pest management so that they can grow a
healthy crop. So the four IPM principles listed earlier are the training objective of the FFS.
In order to achieve these objectives, appropriate activities have to be identified and carried
out properly. Quality indicators should be used to judge whether the activities are carried
out properly.
The quality indicators are a simple observable process, which not only helps the facilitators
as a guideline, but also will be also useful for the visitors to judge the quality of the activity
carried out in the FFS. The indicators, which are easily measurable, will be the best tools to
assess the quality. The facilitators have to identify the clearly observable and easily
measurable quality indicators for all the activities of FFS.
FFS Curriculum: Based on local needs and, in discussion with the selected FFS farmers, a
general curriculum and schedule of activities will be developed by the facilitators, prior to
starting of the first FFS session. While developing the curriculum, the training objectives
and quality indicators will be taken into consideration. The Curriculum so developed at the
beginning of the FFS will serve as the guideline for carrying out the FFS activities. However,
it should be remembered that changes in the curriculum topics/schedule of activities can
be made depending upon the prevailing situation but this has to be done in consultation
with the FFS farmers.
FFS curriculum time matrix:
The training will focus on the following four different areas as follows:
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Item
% Time
Science and Farmers 50
Group dynamics and team building exercise 30
Management aspects 10
Organization aspects 10
Examples of activities/topics that will represent the above items are:
Science with farmers: CESA, Experiments, Insect zoo, some relevant special topics
Group Dynamics/Team Building: Various group dynamics exercises, energizers, icebreakers
etc.
Organization and Management: Work plan development, organizing Field day, organizing
FFS materials, budget building, work plan development, CESA follow-up etc. As the training
progresses, the farmers will be increasing by involved in organizing and management and
take greater control of FFS running, planning etc.
Common FFS Activities: Except on the FFS inaugural day, all FFS sessions will have the
following common activities.
· Recapitulation of previous session activities.
· Presentation of days activities
· Field observation for CESA
· CESA drawing, analysis of observation, discussion & decision making by
sub groups.
· CESA presentation by Group wise.
· Follow up of CESA/field action
· Observation on experiments
· Insect Zoo set up and observation
· Group Dynamics/ice breakers
· Special Topics
· Planning for next week
· Review of day’s activities
Special topics: Special topics support the cotton ecosystem analysis by delving more deeply
into specific issues relating to the crop ecosystem. Special topics sharpen the skills of the
participants to do cotton ecosystem analysis better. Special topics also provide training in
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basic experimentation methods. Special topics should be based on local problems and
should be conducted in fields where the problems exist.
Group dynamics and team building exercises: the purpose of the group dynamics activity
is to help participants develop an understanding of how:
· Groups work in given problematic situations
· Cohesiveness and collaboration can be developed
· Communicative action is a fundamental element in well functioning groups
Crop Eco-system Analysis (CESA): Based on understanding of the ecological and interaction
between the environment, plant, herbivores (insect pests, rats, diseases etc) and the
natural enemies of herbivores (parasites and predicators). Decision-making in FFS requires
an analysis of the ecosystem. Crop Eco-System Analysis (CESA) stipulates weekly field
observation on plant health and its compensation abilities, population fluctuations of pest
and defenders, soil conditions, climatic factors, agronomic practices etc. and analysis of
situation taking into consideration the inter-relationship among the factors. The analysis
leads to taking a quality decision on appropriate management practices.
Participatory Experimentations: The objective of participatory experimentation
is to learn by discovering and to stimulate a problem-solving attitude. The varietal trials,
fertilizer trials, irrigation methods, simulation studies on plant compensation, defender
exclusion studies and other research trials can be conducted locally by the farmers with
the assistance of the facilitators. Farmer studies are sources of innovation and provide a
vital evaluation of location specific variables.
Selection of experiments should be based on farmer’s problems. Farmers are involved in
planning and design of experiments, which is based on learning cycle. Experiments must
be laid out so that observable processes shown in quality indicators are achieved. The
process of selecting a topic using topic selection matrix, idea matrix and observation matrix
is explained
Insect Zoo: One of the most interesting activities in the FFS that stimulates curiosity and
interest among the farmers is the insect zoo. The FFS participants undertake several simple
studies to learn the life cycle of the pests and their natural enemies, to learn about the
pest-defender interactions, predation and parasitism, the damage symptoms etc. This
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activity, a good example of discovery based learning, also helps the farmers to strengthen
their skills to identify the crop pests and their natural enemies. The facilitators of FFS
should take extra efforts to ensure that all participant groups in the FFS undertake as
many insect zoo studies as possible.
FFS establishment: selection of right village for establishing FFS and the selection of right
kind of farmers as trainees will greatly contribute to the success of the FFS. Prior to starting
the FFS, at least four visits to the villages by the facilitators are considered essential.
Suggested activities during such visits are given below as a guideline.
FFS activity in the project will be undertaken where the problematic crops and related to
the water consumption. In these farmers will be mastered in integrated pest and production
management of few of the crops like cotton, groundnut, chilly and red gram and other lead
sensitive crops.
D 3b Output 3.2:
External Inputs in Agriculture reduced, by 2007.
Activity 3.2.1: Bridge course on Low External Input Agriculture
Upgrading the skills and knowledge of selected staff and farmer facilitators for the facilitation
of PTD and FFS process, the bridge courses could be held to smooth running of the
programme. Also to help the facilitators to review and refine the curriculum based on the
need of the community. The course on low external inputs including the water, nutrient,
pesticides , seed and other related issues etc.,
Activity 3.2.2: Bio-agents production centre
To sustain the on going activities of crop production, the bio agents or whatever the material
are used in the Integrated pest and production systems made available at the local level
and it should be managed by the farmers.
Activity 3.2.3: Documentation and Dissemination of best practices in Agricultural
Production System
Unlike many development projects, it is expected that the proposed project would generate
and systematically document the pre-intervention scenario in all aspects. It will then become
easy for comparing pre and post-intervention scenarios at various stages of project
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implementation. This will be done through regular internal reviews. However, the impact of
the project intervention is important to be recorded for later adoption by other project. It
is proposed that an impact assessment survey is taken up at the concluding stages of the
project, by which time it is essential to document the same systematically.
It is essential that the experience of the project be documented properly for probable
adoption by other governmental/non-governmental agencies in the country or elsewhere.
The project is having a strong documentation process. Documentation will be in the form
of reports, photographs, press clippings, audio and video.
Activity 3.2.4: Farmer Training Teams
The term “Farmer Training Team” or “FTT” refers to training teams entirely composed of
farmers. It is proposed that individual farmers who are capable of becoming trainers are
identified, during the project period and after sharpening of their skills as well as imparting
in-depth knowledge of content area, they are promoted as trainers. The project has different
training modules to be conducted at different stages of the project implementation. In the
project implementation phase, the trainings are usually handled by facilitators. However,
to ensure that the knowledge is within the community and some of them are capable of
spreading it to the needy, it is essential that such trainers are identified and encouraged to
become trainers themselves. It is proposed that these Farmer Training Teams at HU level
will be formed in the withdrawal phase.
D 3c Output 3.3:
Staffs possess the knowledge and skills to take up the tasks in Agriculture, by 2005.
Activity 3.3.1: Staff training and exposure: FFS
To update the skills of facilitation to organise the trainings / brief refresher course to the
staff, both in house, field oriented and make them to involve in the process it self.
Exposure/ study trip to the successful cases and farms/ Institutions. In turn the staff
should become resource persons to handle the situations in the FFS process.
Activity 3.3.2: Staff training and exposure: PTD concept
To update the skills of facilitation to organise the trainings / brief refresher course to the
staff, both in house, field oriented and make them to involve in the process it self.
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Exposure/ study trip to the successful cases and farms/ Institutions. In turn the staff
should become resource persons to handle the situations in the FFS process.
D 4 Immediate objective 4:
Community based institutions established for alternative management of groundwater
resources with equal representation/ participation of men and women, covering about 650
habitations, by the year 2008.
D 4a Output 4.1:
CBIs formed for groundwater management, covering 650 habitations in Andhra Pradesh,
by 2006.
Activity 4.1.1: Meetings with CBI leaders
CBIs (Community Based Institutions) found in every village in form of Self Help Groups,
Water user committees, Vana Samrakshana Samithis, Watershed committees, Rythumitra’s
etc., and these are formed either by the Govt. departments or by NGOs. Some of these
are non-functional, and some are functional and very effective. Normally, these CBIs do
not have coordination between each other, and function as per their interests and objectives.
These CBIs are headed/lead by active, educated, influenced and dynamic persons of the
village. These leaders are very influential like opinion leaders, and play key role in the
village development activities. The understanding/grasping levels of these leaders are
higher than the common people of the village.
As the proposed GMCs of APFAMGS project is expecting the representation/participation of
the entire village, it is inevitable to bring the above leaders in to the fold. Hence it is
proposed to motivate these leaders towards the objectives of the project, in order to
influence the general public of the village.
The IDFs & VCs will be provided necessary skills to organize the meetings of CBI leaders.
Once these leaders realize the importance of the water and depletion, they play very
supportive role in organizing Gramsabha meeting and GMC formation. Hence, meetings
with CBI leaders should be organized in all 650 villages before Gramsabha meeting.
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Activity 4.1.2: Kalajatha
Kalajatha will be a major event in the implementation of the project and would be the
stepping stone for the rapport building of the farmers. This method of rural communication
is proved to be most effective tool to reach general audience in the village. The video and
audio available related to the concept will also be used in the later village contacts and
community meetings. Kalajatha would generate interest among the farmers and pilot project
experience has proved that farmers would come forward to participate in the project
activities with enthusiasm.
The local cultural teams identified by the PNGOs, will be trained/oriented on the objectives
and components of the project by PMT. Each team will consist of 8 with at least one women
member. The trained cultural troops perform programs under the supervision of the PNGO.
The folk arts like- Pallesuddulu, Pittaladora, street theatre, magic shows, group songs with
dances, mimicry etc. with relevance to the project objectives will be performed by the
teams. PHM training modules, public addressing systems, program venue will be arranged
by the PNGO. These programs can be organized on annual basis updating the relevant
information from time to time.
Activity 4.1.3: Gramsabha
Earlier, in the pilot project, few selected OB Well farmers are considered as target group.
Now, the situation has been changed, and the entire families of a village/habitation are
considered as target families. It is impossible to manage groundwater judicially, without
involving all the stakeholders of the village. Hence the whole village is taken in to confidence
while discussing the objectives.
After finishing meetings with CBI Leaders & opinion leaders, the dates for Gramsabha
meeting will be finalized in consultation with key persons of the village. The meeting
information will be given through Tom-Tom or any other method which is in practice at the
village. The general public/farmers of the village need to be sensitized on the purpose,
objectives & activities of the project, by taking the support of CBI Leaders & opinion
leaders, who are convinced earlier by the project team. The need of a committee/institution
to take up the challenging task of Water monitoring has to be discussed in Gramsabha. The
GMC formation can be discussed in the same meeting or another meeting depending on
the acceptance of the Gramsabha. The project staff will facilitate the process of electing
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GMC leaders by the entire village. Representation of 50% women needs to be insisted at
every level of GMCs & networks.
Likewise all GMCs at HU level will be formed as Hydrological Unit Network (HUN), and all
HUNs at NGO level as NGO level Network (NGN). These networks will address the problems
of Groundwater at higher level, which are unsolved at habitation level.
D 4b Output 4.2:
Enabling environment created for women participation in groundwater management, in
650 habitations of Andhra Pradesh, by 2007.
Activity 4.2.1: Gender Assessment Study
Since the role of women in water sector is very crucial, it is proposed to involve 50% of
women at all stages of the project activities, particularly in GMCs. Till now, such opportunity
was not provided for women in CBIs. To assess the existing situation of women in water &
management, it is proposed to create a database by doing Gender assessment survey. A
detailed survey format was designed for the purpose, and necessary data was collected
by the project staff. The major finding of the study was listed out. The collected data need
to be consolidated / organised to prepare a data base document.
Activity 4.2.2: Gender mainstreaming activities
Based on the findings of the study, following Gender mainstreaming activities were planned.
1. Gender sensitivity training
2. Training on participatory technology development
3. Training on institution building
D 4c Output 4.3:
Institutional capacity of GMCs, covering 650 habitations in Andhra Pradesh, built up, by
year 2008.
It is necessary that the community own the project initiative, as the post-project
sustainability is dependent on this aspect. It is proposed that all the assets including rain
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gauge station, observation wells, water level indicators, etc. are handed over to the
community (GMC). It is also necessary that handing over be done beforehand so that
project staff would have the opportunity to strengthen the GMC through post-CWB workshop.
It is proposed that assets are handed over to GMC before hand so that there is time for
building the managerial and technical capacities of the GMC.
Activity 4.3.1: Training and exposure: habitation level
To equip the GMC leaders in managing their day-today business at habitation level, one
day training is proposed twice in the first year 2004, and one day training once in every
year planed to update timely developments. Purpose, roles and responsibilities, leadership
qualities, book keeping, conflict managements etc. were the major contents for the training.
Regular monthly meetings will be organized to these GMC leaders other than the planned
trainings. Exposure visits to the nearest successful GMC will be organized once in every
year.
Activity 4.3.2: Training and exposure: HU level
To equip the GMC leaders in managing their day-today business at HU level, one day
training is proposed once in every year. Purpose and radius of HU network, roles and
responsibilities, leadership qualities, book keeping, conflict management, developing
linkages with departments and agencies etc. were the major contents of the training.
Monthly meetings will be organized regularly at a central place identified by the members.
Travel and food expenses will be borne by the local NGO. Exposure visits to the nearest
successful HUs will be organized once in every year.
Issues related to Groundwater management will be identified and addressed by HU networks.
HU networks will mobilize funds to through grants from NGOs, memberships, service charges
etc. for its sustainability. This money is used for approaching different departments and
agencies to solve identified issues and also to mobilize programs.
Activity 4.3.3: Training and exposure: Project level
NGO level network (NGN) will be formed to address the issues at project level. The
representatives of all HU networks will become the members of NGN. Two day training will
be organized once in every year, apart from the regular meetings. The bigger issues,
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which are not solved at HUN level, will be reported to NGN. Exposure visits to the nearest
NGN will be organized once in every year.
D 4d Output 4.4:
Functional linkages between CBIs and Line Departments established, covering about 650
habitations, by year 2008.
Activity 4.4.1: Farmer-Officer Workshops
Farmer – Officer Workshops will be organized once in every year. Selected active farmers
and GMC leaders will be invited to these workshops. Various departments and Officers
working for the similar cause will be identified and invited for these workshops. The Officers
and farmers interacts each other to understand available programs. This activity is followed
by mobilization of different financial and technical support from the departments. Food and
travel to the participants will be arranged by the NGO.
Activity 4.4.2: Collaborative efforts of GMC
Another important project strategy is to build up the necessary linkages so that scientistfarmer
interaction becomes more effective. Collaborative efforts will be attempted at all
stages of the project implementation to build and strengthen these linkages so that they
become very strong by the end of the project period.
At the district level, data collection by farmers initially has generated a lot of debate in the
departments who are conventionally responsible for the task. Sharing of data will be
encouraged by the project, as part of the linkage building between people’s institutions
and the government departments at local level, which is important for post-project
sustainability.
As Water Conservation Mission and Andhra Pradesh State Ground Water Department are
the two important actors in the groundwater management and permanent institutions taking
care of sustainable groundwater management, the project during its implementation phase
will take necessary steps to build strong linkages with these institutions. Among others,
main institutional linkages that are foreseen right now are agriculture department, irrigation
(both minor and major) department and forest department.
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D 4e Output 4.5:
Staffs possess the knowledge and skills to take up the tasks in Institutional Development
and Gender, by 2006.
Activity 4.5.1: Staff training and exposure: PRA
All the staff will be trained on PRA tools and techniques during the first quarter of the year
2004. This training helps staff in collecting data to prepare baseline document. This exercise
also makes staff familiar with the farmers, crops, water problems etc. of the village. PRA
tools like- Social mapping, Resource mapping, Transect walk, Seasonal analysis, Chapati
Diagram, Time line etc. will be imparted to the staff. All the tools that are learned by the
trainees will be experimented / field tested at the end of the training. Staff will be in a
position to conduct PRA exercise on their own after the training.
Activity 4.5.2: Staff training and exposure: LFA
The project has adopted a methodology of Logical Framework Analysis to plan project
activities in a participatory method. Different stakeholders i.e. VCs, PT members and NGO
Cs from PNGOs, MPMs, SEs, PL and ED of Nodal agency from PMT together will finalize the
plans of APFAMGS project. The suggestion of every stakeholder will be considered in finalizing
the document. This style of working will create ownership among every stakeholder of the
project.
Activity 4.5.3: Staff training and exposure: Team Building
A three day TOT training program on team building will be organized once in every year
for all staff. The components like- leadership qualities, group dynamics, structure of CBIs,
roles of different leaders in CBIs, book keeping, self management of CBIs, mobilization of
programs from departments are the main topics of this training. The idea of organizing this
training is to understand the group dynamics of the people, and impart skills to organize
trainings for CBI leaders.
Activity 4.5.4: Staff training and exposure: GAS
Staffs were provided skills to carry out Gender assessment study. A format was developed
during the training and the same was used in collecting the data to create data base for
Gender sector.
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Activity 4.5.5: Training of trainers: NFE approach
World Education, a partner agency to APFAMGS has given responsibility to organize training
for staff on NFE approach. Following are objectives planned for the workshop.
1. Sharing of experience in training/organizing farmers, identifying strengths and
areas in need of improvement.
2. Describing the steps in the experiential learning cycle
3. Experimenting with participatory adult learning methods/approaches and assess
their appropriateness for use with farmers
4. Explaining the role of evaluation in improving training activities for farmers
5. Demonstrating an increased understanding of the role of participatory adult learning
in creating learning environment for farmers.
Activity 4.5.6: Staff training and exposure: Gender mainstreaming
Since the participation of women is very low in the water related activities, it is proposed
to organize a two day TOT workshop for staff members on Gender mainstreaming. The
topics like- understanding of the word Gender sensitization, Key components where women
need to be involved, and methodology to involve women actively in APFAMGS programs
will be covered in the first phase of the training. Need based training inputs will be given in
the future.
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E
INPUTS
The inputs to be provided to carry out planned activities to produce project outputs are
discussed in this section of the proposal.
Personnel Services
The project will be implemented by multi-disciplinary teams consisting of both technical
personnel as well as skilled social workers, at the field level. The Project Implementation
team has four professionals from the area of Agriculture, Hydrogeology, Institutional and
Gender. They are supported by 6 social workers who are responsible for a set of villages.
A Non-Formal Education specialist and Process monitoring specialist will be teamed up with
three teams giving support for implementation.
At the project level, critical technical services will be provided by the Technical Support
Team. TST will consist of subject experts in the area of Water Management, Agriculture,
Institutional Development, Gender and NFE specialist lead by the Project Leader who is
also an Agriculture and Training specialist. This team will be supported by a number of
support staff.
The Nodal NGO will operate a Nodal Desk for coordinating with project partners and donor
for reporting, monitoring and evaluation. The personnel costs of Nodal Desk and Technical
Support Team and field level implementation teams are included.
The Technical Support Team component will be contracted out to PRIYUM, the company
which was contracted during pilot as well as RNE phase. GIS component of TST will be
contracted out to Sumadhura, a private limited company, with global level reputation of
quality service.
Total budgeted amount for personnel costs is Rs. 104.074 million.
Contractual Services
Several national and international level individual consultants will be brought in based on
the felt-need at the grass root level, with short-term contracts. The job-descriptions of
anticipated consultants are listed in Appendix IV.
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Sumadhura Technologies and World Education India will be contracted from this budget
line, so are the expenses on contracting national/international consultants. Total budgeted
amount for personnel costs is Rs. 24.248 million.
World Education (Boston) will be contracted to provide technical inputs and training to
project staff on participatory approaches and methods appropriate for the project objectives.
The cost of these services are estimated at Rs. 4.49 million equivalent to US$ 95 633. The
work plan is provided in Appendix IV.
An independent auditor will be contracted to carry out the audit of the project expenditures
and the audit costs will be charged to this project budget line.
Travel
The cost of travel by the project staff to the field sites, duty travel including in-country
flights for attending workshops, seminars, etc. car rentals, DSA of the staff are budgeted
under this head. The estimate is Rs. 16.804 million. The cost of travel by national consultants
is budgeted under contracts.
Training
Training and exposure component is the main component of the project, detailed out in
Appendix II. The topics covered are of varied nature encompassing main themes such as
Participatory Hydrological Monitoring, Participatory Technology Development, Institutional
Development and Gender mainstreaming. The entire training costs of the project are
reflected in this budget head. A budget of Rs. 64.536 million is earmarked for training/
exposure.
Expendable Equipment
Key project input at the farmer level is the expendable equipment, mainly for enabling
farmers to carry out Participatory Hydrological Monitoring (measuring pipes, rain gauge,
GIS, etc.) and alternative agriculture (sprinklers, drips, etc.). Costs of all these expendable
equipment and their installation charges and Artificial Groundwater Recharge structures
are covered under this budget head (free transfer, project partners). Free transfer (including
expendable equipment, Artificial Groundwater Recharge structures and Agricultural inputs)
amounts to Rs. 32.193 million.
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Non-Expendable Equipment
The budget for additional two wheelers for the two teams which have not procured so far
is estimated in this budget head. Two additional four-wheelers are proposed for the FAO
phase to avoid difficulties faced in RNE phase. The details of the equipment to be procured
are listed in appendix. The amount budgeted for this line item is Rs. 3.876 million.
General Operating Expenses / Travel
The project involves extensive travel, both at field level and project level. At PNGO level,
staffs travel on a daily basis to the target habitations. They use two-wheelers for the
travel, which is handy and easier for traveling during odd-hours wherein public transport is
not reliable. At the project management level, the staff of Nodal Desk and TST travels
extensively to provide technical and administrative support to PNGOs. DSA, Fuel, O&M of
vehicles, hiring of vehicles is covered under this budget head. This also covers the operational
expenses of the offices of each team. The amount budgeted for this line is Rs. 33.049
million.
General Overheads
This covers the expenditure at the NGO head offices and the services provided by the NGO
personnel who spend part-time for the project and are not budgeted for in the project
budget. This is also to cover the costs of the meetings of the Advisory Committee’s and
Board’s at the agency level, upgrading small facilities in the head office, etc. A provision of
Rs. 20.908 million is made for overheads.
FAO PSC Costs
An amount of US$ 408 093 (6.4% of the total project budget) is estimated to be the costs
of FAO for its administrative and operational services to the project.
Contribution of BIRDS, Partner NGOs and Farmers
NGO Costs
Bulk of NGO costs are in the form of personnel costs. As project does not incorporate
elaborate administrative and managerial staff at Nodal Agency as well as Implementing
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Agency level, NGOs will be providing their regular staff on need basis to the work for the
project. NGOs will also contribute in terms of small office inventory.
Operational costs constitute a good percentage of the NGO contribution, which mainly
comes in the form of usage of their office premises and equipment. Utilization of training
facilities at the NA/IA premises would make them contribute a part of their budget towards
training. As NA and some of IA have hydrological equipment unused in the pilot phase, the
same will be transferred for the present project which is also accounted as their contribution.
Farmers Costs
One important aspect not featuring in the project cost is the contribution of farmers. It is
learned in pilot phase of PHM that farmers in all the cases so far are willing to part with the
piece of land required to establish a rain gauge station. The land cost however is varying
from place to place and it is difficult to estimate the farmer contribution as a result of
sparing the land of rain gauge station. Farmers have also contributed in activities such as
sustainable agriculture and artificial recharge of groundwater, which is reflected in the
partner costs.
As land is the major item of farmer’s contribution, 79% of partner costs are under funds
transferred. As farmer volunteers are unpaid, next major portion comes from the personnel
costs head. Progressive and previously trained farmers will be resource persons for training
new farmer volunteers and hence, a percentage come under consultancy. As space will be
utilized for officiating the project at village level, farmers will contribute under operational
costs.
The estimate of costs of BIRDS, partner NGOs and farmers is provided in the table in
section I – Budget.
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F. RISKS
F 1
Description of Risks
Risk 1: Unattractive package
The project does not offer any direct and immediate material benefit to the farmers. On
the other hand, it calls for sacrifices from the farmers in terms of sparing their borewells
for observation of water levels and discharge and site for rain gauge installation. There is
a risk of farmers showing disinterest in the project activities. The challenge for the field
staff is to bring to the knowledge of the farmers that the project initiative is not for immediate
benefit but for the essential community action needed keeping in view long-term
sustainability of the groundwater resource. This calls for high motivation and community
communication skills of the project staff.
Risk 2: Intervention that do not assess the hydrological situation
Several programs of government and bilateral agencies are being implemented aiming at
water conservation such as Neeru-Meeru, Watershed development, canal irrigation projects,
etc. Close network with government departments and other donor project is essential.
Neeru-Meeru, Watershed programme, VSS, tank rehabilitation, should be in conjunction
with results of the hydrological situation. World Bank, Japan funded projects – SRBC
(Erramalai), Telugu Ganga (Nallamalai), KC Canal. Primary objective is at risk if there is
no interaction between these project and the stakeholders in the external environment.
Impact of this project on hydrological studies has to be taken up by experts and Partner
NGO’s are to be properly advised.
Risk 3: Factionism and leftist extremism
In some parts of the project area, factionism and leftist extremism are prevalent. It is
possible that the farmers and project staff are intimated by these elements. However, pilot
project experience has proved that these elements have nothing against the development
of poor people and the same situation is expected to remain in the present project also.
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Risk 4: Mushrooming of wells and use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
From environmental angle the present trend in water and agriculture can cause immense
damage to the groundwater resource and the land fertility. Indiscriminate drilling and
continuous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is the root cause of these problems.
While by design the project will address the problem of groundwater over exploitation, it is
encouraging to note that the government has taken measures, through Andhra Pradesh
Water Tree and Land Act (APWALTA) to control the overexploitation of the groundwater
resource. The project itself would thrive to address the problem of excessive use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides.
F 2
Risk control costs
There are no costs involved to control the risks. Careful selection and regular motivational
exercises for staff would be enough to overcome the risk 1. Linkage building activity and
transparent project implementation will overcome the risk 2. By design the project would
address risks 3 and 4.
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G
PRIOR OBLIGATIONS AND PRE-REQUISITES
G 1
Actions to be taken by Project Partners before start of the project
Area delineation
Seven PNGOs in the RNE-phase have been managing seven PITs, each covering about 70
habitations. Fifty eight Hydrological Units have been already delineated in the RNE-phase.
There was limited coverage of the area in the districts mentioned earlier, in the RNEphase.
Spreading of the area and draft delineation of Hydrological Units needs to be
completed before the start of the project.
Equipment transfer
During the RNE phase, project partners have procured equipment such as vehicles, office
equipment, furniture, audio-visual equipment, computer hardware, GIS software, etc. As
the project will now enter new phase with assistance from FAO. Each agency involved
should transfer the equipment bought in the earlier phase to the present phase to be used
by the project staff.
Personnel to be in place
While, the general policy decision is to retain the old staff during the RNE-phase, it is left to
the respective agency to make changes in staffing, if necessary. However, to ensure the
smooth change-over of the project from RNE to FAO all the agencies should have the full
staff positioned before start of the project itself; so that necessary contractual obligations
could be completed in time and selected staff will be on the job from the day one onwards.
Staff induction training methodology
With the change of guard at the donor level, it is necessary to understand the changed
scenario before taking up implementation on a large scale, to fulfill donor obligations. It is
also expected that few new staff will be on board. The staff induction training has been
very effective in the earlier phase, which gave good understanding on the procedural
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matters to the staff. The content, methodology and participation matters need to be finalized
before the start of the project by the partner organizations in consultation with the donor.
G 2
Actions which can cause serious disruption during implementation
Factionism and Left-wing extremism
Some of the project habitations are very sensitive in terms of day-to-day operations.
Factionism and left-wing extremism are the two problems; the project has to deal with.
The safety of staff traveling during nights and conducting meetings in faction villages will
involve threat to their life. Similarly, it has been observed that there is lot of tension in the
habitations where Naxalites are active, who are guerilla squads who believe in liberation of
poor farmers from the clutches of landlords using an arms struggle. Whenever there is
any violent incident, it becomes difficult for the staff to move freely in those areas.
While upscaling, some serious disruption to the project implementation might be expected
from these sections of the population. However, the experience of the pilot phase and RNEphase
of the present project showed that the staffs are well equipped with methodologies
to overcome these difficulties through transparent implementation and good-will of the
communities.
International Consultants, students and Missions
As in case of donor representatives, the project gives scope for the input of international
consultants, students and missions. It is often noticed that the assessment of these persons
does not take into consideration the local situation and tries to find common answers for
location specific problems. Often the racial arrogance is also displayed by some and would
try to prescribe medicines for local diseases. Because of their cultural background, they
tend to pass loose comments at the field level itself.
Given the complex nature of organizational structure, the credibility of project management
will be at stake if the actions of these people undermine the importance of structured
project implementation. This kind of actions will seriously disrupt the project implementation
process, which has been evolved over a period of time, taking into consideration local
situations.
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H
PROJECT REPORTING, REVIEWS AND
EVALUATION
H 1
Reporting
Reporting in the project will be a two-way process i.e., from CBI-Donor as well as Donor-
CBI. At the community level, men and women volunteers will report to the Village
Coordinator/PT members, both verbally and on paper. While the verbal reporting will be
documented by the project staff in the form of minutes of community meetings, reports on
the participatory exercises and compilation of case studies, the paper form of reporting at
the community level includes the hydrological data and agriculture data.
Village Coordinator will compile the project experience at the village level and report
verbally at the weekly meeting and document in the form of a monthly report. Members of
PT will also report on the monthly basis to the NGO representative, on subject specific
matters. Reporting arrangements at different levels is summarized in table H.1.
Table H.1: Reporting arrangement in APFAMGS Project
SN Reporter Reporting to Reporting form Periodicity
1 Farmer Volunteer Secretary, GMC Verbal/Written Daily
2 Secretary, GMC Village Coordinator Verbal/Written Weekly
3 Village Coordinator NGO Coordinator Written Weekly
4 Facilitators NGO Coordinator, Subject Experts Written Weekly
5 NGO Coordinator NGO Head, Subject Experts Written Monthly
6 NGO Head Project Leader, ED-BIRDS Written Monthly
7 Manager – Process Monitoring Project Leader, Subject Experts Written Monthly
8 Subject Experts Project Leader Written Monthly
9 Managing Director, Sumadhura Project Leader Written Monthly
10 Project Leader ED-BIRDS, MD-PRIYUM Written Monthly
11 Country Director, WEI ED-BIRDS, SE-Institution Building Written Monthly
12 Executive Director, NNGO Programme Coordinator, FAO Written Half-yearly
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H 2
Reviews
As in the case of reporting, the review will also be done at all the levels viz., from the
habitation level to the project level. Table H.2 gives overview of the review scheduling for
the project implementation.
Table H.2: Review scheduling of APFAMGS Project
SN Chair Person Participants Place Periodicity
1 Secretary, GMC Farmer volunteers Habitation Daily
2 Village Coordinator Secretary, GMC Habitation Weekly
3 NGO Coordinator All PIT members PNGO Office Weekly
4 NGO Head NGO Coordinator, PIT members PNGO Office Monthly
7 Manager – Process Monitoring NGO Coordinator, PIT members PNGO Office Monthly
5 Subject Experts MPMs, Facilitators, Consulting firms TST Office Monthly
6 Project Leader NGO Heads/Coordinators TST Office Monthly
8 Executive Director – BIRDS PL, SEs, MPMs, PNGO Heads NNGO Office Quarterly
9 Executive Director – BIRDS Members of PSC TST Office Half-yearly
H 3
Monitoring and Evaluation
H 3a Physical
The planning is bottom-up, starting at the habitation level and consolidating at the NNGO
level. Keeping in view, the overall time-frame of the project, physical target fixing is done
at habitation level, on a monthly basis. At the PNGO level, target fixing is finalized, in
consultation with members of PIT. Individual monthly plans of project partners are
consolidated at the project level, in a monthly meeting chaired by the Project Leader.
Monitoring of target realization is carried out through monthly monitoring reports of project
partners. Monitoring indicators are evolved by Subject Experts, in consultation with all the
stakeholders.
The data generated as a result of monitoring will be processed at the TST level through
appropriate Management Information System. Once the system is in place, the data updating
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will be taken up on a monthly basis. The data source will be the filled in formats specifically
designed and compatible with MIS.
Main users of the monitoring information will be the SEs who is responsible for generating
qualitative reports. The information will however be available for all the internal
stakeholders. Apart from the main users, the information will be shared with the end-users
at the village level to facilitate improved performance. The information will be useful to
take policy decisions at the donor as well as SC level, apart from NA and TST level.
H 3b Financial
In the RNE phase, comprehensive financial and administrative guidelines have been evolved
and followed by the project partners. However, there is a need for revising the same, in
view of policy changes at the government level. Monitoring of financial aspects is done by
internal auditor, who will conduct audit once a year.
Nodal Desk will do the regular financial monitoring through visits of Executive Director and
his staff for checking the accounting and administrative procedures. A quarterly budgetrealization
statement of each project partner will give an indication of their financial discipline.
Audited financial statements are also mandatory under the FCRA, which will be the
responsibility of individual project partners.
H 3c Process
Process monitoring is another important aspect, which will be given high importance in the
project. This is also necessitated by the fact that NGOs are handling large amount of funds.
Manager – Process Monitoring will evolve suitable methodology for carrying out the process
monitoring in consultation with the other SEs and Nodal NGO. It will consist of collection of
press clippings, cross-checking the financial dealings in the open market, interacting with
stakeholder outside the project environment, etc.
H 3d Impact
Monitoring the impact will take place, after two years of implementation. TST in consultation
with other internal stakeholders will derive impact-monitoring indicators. It is to the
advantage of the project that it is designed using the Logical Framework approach. Based
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on the objective verifiable indicators listed in this document, an impact monitoring system
will be further developed and additional means of verification will be incorporated if
necessary.
One external evaluation is proposed under the project once at the end of the project. The
donor agency might commission independent evaluation missions as and when deemed
necessary.
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I BUDGET
DESCRIPTION
Salaries - Staff
Consultants (National)
Travel
Training/Exposure
Expendable equipment
Non-expendable equipment
General Operation Expenses
General Overheads (7.5%)
TOTAL IN INR
FAO PSC costs 6.4%
Grand Project Total in Rs.
ESTIMATED BUDGET IN INR BUDGET
2004
2005
2006
2007 2008
TOTAL IN US$
14,993,850 23,873,850 25,067,543 26,320,920 13,818,483 104,074,645 2,214,354
5,443,500 9,729,450 5,178,624 2,358,661 1,538,223 24,248,458 515,925
2,700,000 3,780,000 3,969,000 4,167,450 2,187,911 16,804,361 357,540
12,074,000 12,022,500 13,119,750 13,949,381 13,370,569 64,536,200 1,373,111
15,095,000 9,628,500 5,600,700 1,504,913 364,652 32,193,764 684,974
2,655,000 325,500 429,975 150,491 316,032 3,876,998 82,489
5,482,500 7,137,900 7,494,795 7,869,535 5,065,015 33,049,745 703,186
4,383,289 4,987,328 4,564,529 4,224,101 2,749,566 20,908,813 444,868
62,827,139 71,485,028 65,424,915 60,545,452 39,410,450 299,692,983 6,376,446
4,020,937 4,575,042 4,187,195 3,874,909 2,522,269 19,180,351 408,093
66,848,076 76,060,069 69,612,110 64,420,360 41,932,719 318,873,334 6,784,539
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PARTNER NGO Costs
DESCRIPTION
Salaries - Staff
Project Management
Partner NGOs
Farmers
Sub-total
Training/Exposure
Farmers
Sub Total
Expendable equipment
Farmers
Sub Total
Non-expendable equipment
Project Management
Partner NGOs
Sub Total
Total
ESTIMATED BUDGET IN INR BUDGET
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 TOTAL IN US$
1,593,000 2,230,200 2,341,710 2,458,796 1,290,868 9,914,573 210,948
4,027,500 5,638,500 5,920,425 6,216,446 3,263,634 25,066,506 533,330
11,994,750 16,792,650 17,632,283 18,513,897 9,719,796 74,653,375 1,588,370
17,615,250 24,661,350 25,894,418 27,189,138 14,274,298 109,634,454 2,332,648
19,668,750 14,411,250 15,131,813 15,888,403 8,341,412 73,441,627 1,562,588
19,668,750 14,411,250 15,131,813 15,888,403 8,341,412 73,441,627 1,562,588
21,344,500 8,120,700 4,568,760 421,376
0 34,455,336 733,092
21,344,500 8,120,700 4,568,760 421,376
0 34,455,336 733,092
6,611,000
0
0
0
0 6,611,000 140,660
3,193,000
0
0
0
0 3,193,000 67,936
9,804,000
0
0
0
0 9,804,000 208,596
68,432,500 47,193,300 45,594,990 43,498,917 22,615,709 227,335,416 4,836,924
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J. APPENDICES

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Appendix - I
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Appendix – II
TRAINING PROGRAMME
SN Title of the training/workshop/exposure visit Level Duration Number
04 05 06 07 08
A Farmers:
1 Kalajatha (Rural folk-art) Habitation 1 day 358
2 Participatory Hydrological Monitoring: Module 1 Cluster 1 day 86 65
3 Participatory Hydrological Monitoring: Module 2 Cluster 1 day 134 60 22
4 Participatory Hydrological Monitoring: Module 3 Cluster 1 day 12 40 38 38
5 Participatory Hydrological Monitoring: Module 4 HU 1 day 9 34 49 45
6 Participatory Technology Development: Irrigation Cluster 16 days 7 7 7 7 7
7 Farmer Field School: IPM Habitation 25 days 7 7 7 7 7
8 Bridge course on low external input agriculture Cluster 2 days 28 28 28 28 28
9 Training to Farmer Training Teams Cluster 3 days 21 21 21 21 21
10 Leadership training Cluster 2 days 28 28 28 28 28
11 Gender mainstreaming Cluster 2 days 28 28 28 28 28
12 Farmer convention PNGO 3 days 7 7 7 7 7
13 Farmer-Scientist Workshop PNGO 1 day 7 7 7 7 7
14 Farmer-Officer Workshop PNGO 1 day 7 7 7 7 7
15 Field Day PNGO 1 day 7 7 7 7 7
16 Study tours (within India) Batches 5 days 7 7 7 7 7
17 Study tours (Outside India) Batches 10 days 2 2 2 2 2
18 Seminars/workshops Batches 5 days 7 7 7 7 7
19 Fellowships Batches 15 days 1 1 1 1 1
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SN Title of the training/workshop/exposure visit Level Duration Number
B Staff:
04 05 06 07 08
1 Participatory Technology Development: Irrigation Batches 3 days 2 2 2 2 2
2 Farmer Field School: IPM Batches 5 days 2 2 2 2 -
3 Bridge course on low external input agriculture Batches 2 days 2 2 2 2 -
4 Leadership training Batches 2 days 2 2 2 2 -
5 Gender mainstreaming Batches 3 days 2 2 2 2 -
5 Material Development Workshop Batches 5 days 1 1 1 1 -
6 Artificial Groundwater Recharge All HFs 5 days - 1 1 1 -
7 Geographic Information System All HFs 5 days 1 1 1 - -
8 Preparation of Base Document Batches 1 day 1 - - - -
9 Participatory Hydrological Monitoring Batches 3 days 2 2 2 2 -
10 Non Formal Education approach Batches 5 days 1 1 1 1 -
11 Social Mobilization Workshop Batches 5 days 1 1 1 1 -
12 Participatory Rural Appraisal Batches 3 days 2 2 - - -
13 Logical Framework Analysis Batches 3 days 2 2 2 - -
14 Team building Batches 2 days 2 2 2 2 -
15 Institutional Development Batches 3 days 2 2 2 2 -
16 Gender Assessment Study Batches 3 days 2 2 - - -
17 Study tours (within India) Batches 5 days 7 7 7 7 7
18 Study tours (Outside India) Batches 10 days 1 1 1 1 -
19 Seminars/workshops Batches 5 days 1 1 1 1 -
- Fellowships Batches 15 days 1 1 1 1 -
21 Office Management Batches 3 days 1 1 - - -
22 Financial Management Batches 2 days 1 1 - - -
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Appendix – III
Equipment/Supplies
S.No Item and specifications
Nos.
A
Expendable equipment (Hydrological equipment)
1 Rain Gauge: Symon’s Rain Gauge with fiber ring and measuring jar 50
2 Water Level Indicator: Calibration in ft., antenna wire cable, screen
printed numbering 150
3 Insertion pipe: HDPE, 6 kg pressure gauge, 1" dia, Phinolex or Godavari 450
4 Calibrated drum: 100 lts, fibre body, blue colour, Syntex or Durocon 225
5 Stop-watch: digital, Casio 225
6 Borewell assembly accessories: ISI mark 450
7 GIS software: Arc View 2
B
Non Expendable equipment
1 Jeep/Car 2
2 Motorcycle: Caliber, Yamaha Crux, Boxer, Splendor 8
3 Moped: TVS, Spirit, Zing 4
4 Computer hardware: Intel Pentium IV, 2.6 HT GHz processor,
64 MB (including 2 computers for GIS) 9
5 Printer and accessories: hp laserjet 6
6 Laptops: Digicom, Toshiba 5
7 Audio-visual equipment: ISI Mark 5
9 Public Address System: Phillips, BPL 2
10 Office furniture: Standard 11
11 Fax machine 1
12 Photocopy Machine 1
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Appendix – IV
Job Descriptions of Consultants
1 Consultant – GIS
The Consultant – GIS is in fact a group of professionals from the consulting firm SUMADHURA
Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Therefore the word “consultant-GIS” is synonymous with the agency.
A detailed terms of reference is prepared based on discussion between the two parties and
is read as Annex A of the Memorandum of Association. Excerpts from the ToR are listed
below.
· Advising the Project Management on procurement of the right GIS Software and
Hardware.
· Advising the Project Management on procurement of relevant spatial as well as numerical
information, including the satellite data (both the digital as well as hard copy versions).
· Establishing 9 GIS stations, one each at
· Training (both formal and on-job) the project personnel in using the GIS station.
· Advising the project authorities in bringing in additional value to the established project
practices such as Crop-Water Budgeting Exercise.
· Working with the project staff/authorities to demystify the GIS technology for the
benefit of farmer-based Groundwater Management Committees.
· Creating the GIS data base at 11 stations, for nine Hydrological Units.
· Digitization of six Village Cadastral Maps, falling within the Yerravankavagu Hydrological
Unit (total area: 3,462.5 ha).
· Bring out Technical Reports, in consultation with the Subject Expert – Water Management,
on a half-yearly basis
2 Consultant – Hydrology
The Consultant – Hydrology will have the following tasks.
· Advise the project management on all aspects related to Hydrology, working in close
coordination with the Subject Expert – Water Management.
· Advise the project management on evolving a farmer data storage/analysis procedure
(Hydrology part), in GIS environment
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· Advise the project management on design of farmer-friendly crop-water kiosks, working
in close coordination with the Consultant-GIS and all the Subject Experts.
· Advise the project management on refining the crop-water budgeting package to make
it suitable for usage by the GMC in GIS environment
· Carry out linkage building activities between the project staff and Agriculture based
institutions at the state, national and international level
· Bring out Technical Reports, in consultation with the Subject Expert – Water Management,
on a half-yearly basis
3 Consultant - Artificial Recharge
Artificial Recharge is a very important component of the project, aiming at supplementing
annual groundwater recharge of the depleting aquifers. The Consultant – Artificial Recharge
will have the following tasks.
· Advise the project staff on location of suitable sites for construction of Artificial Recharge
structures
· Advise the project staff on design and estimates of Artificial Recharge structures
· Advise the project staff on impact monitoring of Artificial Recharge structures
· Standardize the process of identification, site selection, construction and impact
monitoring process of Artificial Recharge activity.
· Carry out linkage building activities between the project staff and Agriculture based
institutions at the state, national and international level
· Bring out Technical Reports, in consultation with the Subject Expert – Water Management,
on a half-yearly basis
4 Consultant - Monitoring & Evaluation
The consultant – Monitoring and Evaluation will have the following functions.
· Set up a comprehensive Monitoring and Evaluation System, in consultation with all the
project stakeholders, on behalf of the project management
· Design a Staff Appraisal System and assist the management in conduct of Staff Appraisal
on an annual basis.
· Advise the project management on staff training and human resource development
activities
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· Carry out linkage building activities between the project staff and Agriculture based
institutions at the state, national and international level
· Compile and edit the Half-yearly Progress Report and other reports/documents of the
Nodal NGO
· Bring out Technical Reports (Monitoring and Evaluation), in consultation with the
Executive Director-BIRDS, on a half-yearly basis
5 Consultant - Institutional Development
The Consultant - Institutional Development will have the following tasks.
· Advice the project management on all aspects related to Institutional Development,
working in close coordination with the Subject Expert – Institutional Development.
· Carry out linkage building activities between the project staff and Agriculture based
institutions at the state, national and international level
· Advise the project management on evolving a sustainable community based institutional
mechanism
· Bring out Technical Reports, in consultation with the Subject Expert – Institutional
Development, on a half-yearly basis
6 Consultant – Gender
The Consultant - Gender will have the following tasks.
· Advice the project management on all aspects related to Gender, working in close
coordination with the Subject Expert – Gender.
· Carry out linkage building activities between the project staff and Agriculture based
institutions at the state, national and international level
· Advise the project management on evolving a sustainable community based institutional
mechanism with equal participation of men and women
· Bring out Technical Reports, in consultation with the Subject Expert – Gender, on a
half-yearly basis
7 Consultant - Non Formal Education
The Consultant – NFE is in fact a group of professionals from the consulting firm – World
Education India. Therefore the word “consultant-NFE” is synonymous with the agency. A
detailed terms of reference is prepared based on discussion between the two parties and is
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read as Annex A of the Memorandum of Association. Excerpts from the ToR are listed
below.
· Orient the project staff on NFE approach
· Evolve a social mobilization strategy through workshops
· Develop a set of training material, in the NFE mode, in consultation with the project
management
· Work with the project for experimenting using the NFE approach for the entire project
cycle, at seven sample habitations or “organic units”.
· Develop interactive web-mail system for continuous updating of the project in
developments around the globe in the field of NFE.
· Bring out Technical Reports, in consultation with the Subject Expert – Institutional
Development, on a half-yearly basis
8 Consultant – Agriculture
The Consultant - Agriculture will have the following tasks.
· Advice the project management on all aspects related to Agriculture, working in close
coordination with the Subject Expert – Agriculture.
· Carry out linkage building activities between the project staff and Agriculture based
institutions at the state, national and international level
· Advise the project management on Participatory Technology Development and Farmer
Field Schools
· Work in close coordination with the Consultant – Hydrology and related Subject Experts
to evolve a farmer friendly crop-water budgeting methodology
· Bring out Technical Reports, in consultation with the Subject Expert – Agriculture, on a
half-yearly basis
9 Consultant - Alternate pumps
A first prototype Volanta irrigation pump was build and tested at Madurai (phase one), by
the consultant, in the RNE phase. With the functional test completed, the pump is presently
undergoing endurance test to ascertain the longevity and detect/rectify possible
shortcomings. In FAO phase, this Research and Development activity will be continued.
The consultant will be responsible for:
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· Continue the endurance test for another 400-600 pumping hours to identify/correct
possible weak points in the design
· Identify a manufacturer for fabrication the second prototype pump
· Install the second prototype at BIRDS farm
· Design and build solar motor and install at Madurai site for driving the first prototype
pump
· Conduct endurance test for the solar motor driven prototype pump, at Madurai, for 10
moths
· Install the solar motor at BIRDS farm for driving the second prototype pump
· Bring out Technical Reports, in consultation with the Subject Expert – Water Management,
on a half-yearly basis
10 Consultant - Unspecified
As the project operates within an environment of flexible implementation, a situation may
arise that a consultant not falling into any of the budgeted categories might be required for
brining in the value addition. This budget head is reserved for all such requirements and
terms of reference will be written when the need arises.
11 World Education (Boston)
Introduction
World Education’s in the APFAMGS project is to provide technical support to all the project
staff working at different levels. The technical support will be primarily focused on
incorporation of non-formal education concepts into various training activities that World
Education will be conducting jointly with the APFAMGS project through April 2004-December
2005.
The proposed plan of action is in continuation to the six-month activity plan implemented
by World Education in collaboration with the APFAMGS project during October 2003 - March
2004. World Education, in consultation with the Project Management Team, the project
officials of Dutch Embassy in Delhi and on the basis of its involvement in the earlier phase
of the project has identified the following key activities for the coming period:
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11.1. WORKSHOPS
11.1.1. Social Mobilization Workshop
Purpose: To facilitate a participatory and effective project planning process leading to a
widely endorsed list of project objectives and activities and effective implementation of the
project. Ensure a common understanding of the key elements of the social mobilization
strategy to be used during the subsequent years.
Participants: Broad participation (project management and staff, NGOs, other stakeholders)
needed to assure “buy-in” and success in implementation.
Method: Methodology will include social mapping, social capital and its enhancement,
definition of project stake holders, their positive, as well as negative perceptions about the
community management of water systems (roles, linkages, etc.).The workshop will focus
on developing strategies of engaging and creating beneficial cooperation among various
stakeholders, defining mutual accountability linkages between them, and ways of
implementing proposed plans of action.
Expected outputs:
Develop a framework for community/social mobilization strategy, tentative joint agenda
and plan of action aimed at assuring the effective implementation of APFAMGS and the
dissemination of gained knowledge and practices to the general rural community in the
project implementation area. World Education: basis for developing further related activities
and designing M&E tools.
11.1.2. NFE Orientation Workshop
Purpose:
To provide an opportunity to the newly appointed staff of APFAMGS project develop a
common understanding of the basic components of non-formal education (NFE) and
experiential learning approach.
Participants: All new project staff
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Method: The framework used during the April 2003 workshop will guide the process of this
workshop. Some of the earlier workshop participants will be involved in the facilitation of
some of these sessions.
Expected Outputs: Participants will develop a shared understanding of the basic concept of
NFE and experiential learning approach. They will learn the process of participatory adult
learning methods/approaches and assess their appropriateness for use with farmers to
create a positive learning environment for the farmers.
11.2 SPECIFIC AREA WORKSHOPS
11.2.1. Training Materials Development
Purpose/needs: Develop appropriate, consistent and farmer-friendly training packages,
communication and dissemination strategies for all content areas.
Participants:
Content area facilitators, PMT, stakeholder representatives including WUG, local officials,
etc.
Method/content:
Consolidate outcomes of earlier workshops. Share outcomes with field staff and recipients.
Conduct regular of min-workshops every two months and longer-duration workshops once
every six months for content area facilitators. Work on developing training material by
content areas through an “e-workspace” and cross-content meetings at district NGO offices.
Field testing of activities at selected villages (WE “organic units” and others, see also 2.3.).
Regular review and monitoring of implementation of agreed work plan (including TOT,
materials development and other activities discussed below) and further detailed
development of activities as required/budgeted (e.g. further workshops on social capital
enhancement, effective communication techniques). Facilitation of discussions and execution
of activities as required (discussion forums, stakeholder conferences?)
Expected output/product:
Better training materials, better dissemination of training content, inclusion of participator
non-formal education techniques as an integral part of APFAMGS project approach.
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11.2.2. Collection and Revision of Select existing Training Materials and possible
adaptation to APFAMGS training package.
Purpose: Development of appropriate, uniform and farmer-friendly training materials and
consistency in NFE approaches.
Needs: Identified areas/specific themes where training was given but improvement is needed
Participants: Same as previous activity
Method/content: Collection and review of select old training materials, selection of
appropriate texts for core curriculum, redesign of existing materials and/or development
of new material.
Expected output/product: Same as above
11.2.3. Work with selected - “organic unit” villages
Purpose: Field test and demonstrate delivery of training activities.
Needs: Demonstrate, practice and revise training activities.
Participants: World Education staff, content area facilitators, PMT, farmers
Method/content: Ongoing work at three selected villages in Chitoor, Mahabubnagar and
Praksham districts: practice and demonstration of: participatory needs assessments, delivery
of training activities, joint monitoring and evaluation of training, inclusion of stakeholders
in all of the former.
Expected output/product: Improved training activities, better fit of project objectives with
stakeholders’ needs, better execution of project, better achievement of goals.
11.2.4. Social Mobilization Strategy Development
Purpose: Identification of stakeholders’ needs and wishes in relation to communication
between project stakeholders and between project participants and external entities and
initiatives.
Needs : Development of an overall communication strategy to convey APFAMGS messages
to farmers and other stakeholders. Development of better communication and mutual
accountability between various stakeholder groups (BIRDS, WEI staff, farmers, relevant
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national, state and local government authorities and institutions, external agencies/
organizations working on similar issues, etc.) and between APFAMGS and external initiatives
and entities.
Participants: Planners, PMT, staff and stakeholder representatives (including WUG, community
organizers, local officials, etc.
Method/content: Following work carried out during the first workshop held in January 2004,
participants would work towards developing an audience-specific communication strategy
and the follow up action plan, including training package and detailed timeline. The follow
up workshop will focus on reviewing, revising and refining the strategies and plan of action.
Subsequent workshops will be organized on the basis of participants’ needs and the
experiences they will gain during the implementation of community mobilization strategy.
Expected output/product: Assistance in developing effective stakeholder groups, better
communication within the project, creation and implementation of external communication
and cooperation strategy.
11.2.5. TOT (to be carried out as a yearly training)
An important objective of the APFAMGS project is to ensure farmers’ sustained and continued
participation in the management of ground water. The project staff at all levels is expected
to work closely with the communities including women/men farmers and other key
stakeholders in the irrespective areas. World Education will work with the project staff to
strengthen their training and capacity building skills.
Purpose: Better dissemination of project messages and practices. Promotion and propagation
of NFE techniques, in particular needs-based approaches to farmer training.
Needs: Training on NFE techniques (concepts, design, and delivery); Experiential learning,
communication, goals and objectives (SMART), etc.
Participants: APFAMGS staffs who have not been part of any of the subject/area specific
training workshops.
Method/content: Ongoing training provided to all APFAMGS staff (linked to ongoing project
work); TOT annual workshop (to include project staff, field staff, NGO members). This will
be an annual workshop conducted in the beginning of the first year.
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Expected output/product: APFAMGS staff at all levels and other NGO members trained in
the use of NFE techniques and able to deliver knowledge further
11.3 Other activities
11.3.1. Study tours
Purpose: Exposure, identification of best practices
Participants: Selected group of APFAMGS staff, local NGOs and others (to be decided in
consultation with PMT)
Method/content: Study tour to agricultural projects with strong NFE component (between
districts, other states in India, outside India)
Expected output/product: Better understanding and integration of NFE and community
learning in sustainable agriculture. Exposure visits to be followed by a workshop to look
into the best practices observed during exposure visits and assess the viability and process
for application of these best practices wherever relevant into APFAMGS project
implementation.
11.3.2. NFE resource library
Purpose: Resource provision at local level, connection to other programs, cross project
dissemination of materials/resources.
Participants: Partner NGOs
Method/content: Collection of relevant materials in India, Asia region and the US, setting
up resources libraries
Expected output/product: Eight NFE libraries (English and Telugu) plus an online resource
library (part of the e-workspace)
11.3.3. Monitoring & Evaluation
Purpose: Development of M&E framework for monitoring the progress of project.
Participants: World Education staff, M&E consultant, stakeholders
Method/content:
Participatory development of indicators, evaluation design, data collection tools, data analysis
and using findings to improve project performance.
Expected output/product:
Indicators, M&E process and system, monitoring progress, identification of problems and
constraints, improvement of design and practices.
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11.3.4. Annual Review and Planning Meeting
Purpose: Same as M&E. Reflection on M&E, social mobilization findings, ToT, farmer training,
and decisions on changes to project design and implementation (modes of operation, content,
etc.).
Participants: Donor, PMT, World Education, NGO partners, other stakeholders
Method/content: Annual project forum engaging a broad range of stakeholders
Expected output/product: Project monitoring
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Appendix – V
Logical Framework
Executive Summary Objective Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification External Factors
Project Goal:
Stage is set for enabling the
farmers to manage their
groundwater systems in
about 650 villages in seven
drought-prone districts of
Andhra Pradesh by the year
2008
• No. of farmers handling
hydrological equipment
• No. of GMCs operating Crop
Water Kiosks
• No. of GMCs advising farmers on
crop choices based on
groundwater balance
• No. of GMCs promoting
alternative agriculture
o Minutes of GMC meeting
o Visitors Book
o Hydrological Monitoring
Record
o Display boards
o Base Document
o Mission Report: Impact
Study
Other agencies/
projects base their
interventions based
on the local
hydrological
situations
Immediate objective 1:
About 3,000 Men and
Women farmers are in a
position to understand
groundwater systems within
which they are operating at
about 650 habitations in
Andhra Pradesh, in a
scientific manner, by the year
2008.
• No. of farmers capable of reading
maps
• No. of farmers capable of handling
hydrological equipment
• No. of farmers updating HMR
o Minutes of GMC meeting
o Staff reports
o Visitors Book
o Hydrological Monitoring
Record
o Display boards
o HPR
o Base Document
APWALTA is able to
control mushrooming
of borewells
Immediate Objective 2:
Hydrological data base,
using GIS platform, is
developed for usage of
Groundwater Management
Committees, covering 650
habitations, by the year
2006.
• No. of GMCs using GIS
• No. of GMCs having hydrological data
base
• No. of GMCs sharing data
o MR of Sumadhura
o Minutes of GMC meeting
o HPR
o Evaluation Report
Nil
Immediate Objective 3:
About 6,500 farm families
enabled for adoption of
alternative agricultural
practices suiting the
availability of groundwater,
by the year 2008.
• No. of farmers adopting alternative
agricultural practices/inputs
· Types of alternative agricultural
practices promoted
o Minutes of GMC meeting
o Staff reports
o Press clippings
o Base Document
Chemical fertilizer/
pesticide companies
and departments
realign their
approach to promote
organic farming
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Executive Summary Objective Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification External Factors
Immediate objective 4:
Community based
institutions established for
alternative management of
groundwater resources with
equal representation/
participation of men and
women, covering about 650
habitations, by the year
2008.
• No. of CBIs involved in groundwater
management
• No. of women on Committees of CBIs
• No. of women farmer volunteers
o Minutes of GMC meeting
o Staff reports
o Visitors Book
o Press clippings
o Base Document
Political parties,
faction groups
government and PRIs
support the community
level initiative
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Executive Summary Objective Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification External Factors
Immediate objective 1:
About 3,000 Men and
Women farmers are in a
position to understand
groundwater systems within
which they are operating at
about 650 habitations in
Andhra Pradesh, in a
scientific manner, by the
year 2008.
• No. of farmers capable of reading
maps
• No. of farmers capable of handling
hydrological equipment
• No. of farmers updating HMR
o Minutes of GMC meeting
o Staff reports
o Visitors Book
o Hydrological Monitoring
Record
o Display boards
o HPR
o Base Document
APWALTA is able to
control mushrooming
of borewells
Outputs:
1.1 Hydrological Monitoring Networks
established, covering about 650
habitations in Andhra Pradesh, by 2006.
1.2 Farmer equipped to collect, record and
share the hydrological data covering
about 650 habitations in Andhra Pradesh,
by 2008.
1.3 Additional groundwater recharge
potential is created in overexploited
aquifer zones covering about 650
habitations in Andhra Pradesh, by 2008.
1.1.1 No.
of observation wells
established
1.1.2 No. of Rain Gauge Stations
established
1.1.3 No. of Base Documents prepared
1.2.1 No. of farmers trained (Module 1
to 4)
1.2.2 No. of farmers collecting data
1.2.3 No. of updated HMRs
1.2.4 No. of updated display boards
1.3.1 No. of AGR structures
1.3.2 Quantum of additional recharge
1.1.1 Monthly Status Report and HPR
1.1.2 Monthly Status Report and HPR
1.1.3 MSR, Base Document and HPR
1.2.1 MSR, Training Report and HPR
1.2.2 HMR, MSR and HPR
1.2.3 HMR, MSR and HPR
1.2.4 MSR, HPR and photographs
1.3.1 Study reports and photographs
1.3.3 Study reports
1.4 Staffs possess the knowledge and skills
to take up the tasks in Hydrology
covering about 650 habitations in Andhra
Pradesh, by 2005.
1.4.1 No. of staff trained in modules 1
to 4
1.4.2 No. of HUs for which GWB is
estimated
1.4.1 MSR, HPR and Training Reports
1.4.2 MSR, HPR and Estimate Sheets
Activities:
1.1.1 Delineation of Hydrological Units
1.1.2 Preparation of Base Document for each
Hydrological Unit
1.1.3 Physical works
1.2.1 Farmers training (Module 1, 2 and 3)
1.2.2 Farmers data management
1.3.1 Identification of over-exploited aquifer
zones
1.3.2 Construction of Artificial Recharge
Structures
Inputs:
1.1.1 Maps, survey equipment, database, GIS software & hardware, Staff’s time & travel, Food and
Accommodation
1.1.2 Staff’s time & travel, Printing and stationary, computer hardware/software, Food and
Accommodation
1.1.3 Staff’s time & travel, hydrological equipment, construction material, transportation and labour
1.2.1 Consultancy fee, training material, Staff’s time & travel, Farmer’ s time & travel, Food and
Accommodation
1.2.2 Staff’s time & travel, Farmer’ s time & travel and Printing & Stationary
1.3.1 Maps, database, Staff’s time & travel, consultancy fee, travel, food & accommodation
1.3.2 Staff’s time & travel, construction material, transportation & labour and consultancy fee
1.4.1 Staff training and exposure: PHM
1.4.2 Staff training and exposure: AGR
1.4.1 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation
Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation
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Project Document
Executive Summary Objective Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification External Factors
Immediate Objective 2:
Hydrological data base, using
GIS platform, is developed for
usage of Groundwater
Management Committees,
covering 650 habitations, by
the year 2006.
• No. of GMCs using GIS
• No. of GMCs having
hydrological data base
• No. of GMCs sharing data
o MR of Sumadhura
o Minutes of GMC
meeting
o HPR
o Evaluation Report
Nil
Outputs:
2.1 Pilot GIS Stations
established at 9 PNGO
base towns, by the year
2005.
2.2 About 20 Staff members
equipped with necessary
skills in GIS and GPS, by
2005.
2.3 Data necessary to build up
base maps of pilot
Hydrological Units
procured, by 2005.
2.4 Nine GIS Stations
customized for application
of Crop Water Budgeting, by
2006.
2.1 No. of functional GIS Stations
2.2 No. of staff trained in application
of GIS and GPS
2.3 No. of HUs for which thematic
maps and supporting
data base is available
2.4 No. of CWB exercises conducted
with the using GIS
environment
2.1 MR of Sumadhura and
HPR
2.2 MR of Sumadhura, HPR
and MSR
2.3 Maps, Data-sheets,
MR of Sumadhura and
HPR
2.4 Maps, Data-sheets,
MR of Sumadhura and
HPR
Nil
Activities:
2.1.1 Installation of hardware
2.1.2 Installation of software
2.2.1 Staff training: Arc Info
2.2.2 Staff training: Arc View
2.2.3 Staff training: GPS
2.3.1 Farmers data storage
2.3.2 Collection of paper/digitized
maps
2.3.3 Collection of satellite
imageries
2.3.4 Collection of secondary data
2.4.1 Farmer-Scientist Workshops
2.4.2 Research and Development
2.4.3 Crop-Water Information
Kiosks
Inputs:
2.1.1 Computer Hardware, transportation, Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, Food and
Accommodation
2.1.2 GIS software, transportation, consultancy fee, staff’s time, food and accommodation
2.2.1 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation
2.2.2 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation
2.2.3 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation and
Equipment
2.3.1 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time & travel, Farmer’s time, printing and stationary, Food and
Accommodation
2.3.2 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, Food and Accommodation
2.3.3 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, Food and Accommodation
2.3.4 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, Food and Accommodation
2.1.1 Staff’s time & travel, , Farmer’ s time & travel, Officer’s time and travel, Food and
Accommodation
2.1.2 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, Food and Accommodation, Computer software,
printing and stationary
2.1.3 Computer hardware & software, rental, staff’s time & travel, O&M, farmer’s time and
travel
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Project Document
Executive Summary Objective Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification External Factors
Immediate Objective 3:
About
6,500 farm families
enabled for adoption of alternative
agricultural practices suiting the
availability of groundwater, by the
year 2008.
Outputs:
3.1 Crops suiting the
groundwater balance
promoted, in about 650
habitations in Andhra
Pradesh, by 2008.
3.2 External Inputs in the
Agriculture reduced, by
2007.
3.3 Staffs possess the
knowledge and skills to take
up the tasks in Agriculture,
by 2005.
• No. of farmers adopting alternative
agricultural practices/inputs
• Types of alternative agricultural
practices promoted
3.1 No. of farmers making crop
choices suiting rabi groundwater
balance estimate
3.2 Quantity of external Inputs in the
Agriculture
3.3 No. of staff trained in alternative
agricultural practices
o Minutes of GMC meeting
o Staff reports
o Press clippings
o Base Document
3.1 Crop plans, cropadoption
survey
report, training
report, MSR and HPR
3.2 Base Document and
Study report3.3
Training report, MSR and
HPR
Chemical fertilizer/
pesticide companies
and departments
realign their
approach to promote
organic farming
Activities:
Inputs:
3.1.1 Crop Water Budgeting
3.1.2 Participatory Technology
Development on irrigation methods
3.1.3 Farmer Field Schools: Integrated
Pest and Production Management
3.2.1 Bridge course on Low External Input
Agriculture
3.2.2 Bio-agents production centre
3.2.3 Documentation and Dissemination of
best practices in Agricultural
Production System
3.2.4 Farmer Training Teams
3.1.1 Staff training and exposure: FFS
3.1.2 Staff training and exposure: PTD
concept
3.1.1 Time & travel of Staff, Consultants and Farmers, workshop
equipment/stationary, food & transport
3.1.2 Time & travel of Staff and Farmers time, agricultural critical
inputs, demo plot, accommodation, food & transport
3.1.3 Training material, agriculture critical inputs, food,
accommodation & transport, consultant’s/staff’s time and
travel
3.2.1 Training material, food, accommodation & transport,
consultant’s/staff’s time and travel
3.2.2 Raw material, training material, food, accommodation &
transport, consultant’s/staff’s time and travel
3.2.3 Time & travel of Staff, Consultants and Farmers, publishing
equipment/stationary, food & transport
3.2.4 Training resource material, training kit, food, accommodation
& transport, consultant’s/staff’s time and travel
3.3.1 Time & travel of Staff, Consultants and Farmers, workshop
equipment/stationary, food & transport
3.3.2 Time & travel of Staff, Consultants and Farmers, workshop
equipment/stationary, food & transport
121

Project Document
Executive Summary Objective Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification External Factors
Immediate objective 4:
Community based institutions
established for alternative
management of groundwater
resources with equal
representation/ participation of
men and women, covering about
650 habitations, by the year
2008.
• No. of CBIs involved in
groundwater management
• No. of women on Committees of
CBIs
• No. of women farmer volunteers
o Minutes of GMC meeting
o Staff reports
o Visitors Book
o Press clippings
o Base Document
Political parties,
faction groups
government and
PRIs support the
community level
initiative
Outputs:
4.1 CBIs formed for groundwater
management, covering 650
habitations in Andhra Pradesh, by
2006.
4.2 Enabling environment created for
women participation in
groundwater management, in 650
habitations of Andhra Pradesh, by
2007.
4.3 Institutional capacity of GMCs,
covering 650 habitations in
Andhra Pradesh, built up, by year
2008.
4.4 Functional linkages between CBIs
and Line Departments
established, covering about 650
habitations, by year 2008.
4.1 No. of GMCs formed at habitation,
hydrological unit and NGO level
4.2 No. of women on GMC, no. of women
volunteers and no. of women trained
4.3 No. of GMCs conducting business on their
own
4.4 No. of departments supporting GMC,
technically and financially
4.5 No. of staff trained in institutional
development and gender mainstreaming
4.1 Books of GMC, MSR and HPR
4.2 Books of GMC, Case Studies,
press clippings, MSR and HPR
4.3 Books of GMC, MSR and HPR
4.4 Books of GMC, Departmental
Reports, MSR and HPR
4.5 NGO books, MSR, HPR and
Training Reports
4.5 Staff possesses the knowledge
and skills to take up the tasks in
Institutional Development and
Gender, by 2006.
Inputs:
Activities:
4.1.1 Meetings with CBI leaders
4.1.2 Kalajatha
4.1.3 Gramsabha
4.2.1 Gender Assessment Study
4.2.2 Gender mainstreaming activities
4.3.1 Training and exposure: habitation level
4.3.2 Training and exposure: HU level
4.3.3 Training and exposure: Project level
4.4.1 Farmer-Officer Workshops
4.4.2 Collaborative efforts of GMC
4.5.1 Staff training and exposure: PRA
4.5.2 Staff training and exposure: LFA
4.5.3 Staff training and exposure: Team Building
4.5.4 Staff training and exposure: GAS
4.5.5 Training of trainers: NFE approach
4.5.6 Staff training and exposure: Gender mainstreaming
4.1.1 Staff’s time and Travel
4.1.2 Cultural Team’s fee, Travel, Staff’s time and travel, Public Address System, Food and Accommodation
4.1.3 Staff’s time and travel
4.2.1 Staff’s time and travel, Printing and Stationary
4.2.2 Consultancy fee, training material, Staff’s time & travel, Farmer’ s time & travel, Food and Accommodation
4.3.1 Consultancy fee, training material, Staff’s time & travel, Farmer’ s time & travel, Food and Accommodation
4.3.2 Consultancy fee, training material, Staff’s time & travel, Farmer’ s time & travel, Food and Accommodation
4.3.3 Consultancy fee, training material, Staff’s time & travel, Farmer’ s time & travel, Food and Accommodation
4.4.1 Staff’s time & travel, , Farmer’ s time & travel, Officer’s time and travel, Food and Accommodation
4.4.2 Staff’s time & travel, , Farmer’ s time & travel, Officer’s time and travel, Food and Accommodation
4.4.3 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation
4.5.2 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation
4.5.3 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation
4.5.4 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation
4.5.5 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation
4.5.6 Consultancy fee, Staff’s time, travel, training material, Food and Accommodation
122