Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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of terms, as well as lists of terms and synonyms that may be helpful in some cases. Table 2.1 is a list of numerical codes for relevant anatomical structures. Table 2.2 is a list of abbreviations for cranial bones and anatomical structures. Institutional abbreviations AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York; MaPhQ, Montauban Phosphorites du Quercy; MNHN, Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; SBU, Stony Brook University; UALVP, University of Alberta Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology, Edmonton; UM, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; UM, University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, Ann Arbor; UMMZ, University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor; USNM, United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington; YPM-PU, Yale Peabody Museum- Princeton University collection, New Haven. Generic abbreviations I. - Ignacius P. – Plesiadapis Pr. – Pronothodectes N. – Nannodectes 18
History of descriptive study of plesiadapid cranial material Simpson (1935) provided the initial description of a plesiadapid skull and associated dentition (AMNH 17388), now attributed to Nannodectes gidleyi (Gingerich, 1976). The specimen came from the Mason Pocket locality in late Paleocene strata of the Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, Colorado. The details Simpson provided on the cranial anatomy are brief. No figures were provided. Russell (1959) provided a preliminary description of a more complete plesiadapid skull, Plesiadapis tricuspidens (MNHN CR 125), from the Berru locality near Reims in late Paleocene strata of the Paris Basin, France. This contribution included a labeled sketch of the skull in dorsal and ventral views, and corresponding photographs. As summarized by Gingerich (1976), Russell described the general form of the skull, interpreted it as preserving large premaxillae that contact the frontals, and otherwise focused on the basicranium. Russell (1959) stated that the skull preserves a posterior carotid canal, and that there are two subequal grooves on the promontorium for the promontory and stapedial arteries. He also stated that the bullae appeared to have been derived from the petrosal. Simons (1960: fig. 1) reviewed the find of MNHN CR 125 and provided a reconstruction of the skull in lateral view. The caption states that there is “correction for distortion.” Simons noted the lack of a postorbital bar and relatively large antemolar dentition as distinctive features of this Paleocene “primate,” contrasting it with euprimates. Russell (1964) provided the most comprehensive description of a plesiadapid skull (P. tricuspidens, based on MNHN CR 125, 126, 966, 965; 4306) as a follow-up to 19
Page 1 and 2: NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
Page 3 and 4: Stony Brook University The Graduate
Page 5 and 6: postcranial anatomy more accurately
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents List of Figures .
Page 9 and 10: Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 13 and 14: Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 15 and 16: Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 17 and 18: Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 19 and 20: Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
Page 25 and 26: Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
Page 27 and 28: Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
Page 31 and 32: primates, sharing many dental featu
Page 33 and 34: were acquired. Specifically, the
Page 35 and 36: of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
Page 37 and 38: Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
Page 39 and 40: Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
Page 43 and 44: Information on the cranium of basal
Page 45: petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
Page 49 and 50: Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
Page 51 and 52: 9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
Page 53 and 54: portion of the bulla medial to the
Page 55 and 56: Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
Page 57 and 58: MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
Page 59 and 60: whitening, dark and light areas on
Page 61 and 62: SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
Page 63 and 64: efore meeting a large, anteroposter
Page 65 and 66: The canine is a simple, single-root
Page 67 and 68: existence and/or nature of contacts
Page 69 and 70: outlined. This includes description
Page 71 and 72: eneath it while also extending post
Page 73 and 74: y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
Page 75 and 76: the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
Page 77 and 78: margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
Page 79 and 80: groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
Page 81 and 82: 2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
Page 83 and 84: preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
Page 85 and 86: the posterior septum, a deeply inci
Page 87 and 88: Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
Page 89 and 90: is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
Page 91 and 92: is not convoluted like many other s
Page 93 and 94: 110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
Page 95 and 96: two regions for the internal jugula
Page 97 and 98:
ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
Page 115 and 116:
Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
Page 117 and 118:
TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
Page 123 and 124:
Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
Page 125 and 126:
Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
Page 127 and 128:
Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.18. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
Page 185 and 186:
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 211 and 212:
Methods of examination and document
Page 213 and 214:
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
Page 241 and 242:
TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
Page 247 and 248:
Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
Page 263 and 264:
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
Page 283 and 284:
History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
Page 297 and 298:
5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
Page 321 and 322:
tuberosity. This crest probably del
Page 323 and 324:
olecranon process to estimate its t
Page 325 and 326:
distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
Page 349 and 350:
difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
Page 353 and 354:
foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
Page 357 and 358:
the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
Page 359 and 360:
The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
Page 361 and 362:
lacking a lateral extension of its
Page 363 and 364:
The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
Page 369 and 370:
could even be described as having t
Page 371 and 372:
Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
Page 381 and 382:
Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
Page 383 and 384:
articulation with the entocuneiform
Page 385 and 386:
medial side facet on MT IV from a v
Page 387 and 388:
Vertebral column Vertebral column d
Page 389 and 390:
measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
Page 391 and 392:
transverse processes, and the poste
Page 393 and 394:
taxa appear to have slightly more p
Page 395 and 396:
dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402:
identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
Page 409 and 410:
autapomorphy, because it appears th
Page 411 and 412:
Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
Page 413 and 414:
Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416:
are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418:
differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
Page 423 and 424:
Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
Page 427 and 428:
Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458:
Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497:
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
Page 508 and 509:
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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Page 528 and 529:
INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
Page 532 and 533:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
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More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
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Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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