Critical Reading and Writing for Postgraduates - Doctorado en ...

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making a critical choice international research libraries have offered their resources for digitization, making available thousands of items that previously had to be viewed by travelling to that institution. A primary interest of libraries has been to offer materials that are rare and out of copyright. Such materials may be of more relevance for your original research than for the literature reviewing aspect of your work. However, libraries also hold many items that are more recent and that constitute part of the research literature. Usually they are still in copyright, so legal questions have arisen (yet to be fully resolved) over making these items available electronically to all. Currently, the copyright issue is resolved by displaying only sample pages from the work. Yet this can often be enough for scholars to establish whether an item is of primary importance to their research. Digitized works are searchable, and those sources collecting items from many different sites will tell you where you can find hard copies. Major open access e-resources relevant to researchers include: •• Google Library project (http://books.google.com/googlebooks/library.html) is the largest such project, and contains digital versions of works from many university and national libraries. The searching facility for Google Library is Google Books, at http://books.google.com •• Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com) provides powerful searching of a huge number of academic journals, though often only the abstract can be read, because access is restricted to individuals and institutions with a subscription to the journal. Good university libraries usually subscribe to huge bundles of journals. So once you have identified the paper you want, it’s worth checking if your university has access to it. If you can’t access it that way, try a general Google search on the title to see if there is a copy elsewhere on the Internet (often on the author’s web page). Some authors will send a copy if you email them with your request. •• Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org) includes texts, audio, moving images, software and archive web pages from the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian, amongst others. •• Europeana (http://europeana.eu) offers access to millions of digital images, texts, sounds and videos from European museums, galleries, libraries and archives. •• Gallica (http://gallica.bnf.fr/), the digital library of the Bibliothèque Nationale Française, provides access to items from its own collection, including texts, images, musical scores, maps, manuscripts and audio material. The texts you can access through these resources are as reliable as the hard copy equivalent you would find in the source library. All the requirements for critical reading described in this book in relation to books and journal articles apply also to electronically accessed texts. 25
critical reading and writing for postgraduates INTERNET MATERIAL – THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY Likely to be very reliable: 1 Peer-reviewed journal articles that are also published in an academic journal. These should be referenced according to their paper details, rather than as an Internet resource. 2 Peer-reviewed journal articles published in genuine electronic journals. These should be referenced using their volume number and date, plus the full web address. It is possible that they will not have page numbers. 3 Already published journal articles and book chapters that have been posted, usually in PDF format, on an academic’s home page. Check, however, that it is the published version. If it says ‘submitted to’ a journal, or ‘draft’, it has yet to be peer-reviewed. You could then check if it has since been published. 4 Electronically readable books written by subject experts. 5 Official materials published on a recognized institutional website, e.g., the British Museum site, or the Institute of Linguists’ site. You can find out what site you are on by going to the home page. Likely to be fairly reliable: 1 Pre-peer-reviewed material, as described in (3) above – but track down the published version if possible. 2 Lecture or research notes on the site of an academic working at a recognized institution. Likely to be unreliable: 1 Material on the home pages of individuals. 2 Material on organization websites that is written by enthusiasts rather than experts. 3 Free-for-all post-your-views sites (unless restricted to a recognized set of academic contributors). 4 Web-logs (blogs), chatroom pontifications, etc. REFERENCING INTERNET SOURCES: GOLDEN RULES Internet sources are subject to two common problems. First, it may be unclear who wrote the material (and so what their credentials are for writing reliably). Second, web pages may disappear or move location, making them difficult to find in future. Therefore, it is always advisable to try tracking down a more permanent reference (to a book or journal article, for instance). Where you do have to reference an Internet source: (Continued) 26
Page 1 and 2: Second Edition Second Edition Secon
Page 3 and 4: Education at SAGE SAGE is a leading
Page 5 and 6: © Mike Wallace and Alison Wray 201
Page 7 and 8: critical reading and writing for po
Page 9 and 10: How to Use this Book The book is ai
Page 13 and 14: Acknowledgements We are grateful to
Page 16 and 17: 1 What it Means to be Critical Keyw
Page 18 and 19: what it means to be critical untrut
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Page 22 and 23: Being critical as a requirement of
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Page 26 and 27: what it means to be critical Table
Page 28 and 29: making a critical choice perhaps so
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Page 34 and 35: making a critical choice As with th
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Page 42 and 43: 3 Getting Started on Critical Readi
Page 44 and 45: Evaluating the usefulness of what y
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critical reading and writing for po
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7 The Argument Component of your Me
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8 More Components: Knowledge, Liter
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12 Focusing and Building up your Cr
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What makes a literature review crit
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13 Integrating Critical Literature
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integrating critical literature rev
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tools for structuring a dissertatio
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15 Using the Literature in Research
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using the literature in research pa
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Appendix 1 ‘One word or two? Psyc
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appendix 1 Certificates were issued
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appendix 1 why a speaker/writer cho
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appendix 1 do so, they would be Afr
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appendix 1 account for why the expe
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appendix 1 but it could still be ar
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appendix 2 may inhere in their ende
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appendix 2 and organized to meet it
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appendix 2 ways that generate poor
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appendix 2 control. Changing belief
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appendix 2 sharing to consulting te
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appendix 2 Other SMT members Norms
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appendix 2 3 Other teachers have th
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Appendix 3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF A T
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appendix 3 (d) How does the sort of
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appendix 3 (d) With what degree of
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appendix 3 (d) Are sources of backi
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appendix 3 8 To what extent are cla
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Appendix 4 Logic checksheet: Develo
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appendix 4 Focusing the presentatio
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Index abstraction level of 84, 86 a
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