The Linux Development Platform Configuring, Using, and ... - Classes

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CH03.fm Page 90 Monday, October 7, 2002 8:33 PM 90 Chapter 3 • Compilers and Assemblers -mno-mul32 -mnsa -mno-nsa -mminmax -mno-minmax -msext -mno-sext -mbooleans -mno-booleans -mhard-float -msoft-float -mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -mserialize-volatile -mno-serialize-volatile -mtext-section-literals -mno-text-section-literals -mtarget-align -mno-target-align -mlongcalls -mno-long-calls 3.3.8.16 Code Generation Options -fcall-saved-reg -fcall-used-reg -ffixed-reg -fexceptions -fnon-call-exceptions -funwind-tables -finhibit-size-directive -finstrument-functions -fcheck-memory-usage -fprefix-function-name -fno-common -fno-ident -fno-gnu-linker -fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC -freg-struct-return -fshared-data -fshort-enums -fshort-double -fvolatile -fvolatile-global -fvolatile-static
CH03.fm Page 91 Monday, October 7, 2002 8:33 PM Linking a program 91 -fverbose-asm -fpack-struct -fstack-check -fstack-limit-register=reg -fstack-limit-symbol=sym -fargument-alias -fargument-noalias -fargument-noalias-global -fleading-underscore 3.4 Linking a program As mentioned earlier, building an executable binary file from a source code file is a multi-stage process. The gcc compiler usually carries all these steps for you by default. However you can stop gcc at any of these stages for various reasons. You have already seen how to create assembler code from a C source code file. In most software projects, output binaries are built from many source code files. For this purpose you have to compile these source code files to object files one by one before you can generate the output binary file. After creating these object files, you can link these files using gcc to the final executable. The gcc compiler gets help from different programs during the four steps listed earlier in this chapter. During the linking part, the ld program is invoked with appropriate arguments to link one or many object files together with libraries to generate an executable. Command line switches used with ld can be found using manual pages. The linker is a part of GNU binary utilities package also known as binutils. You can download and install the latest version of GNU linker if you need to do so. 3.5 Assembling a Program GNU assembler is part of GNU binary utilities package. To get the latest binutils packages, you can download it from ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/. After downloading you have to use the tar command to extract source code files. The latest version at the time of writing this chapter is 2.12 and the tar command will create a directory binutils-2.12 automatically. I have extracted it in /opt directory, so the source code directory is /opt/binutils-2.12. I created another directory /opt/binutils-build to build the package. Running the configure script is the first step towards building binary utilities package. The following sequence of commands does all of these steps. [root@conformix /opt]# cd /opt [root@conformix /opt]# tar zxvf binutils-2.12.tar.gz [root@conformix /opt]# mkdir binutils-build [root@conformix /opt]# cd binutils-build/ [root@conformix binutils-build]# ../binutils-2.12/configure -- prefix=/opt/gcc-3.0.4 --enable-shared
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