The ecology of Pacific Northwest coastal sand dunes

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CONTENTS Page PREFACE ................................ ..............................b fji FIGURES .......................................................... . vi TABLES ............................m.e............................. ACKFJOWLEDGMENTS ...........................e.........................e..... CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION ................................................. Pacific Northwest Coastal Sand Dunes ................................ CEAPTER 2 . ENVIRONMENT .................................................. Land ................................................................ Climate ............................................................. Hydrology ........................................................... Substrate ...........................................*............ .. Plants ..................................e........e.................. CHAPTER 3 . COASTAL SAND DUNE MORPHOLOGY ................................. Dune Forms ..........................C..0.............e.............. Dune Systems ........................................................ CHAPTER 4 . DUNE PROCESSES ............................................... Stablilization and Rejuvenation ..................................+a. The Present Situation ...........................................e..... CHAPTER 5 . BIOTA ......................................e......e..e....e.. Flora ............................................................... Plant Communities .............................*...............e... .a Plants and the Environment .......................................... Fauna ............................................................... Wildlife Habitats ..................................................... CHAPTER 6 . HUNAN IMFACT ................................................. General Impact ....................................e..e...*...e... ................................................. ... Management Problems REFERENCES ................................................. ...... 86 APPENDICES I COASTAL SAND DUNE LOCALITIES.. ................................. 92 I1 DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIFIC DUNE AREAS ............................ 99 I11 LIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE DUNES ........................... 108 IV . LIST OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF THE DUNES .............. .... ..t ix X . 115
Number FIGURES Page 1 Location of the Pacific Northwest Coastal Region ................................................ 3 The sand dune lacalities of the Pacific Northwest Coastal Region ..................................*.*.... 5 Exposure of Pleistocene sand ..................................... 9 Wind regimes for two locations along the Pacific Northwest coast ... ........................................... 11 The development of coastal fogs .................................. 11 Ocean currents along the Pacific Northwest coast ................. 14 Longshore or I ittoral. currents .....*.................... 15 Rip currents ..................................................... 15 Cross section through a dune aquifer ............................. 16 Transverse ridge zone ...........e...............~t....I.......... 24 Transverse ridge. side view . ...........+................#...*... 24 Transverse ridge trend and movement .............................. 25 Transverse dune system ........................................... 26 Oblique dune mavcment ............................................ 27 Foredune.. .................................................... 28 Foredune formed by native plant species ............ . 29 Retention ridge .................................................. 30 Parabola dune system ..............e...*.*..........e.e*.......... 31 Parabola dunes at Sand take. ..................................... 32 Sand humocks farnted by European beachgrass ................*.* .. 33
Page 2 and 3: FWS/OBS-84/04 March 1984 THE ECOLOG
Page 4 and 5: PREFACE It was just twenty years ag
Page 8 and 9: Number 20b Page Sand hummock formed
Page 10 and 11: TABLES Number Page 1 Average annual
Page 12 and 13: ciation of a traditional approach t
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER ONE Sand dunes--the very wo
Page 16 and 17: ut this failed. Scientific and tech
Page 19 and 20: Towns and cities are located along
Page 21 and 22: and rivers flowing from the surroun
Page 23 and 24: Table 1. Average annual , July, and
Page 25 and 26: These fogs usually dissipate later
Page 27 and 28: Figure 6. Ocean currents alcag the
Page 29 and 30: PRECIPITATION 1 Figure 9. Cross sec
Page 31 and 32: Table 3. Chemical analysis of beach
Page 33 and 34: wind. Stabil i zati on requires the
Page 35 and 36: Table 6. Formative elements, charac
Page 37 and 38: Figure 10. Transverse ridge zone. T
Page 40 and 41: transport by all winds blowing from
Page 42 and 43: Pa, -In w u ~ r >mcZ)o WP- a*- w a
Page 44 and 45: L i Q j 4 a, a>.@ 60 L - S C F w t4
Page 46 and 47: Figure 20a. Sand hummocks fomd by E
Page 48 and 49: erosion. Such places are called def
Page 50 and 51: Figure 24. Ephemeral dune pond. The
Page 52 and 53: north-central part of the region; a
Page 54 and 55: ear7 i er dunes are present. A fore
Page 57 and 58:
silt, clay, and organic materials i
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 30. Buried soil profiles on
Page 61 and 62:
CHAPTER FIVE BIOTA FLORA The vascul
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 32. Ye1 low sandverbena. Lea
Page 67 and 68:
Flgure 36. Red fescue--dune go1 den
Page 69 and 70:
spp.) can occasionally be found in
Page 71 and 72:
In general there are no successiona
Page 73 and 74:
adaptive behavior of the common dee
Page 75 and 76:
Table 10 lists the dune habitats an
Page 77 and 78:
Table 11. Bee species found by Gord
Page 79 and 80:
Tundra Swans use this habitat exten
Page 81 and 82:
sand dunes. Small settlements are f
Page 83 and 84:
In 1935 work began on the 1,200 tow
Page 85 and 86:
Some of the finest examples of nati
Page 87 and 88:
that has been planted on 80,000 ha
Page 89 and 90:
state game departments, nati we pla
Page 92 and 93:
Table 13. Habitat or potential habi
Page 94 and 95:
Figure 51. Pink sandverbena. Slende
Page 96 and 97:
CIeJVflar * 'r- m .r .r c 3 uc,+ Or
Page 98 and 99:
In other p1 aces, accreti an is a p
Page 100 and 101:
Coleman, J .Me, and W .G. Srvith. 1
Page 102 and 103:
Komar, P.D. 1973. Physical processe
Page 104 and 105:
Congress. Senate. Commi ttee on Int
Page 106 and 107:
Locality number Location Dune form(
Page 108 and 109:
Local i ty number Location Dune for
Page 110 and 111:
Local i ty number Location Dune for
Page 112 and 113:
APPENDIX B B DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIF
Page 114 and 115:
Lookout. Shortly after the descent
Page 116 and 117:
position in the grass and ORV activ
Page 118 and 119:
FOREST TRAIL TRANSVERSE RIDGE OBLIQ
Page 120 and 121:
prived of blowing sand. The hummock
Page 122 and 123:
- -- Standard name English name Pla
Page 124 and 125:
Standard name Engl i sh name Plant
Page 126 and 127:
Standard name Englf sh name Plant c
Page 128 and 129:
APPENDIX IV LIST OF VERTEBRATE ANIM
Page 130 and 131:
English name (Standard name) Kabi t
Page 132 and 133:
Engl i sh name (Standard name ) Hab
Page 134 and 135:
English name (Standard name 1 Habit
Page 136 and 137:
English name (Standard name) Habita
Page 139 and 140:
English name (Standard name ) Habit
Page 141 and 142:
English name (Standard name 1 Habit
Page 143 and 144:
Habitats BE - Beach MA - Marsh ST -
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The ecology of Pacific Northwest coastal sand dunes

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