Lifestyles and cancer prevention section 2 Alcohol consumption (litres per capita) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 6,1 7,3 7,6 7,9 8,7 9,1 9,3 9,3 9,3 9,8 9,8 10,1 10,1 10,2 10,2 10,2 10,6 10,7 10,8 11,0 11,0 11,4 11,4 11,6 11,6 11,8 12,2 12,3 12,7 0 Italy Sweden Malta Greece Cyprus Romania Finland Denmark Netherlands Belgium Spain Slovak Rep. EU-28 Bulgaria Croatia Portugal Germany Slovenia Luxembourg Poland Latvia United Kingdom Hungary Czech Rep. Ireland France Austria Estonia Lithuania Figure 2 - Alcohol consumption (litres per capita) Source: OECD Health Statistics 2014 completed with Eurostat Database (EHIS) and WHO European Health for All Database. 14
Alcohol section 2 ALCOHOL AND CANCER For the past thirty years experts have agreed on the relationship between Alcohol and Cancer and Alcohol has been declared carcinogenic. There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption causes cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, colonrectum, liver (hepatocellular carcinoma) and female breast. Also, an association has been observed between alcohol consumption and cancer of the pancreas. Synergistic effets of alcoholic beverages and tobacco have been found, especially for oropharyngeal and esophageal cancers. IARC E 100 a review of human carcinogens, 2012 • Ethanol causes cancer through the production of acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite involved in the development of the main cancers of the esophagus and intestinal tract. • Acetaldehyde is a mutagen and carcinogen, it binds to DNA and increases the risk of DNA mutation and replication of impaired cells. • Moreover, alcohol, can interfere with the action of hormones and increase the risk of liver and breast cancer. EUROPEAN STATISTICS The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study is one of the largest cohort studies in the world, with more than half a million (521,000) participants recruited across 10 European countries and followed for almost 15 years. This study has shown that: 15
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