Effect of spacing and thinning date on the yield of broadcast nakati

African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, Vol. 9. pp. 135 - 140
Printed in Ug<strong>and</strong>a. All rights reserved
ISSN 1023-070X/2009 $ 4.00
© 2009, African Crop Science Society
<strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>spacing</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>thinning</strong> <strong>date</strong> on the yield <strong>of</strong> broadcast nakati
C.K. SSEKABEMBE & T. L. ODONG
Department <strong>of</strong> Crop Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Ug<strong>and</strong>a
Abstract Nakati (Solanum aethiopicum) is the most popular local vegetable in central Ug<strong>and</strong>a. Unfortunately, it is still an ‘orphan
crop’ because research on this crop has long been neglected. Like other small-seeded crops, it is predominantly sown by broadcasting
the seed. The crop is rarely thinned down to an optimum plant population density. As a result, its optimum plant population <strong>and</strong>,
hence, optimum <strong>spacing</strong> after broadcasting the crop, <strong>and</strong> optimum <strong>thinning</strong> time, are not known yet these agronomic factors have
great influence on the potential maximum yield <strong>of</strong> crops. A study is reported in which these factors were determined for nakati grown
in central Ug<strong>and</strong>a. The treatments included <strong>thinning</strong> the broadcast crop to a <strong>spacing</strong> <strong>of</strong> 5, 10, 15 <strong>and</strong> 20 cm, in all directions, <strong>and</strong> doing
the <strong>thinning</strong> 2, 3 <strong>and</strong> 4 weeks after emergence. The control treatments were the farmers’ practice <strong>of</strong> no <strong>thinning</strong> at all <strong>and</strong> ‘setting’.
Setting involves piecemeal harvesting <strong>of</strong> mature plants from the unthinned broadcast crop. Comparison <strong>of</strong> the farmers’ practice with
the various <strong>thinning</strong> <strong>date</strong> x <strong>spacing</strong> treatment combinations showed that on average the former treatments gave a yield <strong>of</strong> 1169 kg ha -
1
<strong>of</strong> edible parts (mainly leaves) <strong>of</strong> nakati compared to an average <strong>of</strong> 1484 kg ha -1 for the <strong>thinning</strong> x <strong>spacing</strong> treatment combinations,
indicating an increase <strong>of</strong> 27% due to <strong>thinning</strong>. The respective yield per plant was 4.97 <strong>and</strong> 16.45 g plant -1 , indicating that <strong>thinning</strong>
generally improved yield per plant by 231%, <strong>and</strong> this has a bearing on the quality <strong>of</strong> nakati in the market. Consumers prefer nakati
with relatively large <strong>and</strong> succulent leaves <strong>and</strong> shoot tips to that with small leaves. No <strong>thinning</strong> also resulted in significantly greater
reject portion <strong>of</strong> nakati (1926 kg ha -1 ) than <strong>thinning</strong> (an average <strong>of</strong> 1484 kg ha -1 ). Spacing per se had a significant effect on the yield
<strong>of</strong> edible portions <strong>of</strong> nakati. The latter declined from a mean <strong>of</strong> 26.7 g plant -1 at the widest <strong>spacing</strong> <strong>of</strong> 20 x 20 cm to 9.7 g plant -1 at the
closest <strong>spacing</strong> <strong>of</strong> 5 x 5 cm. However, the total yield <strong>of</strong> the edible portion <strong>of</strong> nakati per unit area was not significantly influenced by
<strong>spacing</strong>. Total reject (stem) yield <strong>of</strong> nakati was significantly greater at the closest <strong>spacing</strong>, with a mean <strong>of</strong> 1824 kg ha -1 compared to
1307 kg ha -1 at 20 x 20 cm <strong>spacing</strong>. Therefore, farmers may increase nakati yield per plant by almost three times by <strong>thinning</strong> the crop
to 20 x 20 cm rather than 5 x 5 cm. The relatively wider 20 x 20 cm <strong>spacing</strong> resulted in less reject portions <strong>of</strong> nakati, <strong>and</strong> nakati at that
<strong>spacing</strong> had relatively larger leaves, which forms the major part <strong>of</strong> the commercial yield <strong>of</strong> this crop. Time <strong>of</strong> <strong>thinning</strong> did not matter
in terms <strong>of</strong> total edible yield or yield per plant but the leaves were significantly larger when the plants were thinned three weeks after
crop emergence. It appears that the farmers’ practice <strong>of</strong> ‘no <strong>thinning</strong>’ nakati may be economic since it may suppress some weeds
while the thinned crop may promote weed growth <strong>and</strong> carries the extra cost <strong>of</strong> <strong>thinning</strong> the crop, which may not be compensated by
the price <strong>of</strong>fered for the better marketability <strong>of</strong> the produce. Research on the latter aspect is suggested.
Key words: Broadcasting, dry matter, Nakati, <strong>spacing</strong>, <strong>thinning</strong>, yield
Introduction
Nakati (Solanum aethiopicum) is a local leafy vegetable
predominantly grown for the urban market in Ug<strong>and</strong>a. It is
ranked the most important local vegetable species used
as a source <strong>of</strong> cash, <strong>and</strong> is more important that c<strong>of</strong>fee (the
major export crop in the country) in some parishes in central
Ug<strong>and</strong>a where it is mostly grown (Ssekabembe et al.,
2003a). For this reason, vegetable growers in this region
allocate it the largest l<strong>and</strong> acreage compared to other local
vegetable species (Ssekabembe et al., 2003a, b). In
Kampala, the capital city <strong>of</strong> Ug<strong>and</strong>a, nakati is the most
common <strong>and</strong> popular leafy vegetable. However, it is also
seen in almost every market in West <strong>and</strong> Central Africa,
where it is one <strong>of</strong> the five most important vegetables
together with tomatoes, onions, pepper <strong>and</strong> okra. It is also
grown in South America <strong>and</strong> the Caribbean (Schippers,
2000). Therefore, this crop is cosmopolitan although
relatively little is known about its agronomy <strong>and</strong> economic
importance. In addition, relatively little research has been
conducted on the crop especially when compared with
exotic vegetable species such as cabbage <strong>and</strong> onions. As
a result, both the productivity or potential yield <strong>and</strong>
commercial importance <strong>of</strong> nakati has remained relatively
low (Rubaihayo, 1994; Schippers & Budd, 1997). The
potential maximum yield <strong>of</strong> nakati is also largely unknown.
Neither has there been research designed to select higher
yielding cultivars <strong>of</strong> nakati although it is clear that there is
at east two distinct cultivars; one with purple petioles <strong>and</strong>
another with green ones. Nonetheless, given its commercial
importance <strong>and</strong> widespread cultivation, it has great
potential to alleviate poverty among peri-urban growers
<strong>and</strong> so, deserves greater research attention.
One <strong>of</strong> the factors known to influence crop yield both
in pure st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> crop mixtures, is plant population
(Holliday, 1966, 1967; Osiru & Willey, 1972; Willey & Osiru,
1972; Willey, 1979; Donald & Hamblin, 1983). Generally,
each crop species has an optimum plant population <strong>and</strong>
spatial arrangement at which the highest yield is obtained.
A population lower or higher than this may give rise to
lower yield (Hussein et al., 2000). This highlights the need
to determine the optimum plant population <strong>and</strong> spatial
arrangement for all crops including the local vegetables,
many <strong>of</strong> which are ‘orphan crops’ in that research on them
has been neglected yet some <strong>of</strong> them have great
commercial potential. The optimum plant population <strong>and</strong>
spatial arrangement for nakati is largely unknown.
Schippers (2000) reported a <strong>spacing</strong> <strong>of</strong> 50 x 10 cm (about

136 C.K. SSEKABEMBE & T. L. ODONG
200,000 plants ha -1 ) for row-planted nakati, but it is not
clear what variety <strong>of</strong> nakati suits this <strong>spacing</strong>. Moreover,
most small-seeded crops like nakati, sesame <strong>and</strong> finger
millet are usually sown by broadcasting (Dunbar, 1969;
Jameson, 1970; Acl<strong>and</strong>, 1971; Tenywa et al., 1999). In
general, farmers in central Ug<strong>and</strong>a establish nakati using
the broadcasting method. However, after broadcasting the
crop is rarely thinned yet <strong>thinning</strong> has been shown to
improve yields in many crops particularly when it is done
properly <strong>and</strong> timely. For example, in sorghum, <strong>thinning</strong>
within two weeks after emergence (establishment)
produced the highest grain yield partly through production
<strong>of</strong> more viable tillers (heads per plant) <strong>and</strong> a higher leaf
area per plant (Busasi, 1980). In a previous survey in central
Ug<strong>and</strong>a, poor agronomic practices (like failure to attain an
optimum plant population) was identified as one <strong>of</strong> the
major production constraints for nakati (Ssekabembe et
al., 2003a). Therefore, the objective <strong>of</strong> the present study
on this ‘orphan crop’ was to determine its optimum plant
population (plant density) <strong>and</strong> <strong>thinning</strong> time when grown
as a broadcast crop.
Materials <strong>and</strong> methods
The study was carried out in four villages (Manyangwa,
Buwagga, Nakwelo, <strong>and</strong> Busukuma) near Makerere
University Agricultural Research Institute, Kabanyolo
(MUARIK) (0 o 28’N, 32 o 37’E), which is 17 km northeast
<strong>of</strong> Kampala in Wakiso district. Kabanyolo is also the
nearest meteorological station, <strong>and</strong> lies at an average
altitude <strong>of</strong> 1200 m. Most <strong>of</strong> the soils in the area are Oxisols,
which are highly weathered <strong>and</strong> low in soil fertility
although they may be deep <strong>and</strong> well drained. The l<strong>and</strong> at
the particular experimental sites had been rested from
continuous cropping for at least two growing seasons.
The mean daily maximum <strong>and</strong> minimum temperature <strong>of</strong> the
area are about 27 <strong>and</strong> 17 o C, respectively. The annual
average rainfall is about 1300 mm but its reliability
fluctuates a lot in the recent past. It is bimodal in
distribution with April <strong>and</strong> November as the usual wettest
months.
At each experimental site, the l<strong>and</strong> was prepared into a
fine seedbed by the farmers from whom the l<strong>and</strong> was rented.
Locally available seed from one farmer who saved it was
used in the study. Planting at all the sites was done by
one experienced nakati farmer. A liberal amount <strong>of</strong> nakati
seed was mixed with ash before broadcasting the seed
uniformly at each site. The treatments were <strong>thinning</strong> the
crop to a <strong>spacing</strong> <strong>of</strong> approximately 5, 10, 15 <strong>and</strong> 20 cm
(about 4,000,000; 1,000,000; 500,000 <strong>and</strong> 250,000 plants
ha -1 , respectively) in all possible directions <strong>of</strong> the
broadcast crop. The various <strong>spacing</strong>s were determined
using sticks with the predetermined length corresponding
to the various <strong>spacing</strong>s. In other words, with the fairly
high st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> the broadcast crop, <strong>thinning</strong> was done to
achieve the required plant populations <strong>of</strong> about 400, 100,
50 <strong>and</strong> 25 plants m -2 in each case at either 2, 3, or 4 weeks
after crop emergence. The unthinned crop had about 700-
800 nakati plants m -2 . In addition to these treatments, there
was no <strong>thinning</strong> at all <strong>of</strong> the broadcast crop, <strong>and</strong> ‘setting’.
‘Setting’ involves harvesting nakati plants as <strong>and</strong> when
they mature, leaving the young plants to grow <strong>and</strong> mature
as well (Ssekabembe et al., 2003a). Essentially, ‘setting’ is
piece meal harvesting. However, in this study this treatment
involved harvesting only twice; first when the majority <strong>of</strong>
plants were mature (when other treatments were harvested
8 weeks after planting) <strong>and</strong> when the remaining small <strong>and</strong>
young plants were given additional 2 weeks to mature. No
<strong>thinning</strong> <strong>and</strong> ‘setting’ constitute the usual farmers’ practice
in nakati production in central Ug<strong>and</strong>a. The treatments
were arranged in factorial combinations, <strong>and</strong> were laid out
in a r<strong>and</strong>omized complete block design with four replicates.
Each replicate was planted in a separate farm in the different
villages near Kabanyolo. The experiment was planted in
both the first <strong>and</strong> second rains <strong>of</strong> the same year using the
same plots. Each plot measured 3 x 4 m but sampling for
dry matter (yield) determination was restricted to the
middle 2 m 2 . The plots were weeded regularly by h<strong>and</strong>
pulling the weeds, to keep them relatively weed free. Each
plot received 120 g <strong>of</strong> NPK (17:17:17), which is equivalent
to 100 kg ha -1 , after <strong>thinning</strong> the crop. Insect pests <strong>and</strong>
diseases were controlled by spraying the crop with
Dimethoate (40 mls in 15 litres <strong>of</strong> water) <strong>and</strong> Dithane M 45
(50 g in 15 litres <strong>of</strong> water), respectively. This was done
three times during the crop growing season.
The experimental measurements included average
canopy height, which was measured in five different
positions in each plot, from the ground level to the top <strong>of</strong>
the plants where a horizontal bar was laid out in each
case. For simplicity, leaf area was estimated by taking linear
measurements on the top four leaves in the canopy <strong>of</strong> 5
plants in each plot, counting the total number <strong>of</strong> leaves
per plant <strong>and</strong> then multiplying by a factor <strong>of</strong> 0.71, which
was determined using a graph paper (Kemp, 1963). This
procedure has been similarly used in another study
(Ssekabembe, 1983). Dry matter (DM) was partitioned into
the edible portion consisting <strong>of</strong> the leaves <strong>and</strong> s<strong>of</strong>t parts
<strong>of</strong> the stem at the top <strong>of</strong> the plants, <strong>and</strong> the ‘reject’ portion
which consisted <strong>of</strong> the fibrous part <strong>of</strong> the stems <strong>and</strong> the
recoverable roots. Dry mater was obtained from a 2 m 2
sampling area in each plot, by drying the fresh 2 kg sub
samples in an oven at about 70 o C until constant dry weight
was attained. The DM yield was then calculated after
obtaining the moisture content <strong>of</strong> the fresh samples. A
similar procedure has been used by other workers such as
Ssekabembe & Sabiiti (1997) <strong>and</strong> Maheswarappa &
Nanjappa (2000). The DM yield was then converted to
yield per hectare. Data were subjected to analysis <strong>of</strong>
variance, <strong>and</strong> the significant level used was P=0.05.
Farmers’ practice <strong>of</strong> no <strong>thinning</strong> <strong>and</strong> setting was compared
with the <strong>thinning</strong> x <strong>spacing</strong> combinations using orthogonal
contrasts.
Results <strong>and</strong> discussion
<strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>thinning</strong> on edible yield per nakati plant. The
trend <strong>of</strong> DM yield <strong>of</strong> nakati in the two growing seasons
was similar. Therefore, the means <strong>of</strong> yield are reported
(Table 1). Comparison <strong>of</strong> the mean yield <strong>of</strong> nakati from the
growers’ practice (no <strong>thinning</strong> <strong>and</strong> ‘setting’) with the

Spacing <strong>and</strong> <strong>thinning</strong> <strong>date</strong> on the yield <strong>of</strong> broadcast nakati
137
Table 1. Comparison <strong>of</strong> nakati yield from ‘setting’ <strong>and</strong> no <strong>thinning</strong>, <strong>and</strong> that from various <strong>thinning</strong> <strong>date</strong>s x <strong>spacing</strong> treatment combinations in central Ug<strong>and</strong>a.
Treatments Edible portion Edible portion Reject portion Reject portion Canopy height
plant -1 (g) (kg ha -1 ) plant -1 (g) (kg ha -1 ) (cm)
Setting 4.89 1174 9.2 1919 37.2
No <strong>thinning</strong> 5.05 1164 8.2 1932 36.0
Mean 4.97 1169 8.7 1926 36.6
Thinning <strong>date</strong> * (weeks) x <strong>spacing</strong> (cm)
2; 5 x 5 8.30 1403 14.5 1267 38.9
2; 10 x 10 11.41 1295 14.8 1484 34.1
2; 15 x 15 15.24 1101 21.0 1474 32.4
2; 20 x 20 23.73 1230 28.5 1506 34.5
3; 5 x 5 10.89 1190 16.4 1722 38.1
3; 10 x 10 12.55 997 17.2 1300 31.9
3; 15 x 15 21.71 1260 17.2 1698 39.3
3; 20 x 20 25.36 1043 34.9 1199 33.1
4; 5 x 5 9.43 1274 16.5 1782 37.3
4; 10 x 10 13.22 1042 18.7 1415 32.9
4; 15 x 15 14.55 1006 16.7 1050 32.0
4; 20 x 20 30.95 1151 38.5 1216 31.4
Mean 16.45 1166 21.2 1484 34.7
S.E.D 4.88 171.3 9.31 340.5 5.0
* Weeks after emergence <strong>of</strong> nakati x <strong>spacing</strong> treatment combinations.
<strong>thinning</strong> x <strong>spacing</strong> treatment combinations showed that
the former practices resulted in significantly lower edible
yield per nakati plant (P

138 C.K. SSEKABEMBE & T. L. ODONG
significantly but the number <strong>of</strong> filled grains per panicle
decreased significantly, indicating the compensatory
relationship between these traits. At the lower seeding
rate there is an increase in the number <strong>of</strong> filled grains per
panicle which compensates for the lower panicle density
(Gravois <strong>and</strong> Helms, 1992). Similarly, uniculm barley lines
in Australia have more spikelets per ear than the tillering
varieties but they tended to set fewer grains per spikelet
<strong>and</strong> produced smaller kernels (McDonald, 1990). However,
it is not true that grain yield components are always
mutually compensatory as the case in the above examples.
In the case <strong>of</strong> nakati, studies on yield components
seem to be lacking, which is partly attributed to limited
research on this crop (Rubaihayo, 1994; Schippers, 2000).
Nonetheless, the present study showed that although both
‘setting’ <strong>and</strong> no <strong>thinning</strong> resulted in less reject per plant
(8.7 g per plant on average) than the <strong>thinning</strong> <strong>date</strong> x <strong>spacing</strong>
treatment combinations (an average <strong>of</strong> 21.2 g per plant),
the former resulted in a significantly (P

Spacing <strong>and</strong> <strong>thinning</strong> <strong>date</strong> on the yield <strong>of</strong> broadcast nakati
139
Table 2. <strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>spacing</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>thinning</strong> <strong>date</strong> for broadcast nakati on its leaf area per plant in central Ug<strong>and</strong>a.
Spacing (cm) Thinning <strong>date</strong> (weeks after emergence)
2 3 4 Mean
20 x 20 1690 2206 2163 2020
15 x 15 1289 2419 1460 1723
10 x 10 1169 2013 1662 1615
5 x 5 1057 1145 1292 1165
Mean 1301 1946 1644
S.E.D 997
<strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>thinning</strong> on canopy height <strong>and</strong> leaf area per plant.
Canopy height was not significantly different for the
unthinned <strong>and</strong> the thinned nakati plants. Neither was this
parameter influenced by the <strong>thinning</strong> <strong>date</strong> x <strong>spacing</strong>
treatment combinations. In central Ug<strong>and</strong>a, nakati height
at maturity is an important aspect <strong>of</strong> its growth because a
certain length <strong>of</strong> the stem is desirable to facilitate tying
the crop into bundles <strong>of</strong> a certain size, locally called
‘eng<strong>and</strong>a’
Both plant <strong>spacing</strong> <strong>and</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>thinning</strong> had a
significant effect on the size <strong>of</strong> the leaves (P

140 C.K. SSEKABEMBE & T. L. ODONG
Holliday, R. 1967. Theoretical aspects <strong>of</strong> plant population
<strong>and</strong> crop yield. Mimeo. Makerere University. 11pp.
Hsiao, T., Acevedo, E. & Henderson, D.W. 1970. Maize
leaf elongation: continuous measurements <strong>and</strong> close
dependence on plant water stress. Science 168, 590-
591.
Hsiao, T.C. 1973. Plant response to water stress. Ann. Rev.
Plant Physiol. 24, 519-570.
Hussein, M.A., Asmund, B., Arehalvor, A., Tregve, B. &
Haile, G. 2000. The effect <strong>of</strong> plant population <strong>and</strong> water
conservation methods on grain yield <strong>of</strong> early maturing
maize varieties in the moisture stress areas <strong>of</strong> southern
Ethiopia. African Crop Science Journal 8, 159-170.
Isse Mohamud Abdi. 1997. <strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> plant population <strong>and</strong>
defoliation on growth <strong>and</strong> yield <strong>of</strong> cowpea (Vigna
unguiculata (L.) (Walp). M.Sc. Thesis. Makerere
University, Kampala, Ug<strong>and</strong>a. 123pp.
Jameson, J.D. 1970. Agriculture in Ug<strong>and</strong>a. Oxford
University Press.
Kemp, C.D. 1960. Methods <strong>of</strong> estimating leaf area <strong>of</strong>
grasses from linear measurements. Ann. Bot. N.S. 24,
499-499.
Maheswarappa, N.P. & Nanjappa, N.V. 2000. Dry matter
production <strong>and</strong> accumulation in arrow root (Maranta
arundinacea L.) when intercropped with coconut.
Trop. Agric J. (Trin.) 77(2), 76-82.
McDonald, G.K. 1990. The growth <strong>and</strong> yield <strong>of</strong> uniculm
<strong>and</strong> tillered barley over a range <strong>of</strong> sowing rates. Aust.
J. Agric. Res. 41, 449-461.
Nantongo, S. 2002. <strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> spatial arrangement <strong>and</strong> plant
population on growth <strong>and</strong> yield <strong>of</strong> simsim (Sesamum
indicum) in pure st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> in mixtures with finger
millet (Eleusine coracana). M.Sc. Thesis, Makerere
University. 106pp.
Osiru, D.S.O. & Willey, R.W. 1972. Studies on mixtures <strong>of</strong>
dwarf sorghum <strong>and</strong> beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with
particular reference to plant population. J.Agric. Sci.
(Camb.) 79, 531-540.
Pilbeam, C.J., Hebblethwaite, P.D., Ricketts, H.E. & Hassan,
O.A. 1990. <strong>Effect</strong>s <strong>of</strong> plant population density on
determinate <strong>and</strong> indeterminate forms <strong>of</strong> winter field
beans (Vicia faba). 1. Yield <strong>and</strong> yield components. J.
Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 116, 375-383.
Rubaihayo, E.B. 1994. Indigenous (local) vegetables in
Ug<strong>and</strong>a. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings
1, 120-124.
Schippers, R.R. & Budd, L. (eds.). 1997. Workshop on
African indigenous vegetables, held in Limbe,
Cameroon. Jan 13-18, 1997. International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute <strong>and</strong> Natural Resources Institute.
Schippers, R.R. 2000. African indigenous vegetables. An
overview <strong>of</strong> the cultivated species. Catham,
UK:National Resources Institute/ACP-EU. Technical
Centre for Agricultural <strong>and</strong> Rural Cooperation.
Ssekabembe, C.K. 1983. Studies on intercopping sorghum
with finger millet with special emphasis on genotype
identification <strong>and</strong> mixture proportion. M.Sc. Thesis,
Makerere University.
Ssekabembe, C.K. & Sabiiti, E.N. 1997. The potential <strong>of</strong>
joint production <strong>of</strong> napier grass <strong>and</strong> food crops.
African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 3, 825-
834.
Ssekabembe, C.K., Bukenya, C., Kyamanywa, S. &
Nakyagaba, W. 2003a. Indigenous knowledge on Nakati
(Solanum aethiopicum) production in Ug<strong>and</strong>a. p.329-
330. In: PROTA Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the First PROTA
International Workshop. 23-25 September, 2002.
Nairobi, Kenya. Prota Foundation, 2003. Wageningen,
the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s.
Ssekabembe, C.K., Bukenya, C. & Nakyagaba, W. 2003b.
Traditional knowledge <strong>and</strong> practices in local vegetable
production in central Ug<strong>and</strong>a. African Crop Science
Conference Proceedings 6, 14-19.
Tatchell, G.M. 1983. Compensation in spring-sown oil seed
rape (Brassica napus L.) plants in response to injury
to their flower buds <strong>and</strong> pods. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.)
101, 565-573.
Tayo, T.O. 1982a. Growth, development <strong>and</strong> yield <strong>of</strong> pigeon
pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) (Millsp) in the lowl<strong>and</strong> tropics.
J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 98, 65-69.
Tayo, T.O. 1982b. Growth, development <strong>and</strong> yield <strong>of</strong> pigeon
pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) (Millsp) in the lowl<strong>and</strong> tropics.
3. <strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> early loss <strong>of</strong> apical dominance. J. Agric.
Sci. (Camb.) 98, 79-84.
Tenywa, J.S., Kidoido,M., Nyende, P., Kasenge, V., Orokot,
J. & Mbowa, S. 1999. Prospects <strong>and</strong> constraints <strong>of</strong>
finger millet production in Eastern Ug<strong>and</strong>a. African
Crop Science Journal 7(4), 569-583.
Willey, R.W. 1979. Intercropping-its importance <strong>and</strong>
research needs. 1. Competition <strong>and</strong> yield advantages.
Field Crops Abstracts 32, 1-10.
Willey, R.W. & Osiru, D.S.O. 1972. Studies on mixtures <strong>of</strong>
maize <strong>and</strong> beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with particular
reference to plant population. J. Agricultural Sci.
(Camb.) 79, 517-529.