ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Testing

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For the purposes of this book, visual and optical tests are those that use probing energy from the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Changes in the light's properties after contact with the test object may be detected by human or machine vision. Detection may be enhanced or made possible by mirrors, magnifiers, borescopes or other vision enhancing accessories. Keywords; ■ ■ ■ Visible Spectrum (380nm ~ 770nm), Human or machine vision, Vision enhancing tools- Borescope, mirror and other enhancing accessories. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
1.2.0 Luminous Energy Tests <strong>Visual</strong> testing was probably the first method of nondestructive testing. It has developed from its ancient origins into many complex and elaborate optical investigation techniques. Some visual tests are based on the simple laws of geometrical optics. Others depend on properties of light, such as its wave nature. A unique advantage of many visual tests is that they can yield quantitative data more readily than other nondestructive tests. Luminous energy tests are used primarily for two purposes: 1. testing of exposed or accessible surfaces of opaque test objects (including a majority of partially assembled or finished products) and 2. testing of the interior of transparent test objects (such as glass, quartz, some plastics, liquids and gases). For many types of objects, visual testing can be used to determine quantity, size, shape, surface finish, reflectivity, color characteristics, fit, functional characteristics and the presence of surface discontinuities. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 1 and 2: ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Te
Page 3 and 4: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
Page 5 and 6: SECTION 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF VISUAL A
Page 7: Part 1: DESCRIPTION OF VISUAL AND O
Page 11 and 12: 1.3.0 Geometrical Optics 1.3.1 Imag
Page 13 and 14: Keywords: Monochromatic light produ
Page 15 and 16: Compared to incandescent lamps, gas
Page 17 and 18: Vapor Discharged Lamp Charlie Chong
Page 19 and 20: A monochromator is an optical devic
Page 21 and 22: Monochromator used prisms or gratin
Page 27 and 28: 1.3.3 Stroboscopic Sources The stro
Page 29 and 30: Stroboscopic Movement Charlie Chong
Page 31 and 32: Stroboscopic Sources Charlie Chong/
Page 33 and 34: Stroboscopic Glasses Charlie Chong/
Page 35 and 36: 千手观音 Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 37 and 38: 1.3.4 Light Detection and Recording
Page 39 and 40: Bolometer consists of an absorptive
Page 41 and 42: Bolometer Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 43 and 44: Thermopiles Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 45 and 46: Thermopiles Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 47 and 48: Photo Detector Comparisons http://h
Page 49 and 50: Semiconductor devices, particularly
Page 51 and 52: Photomultiplier Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 53 and 54: Photoelectric Cell • Photovoltaic
Page 55 and 56: Photovoltaic Cell Charlie Chong/ Fi
Page 57 and 58: Photoemissive Cell- Photoemissive c
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Photoemissive Cell: Analysis of sod
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Fluorescence Detection Charlie Chon
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Part 2: History of Borescope 2.1.0
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Borescopes and related instruments
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Flexible borescopes for industrial
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Digitized Borescope Charlie Chong/
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Crampton continued to supply custom
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FIGURE 2. Tests of forgings for a s
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2.1.4 Wartime Borescope Development
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The inspector standing directly in
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Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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2.1.5 Borescopes and Aircraft Tests
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After a half century of pioneering
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By 1965, there were standards for t
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During 1978, ASNT subcommittees wer
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The accumulated data are then proce
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FIGURE 8. Pattern changes illustrat
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The differences between a search fo
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3.2 Weber's Law 3.2.1 General Weber
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FIGURE 9. Stages of visual percepti
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3.3. Vision Acuity 3.3.1 General Vi
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The light energy is received and co
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FIGURE 11. Magnified cross section
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3.3.3 Determining Vision Acuity The
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3.4 Vision Acuity Examinations 3.4.
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3.4.3 Far Vision Examinations Condi
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If an applicant does not pass the e
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Ototype Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Golovin-Sivtsev Table Charlie Chong
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3.4.5 Vision Acuity Examination Req
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The background luminance of the cha
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TABLE 1. Eye examination system con
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3.5 Visual Angle 3.5.1 Posture Post
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The commonly quoted optimum, includ
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FIGURE 14. Shifting eye positions c
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3.6 Color Vision 3.6.1 General Ther
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Color Vision Examinations-Ishihara
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Color Vision Examinations-Ishihara
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TABLE 2. Causes of acquired color v
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3.6.3 Color Vision Classifications
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Anomaloscope Test Charlie Chong/ Fi
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TABLE 4. Naval Submarine Medical Re
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As with vision acuity examinations,
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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Individuals in these categories con
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Caps for Color Vision Examinations
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PLATE 2. Colored caps for normal co
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PLATE 4. Colored caps for red blind
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PLATE 6. Colored caps for blue blin
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3.7 Fluorescent Materials 3.7-1 Gen
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While the fundamental aspects of fl
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FIGURE 15. Electromagnetic spectrum
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FIGURE 16. Human eye response to li
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FIGURE 16. Human eye response at 10
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Fluorescence Testing Charlie Chong/
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4.1 Need for Safety Developments in
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4.2 Laser Hazards 4.2.1 General Los
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Laser standards of manufacture and
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4.2.2 High Luminance Visible Light
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4.3 Infrared Hazards Infrared radia
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Studies have clarified the spectral
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If injurious effects continue to de
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If the inspector is concerned about
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4.5 Photosensitizers While ultravio
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where L λ , could be any other spe
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Calculation of the permissible lumi
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Because different regions of the re
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4.8 Blue Hazard The so-called blue
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4.10 Eye Protection Filters Because
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ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Testing

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