- Page 1 and 2: NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
- Page 3 and 4: Stony Brook University The Graduate
- Page 5 and 6: postcranial anatomy more accurately
- Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents List of Figures .
- Page 9 and 10: Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Page 11 and 12: Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Page 13 and 14: Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Page 15 and 16: Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Page 17 and 18: Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Page 19 and 20: Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
- Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
- Page 23 and 24: Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
- Page 25 and 26: Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
- Page 27 and 28: Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
- Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
- Page 31 and 32: primates, sharing many dental featu
- Page 33 and 34: were acquired. Specifically, the
- Page 35: of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
- Page 39 and 40: Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
- Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
- Page 43 and 44: Information on the cranium of basal
- Page 45 and 46: petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
- Page 47 and 48: History of descriptive study of ple
- Page 49 and 50: Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
- Page 51 and 52: 9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
- Page 53 and 54: portion of the bulla medial to the
- Page 55 and 56: Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
- Page 57 and 58: MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
- Page 59 and 60: whitening, dark and light areas on
- Page 61 and 62: SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
- Page 63 and 64: efore meeting a large, anteroposter
- Page 65 and 66: The canine is a simple, single-root
- Page 67 and 68: existence and/or nature of contacts
- Page 69 and 70: outlined. This includes description
- Page 71 and 72: eneath it while also extending post
- Page 73 and 74: y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
- Page 75 and 76: the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
- Page 77 and 78: margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
- Page 79 and 80: groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
- Page 81 and 82: 2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
- Page 83 and 84: preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
- Page 85 and 86: the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
- Page 119 and 120:
81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
- Page 121 and 122:
Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.2. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.3. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.4. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.5. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.6. UALVP 49105 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.7. UALVP 46687 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.11. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.13. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.18. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.20. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.23. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.24. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.27. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.28. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.29. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.31. MNHN CR 126, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
- Page 253 and 254:
Figure 3.4. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.5. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.6. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.10. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
- Page 279 and 280:
MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
- Page 281 and 282:
Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
- Page 291 and 292:
supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
- Page 299 and 300:
Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
- Page 305 and 306:
for comparison. These include isola
- Page 307 and 308:
plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
- Page 317 and 318:
epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
- Page 321 and 322:
tuberosity. This crest probably del
- Page 323 and 324:
olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
- Page 327 and 328:
of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
- Page 331 and 332:
matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
- Page 349 and 350:
difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
- Page 357 and 358:
the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
- Page 367 and 368:
to the peroneal surface. The perone
- Page 369 and 370:
could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
- Page 415 and 416:
are consistent with more frequent u
- Page 417 and 418:
differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
- Page 435 and 436:
Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.15. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
- Page 445 and 446:
Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
- Page 447 and 448:
Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
- Page 449 and 450:
Table 4.26. Measurements of plesiad
- Page 451 and 452:
Table 4.28. Measurements of plesiad
- Page 453 and 454:
Table 4.32. Measurements of plesiad
- Page 455 and 456:
Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
- Page 457 and 458:
Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
- Page 459 and 460:
Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
- Page 461 and 462:
Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
- Page 463 and 464:
Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
- Page 465 and 466:
Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 467 and 468:
Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
- Page 469 and 470:
Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.8. Surface reconstructions
- Page 473 and 474:
Figure 4.9. Surface reconstructions
- Page 475 and 476:
Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
- Page 477 and 478:
Figure 4.12. Surface reconstruction
- Page 479 and 480:
Figure 4.13. Surface reconstruction
- Page 481 and 482:
Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
- Page 483 and 484:
Figure 4.15. Surface reconstruction
- Page 485 and 486:
Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
- Page 487 and 488:
Figure 4.19. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 489 and 490:
Figure 4.21. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 491 and 492:
Figure 4.23. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 493 and 494:
Figure 4.24. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 495 and 496:
Figure 4.25. Surface reconstruction
- Page 497:
Figure 4.27. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4.30 472
- Page 502 and 503:
Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
- Page 504 and 505:
Figure 4.33 476
- Page 506 and 507:
Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
- Page 508 and 509:
Figure 4.36. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 510 and 511:
Figure 4.38. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 512 and 513:
Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
- Page 514 and 515:
Figure 4.42. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 516 and 517:
Figure 4.44. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 518 and 519:
Figure 4.46. 490
- Page 520 and 521:
Figure 4.47 492
- Page 522 and 523:
Figure 4.48. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 524 and 525:
Figure 4.50. 496
- Page 526 and 527:
Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
- Page 528 and 529:
INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
- Page 532 and 533:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
- Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
- Page 536 and 537:
plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
- Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
- Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
- Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
- Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
- Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
- Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
- Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
- Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
- Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
- Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
- Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
- Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
- Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
- Page 564 and 565:
158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
- Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
- Page 568 and 569:
Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
- Page 570 and 571:
Figure 5.2. 542
- Page 572 and 573:
Figure 5.3 544
- Page 574 and 575:
Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
- Page 576 and 577:
ostral end of the nasals) and prema
- Page 578 and 579:
its body size would fit predictions
- Page 580 and 581:
vertically-to-caudally projecting t
- Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
- Page 584 and 585:
Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
- Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
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Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
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Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
- Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
- Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
- Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E