Download entire journal document - John Brown University

Editorial Board
Editor-in-Chief
Joseph Buck
Editors
Katelin Duffie
Jacob Little
Manuel Garcia
Adam Mackall
Bethany Kerstetter
Kendra Mullison
Allison Kunkel
Faculty Advisor
Rick Froman
Journal Design
Benjamin Martin
Cover Art
John Sebesta

Table of Contents
1
2
3
4
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Faculty Note
Projects
4
5
5
9
Division of Biblical Studies
Division of Business
Division of Communication and Fine Arts
Division of Humanities and Social Sciences

Introduction
I hope that you enjoy reading this first volume of John Brown University’s new
undergraduate, student-run journal: Broaden. Since this is the first year that Broaden is being
published, the other editors and I had a lot of things to figure out along the way. Our first task as
editors was to figure out how to raise awareness of a new journal that no one knew anything about.
We talked to students and let them know what the journal is, and we urged faculty members to
encourage the submission of top projects and papers. Submissions were divided by subject area, and
the team of editors, representing many majors, evaluated submissions from fields with which they
were most familiar. This represented the first round of evaluation. After the first editors finished
with a list of possible publications, those submissions were evaluated again by different editors,
often editors representing different disciplines. After approval from a first and a second editor, each
published submission was then checked with a professor in the field. Our editors then asked the
submitters to make any changes necessary in their projects before final publication.
I hope that this journal will encourage future research and academic pursuit, and I am
looking forward to even greater quality next year. The projects that are published this year should
serve as an example of the kind of work that faculty want to encourage at JBU, the kind of work
that JBU students are capable of. Broaden also gives JBU students an opportunity to share their best
work with the world.
All of the projects published in this first volume are worthy of congratulation, but three of
those projects won our prizes as the top three academic projects submitted this year. Our three prize
winners, each taking home $50, are Brandon Hix, Lindsey Zachary, and the business team Enterra,
consisting of Marcus Naramore, Yaribeth Pacheco, Maria Jose Valencia, John Williams, and
Micah Williams. In the main section of this document, readers will find abstracts for all the
published projects, as well as titles, names of authors, and names of faculty sponsors. The abstracts
are sorted by division, then alphabetically by authors’ last names.
Joseph Buck, 2008 Editor-in-Chief
1

Acknowledgements
The following faculty members contributed to the evaluation process, giving valuable insight
to the editors: Holly Allen, Dave Andrus, Jim Blankenship, Rick Froman, Gary Guinn, Jonathan
Himes, Mandy Moore, Frank Niles, Nick Ogle, Bonnie Osmon, Trisha Posey, and Warren Roby.
The editors would like to extend their appreciation to these faculty members.
The editors would also like to thank all of JBU’s faculty for being supportive and willing
to help by nominating projects and helping to evaluate them. Rick Froman deserves appreciation
for his valuable insights in guiding this first volume of Broaden. He let the students make most of
the decisions, since this is a student-run journal, but he was always there for advice and help when
needed. Brad Gambill, as the Honors Director, helped get the journal going in the early stages. He
provided some helpful ideas, and he was the one who hired me to start the process. Also, we would
like to thank Hannah Toldt for providing the title of the journal.
2

Faculty Note
The publication of the inaugural volume of Broaden: The John Brown University
Undergraduate Journal marks a new opportunity for students at John Brown University to
disseminate their original work. It was designed to be accessible to JBU students in all majors from
Accounting to Youth Ministries (JBU really needs to consider starting a Zoology major to be truly
comprehensive). It is also expected to bridge the gap between traditional undergraduates and adult
completion students in providing recognition of high quality work.
This journal has been designed with a number of purposes in mind. First, it is designed to
encourage the highest level of student scholarship at JBU by rewarding excellence in scholarship
with publication. Second, it is designed to strengthen the culture of scholarship at JBU by
providing a publication outlet to demonstrate excellence in scholarship to both internal and
external audiences. Third, it is designed to provide the student editorial board with an
opportunity to have real life experience in the peer review process that characterizes the
publication process of an academic journal.
While the achievement of the first two purposes awaits the impact the journal will have on
the campus in future years, the third one has already been achieved by this year’s student editorial
staff, led by student editor Joseph Buck. Joseph has not only organized the editorial staff and
managed the entire process, he had to create the process almost ex nihilo (of course, he had more
to build on than the original Creator). I also appreciate the vision he has for the future of the
journal and for providing future student editors with standardized policies and procedures to make
their lives easier. The student editors carefully read many submissions and made decisions about
publication. The high level of quality achieved by the journal in this first year is due almost entirely
to the hard work of the editor and the student editorial board. I expect that future editors and
editorial boards will be able to continue to build an excellent journal on the foundation laid this year.
I would also like to thank the following for their important roles in founding this journal:
• Brad Gambill for providing financial support for the prizes and a home for the journal in the
Honors Scholars Program.
• Rick Ostrander and Galen Johnson for their encouragement and support in initiating the project.
• Andrea Phillips, Mark Stoner, and Benjamin Martin for their encouragement and excitement
about the project and their hard work in making the website a reality.
• The JBU faculty who supported the project by nominating students editors from their
disciplines, encouraging students to submit their work, and sponsoring the projects
3
that were published.
Thank you all for bringing this dream to reality.
Dr. Rick Froman, Faculty Advisor

Projects
Division of Biblical Studies
Christa Adams
Sponsor: Holly Allen
Nehemiah: The Good Hand of God (Click to open in web page)
This is a children’s curriculum designed to teach the book of Nehemiah to children in grades 3-5.
The purpose of this material is to teach children about what God did in the life of Nehemiah. The
ideal outcome of all children’s curricula is that children will adopt the concepts and practices
presented into their own lives. This material is a guideline to be used by teachers in preparation
for a lesson, but accommodations should always be made according to the size and behavior of
the group to which the material is being taught. The goal of this curriculum is to present the
holistic, biblical material in an accurate, appealing, and age-appropriate manner.
Jason Korner
Sponsor: Jim Blankenship
Developments in Ancient Israelite Religion as a Tool for Dating Hebrew Bible Authorship (Click to
open in web page)
This paper attempts to date the origins of authorship for parts of the Hebrew Bible. By
examining parallels between the Canaanite god El and the Hebrew god of Yahweh, I argue that
the patriarchal narratives have origins in the mid-second millennium B.C.E. In observing the
Israelite condemnation of Baal worship during the divided monarchy, I argue in favor of dating
the original authorship of Exodus before the ninth century B.C.E. due to the book’s lack of Baal
condemnation. In addition to this, the changing role of Yahweh in the divine council as seen
throughout the Hebrew Bible leads to the conclusion that Israel’s understanding of Yahweh changed
over time. Therefore, the origins of certain Hebrew Scriptures can be dated according to the role
of Yahweh in the divine council.
Melissa Zabka
Sponsor: Nick Ogle
Capping Pharmaceuticals: Financial Limitations (Click to open in web page)
Currently pharmaceutical companies are charging over 200% more for the products they sell
than what they are paying to produce the same product. This turns the identity of a company that
is allegedly aiming to save and heal people into a business corporation banking on illness. I am
proposing a new law that sets a financial profit standard where the drug company can only charge
75% more than what it costs them to produce the drug. This will make drugs more affordable
and health care so that poorer people may have a chance at affording the means needed
to live.
4

Division of Business
Marcus Naramore, Yaribeth Pacheco, Maria Jose Valencia, John Williams, and Micah
Williams - Prize Winner
Sponsor: Mandy Moore
Enterra: Style from the Ground up (Click to open in web page)
Enterra is a provider of sustainable apparel, accessories, shoes, and home goods to conscientious
consumers in Northwest Arkansas. Enterra is a retail store located in Fayetteville Arkansas that
sells environmentally sustainable, stylish products. With its smart mix of products from leading
sustainable fashion companies such as TOMS shoes and Loomstate, Enterra will make sustainable
fashion accessible to consumers who want to be environmentally friendly but are not yet acquainted
with stylish sustainable clothing. Not only does Enterra sell sustainable products, but it is a holistically
environmentally friendly business, using recycled displays, bamboo flooring, energy efficient utilities,
and waste-saving reusable shopping bags. With its strategic location in Fayetteville Arkansas, which is
renowned as a “green” hotspot, Enterra will yield a positive net income in year one of operation, and
sustain a 12% growth in sales in each of the first five years. Through its physical location enabling
consumers to touch and feel the products, its unique product line, and its passionate and knowledgeable
sales team, Enterra will be profitable not only financially, but environmentally and socially as well.
Division of Communication and Fine Arts
Emily Caneday
Sponsor: Dave Andrus
A Social Awareness Poster (Click to open in web page)
This is a social-awareness poster. The assignment was to promote a view on a logging
environmental issue using typography and imagery. Using Adobe Illustrator, I created this poster
(22” x 28”) explaining how logging kills and endangers salmon. I used the idea of a game to
draw the viewer in. The poster asks the question “How many fish can you find?” Typography
comes into play with this question. The “f”s are actually question marks flipped and “any” stands
out in a different color to reiterate the question. The viewer begins looking through the logs for
fish and cannot find any. Confused, the viewer looks below to the paragraph, discovers there are
zero fish, and then reads the explanation.
Song Lyrics (Click to open in web page)
This open-ended typography assignment asked us to set the lyrics of a song in a creative way.
Using the lyrics of Barlowgirl’s acoustic track “Never Alone,” I created in Adobe Illustrator this
vector image. I created it at 12” x 9”, but it could be printed at any size. The overall feeling of
this acoustic song is loneliness. In the end, the singer recognizes that God is always there for her,
but she must first work through some of her thoughts. I decided that standing alone in the rain
was the epitome of loneliness, so I created a vector image of a young woman with an umbrella.
The lyrics of the song became a sad rainfall.
5

Ben Congdon
Sponsor: Dave Andrus
Kangaroos (Click to open in web page)
This assignment involved using India ink pens to create an illustration based on a photograph. I
chose a photo my family had taken while we were living in Australia. In this project, more than
any other I have done, I became so caught up with capturing the detail from the photograph that I
worked well beyond the due date of the project. In the end, this 8 by 10 inch piece took over 4
months of work to complete.
Resolve (Click to open in web page)
This is a charcoal drawing I did during my freshman year at JBU. The project was to experiment
with foreshortening, a process where you intentionally distort the size of the foreground and
background. In so doing, you make the viewer feel right there next to the action. The idea for
using a World War II setting actually came after I had drawn the hand and the knife. The original
size of this illustration is 12 by 18 inches.
Jesse DeFriese
Sponsor: Dave Andrus
Teacup (Click to open in web page)
This is a 33” x 47” painting from my two weeks at Oklahoma Summer Arts Institute 2007 under
the instruction of Robert Zakanitch, a renowned painter. The assignment was to enlarge a teacup
still life in acrylic paint. It was challenging to learn to see color: white is never white, but rather a
blend of infinite tertiary colors. We also studied the effect that mixing black and white has with
the six colors on the basic color-wheel. I learned how many colors contribute to creating gold—
most important being black. Because the work was so large, it took more than one day to
complete, and the light coming through the windows changed the reflections and highlights as
the sun ran its course throughout the day.
Justin Eddy
Sponsor: Dave Andrus
Corp ID (Click to open in web page)
This identity system was designed for a company called Igloo Cocoa & Company. They specialize
in hot drinks, specifically hot chocolate. Naturally, hot chocolate is the tastiest wherever the weather
is the coldest, so the company is based in the middle of the frozen arctic. This idea is reinforced by
the cool color palette, along with the igloo and polar bears. The Courier typeface helps reinforce the
feeling of remoteness, which a company in the middle of the arctic probably has. At the same time,
because people usually associate hot chocolate with curling up in front of the fireplace with a favorite
book and under a favorite blanket, I wanted the look to feel comfortable.
6

Rebuilding the Soul of Design (Click to open in web page)
The assignment asked me to create a magazine spread for the magazine Christianity Today. The
professor had me write an essay response to a chapter out of Daniel Kantor’s novel, Graphic
Design & Religion, for which I was required to use original writing for the text in my magazine
spread. The spread design had to reinforce the content of the article, which happened to cover the
need for renewal in the relationship between the arts and the Church. So my concept was to make
the spread itself feel like a construction blueprint, as if one was rebuilding the subject matter.
The file was constructed in InDesign, and the imagery and text are completely original.
Brandon Hix - Prize Winner
Sponsor: Dave Andrus
Honda Civic (Click to open in web page)
I created this piece for a final project in my 3D Advanced class. The entire piece was created
using Maya 8. I started with simple blueprints of a 2006 Honda Civic which I loaded into Maya.
I then proceeded to sculpt the overall shape of the car from a single cube. After finishing the high
resolution geometry for the car, I began to research methods which could be used to create the
material for the car paint. This was the most difficult part of the process. About two weeks were
spent mixing and matching colors and different reflection algorithms to get the finalized paint.
From start to finish, I spent a total of about 40 hours on the project.
Jamie Raymer
Sponsor: Dave Andrus
Children (Click to open in web page)
I shot this photograph in Kenya, Africa using a Casio Exilim EX-S500 camera. I was on a
missions trip during the summer of 2006. It was early afternoon, and I was visiting an orphanage
for the day. In this picture, the children were lined up waiting to receive the clothing, shoes, and
toys we had brought for them. It was an amazing experience to be able to interact with the
children that many times are the very ones who are forgotten. They were such beautiful, happy
children. I learned much in the little amount of time I got to spend with them. I hope these
children are never forgotten.
John Sebesta
Sponsor: Dave Andrus
Unexpected Beauty (Click to open in web page)
This shot was taken around noon at San Gabriel Park in Georgetown, TX, on August 26, 2007. It
was a slightly overcast day, contributing to the rich colors. I used my old but trusty Canon
SD200. The shot was meant to show beauty in unexpected places. There are many things people
pass over and I wanted this shot to show some of the beauty that can be found, even near a
drainage pipe. I am also fascinated with the union of nature and humanity: the leaves as purely
nature; the pipe as purely human; and the rock wall as humanity’s manipulation of nature.
7

Jameson Sheppard
Sponsor: Dave Andrus
Burton Ad (Click to open in web page)
The goal of this graphic design project, designed for Digital Darkroom, was to make a magazine
advertisement (10’’ x 8’’) geared toward young women for Burton Snowboards. I used a royalty
free image from www.sxc.hu (by Jaanus E. called ‘Big Air’) which composed the original portion
of the image. With color correction, a textured brush and some contrast effects, I changed the
look of the photo and added the purple, flowing dots and the clouds in the background. I also
added the trees and snowboarder reflection in her goggles. I wanted to give Burton a completely
new, fresh feel—one that you could almost taste and smell.
Natalie Slater
Sponsor: Dave Andrus
Colors of the Night (Click to open in web page)
The photos included are from a gallery show entitled Colors of the Night which is a night
photography exhibit designed to illuminate the colors of small towns in the late hours of night.
These long exposure photographs, preserved as digital prints on metallic paper, have depth and
streaks of color that the human eye cannot perceive on its own. The surreal quality of these
images is intriguing in both color and concept. Colors of the Night captures the beauty of the
common night, be it foggy, cloudy, clear, or starry, revealing the night’s true colors to those who
may never have stopped to look.
Traditionally: Catholicism in Málaga, Spain (Click to open in web page)
The photos included here are part of a book entitled Traditionally: Catholicism in Málaga, Spain,
which is a study on how Catholic traditions are fully ingrained into the people of Málaga.
Walking around the city, it was hard to miss how this belief system affects their every day lives.
My hope with this collection was to visually communicate the vast, intricate details in the
Catholic traditions. The series starts by showing how tall the cathedrals are on the outside, and it
ends by showing the magnificent and impressive interiors of these gorgeous cathedrals. The
images in this book were pulled together in a trip that encompassed five weeks. The camera of
choice was a Nikon D200, and most of these images were not heavily edited (simple color
corrections and cropping).
Matthew Smith
Sponsor: Dave Andrus
My family has always loved traveling. This past summer my father and I decided to go visit
some relatives who were on a sabbatical in Salzburg, Austria. As a photography major, I brought
along my camera and took many photographs while we traveled and camped in Austria,
Germany, Switzerland, and France. (Continued on next page)
8

Gollinger Fall (Click to open in web page)
1/60 sec at f / 3.5
ISO 200
Gollinger Fall
Golling, Austria
July 27, 2007 - 4:59PM
Pentax K100D
Neuschwanstein (Click to open in web page)
1/1500 sec at f / 4.5
ISO 200
Neuschwanstein
Near Munich, Germany
July 31, 2007 - 2:34PM
Pentax K100D
Hallstattsee Nord (Click to open in web page)
1/180 sec at f / 9.5
ISO 200
Hallstattsee Nord
Hallstatt, Austria
August 6, 2007 - 12:52PM
Pentax K100D
Division of Humanities and Social Sciences
Caleb Barnet
Sponsor: Trisha Posey
The Spread and Appeal of Arianism (Click to open in web page)
Arianism, an early fourth-century Trinitarian heresy that affirmed the Son Jesus Christ’s
subordination to the Father, embodied, in many ways, the archetypal heterodoxy. It emerged at a
rather unfortunate time in Christian history and precipitated substantial upheaval in its day.
Nevertheless, Arianism, unlike most similar heresies, actually constituted the Christian orthodox
belief at one time (A.D. 326-381). This paper will therefore address the period after the heresy’s
official denunciation at Nicaea in 325—a period distinctively marked by its prominence in
political spheres and among a substantial percentage of believers—and the principal factors that
made such an ascension to power possible.
9

Katelin Duffie
Sponsor: Warren Roby
The Role of Phonemic and Phonological Awareness in the Early Childhood Classroom (Click to
open in web page)
This paper defines phonemic and phonological awareness as they relate to reading instruction in
the early childhood classroom. It focuses on why developing phonemic and phonological
awareness is crucial for students as they begin to learn how to read as well as providing
strategies for helping students develop these competencies. The paper emphasizes the importance
of knowing the level of each student’s development of phonemic and phonological awareness so
that instruction can be differentiated in such a way that each student is receiving the type of
instruction that will be most beneficial to him or her.
Nicole Ediger
Sponsor: Frank Niles
The Right Time to Go Left: Evangelicals and Religious Interest Groups (Click to open in web page)
Evangelicalism is marked by authoritative biblical interpretation, which has driven both the
Evangelical Left and Right to have strong, fundamentalist stances in their approach to
government. As interest groups, both employ similar strategies of being prophetic outsiders that
seek fundamental change. Their content differs, with the Evangelical Left focusing on social
justice and economic issues while the Right is concerned about America’s morals. The Right also
is more candidate-centered. Thus far, the voice of the Right has overshadowed the efforts of the
Left, but conditions in the political climate and an opportunistic strategy of activism for Darfur
could pull evangelicals toward more liberal ideology.
Katherine Grimes
Sponsor: Rick Froman
Coming to College: Correlations between Loneliness, Homesickness and Spiritual Well-Being
(Click to open in web page)
Previous research shows that there is a negative relationship between loneliness and faith, and a
positive relationship between loneliness and homesickness. However, research does not show if
there is a connection between homesickness and faith. Thirty-nine college freshmen at John
Brown University took a survey examining these variables. Pearson-R correlations were done to
examine the relationships between the three variables. Results show a significant positive
correlation between homesickness and loneliness, but no significant correlations involving
spiritual well-being. Discussion includes reasoning for the connection between loneliness and
homesickness, and examines reasons why no correlation was found in regards to spirituality.
10

Rachel Lapo
Sponsor: Warren Roby
Facilitation of Positive Transfer from Spanish to English: Analysis of Similarities and
Differences in Regards to Semantics, Syntax, and Phonology (Click to open in web page)
In consideration of the vast variance in syntax, semantics, and phonology among languages,
learning a second language may seem daunting or even impossible at times. Although learning
English is a challenging task for many Spanish speakers, positive transfer can simplify the
process of acquisition. Regardless of the prevalence of similarities or differences between two
languages, a person’s knowledge of their native language directly impacts their acquisition of a
second language. Knowledge of the similarities and differences between Spanish and English is
crucial in regards to establishing connections between the languages and in facilitating positive
transfer from Spanish to English.
Jacob Little
Sponsor: Trisha Posey
The Fall of the Roman Empire (Click to open in web page)
The causes and effects of the fall of the Roman Empire have fueled much scholarly and political
debate for centuries. In this paper, I examine the claims of St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo and a
contemporary of the sacking of Rome in 410 C.E, and Edward Gibbon, an 18th-century historian
and author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, and seek to find a
synthesis of cause and effect between the two. Gibbon claims that Christians were largely at fault
for the fall of the Empire while Augustine seeks to lift blame from Christians. The sources come
from very different contexts, but both provide insight on a topic that has implications for the present.
Matthew Nye
Sponsor: Trisha Posey
The Influence of Classical Ideas on Thomas Jefferson through an Examination of His View on
Roman Law (Click to open in web page)
At its broadest, this essay examines the effects of classical influences on early American history.
More specifically, it looks at Thomas Jefferson’s opinion and possible use of Roman law. I will
attempt to establish that Thomas Jefferson deemed that Roman law had contemporary legitimacy
and that it had more than indirect influence (through its evolution through European legal
systems) upon American legal issues. This issue is important because it elucidates one aspect of
the tension that exists between civil vs. common law in American legal debates. It also provides
a way to gauge whether classical ideas, which were often cited during the Revolutionary period,
were truly influential upon early America or merely given lip service in order to provide a sense
of legitimacy to Revolutionary ideas.
11

Lindsey Zachary - Prize Winner
Sponsor: Gary Guinn
Formalist and Archetypal Interpretations of The Cat in the Hat (Click to open in web page)
It might seem as if the scholarly realm of literary theory could have nothing to do with a
children’s book such as The Cat in the Hat. However, by applying formalist criticism to Dr.
Seuss’s story, the reader can see how elements of punctuation, meter, rhyme, and repetition work
together to create a sense of constant action and spontaneity, paralleling the events of the story
and the unpredictable character of the Cat himself. Secondly, when Seuss’s story is viewed
through the lens of archetypal criticism, it becomes clear that The Cat in the Hat is not just a
simple tale for children. Rather, it is a story which presents the playful Cat’s revolt against
authority and subversion of traditional societal values and subtly affirms that insurrection.
12