The ecology of Pacific Northwest coastal sand dunes

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-" Figure 32. Seashore bl uegrass--beach pea comnunity. Mostly a mixture of seashore bluegrass and beach pea. Beach morning glory in the foreground; silver bursage on the mound to the left. June, 1983. South spit, Humboldt Bay, Locality 33. Figure 35. herican glehraia. Very Figure 34. Large-headed sedge. low-growing plant, frequently part1 y Plants 15 to 20 cm high with large buried. ~mll, white flowers in flowering heads. An important sand several tight c1 users [ mbel s). pioneer species in the north of the Sand pioneer in the seashore blueregion. Sand Lake, Locality 9. grass--beach pea community. Sand May, 1964. Lake, Locality 9. May, 1964.
Flgure 36. Red fescue--dune go1 denrod comuni ty. There is considerable bare ground but the sand is not active, Note patches of silver moss. This species is intolerant of sand burial. Sand Lake, Locality 9. September, 1964. The damp, stab1 e sand surfaces of the Qflation plains provide ideal habi tar for the rapid development of plant comunities. In places where there is ample moisture, but no standing water during any part of the year, the t61 FESTUCA RUBRA-- LUPINUS LIT70RALIS COMUN ITY (red fescue--seashore lupine ) devel ops, This is the typical 'headow" of the sand dunes, and is the comunity that is probably richest in numbers of species, This comunity does not seem to occur in northern Cali farnia. Where water stands on the surface for one to three months during the winter, the [?I JUNGUS FALCATUS --TRIFDLIUM WOWKJOLD II COMUN ZTY ( sic k1 e-1 eaved rush--springbank clover) is feund. This com~unfty {is also high in number of species. blhere water stands four to six months of the year, the C81 CAREX OBNUPTA--POTENTILLA PACIF ICA COM- MUNITY (slough sedge--Paci f i c sil verweed) occurs. In northern California, on the Humboldt Bay spits, ocean waves occasi onal ly wash across the foredunes . In the low places where this water settles , C91 ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRXS-- DISTICHLIS SPICATA COWUNITY (creeping spikerush--seashore saltgrass) appears, essentially a sand dune salt marsh. Sand-dune sedge (Carex , curly dock (!y= c r i § s buttons (Cotuh coronopi - fol ia), and otheF-j7Ents characteristic of slightly saline habitats are a? so found. Where there is permanent standing water, such as the shallow margins of dune ponds and lakes, aquatic plant comuni ties are found. These vary widely, depending upon such factors as water depth, water chemistry, and flucuation in water level. These are not treated in detail here, but typically a [I01 SPIRAEA DOUGLASII/TYPHA LATIFOLIA COMMUNITY (Doug1 as b spi rea/common cat-tail ) would be found along the shallow edges of lakes and ponds. These herbaceous pl ant comuni - ties tend to be present in a complex mosaic over the dune landscape. At any point along the environmental gradient from dry, unstable sand to very wet, stable sand there will be i nwrgradati on of the comuni ties if the gradient is gradual. Very different comuni ties , however, can appear side by side just as easily if there are sharp changes in the local environmmt. This is especially true where moisture is a controlling factor. It should be psin&d out, too, that the on?y species that are unique t~ sand dune areas are those that are adapted to candi ti ons of b1 owing sand (essen-
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FWS/OBS-84/04 March 1984 THE ECOLOG
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PREFACE It was just twenty years ag
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CONTENTS Page PREFACE .............
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Number 20b Page Sand hummock formed
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TABLES Number Page 1 Average annual
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ciation of a traditional approach t
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CHAPTER ONE Sand dunes--the very wo
Page 16 and 17: ut this failed. Scientific and tech
Page 19 and 20: Towns and cities are located along
Page 21 and 22: and rivers flowing from the surroun
Page 23 and 24: Table 1. Average annual , July, and
Page 25 and 26: These fogs usually dissipate later
Page 27 and 28: Figure 6. Ocean currents alcag the
Page 29 and 30: PRECIPITATION 1 Figure 9. Cross sec
Page 31 and 32: Table 3. Chemical analysis of beach
Page 33 and 34: wind. Stabil i zati on requires the
Page 35 and 36: Table 6. Formative elements, charac
Page 37 and 38: Figure 10. Transverse ridge zone. T
Page 40 and 41: transport by all winds blowing from
Page 42 and 43: Pa, -In w u ~ r >mcZ)o WP- a*- w a
Page 44 and 45: L i Q j 4 a, a>.@ 60 L - S C F w t4
Page 46 and 47: Figure 20a. Sand hummocks fomd by E
Page 48 and 49: erosion. Such places are called def
Page 50 and 51: Figure 24. Ephemeral dune pond. The
Page 52 and 53: north-central part of the region; a
Page 54 and 55: ear7 i er dunes are present. A fore
Page 57 and 58: silt, clay, and organic materials i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 30. Buried soil profiles on
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER FIVE BIOTA FLORA The vascul
Page 65: Figure 32. Ye1 low sandverbena. Lea
Page 69 and 70: spp.) can occasionally be found in
Page 71 and 72: In general there are no successiona
Page 73 and 74: adaptive behavior of the common dee
Page 75 and 76: Table 10 lists the dune habitats an
Page 77 and 78: Table 11. Bee species found by Gord
Page 79 and 80: Tundra Swans use this habitat exten
Page 81 and 82: sand dunes. Small settlements are f
Page 83 and 84: In 1935 work began on the 1,200 tow
Page 85 and 86: Some of the finest examples of nati
Page 87 and 88: that has been planted on 80,000 ha
Page 89 and 90: state game departments, nati we pla
Page 92 and 93: Table 13. Habitat or potential habi
Page 94 and 95: Figure 51. Pink sandverbena. Slende
Page 96 and 97: CIeJVflar * 'r- m .r .r c 3 uc,+ Or
Page 98 and 99: In other p1 aces, accreti an is a p
Page 100 and 101: Coleman, J .Me, and W .G. Srvith. 1
Page 102 and 103: Komar, P.D. 1973. Physical processe
Page 104 and 105: Congress. Senate. Commi ttee on Int
Page 106 and 107: Locality number Location Dune form(
Page 108 and 109: Local i ty number Location Dune for
Page 110 and 111: Local i ty number Location Dune for
Page 112 and 113: APPENDIX B B DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIF
Page 114 and 115: Lookout. Shortly after the descent
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position in the grass and ORV activ
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FOREST TRAIL TRANSVERSE RIDGE OBLIQ
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prived of blowing sand. The hummock
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- -- Standard name English name Pla
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Standard name Engl i sh name Plant
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Standard name Englf sh name Plant c
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APPENDIX IV LIST OF VERTEBRATE ANIM
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English name (Standard name) Kabi t
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Engl i sh name (Standard name ) Hab
Page 134 and 135:
English name (Standard name 1 Habit
Page 136 and 137:
English name (Standard name) Habita
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English name (Standard name ) Habit
Page 141 and 142:
English name (Standard name 1 Habit
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Habitats BE - Beach MA - Marsh ST -
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The ecology of Pacific Northwest coastal sand dunes

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