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Resilience and Professional Nurses 120 an African context; and the prevalence of levels of psychosocial health and its relationships with biomarkers of (ill)health in South African social contexts. She is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Positive Psychology Association (IPPA). Dr Emmerentia du Plessis works at the School of Nursing Science, North-West Province, South Africa, as senior lecturer. Qualifications: PhD, MA (Psychiatric Community Nursing Science), Parish Nursing, Nurse Education, B.Cur. She is a psychiatric nurse specialist and currently focus on research and clinical supervision to Masters degree students in psychiatric nursing science as well as community involvement. Her interests include resilience, multi-sensory environments, colour therapy and spirituality. Address for correspondence Daleen Koen Email: Daleen.Koen@nwu.ac.za The Australian Community Psychologist Volume 23 No 2 August 2011 © The Australian Psychological Society Ltd
121 The Resilience of Illegal African Migrants in South Africa: A Relational Perspective Shingairai Chigeza Vera Roos North-West University This study explored resilience of illegal African migrants subjected to significant risks in their home country as well as in South Africa. This formed part of a larger international research project. Forty-four male and female migrants from Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe between the ages of 18 and 50 years were recruited through purposive sampling. Data, obtained through individual interviews, the Mmogomethod TM and focus group discussions, were thematically and visually analysed. The range of protective resources in the self (self-regulation, hope, optimism and autonomy) was expressed primarily in relation to other people. Relational context-bound interactions emerged in the definition of relationships, emotional closeness, transparency as well as the unconditional confirmation of migrants. Recommendations are made for social interventions and policy adjustments. Historically, South Africa is a country that has attracted both semi-skilled and highly skilled migrants from other African countries. South Africa is regarded by many African migrants as ‘the land of milk and honey’ (Maduna, 1995). From the early 1970s, most Africans who migrated to South Africa sought employment in the mining and agricultural sectors (Whitehead & Hashim, 2005). The number of African migrants to South Africa continues to rise owing to the better economic opportunities compared to other African countries (McDonald 2000; Posel, 2003). Migrants to South Africa can be divided into those who were forced to migrate to South Africa because of the civil unrest, political instability and economic hardships in their own countries, and those who decided voluntarily to come to South Africa to pursue their careers, education or to expand their personal boundaries (Cross, Gelderblom, Roux & Mafukidze, 2006; McDonald, 2000). For those in the first group, migrating to South Africa became a strategy to alleviate the significant risks associated with violence and poverty. A further distinction between migrants to South Africa is their legality or illegality. Legal migrants have valid permits to stay in South Africa whereas illegal migrants enter South Africa at places other than official ports of entry (McDonald, 2000) and they do not have legal travel documents or remain in the country after their permits have expired (Cross et al., 2006). Somers (2008) describes illegal migrants as people who have “no real right to have rights” (p. 22) and they are thus regarded as a vulnerable group. Most studies on illegal migrants consequently focus on the general challenges they face (Klaaren & Ramji, 2001). The present study is distinct because it focuses on the resilience of illegal migrants post migration, despite the adversities and challenges they face in South Africa. Resilience in this study refers to both a process and an outcome (Theron & Theron, 2010). In terms of an outcome it seems as if illegal migrants ‘bounce back’ despite the risks and adversity they face both in the contexts that initially pushed them to migrate; as well as the new context to which they have migrated (Mawadza, 2008; Theron & Theron, 2010; Vulcetic, 2004). However, the The Australian Community Psychologist Volume 23 No 2 August 2011 © The Australian Psychological Society Ltd
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The Australian Community Psychologi
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Contents Contents 3 General Informa
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Editorial 5 Lynne Cohen Catherine F
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Psychologists’ definitions of res
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23 On Cultural Resiliency Naji Abi-
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Cultural resiliency 25 any degree,
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Cultural resiliency 27 cultural sel
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Cultural resiliency 29 supernatural
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Cultural resiliency 31 Resilience.
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Single mothers’ experiences and r
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Same-sex parents 51 were reported t
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Same-sex parents 53 is becoming the
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Same-sex parents 55 and gay couples
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Same-sex parents 57 Table 1 Themes
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Same-sex parents 59 first when init
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Same-sex parents 61 Andersen, Burto
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Same-sex parents 63 supports the li
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Same-sex parents 65 attitudes and f
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Same-sex parents 67 gay parents. Ch
Page 69 and 70: Negotiating Resilience 69 to guide
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Page 73 and 74: Negotiating Resilience 73 Table 1 S
Page 75 and 76: Negotiating Resilience 75 Simultane
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Page 79 and 80: Negotiating Resilience 79 ‘Owners
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Page 85 and 86: 85 Resilience in Western Australian
Page 87 and 88: Resilience in adolescence 87 identi
Page 89 and 90: Resilience in adolescence 89 Partic
Page 91 and 92: Resilience in adolescence 91 my emo
Page 93 and 94: Reflections on Poverty 93 relations
Page 95 and 96: Resilience in adolescence 95 being
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Page 123 and 124: Migrant resilience 123 participants
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Page 133 and 134: Migrant resilience 133 positive psy
Page 135 and 136: 135 Measurement Performance of the
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Page 149 and 150: Manuscript Preparation 149 2. The c
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The Australian Community Psychologist - APS Member Groups

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