A History of Geothermal Energy Research and Development in the ...

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EXPLORATION Technical Area Accomplishment Significance Industry Measure State Cooperative Programs A comprehensive inventory of geothermal resources was prepared and published in the form of maps and reports for 26 states. This work expanded the number and extent of known geothermal resource areas. Geothermal expertise was developed in each of the involved states for provision of assistance to potential developers of resources of all temperatures. The data and maps resulting from this program have spurred development of low- and moderatetemperature applications throughout the West. The maps produced by this program are used today for land-use planning by federal, state, and local governments. The state geothermal maps provide one base used by the industry to plan geothermal exploration, and to delineate areas having geothermal potential. Direct use of geothermal resources has been accelerated in the entire western and several central states since the inception of the State Cooperative programs. Selected Hydrothermal System Studies Geothermal environments studied included volcanic ocean islands, the Basin and Range, the Salton trough, and the environment hosting The Geysers field, among others. DOE researchers performed exploration surveys and compiled databases allowing detailed subsurface reservoir models to be constructed for several geological environments. In conjunction with comprehensive system studies, various geological, geochemical and geophysical techniques were tested and improved. These studies serve as a basis for understanding the character of geothermal systems in diverse geologic regimes. They also provide the necessary database for evaluating and improving exploration techniques for specific environments. The studies have been used by industry to help guide development and management of such geothermal fields as The Geysers, Salton Sea, Dixie Valley and others. 6 A History of Geothermal Energy Research and Development in the United States | Exploration
EXPLORATION Technical Area Accomplishment Significance Industry Measure Geological Technique Development Researchers performed detailed geologic mapping in the Basin and Range province and demonstrated their utility to forming subsurface exploration models. Studies documented the importance of mapping the distribution of hydrothermal alteration in 3 dimensions on understanding the permeability distribution and fluid flow, and on its effect on geophysical measurements. Understanding the evolution and flow paths in geothermal systems is important for guiding exploration and the successful management of developed fields. Remote sensing techniques allow rapid regional and site specific collection, and interpretation of geologic information. Industry has used these models for successful exploration in volcanic-hosted systems. Industry utilizes remote sensing techniques in ongoing exploration projects. Conceptual models of volcanic-hosted geothermal systems were developed. Geochemical Technique Analysis Researchers developed the application of fluid-inclusion analyses to understanding the evolution of hydrothermal systems, and demonstrated the use of these techniques in forming better system models. Trace element distributions and soil gas fluxes over geothermal systems have been measured. Analyses of helium isotope distribution in the Basin and Range have been published. Fluid inclusions are one of the few tools available to interpret the thermal and fluid chemistry history of geothermal systems. The data document a relationship between surface chemistry and active faults and indicate where hydrothermal convection is a possibility. Helium isotopes suggest that some geothermal systems in the Basin and Range may have fluid circulation from depths as great at the mantle. Industry now uses fluid inclusion studies to determine the evolution of geothermal systems. Industry routinely uses soil surveys as an exploration tool. Helium isotope studies can be used to locate deeply penetrating fault zones. Additional benefits are likely in the future from these data. A History of Geothermal Energy Research and Development in the United States | Exploration 7
Page 1 and 2: GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM Exp
Page 3 and 4: EXPLORATION This history of the U.S
Page 5 and 6: EXPLORATION Table of Contents Prefa
Page 7 and 8: EXPLORATION Figure 15. Conceptual m
Page 9 and 10: EXPLORATION Preface In the 1970s, t
Page 11 and 12: EXPLORATION Acknowledgements While
Page 13 and 14: EXPLORATION Introduction This repor
Page 15 and 16: EXPLORATION was vastly expanded, re
Page 17: EXPLORATION Accomplishments and Imp
Page 21 and 22: EXPLORATION Technical Area Accompli
Page 23 and 24: EXPLORATION Major Research Projects
Page 25 and 26: EARLY STUDIES / 1 1.0 Early Studies
Page 27 and 28: INDUSTRY COOPERATIVE EXPLORATION AN
Page 43 and 44: STATE COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS / 3 3.0
Page 45 and 46: STATE COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS / 3 comp
Page 47 and 48: DRILLING FLUIDS AND WELLBORE INTEGR
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GEOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT /
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GEOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS / 6
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GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT /
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EXPLORATION STRATEGIES / 8 8.0 Expl
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NATIONAL AND REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSE
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MAGMA ENERGY STUDIES / 10 10.0 Magm
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MAGMA ENERGY STUDIES / 10 travel fo
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EXPLORATION Conclusion At the begin
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EXPLORATION Appendix A: Budget hist
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EXPLORATION the funds are typically
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EXPLORATION Capital Equipment Baca
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EXPLORATION Abbreviations & Acronym
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EXPLORATION py Pyrite T Temperature
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EXPLORATION References Organized by
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EXPLORATION Budding, K.E. and Summe
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EXPLORATION Trexler, D., Flynn, T.,
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EXPLORATION Hulen, J.B., Kaspereit,
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EXPLORATION Waibel, A.F., 1987, An
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EXPLORATION Kennedy-Bowdoin, T., Si
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EXPLORATION Geochemical Technique A
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EXPLORATION Beall, J.J., Stark, M.A
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EXPLORATION Glenn, W.E. and Hulen,
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EXPLORATION Mauer, J., and Atwood,
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EXPLORATION Shuey, R.T., Schellinge
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EXPLORATION Wilt, M.J., and Goldste
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EXPLORATION Numbered References 1.
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EXPLORATION 42. P.M. Wright et al.
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EXPLORATION 81. E.T. Dixon et al.
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EXPLORATION 120. P.W. Kasameyer, L.
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EXPLORATION 159. J.B. Hulen and S.J
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EXPLORATION 199. P.M. Wright. “Se
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EXPLORATION 241. J. Mauer and J.W.
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EXPLORATION 286. J.H. Beyer. “Tel
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