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Geochronology and Biostratigraphy, 2nd edn. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 43-105 MacPhee, R.D.E., Cartmill, M., Gingerich, P.D., 1983. New Paleogene primate basicrania and the definition of the order Primates. Nature 301, 509-511. MacPhee, R.D.E., Cartmill, M., 1986. Basicranial structures and primate systematics. Comparative Primate Biology, Volume 1: Systematics, Evolution, and Anatomy. Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 219-275. Rose, K.D., 1981. The Clarkforkian land-mammal age and mammalian faunal composition across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology No 26, 197 pp. Rose, K.D., Bown, T.M., 1982. New plesiadapiform primates from the Eocene of Wyoming and Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2, 63-69. Russell, D.E., 1964. Les Mammifères Paléocènes d'Europe. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Série C 13, 1-324. Sargis, E.J., <strong>Boyer</strong>, D.M., Bloch, J.I., Silcox, M.T., 2007. Evolution of pedal grasping in Primates. Journal of Human Evolution 53, 103-107. Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983. Mammalian Paleofaunas of the World. Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts. Simons, E.L., 1964. The early relatives of man. Scientific American 211, 51-62. Simons, E.L., 1967. Fossil primates and the evolution of some primate locomotor systems. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 26, 241-254. Simons, E.L., 1972. Primate Evolution, An Introduction to Man's Place in Nature. Macmillan, New York. Simpson, G.G., 1935. The Tiffany fauna, upper Paleocene. II.-Structure and relationships of Plesiadapis. American Museum Novitates, 1-30. Sussman, R.W., Raven, P.H., 1978. Pollination by lemurs and marsupials: an archaic coevolutionary system. Science 200, 731-736. Sussman, R.W., 1991. Primate origins and the evolution of angiosperms. American Journal of Primatology 23, 209-223. Szalay, F.S., 1968. The beginnings of primates. Evolution 22, 19-36. 10
Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphology of the Early Tertiary Phenacolemur and its bearing on primate phylogeny. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 36, 59-76. Szalay, F.S., Tattersall, I., Decker, R.L., 1975. Phylogenetic relationships of Plesiadapis - postcranial evidence. Contributions to Primatology 5, 136-166. Szalay, F.S., Dagosto, M., 1980. Locomotor adaptations as reflected on the humerus of Paleogene primates. Folia Primatologica 34, 1-45. Szalay, F.S., Rosenberger, A.L., Dagosto, M., 1987. Diagnosis and differentiation of the order Primates. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 30, 75-105. Szalay, F.S., Dagosto, M., 1988. Evolution of hallucial grasping in the Primates. Journal of Human Evolution 17, 1-33. Tambareau, Y., Russell, D.E., Sigogneau-Russell, D., Villatte, J., 1992. Decouverte de vertébrés dans le Paléocène de Campo (Pryenees aragonaises). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 128, 73-76. Thewissen, J.G.M., Williams, E.M., Hussain, S.T., 2001. Eocene mammal faunas from northern Indo-Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21, 347-366. Trouessart, E.L., 1897. Catalogues des Mammalium tam Viventium quam Fossilium. R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin. 11
Page 1 and 2: NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
Page 3 and 4: Stony Brook University The Graduate
Page 5 and 6: postcranial anatomy more accurately
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents List of Figures .
Page 9 and 10: Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 13 and 14: Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 15 and 16: Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 17 and 18: Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 19 and 20: Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
Page 25 and 26: Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
Page 27 and 28: Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
Page 31 and 32: primates, sharing many dental featu
Page 33 and 34: were acquired. Specifically, the
Page 35 and 36: of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
Page 37: Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
Page 43 and 44: Information on the cranium of basal
Page 45 and 46: petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
Page 47 and 48: History of descriptive study of ple
Page 49 and 50: Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
Page 51 and 52: 9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
Page 53 and 54: portion of the bulla medial to the
Page 55 and 56: Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
Page 57 and 58: MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
Page 59 and 60: whitening, dark and light areas on
Page 61 and 62: SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
Page 63 and 64: efore meeting a large, anteroposter
Page 65 and 66: The canine is a simple, single-root
Page 67 and 68: existence and/or nature of contacts
Page 69 and 70: outlined. This includes description
Page 71 and 72: eneath it while also extending post
Page 73 and 74: y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
Page 75 and 76: the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
Page 77 and 78: margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
Page 79 and 80: groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
Page 81 and 82: 2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
Page 83 and 84: preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
Page 85 and 86: the posterior septum, a deeply inci
Page 87 and 88: Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
Page 89 and 90:
is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
Page 91 and 92:
is not convoluted like many other s
Page 93 and 94:
110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
Page 95 and 96:
two regions for the internal jugula
Page 97 and 98:
ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
Page 99 and 100:
provides measurements of these and
Page 101 and 102:
of the promontorium of the Pellouin
Page 103 and 104:
seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
Page 107 and 108:
canaliculus are present on the sept
Page 109 and 110:
it is missing from the other side o
Page 111 and 112:
observations and interpretations ma
Page 113 and 114:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
Page 115 and 116:
Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
Page 117 and 118:
TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
Page 119 and 120:
81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
Page 121 and 122:
Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
Page 123 and 124:
Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
Page 125 and 126:
Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
Page 127 and 128:
Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
Page 129 and 130:
Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
Page 133 and 134:
Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 2.18. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
Page 189 and 190:
Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
Page 193 and 194:
Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
Page 201 and 202:
Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
Page 205 and 206:
CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
Page 207 and 208:
these species. Changing ecological
Page 209 and 210:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 211 and 212:
Methods of examination and document
Page 213 and 214:
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
Page 215 and 216:
Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
Page 217 and 218:
nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
Page 219 and 220:
identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
Page 221 and 222:
process is quite large, projecting
Page 223 and 224:
vestibuli. This groove’s point of
Page 225 and 226:
9: 40). The right side reveals an a
Page 227 and 228:
e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
Page 229 and 230:
process appears as solid bone. Admi
Page 231 and 232:
16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
Page 233 and 234:
DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
Page 235 and 236:
Lower premolar molarization As indi
Page 237 and 238:
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
Page 241 and 242:
TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
Page 243 and 244:
Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
Page 245 and 246:
Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
Page 247 and 248:
Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
Page 249 and 250:
Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
Page 251 and 252:
Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
Page 261 and 262:
Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
Page 267 and 268:
Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
Page 269 and 270:
CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
Page 271 and 272:
among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
Page 273 and 274:
Institutional and collections abbre
Page 275 and 276:
CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
Page 277 and 278:
HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
Page 279 and 280:
MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
Page 281 and 282:
Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
Page 283 and 284:
History of descriptive study of the
Page 285 and 286:
illustrations of this material, exc
Page 287 and 288:
astragalus and calcaneum was highly
Page 289 and 290:
discussion of the femur indicates t
Page 291 and 292:
supinator crests. He also noted tha
Page 293 and 294:
that it may not even be an archonta
Page 295 and 296:
unstudied material. Specifically, h
Page 297 and 298:
5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
Page 299 and 300:
Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
Page 301 and 302:
prehensility they provide, is an in
Page 303 and 304:
euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
Page 305 and 306:
for comparison. These include isola
Page 307 and 308:
plesiadapid samples have the same m
Page 309 and 310:
Organization of results Each bone i
Page 311 and 312:
Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
Page 313 and 314:
clavicle reflects some basic aspect
Page 315 and 316:
Humerus Description.—The right an
Page 317 and 318:
epicondyle actually projects somewh
Page 319 and 320:
cookei is absolutely longer than an
Page 321 and 322:
tuberosity. This crest probably del
Page 323 and 324:
olecranon process to estimate its t
Page 325 and 326:
distinct, convex distal radial face
Page 327 and 328:
of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
Page 329 and 330:
(there is no evidence for more than
Page 331 and 332:
matches the opposing facet on the t
Page 333 and 334:
mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
Page 335 and 336:
Function.—The three proximal carp
Page 337 and 338:
the bone presently being described:
Page 339 and 340:
the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
Page 341 and 342:
differs from MC II and III in havin
Page 343 and 344:
even more pronounced. The distal en
Page 345 and 346:
etween the distal carpals and the
Page 347 and 348:
have stouter shaft diameters for th
Page 349 and 350:
difference makes them more like kno
Page 351 and 352:
antipronograde clinging postures, o
Page 353 and 354:
foramina, and faces slightly proxim
Page 355 and 356:
spine at the superior tip of the il
Page 357 and 358:
the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
Page 359 and 360:
The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
Page 361 and 362:
lacking a lateral extension of its
Page 363 and 364:
The anteromedial side of the tibial
Page 365 and 366:
fibular notch and the strong crest
Page 367 and 368:
to the peroneal surface. The perone
Page 369 and 370:
could even be described as having t
Page 371 and 372:
Function.—The functional features
Page 373 and 374:
flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
Page 375 and 376:
tubercle, which is centrally locate
Page 377 and 378:
Cuboid Description.—The right cub
Page 379 and 380:
Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
Page 381 and 382:
Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
Page 383 and 384:
articulation with the entocuneiform
Page 385 and 386:
medial side facet on MT IV from a v
Page 387 and 388:
Vertebral column Vertebral column d
Page 389 and 390:
measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
Page 391 and 392:
transverse processes, and the poste
Page 393 and 394:
taxa appear to have slightly more p
Page 395 and 396:
dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
Page 397 and 398:
The zygapophyses increase in size b
Page 399 and 400:
vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402:
identifications have been reversed.
Page 403 and 404:
preserved. The ribs are slender and
Page 405 and 406:
Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
Page 407 and 408:
third metacarpal, similar to arbore
Page 409 and 410:
autapomorphy, because it appears th
Page 411 and 412:
Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
Page 413 and 414:
Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416:
are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418:
differences generated from informat
Page 419 and 420:
Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
Page 421 and 422:
ubriventer: implications for the fu
Page 423 and 424:
Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
Page 425 and 426:
Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
Page 427 and 428:
Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
Page 429 and 430:
Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
Page 431 and 432:
Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
Page 433 and 434:
Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
Page 435 and 436:
Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
Page 441 and 442:
Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
Page 443 and 444:
Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
Page 445 and 446:
Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
Page 447 and 448:
Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458:
Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
Page 459 and 460:
Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
Page 461 and 462:
Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
Page 463 and 464:
Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
Page 465 and 466:
Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 467 and 468:
Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
Page 469 and 470:
Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497:
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4.30 472
Page 502 and 503:
Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
Page 504 and 505:
Figure 4.33 476
Page 506 and 507:
Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Figure 4.46. 490
Page 520 and 521:
Figure 4.47 492
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Figure 4.50. 496
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
Page 530 and 531:
have a lacrimal bone that retains i
Page 532 and 533:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
Page 536 and 537:
plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
Page 564 and 565:
158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
Page 568 and 569:
Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
Page 570 and 571:
Figure 5.2. 542
Page 572 and 573:
Figure 5.3 544
Page 574 and 575:
Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
Page 576 and 577:
ostral end of the nasals) and prema
Page 578 and 579:
its body size would fit predictions
Page 580 and 581:
vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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