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type and conformation are more substantially affected by the environmental than by the additively determined factors. On the basis of the relationships between the body measures and the milk production traits Peeva (1981) and Saini and Gill (1984) have, independently for Bulgaria and India, developed 100-score cards involving four main groups of traits. Hundred-score cards were used for estimation including four groups of traits – general appearance (30 scores), dairy character (20 scores), body capacity (20 scores), mammary system (30 scores) and overall rating in Breeding Programme (Peeva 1981). OPTIMIZATION OF THE BREEDING PROGRAMME The optimization of the breeding program is based on the most important phenotypic and genetic parameters of productive and reproductive traits ( Penchev 1999, Peeva 2000, Ilieva 2006) (Table 3) and fixed factors of the breeding policy (Table 4). The phenotypic parameters of the selection traits, including in Breeding Programme were determined by LS-analysis as follow: Y ijmnp = μ + a i + b j + l m + f n + g p + E ijmnp Where: Y ijmnp – observation vector μ - overall mean a i – fixed effect of i -th farm in j –th season, from m -th line, on n -th lactation, during p –th period (i= 1...10) b j – fixed effect of j –th season in i -th farm from m -th line, on n -th lactation, during p –th period (j= 1...4) l m – fixed effect of m -th line in i -th farm during j –th season for n -th lactation, during p –th period (m= 1...6) f n – fixed effect of n -th lactation in i -th farm during j –th season for m -th line during p –th period (f = 1…3) g p – fixed effect of p –th period в i -th farm during j –th season for m -th line of n -th lactation (р= 1...4) E ijmnp – residual error Based on the optimization and reporting the impact of various factors on the genetic progress for milk yield, age at first calving and calving interval as optimal, the following criteria and parameters were suggested: Sires per stud for AI – 3 Preliminary selected bull mothers – 135 Actually selected bull mothers – 45 Young tested bulls – 15 Tested sires – 11 Number of stored doses from a tested sire – 20 000 Number of daughters per bull – 15 REFERENCES Alexiev, A. 1979. A breeding program for improvement of the native Bulgarian buffalo on dairy direction. Thesis, Sofia. Bingrhnang, Y., L. Zhongquan, Z. Guiwen, Z. Qingkun and Q. Jing. 2002. Present status of cross improvement and utilization of Guanidxi buffalo and proposal for near future. In: Proceedings of the First Buffalo Symposium of America, 1-4 September 2002, Belem, Brazil. pp. 281-286. Gajbhiye, P.U. 1987. Envolving restricted indices for selection in buffaloes. Ph.D. Thesis. Kurukshetra University, India. Gajbhiy, E.P.U. and N. Tripathi. 1991. Multiple traits selection for the genetic improvement of Murrah buffaloes. In: Proceedings of the Third World Buffalo Congress, 13-18 May, Varna, Bulgaria. Vol. 1:47. Ilieva,Y. 2006. Optimization of productive life in buffalo cows of the Bulgarian Murrah Breed. Ph.D. Thesis, Sofia. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. 2012. Agrostatistics. Bulletin №186. 4
Peeva, T.Z. 1981. Study on type and body-build of the buffalo population raised in Bulgaria. Ph. D. Thesis, Sofia. Peeva T.Z., A. Alexandrov. 1993. Comparative evaluation of type and build of buffalo cows. Zhivotnovadni Nauki, 30:35-39. Peeva, T.Z. 2000. Optimized selection methods in buffaloes. Dr.Sci. Thesis, Sofia. Penchev, P. 1999. A study on the phenotypic and genotypic parameters of selection traits in the newly created buffalo population in Bulgaria. Ph.D Thesis, Sofia. Saini A. and R.S. Gill. 1984. Physical factors affecting scorecard judging and its relationship with yield in buffaloes. In: 7th Workshop of all India Coordinated Research Project on Buffalo Breeding. PAU, Ludhiana, India. pp. 56-59. Sharma, R.C. And B.P. Singh. 1988. Genetic studies on Murrah buffaloes in livestock farms in Uttar Pradesh. In: Proceedings II -nd World Buffalo Congress. 12-16 December, New Delhi, India. Vol. 2:128-133. Vankov, K.1980. Establishing phenotypic and genotypic parameters of the selection traits in buffaloes in Bulgaria. D.Sci.Thesis, Sofia. Velea, C. 1991. The Roumanian breed of buffalo. In: Proceedings of the Third World Buffalo Congress. 13-18 May, 1991, Varna, Bulgaria. 2:486-490. Valea, C., I. Bud, Gh. Muressan, V. David, M. Vomir, C. Cristea and L. Lisei. 1991. The main milk traits of Romanian buffaloes breed. In: Proceedings of the Third World Buffalo Congress. 13-18 May, 1991, Varna, Bulgaria. 2: 494-499. Table1. Number of buffaloes according to Agrostatistics, Ministry of Agriculture, 2011 Years 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2011 2011:2010 Total 9000 7500 8000 8200 9200 9200 9900 +7.6% Buffalo cows 5200 3900 4100 4800 5300 5400 6300 +11.7% Table 2. Body weight of breeding animals Age, mo Male Female Body weight, kg Daily gain, g Body weight, kg Daily gain, g 6 150 650 140 600 12 280 680 270 650 18 360 600 350 580 24 470 600 400 300 36 600 520 550 250 Table 3. Phenotypic and genetic parameters of the selection traits № Traits Values of parameters 1. 305-day milk yield at 1-st lactation, kg 1700 2. Fat content in milk,% 7.55 3. Average number of lactations 4 4. Maximum number of lactations 10 5
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Control of buffalo follicular dynam
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multiparous), and period of the yea
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(Gasparrini, 2002). Some studies in
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Table 1. Effect of genetic group (N
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Baruselli, P.S., N.A.T. Carvalho, M
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Gimenes, L.U., P. Fantinato Neto, J
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Saliba, W.P., R.M. Drummond, H.X.S.
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uffalo enrolled in Genealogical Boo
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Figure 2. Mozzarella and the colour
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Figure 4. Recorded Buffaloes in the
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Figure 5. Extensive system: calf wi
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Figure 9. Calves managed in box. Fi
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Figure 11. Milk processing and mozz
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Figure 15. Rump of young bull with
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previous owners and their relations
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3. BULGARIA The mechanization enter
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Figure 21. Bulgarian Murrah herd (A
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Figure 24. Mediterranean buffalo yo
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iodiversity, to conserve buffalo ge
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Figure 30. Simple cheese in Mojanci
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Figure 31. Mediterranean Serbian co
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10. HUNGARY A small but tenacious p
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REFERENCES ANASB (Italian Buffalo B
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Lactation Curve and Milk Flow Anton
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Figure 2. Effect of parity on lacta
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Figures 5. Typical milk flow curve
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Figure 9 (up-left), 10 (upright), 1
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Figure 17. Milking with a double pr
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Figure 23. Milk flow curve at quart
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kPa showed the best milkability con
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Pazzona, A., 1989. The effect of th
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The interest in developing the alre
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particularly true for those who hav
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Table 4. Recorded introduction of R
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collaborations may be classified in
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Gene Pools for Selected Native Phil
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Two approaches are being introduced
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Privatization of Artificial Insemin
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For the first two years, VBAIT rece
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Even at the early period of program
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Nutritional and Other Management Pr
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will certainly prolong the reproduc
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CONCLUSIONS An ever increasing amou
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Om Prakash DHANDA * Changing Dynami
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Semi-Intensive Buffalo Production S
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food security of farmers due to the
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In vitro embryo production in buffa
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cleavage rates (Totey et al., 1992)
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Boni, R., R. Di Palo, V. Barbieri a
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Buffalo Milk Cheese Mohamed HOFI a*
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REFERENCES Abou-Donia, S.A., 1986.
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Table: 2. Selected approaches explo
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Keywords: water buffalo, karyotype,
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species is the smallest buffalo in
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genetic information from richer gen
Page 112 and 113: Iannuzzi L., G.P. Di Meo, A. Peruca
Page 114 and 115: Figure 3. Internal sex adducts in a
Page 116 and 117: Sperm Sexing in Buffalo Using Flow
Page 118 and 119: Table 1. The mean±S.D. (n = 6) per
Page 120 and 121: ___________________________________
Page 122 and 123: Liucheng 173 74 (42.8) 72 (97.3) To
Page 124 and 125: Effect of use Pre-Synch + Ovsynch p
Page 126 and 127: present an average conception rate
Page 128 and 129: Figure 1 Trends of numbers of buffa
Page 130 and 131: 4) public relation and promotion of
Page 132 and 133: Social aspects 1) Make the communit
Page 134 and 135: which dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), gl
Page 136 and 137: REFERENCES Attanasio L., A.D. Rosa,
Page 138 and 139: trehalose Straw:40%EG+5% 2min+0.075
Page 140 and 141: efficiently utilize poor quality fe
Page 142 and 143: Table 2. Worldwide buffalo milk (wh
Page 144 and 145: production improvements through bet
Page 146 and 147: evealed that total weight gain, ave
Page 148 and 149: animals kept at National Agricultur
Page 150 and 151: acids, control diet plus 320 gm of
Page 152 and 153: Drost, M. 2007. Bubaline versus bov
Page 154 and 155: Wanapat, M. 2004. On-farm crop-resi
Page 156 and 157: (Gagliostro, 2004). The transformat
Page 158 and 159: ISO 15304. 2002. Animal and vegetab
Page 160 and 161: Breeding value Breeding value on th
Page 164 and 165: 5. Calving interval, days 420 6. In
Page 166 and 167: monitored and confronted. Until few
Page 168 and 169: showing that this new approach in t
Page 170 and 171: following AI with sexed semen. Repr
Page 172 and 173: The major export of meat is buffalo
Page 174 and 175: DISCUSSIONS The Murrah and murrah g
Page 176 and 177: Packing material QC Inspection Tabl
Page 178 and 179: 2003-04 5,898,000 1,443,000 338,940
Page 180 and 181: Algeria 0 0 0 2,891 5,775 U.A.E. 2,
Page 182 and 183: Kg. weeks Rs. Rs. Trial 1 94 20529
Page 184 and 185: 60% to the total milch cattle popul
Page 186 and 187: accounts for about 25% of the total
Page 188 and 189: Table 3. Trend of improvement in ag
Page 190 and 191: for normal ovarian functions. PPAR
Page 192 and 193: synthetic ligands of PPARγ upregul
Page 194 and 195: Figure 2. Possible direct molecular
Page 196 and 197: independent. Fig. 3 Collaborative c
Page 198 and 199: Fan, W., T. Yanase, H. Morinaga, Y.
Page 200 and 201: Sundvold, H., A. Brzozowska and S.
Page 202 and 203: North part of central Anatolia rela
Page 204 and 205: conservation and incentive premium
Page 206 and 207: Soysal, M.İ., S. Kök, 1997. Ergin
Page 208 and 209: Table 1. Means and standard errors
Page 210 and 211: Table 3. Means and standard errors
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Table.4. Several Characteristics ab
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Table.4. Several Characteristics ab
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Table 5. Mean, standard deviation a
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Table 7. Preliminary data on Milk c
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Tokat Samsun Table 10. Distribution
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Tokat Table 10. Distribution male w
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Table 12. Number of water buffaloe
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Some of result in Anatolian water b
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India. Buffaloes in India have a pl
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Agricultural Research] and SAUs [St
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Under the in-situ conservation sche
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Table 3. Description of important b
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Australia at 53%. Generally buffalo
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21% 29% 50% Figure 1. Classificatio
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Buffalo is a precious animal geneti
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Church and include a group of catec
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than in cattle, where regional meat
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Figure 1. The sseasonal variation i
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Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes: Role
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EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS ENZYMES ON RUM
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Hristov, A.N., McAllister, T.A. and
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Table 4. Per cent apparent, true DM
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the year 2000 and is expected to be
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increased. The buffalo production s
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Table 3. Typical composition of buf
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Sector Italy this increase in the n
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Figure 2. Rumen fermentation throug
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asal roughage, as it resulted in in
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BUFFALO RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ED
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Kumar, A., Tiwari, G.N., Kumar, S.
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Brief Introduction to the Developme
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Reproductive biotechnologies accele
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543.3kg in 2011 (Fig. 2) with the a
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the orchards, pasture grass, buffal
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Table 2. Average annual yield per b
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INTRODUCTION Buffaloes in America h
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Murrah breed and its crosses, and 2
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1.672 litres (maximum 2.600 litres)
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