HMONG RESOURCE CENTER LIBRARY ACADEMIC ARTICLES ...

HMONG RESOURCE CENTER LIBRARY ACADEMIC ARTICLES LIST 

UPDATED 2/7/06 

HMONG HISTORY AND EARLY STUDIES OF HMONG 

“The Myth of Sonom, the Hmong King” by Robert Entenmann, Hmong studies Journal, 

Vol 6, 2005 

R. Alison Lewis. (2004). "The A Hmao in Northeast Yunnan and Northwest Guizhou Provinces: 

Perspectives on the Encounter iwth the A Hmao from some Western Protestant Missionaries." In 

Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 217-236. 

Cheung Siu-Woo. (2004). "Miao Identity in Western Guizhou: China during the Republican 

Period." In Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 237-272. 

Tapp, Nicholas. (2004). "The State of Hmong Studies (An Essay on Bibliography). In Tapp, N., 

Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: 

Silkworm Books, pp. 3-38. 

Postert, Christian. (2004). "From Culture Circle to Cultural Ecology: The Hmong/Miao as reflected 

in German and Austrian Anthropology." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. 

(Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 39-60. 

Culas, C. and J. Michaud. (2004). "A Contribution to the Study of Hmong (Miao) Migrations and 

History." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. 

Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 61-96. 

Culas, C. (2004). "Innovation and Tradition in Rituals and Cosmology: Hmong Messianism and 

Shamanism in Southeast Asia." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). 


Sutton, Donald S. (2003). “Violence and Ethnicity on a Qing Colonial Frontier: Customary and 

Statutory Law in the Eighteenth Century Miao Pale.” Modern Asian Studies 37(1): 41-80. 

McMahon, Daniel (2002). “Identity and Conflict on a Chinese Borderland: Yan Ruyi and the 

Recruitment of the Gelao During the 1795-97 Miao Revolt.” Late Imperial China 23(2)(December 

2002): 53-86. 

Mark E. Pfeifer, PhD (2002). Hmong Resource Center Hmong-Related Research and Literature: 

Past, Present and Future Directions 19p 

Jean Michaud. (2000). “ A Historical Panorama of the Montagnards in Northern Vietnam under 

French Rule.” (Includes Hmong). In J. Michaud, Ed. Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: 

Mountain Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif. Richmond, Survey: Curzon Press. Pp 51-76. 

Alison Lewis. (2000). “The Western Protestant Missionaries and the Miao in Yunnan and Guizhou, 

Southwest China.” In J. Michaud, Ed. Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain 

Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. Pp. 79-96. 

Michaud, Jean and Christian Culas (2000). “The Hmong of the Southeast Asia Massif: Their 

Recent History of Migration.” In G. Evans, C. Hutton, and K.K. Eng eds. Where China Meets 

Southeast Asia: Social and Cultural Change in the Border Regions Singapore: Institute of 

Southeast Asia Studies, 98-121. 

Christian Culas (2000). “Migrants, Runaways and Opium Growers: Origins of the Hmong in Laos 

and Siam in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.” In J. Michaud, Ed. Turbulent Centuries.”

In J. Michaud, Ed. Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in South-East 

Asian Massif. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. Pp. 29-50. 

Lee, M.N.M. (1998). “The Thousand-Year Myth: Construction and Characterization of Hmong.” 

Hmong Studies Journal 2(2): 1-15. 

Tou Soua HEU (1997). The Hmong Faced to the Western World: A Historically Unprecedented 

Attempt to Achieve a Century of Evolution within a Decade 

(http://hmong.com/the/essays/thesis/rs001a.htm) 5 pChoj 

Kaiyi, Y. (1996). "Hmong-Mongolian?" In Hmong Forum, Saint Paul, MN: Haiv Hmoob, Inc. pp. 

48-62. 

Yaj Xiv (1995). A Dedication to Touby LYFOUNG: The Hmong's First Cabinet Member of the 

Laotion Government (http://www.hmong.com/the/newsletter/xovxwm9504.htm) 3p 

Ng, F. (1993). “Towards a Second Generation Hmong History.” AmerAsia Journal 19(3): 51-69. 

Lee, G.Y. (1990). "Refugees from Laos: Historical Backgrounds and Causes." Paper reprinted at 

www.hmongnet.org/hmong-au/ website. 15 p. 

Liu, B.Y. (1990). "Hmong and Mien are All Brothers: A Brief Introduction to the Relations between 

the Hmong and Mien Nationalities Written on the Request of Dr. Yang Dao." Hmong Forum, 1:8- 

16 

Yang, D. (1990). "The Longest Migration." In Hmong Forum 1: 3-7.Mottin J. (1980). “History of the 

Hmong” Paper Reprinted by the Hmong Studies Journal website 

http://members.aol.com/hmongstudies/hsj.html 

Seidenfaden, Erik, transl. (1923) “ The White Meo”(Journal of the Siam Society 17 (3): 153-189) 

MILITARY CONFLICT 

Quincy, K. (2000). “Warlord.” Hmong Studies Journal 3: 1-44. (Chapter from K. Quincy, 

Harvesting Pa Chay’s Wheat: The Hmong and America’s Secret War in Laos.) 

Jacobs, Brian W. (1996). No-win situation: the plight of the Hmong--America's former ally. Boston 

College Third World Law Journal. 16:139-66. 

Yang, K. (1996). "Another Look: Who is the Victor of the Vietnam War?" In Hmong Forum, Saint 

Paul, MN: Haiv Hmoob, Inc. pp. 63-67. 

Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1990). “The Political Economy of Rebellion in Northern Laos.” From Rebellion 

in Laos: Peasant and Politics in a Colonial Backwater, ed. G.C. Gunn. Boulder: Westview Press. 

pp. 142-167. 

Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1990). “Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Laos.” From Rebellion in Laos: 

Peasant and Politics in a Colonial Backwater, ed. G.C. Gunn. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 168- 

197. 

Xiong, M. and N.D. Donnelly. (1986). “My life in Laos”. In The Hmong World, editors, Brenda 

Johns and David Strecker, New haven, ct: council on Southeast Asia studies, pp. 200-244. 

Fox Butterfield “Battered Laotian Tribe Fears U.S. Will Abandon It” (Ny Times, Oct. 11, 1972, 6p) 

Henry Kamm “War in Laos Imperils the Survival of Meo” (Ny Times, March 16, 1971)

Arnold Abrams “Laos’ Meo Tribesmen: A Nation of refugees” (Seattle Times, July 6, 1970, p 9-10) 

Arnold Abrams “ The eye of a Storm: With the Meo Tribesmen in Thailand” (Seattle Times, July 6, 

1970, pp 8-11) 

Roger Lindsay “ How ‘Mao’ the Meo?” (Far Eastern Economic Review, January 30, 1969, 1 p) 

Henry Kamm “Meo General Leads tribesmen in” (Ny Times Oct. 27, 1969, 2p) 

James Thomas Ward. (1967). “U.S. Aid to Hill Tribe Refugees in Laos.” In Southeast Asian 

Tribes, Minorities and Nations, ed. P. Kundstadter. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 

295-303. 

“Laos Fighting Tribe” (NY Times July 7, 1961, pp 21-22) 

“Lao reports Gains in a forgotten war”(U.S. news & world report, july 4, 1966, pp 24-25) 

Don A. Schanche “ An American Hero” (June 2, 1962, pp 15-20) 

Don A. Schanche “An American Hero (Concluding)” (Saturday Evening Post, june 9, 1962, pp 91- 

94) 

“Minorities Under the Viet Minh” (Eastern World, November 1955, pp 17-18) 

HMONG IN LAOS/THAILAND 

Yang Dao (2005).”The Hmong Odyssey from Laos to America” Speech,10 th Hmong National 

Conference, Hmong National Development, Fresno, California, April 8,2005 

Postert, Christian. (2005). “Completing or Competing? Contexts of Hmong Selfing/Othering in 

Laos.” In Grammars of Identity/Alterity: A Structural Approach. Editors: Gerd Baumann and Andre 

Gingrich. New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 101-111. 

The Shaping of Traditions: Agriculture and Hmong Society” by Gary Yia Lee, Hmong Studies 

Journal, Vol 6, 2005 

Wiewel, E.W. (2005) “Injection Prevalence and Risks Among Male Ethnic Minority Drug Users in 

Northern Thailand.” AIDS Care, 17(1)(January 2005): 102-110. 

Nicholas Tapp. (2004). “Transporting Culture Across Borders The Hmong.” Unpublished 

Manuscript, Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. The 

Australian National University. 

Jacques Lemoine. (2004). “Hmong/Miao in Asia. Review Article.” 

Lee, Gary Yia. (2004). "Transnational Adaptation: An Overview of the Hmong of Laos." In Tapp, 

N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: 


Jan Ovesen. (2004). "The Hmong and Development in the People's Democratic Republic." In 

Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, 

Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 457-476. 

Yang, Dao. (2004). "Hmong Refugees from Laos: The Challenge of Social Change." In Tapp, N., 

Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand:


Leepreecha, Prasit. (2004). "Ntoo Xeeb: Cultural Redefinition for Froest Conservation among the 

Hmong in Thailand." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in 

Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 335-352. 

Kundstadter, Peter. (2004). "Hmong Marriage Patterns in Thailand in Relation to Social Change." 

In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, 


Symonds, Patricia V. (2004). "Following Hmong Cultural Pathways for the Prevention of 

HIV/AIDS: Notes from the Field." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). 


Tapp, Nicholas. (2004). “Hmong Places and Locality.” In Making Place: State Projects, 

Globalization and Local Responses in China. Ed. Steven Feuchtwang. London: Cavendish 

Publishing, 133-148. 

Tracy Johnson-Messenger. (2004). “Contradictions in Learning how to be Thai: A Case Study of 

a Young Hmong Women.”Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 4. pp. 81-101 

Maren Tomforde. (2003). “The Global in the Local: Contested Resource-use Systems of the 

Karen and Hmong in Northern Thailand.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 34 (2), pp 347-360. 

Ballard, Brette M. (2003). “Refugee Reintegration in Rural Areas: Land Distribution in Ban Pha 

Thao, Lao PDR.” Working Paper #18 Cambridge, Mass.: The Inter-University Committee on 

International Migration, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies 

(March 2003) 26 Pages. 

Lemoine, Jacques (2003). “L’esprit et Le perroquet Reponse a’ Nicholas Tapp.” Aseanie 11 (June 

2003): xx-xxxxxxxxx. 

Lemoine, Jacques (2002). “À propos de Andrew Turton (ed.) Civility and Savagery Social Identity 

in Tai States: Civilization (Civilite’? Citoyennete’? Urbanite’? et sauvagerie.” Aseanie 9 (June 

2002): 147-175. 

Tapp, Nicholas (2002). “À propos de Civility and Savagery Social Identity in Tai States: La 

perruche et le maitre Hmong Reponse a’ Jacques Lemoine.” Aseanie 10 (December 2002): 197- 

204. 

Delang, Claudio O. (2002). “Deforestation in Northern Thailand: The result of Hmong Farming 

Practices or Thai Development Strategies?” (Society and Resources, 15:483-501. 

S Louisirochanakul (2000) “No Evidence of HTVL-1 or KTLV II infection among the Hmong 

people of Northern Thailand or injecting drug users in Bangkok” (Journal of Acquired Immune 

Deficiency Syndromes. 23(5): 441-442) 

Takafumi Ishida, Satomi Takao, Wannapa Settheetham- Ishida, and Danai Tiawech (2002). 

"Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection in rural ethnic Population of Northern Thailand 

(Journal of Clinical Virology 24: 31-35) 

Tungittiplakorn, Waranoot and Philip Dearden. (2002). "Biodiversity Conversation and Cash Crop 

Development in Northern Thailand." In Biodiversity and Conservation 11: 2007-2025. 

Peter Kunstadter. (2000). “Changing Patterns of Economics among Hmong in Northern Thailand

1960-1990.” In J. Michaud, Ed. Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain minorities in 

the South-East Asian Massif. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. Pp 167-192. 

Christian Culas. (2000). “Migrants, Runaways, and Opium Growers: Origins of the Hmong in Laos 

and Siam in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” In J. Michaud, Ed. Turbulent Times and 

Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif. Richmond, Surrey: 

Curzon Press. Pp. 29-50. 

Jean Michaud and Christian Culas “The Hmong of the Southeast Asia Massif: Their Recent 

History of Migration” In Grant Evans, Christpher Hutton, and Kuah Khun Eng Where China Meets 

Southeast Asia: Social And Cultural change in the border regions (Institutes of Southeast Asia 

Studies, Singapore, 2000, pp. 98-121) 

Tapp, Nicholas. (2000). “Ritual Relations and Identity: Hmong and Others.” In Civility and 

Savagery: Social Identity in Tai States. A. Turton, Ed. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 84-103. 

Kossikov, Igor. (2000). “Nationalities Policy in Modern Laos." In Civility and Savagery: Social 

Identity in Tai States. A. Turton, Ed. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 227-244. 

John McKinnon and Jean Michaud.(2000) “Montagnard domain in the southeast Asian 

Massif.”(includes Hmong) In J. Michaud, Ed. Turbulent times enduring people : Mountain 

minorities in the south-east Asian massif. Richmond surrey: Curzon press. pp 1-29 

Joseph Davy “Repatriation: How safe is it?” (Hmong Studies Journal v2n2 Spring 1998, pp. 1-6) 

Jean Michaud "Economic Transformation in a Hmong Village of Thailand" (Human Organization, 

Vol.56, No2, 1997, pp 222-232) 

Breyer, C. et. Al (1997). “Wildly varying HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among the ethnic 

minority peoples of northern Thailand.” (AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of 

AIDS/HIV. 9(4): 427-439.) 

Shinya Funakawa, Sota Tanaka, Hitoshi Shinjyo, Thammanoom Kaewkhongkha, Tomoo Hattori, 

and Kaoya Yonebayahi (1997).Ecological Study on the Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter its 

Related Properties in Shifting Cultivation Systems of Northern Thailand (Soil Sci. Plant 

Nutr.,43(3)681-693). 

Brian W.Jacobs (1996).”No-Win situation: The plight of The Hmong-America’s Former Ally” 

(Boston College Third World Law Journal, vol. 16:107,pp139-167) 

Ronald D. Renard The Monk, the Hmong, the Forest, the Cabbage, Fire and Water: Incongruities 

in Northern Thailand Opium Replacement (Law and Society Review, 28(3) 657-664) (1994) 

Kundstader, P., Kundstader, S.L., Podhista, C. and P. Leepreecha (1993). “Demographic 

Variables in Fetal and Child Mortality: Hmong in Thailand.” (Social Science and Medicine 36(9): 

1109-1102.) 

Kundstadter, P. and Others. (1992). “Causes and Consequences of Increase in Child Survival 

Rates: Ethnoepidemiology among the Hmong of Thailand.” Human Biology: 821-841. 

Nicholas Tapp (1990). "Squatters or Refugees: Development and the Hmong (Institute of 

Southeast Asia Studies, 149-171). 

Gary Yia Lee (1990) Refugees from Laos: Historical Background and Causes 

(http://www.hmongnet.org/hmong-au/refugee.htm) 13 p

Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1990) “Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Laos.” From Rebellion in Laos: 

Peasant and Politics in a Colonial Backwater, ed G.C. Gunn. Boulder: Westview Press. Pp. 168- 

197. 

Wibulswasdi, P. (1989). “The Perception of Group Self-Image and other Ethnic Group Images 

Among the Thai, Chinese, Thai Hmong Hilltribes and Americans in the Province of Chiang Mai.” 

In Heterogeneity in Cross-Cultural Psychology, ed. D.M. Keats, D. Munro, and L. Mann, 204-209. 

Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger. 

Lee, G. Y. (1988). “Household and Marriage in a Thai Highland Society.” Journal of the Siam 

Society, 76:162-173. 

Kammerer, C.A. (1988). “Of Labels and Laws: Thailand’s Resettlement and Repatriation Laws.” 

Cultural Survival Quarterly 12(4): 7-12. 

Tapp, N. (1988). "Geomancy and Development: The case of the White Hmong of Northern 

Thailand." (Ethnos 53:228-238). 

Echeverria, D.N. and Others. (1987). “HeLa Cell Adherent Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli in 

Children Under One Year of Age in Thailand.” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25: 1472-1475. 

Garrett, W.E., "The Hmong of Laos: No Place to Run." National Geographic Magazine, January 

1974. 78-111. 

Cooper, R. (1986) “The Hmong of Laos: Economic factors in Refugee Exodus and Return.” In the 

Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L.Hendricks. B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard. New York and 

Minneapolis: Center for Migration studies and Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project, 

University of Minnesota. 23-40. 

Gary Y. Lee (1986). "Minority Politics in Thailand: A Hmong Perspective." 

p://www.trax.net.au/userdir/yuelee/topical/Minority%20politics%20in%20Thailand.html, pp. 1-9) 

Xiong, M. and N.D. Donnelly. (1986). “My Life in Laos.” In The Hmong World, Editors, Brenda 

Johns and David Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 200-244. 

Lee Gary Yia (1985). “Ethnic Minorities and Nation building in Laos: the Hmong in the Lao State." 

Peninsule 11/12:215-232. 

Kundstadter, P.(1985). “Health of Hmong in Thailand: Risk factors, Morbidity and Mortality in 

Comparison with other Ethnic Groups.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 9( December 1985): 

329-351. 

Yang, D (1982). “Why did the Hmong Leave Laos ?” In the Hmong in the west : Observations and 

Reports. B.T. Dowing and D.P. Olney eds., pp 3-18. Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional 

Affairs , university of Minnesota. 

Robert G. Cooper Unity and Division in Hmong Social Categories in Thailand (Studies in Asean 

Sociology, pp 267-320) (1978) 

Garrett, W.E., “The Hmong of Laos: No Place to Run. “ National Geographic Magazine, January 

1974. 78-111. 

Barney, G. Linwood. (1967). “The Meo of Xieng Khouang Province, Laos.” In Southeast Asian 

Tribes, Minorities and Nations, ed. P. Kundstadter. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 

271-294.

G.M.T. Osborn. (1967). “Government and the Hill Tribes of Laos.” In Southeast Asian Tribes, 

Minorities and Nations, ed. P. Kundstadter. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 259- 

270. 

HMONG IN VIETNAM 

Corlin, Claes. (2004). "Hmong and the Land Question in Vietnam: National Policy and Local 

Concepts of the Environment." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). 


Vuong, Duy Quang. (2004). "The Hmong and Forest Management in Northern Vietnam's 

Autonomous Areas." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in 


Wezel, N. Steinmuller, J.R. Friederichsen. (2002). “Slope position affects On soil fertility and crop 

productivity and implications for soil conservation In upland northwest Vietnam.” Agriculture, 

Ecosystems and Enviroment 91: 113-126. 

Coates, Karen J. (2002). One tree at a time –by cutting and selling old-growth wood for a fraction 

of its worth, Vietnam ‘s Hmong my endanger their long-trem survival. International wildlife. 3 

pages. 

Gray, Michael L.(2000). Hmong children in Northern Vietnam. World and I v15. 5 pages. 

Ho Ly Giang (2000). “The Food Culture of the Hmong in the Hang Kia and Pa Co Communes, 

mai Chau District, Hoa Binh Province.” Vietnam Social Sciences 6(80): 96-110. 

Nguyen Van Minh (2000). “Agricultural Adaption of the Hmong in Vietnam.” Vietnam Social 

Sciences 6(80): 75-95. 

John McKinnon and Jean Michaud. (2000). “Montagnard Domain in the South-East Asian 

Massif.” (Includes Hmong) In J. Michaud, ed. Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain 

Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. Pp. 1-28. 

Kirk, Valerie. (1997). “Hmong Textiles and Costumes of North Vietnam.” Gary Yia Lee’s Website: 

www.atrax.net.adu/user/yuelee/Otherscholars/COSTVIET.html 5 pages. 

"The Thai-Meo Region of Tonkin” (eastern World, October, 1955, pp. 23-24) 

HMONG IN CHINA 

What is the actual number of the (H)mong in the World” by Jacques Lemoine, Hmong Studies 


R. Alison Lewis. (2004). "The A Hmao in Northeast Yunnan and Northwest Guizhou Provinces: 

Perspectives on the Encounter iwth the A Hmao from some Western Protestant Missionaries." In 


Cheung Siu-Woo. (2004). "Miao Identity in Western Guizhou: China during the Republican 

Period." In Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 237-272. 

Louisa Schein. (2004). "Hmong/Miao Transnationality: Identity Beyond Culture." In Hmong/Miao 

in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 273-294. 

Xiao, Zhang (2003). "Origin and Features of Hmong Culture in China." Institute of Culture of 

Minorities, Guishou Provincial Academy of Social Sciences, Guyang, Guizhou, China.

Sutton, Donald S. (2003). “Violence and Ethnicity on a Qing Colonial Frontier: Customary and 

Statutory Law in the Eighteenth Century Miao Pale.” Modern Asian Studies 37(1): 41-80. 

McMahon, Daniel (2002). “Identity and Conflict on a Chinese Borderland: Yan Ruyi and the 

Recruitment of the Gelao During the 1795-97 Miao Revolt.” Late Imperial China 23(2)(December 

2002): 53-86. 

Nicholas Tapp (2002). “Cultural Accommodations in Southwest China: The `Han Miao and 

Problems in the Ethnography of the Hmong.” Asian Folklore Studies 61: 77-104. 

Peter Foggin, Nagib Amijo-Hussein, Celine Marigaux, Hui Zhu, and Zeyuan Liu (2001). “Risk 

Factors and Child Mortality among the Miao in Yunnan, Southwest China” (Social Science and 

Medicine 53: 1683-1969) 

Bender, Mark. (2000). “Hunting Nets and Butterflies: Ethnic Minority Songs from Southwest 

China.” Manoa 12(1): 80-86. 

Xiaoping Wu “Ethnic Tourism: A Helocopter from “Huge Graveyard” to Paradise?” (Hmong 

Studies Journal, Vol. 3 winter 2000, pp 1-20) 

Oakes, Tim. (1999). “Bathing in the Far Village: Globalization, Transnational Capital, and the 

Cultural Politics of Modernity in China.” Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique 7.2: 307-342. 

Louisa Shein (1998) "Forging Transnationality and Oppositional Cosmopolitanism." (Comparative 

Urban and Commnity Research, pp 291-313). 

Chris Gay “Life on the Margins” (Far Eastern Economics Review, September 19, 1996, page 52) 

Norma Diamond. (1995). “Defining the Miao: Ming Qing, and Contemporary Views.” In Cultural 

Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers, ed. S. Harrell. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 

Pp. 92-116. 

Diamond, N. (1993). “Ethnicity and the State: The Hua Miao of Southwest China.” In Ethnicity and 

the State, edited by J.D. Toland, 55-78. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 

Li Qing Qi. (1990). "The Multifaced and Flowering Hmong Culture." (Hmong Forum, Vol. 1, 1990, 

pp 17-25) 

Diamond, N. (1988). “The Miao and Poison: Interactions on China’s Southwest Border.” 

Ethnology, 27 (January 1988) 1-25. 

Schein, L. (1986). “The Miao in contemporary China: A preliminary overview.” In the Hmong in 

Transition, edited by G.L. Hendricks B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard. New York and Minneapolis: 

Center for Migration studies and Southeast Asian Refugee Studies project, University of 

Minnesota. 73-85. 

Yang: Beh: Morse Man: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science Published Under the 

Direction of the Royal Anthropological Insitute of Great Britain and Ireland, xxxvill, 66-81, May 

1938) 

William H. Hudspeth “The Cult of the Door amongst the Miao in South-West China” (Folk Lore 

33:406-410, (1922)

GENDER ROLES/MARRIAGE 

Cooper, Robert. (2004). "Rape: Perceptions and Processes of Hmong Customary Law." In Tapp, 



Kundstadter, Peter. (2004). "Hmong Marriage Patterns in Thailand in Relation to Social Change." 

In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, 


Lee, Stacey J. (2004). “Hmong American Masculinities: Creating New Identities in the United 

States.” In Adolescent Boys: Exploring Diverse Cultures of Boyhood. Editors: Niobe Way and 

Judy Y. Chu. New York and London: New York University Press, pp. 13-30. 

Louisa Schein. (2004). “Homeland Beauty: Transnational Longing and Hmong American Video.” 

The Journal of Asian Studies 63(2): 433-463. 

Sucheng Chan. (2003). “Scarred, yet Undefeated: Hmong and Cambodian Women and Girls in 

the United States.” In Asian/Pacific Islander American Women: A Historical Anthology, editors 

Shirley Hune and Gail Nomorura. New York: New York University Press, pp. 253-267. 

Tamara L. Kaiser. (2003). “Achieving Shared Meaning in Cross-Cultural Dialogue: Understanding 

a Hmong Family’s Response to Marital Violence.” Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in 

Social Work 12(3): 29-54. 

Mymee Her, and Chue Pao Heu. (2003). "Traditional Hmong Concepts of Wife Beating." In 

Culhane-Pera, K.E. et. al. Editors. Healing by Heart: Clinical and Ethical Case Stories of Hmong 

Families and Western Providers. Nashville: Vanderbilt Press, pp. 224-233. 

Pacyinz Lyfoung. (2003). "Changing Gender Roles and Domestic Violence in the Hmong 

Community: A Feminist Perspective." In Culhane-Pera, K.E. et. al. Editors. Healing by Heart: 

Clinical and Ethical Case Stories of Hmong Families and Western Providers. Nashville: Vanderbilt 

Press, pp. 234-238. 

Cooper, Robert. (2004). "Rape: Perceptions and Processes of Hmong Customary Law." In Tapp, 



Garrity, Collette. (2003). “Hmong women in a nontraditional college: replacing fragmented 

backgrounds with American individualism.” Women in Higher Education, April 2003 v12 i4 p22-23. 

Amalia Anderson, Taya Moxley-Goldsmith, and Patrick Ostergren. (2002). “Community, Conflict, 

and Consensus: Responses to Proposed Hmong Marriage Legislation.” Paper Prepared by 

Hamline University School of Law and College of William Mitchell Students for Equal Justice: 

Applied Research Class Fall, 2002, College of William Mitchell. 46 Pages. 

Foo, Lora Jo. (2002). “Hmong Women in the U.S.: Changing a Patriarchal Culture.” In Asian 

American Women: Issues, Concerns, and Responsive Human and Civil Rights Advocacy. Ed. 

Lora Jo Foo. New York: The Ford Foundation. 

Ngo, Bic. (2002). “Contesting ‘Culture’: The Perspectives of hmong American Female Students 

on Early Marriage.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 33(2): 163-188. 

Pranee Liamputtong (2002). “Gender, Sexuality and Marriage among Youth in Autralia” In Lenore 

Mauderson and Pranee Liamputtong Coming of age in South and Southeast Asia (Nordic Institue

of Asian Studies, pp. 249-265) 

Mieko Yoshihama, PhD, MSW. (2002). “Community Participation Reconsidered: Feminist 

Participatory Action Research with Hmong Women,” Journal of Community Practice, Vol 10(4) 

2002: 85-103 

Roberta Juliana (1998). “Ì love Driving!’ Alternative Constructions of Hmong Femininity in the 

West” (Race, Gender and Class: 5(2) pp. 30-35) 

May Kao Yangblongsua Hang “Growing up Hmong American: Truancy Policy and Girls” (Hmong 

Studies Journal, Volume 1 November 2, Spring 1997, pages 1-45) 

Kou Yang “Hmong Men’s Adaptation to the life in the United States” (Hmong Studies Journal, Vol. 

1, No 2, Spring 1997, PP 1-17). 

Evans-Pritchard D. (1995). “The Interpretation and Distortion of Culture: A Hmong `Marriage by 

Capture’ Case in Fresno, California.” Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 4: 1-48. 

Cha, Dia & Small, Cathy A. (1994). Policy lessons from Lao and Hmong women in Thai refugee 

camps. World Development , 22(7), 1045-1059. 

Beniek, Brenda M. (1994). “From Sib Tham to Mediation: The Shaping of a Modus Vivendi. 

“ Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy 16(1): 459-503. 

Weinstein-Shr, G. and N.Z. Henkin (1991). “Continuity and Change: Intergenerational Relations in 

Southeast Asian Refugee Families.” Marriage and Review 16 (Summer 1991): 351-367. 

Yang, M. (1990). “The Education of Hmong Women.” Vietnam Generation 2, no. 3:62-87. 

George M. Scott, Jr. To catch or not to catch a thief: A case of bride theft among the Lao Hmong 

refugees in Southern California (Ethnic Groups, 1988, vol. 7, pp. 137-151) 

Meredith, W.H. and G.P. Rowe. (1986). “Changes in Hmong Refugee Marital Attitudes in 

America.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard, 

121-133. 

Thao, C.T. (1986). "Hmong Customs on Marriage, Divorce, and the Rights of Married Women." In 

The Hmong World, Editors, Brenda Johns and David Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on 

Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 74-99. 

Yaj. T.T. (1986). “Excerpt from Piav Tus Txheej Txheem Kab Tshoob Kev Kos.” In The Hmong 

World. Editors, Brenda Johns and David Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia 

Studies, pp. 99-123. 

HMONG RELIGION 

Hmong Cosmology: Proposed Model, Preliminary Insights” by Vincent K. Her, Hmong Studies 


Culas, C. (2004). "Innovation and Tradition in Rituals and Cosmology: Hmong Messianism and 

Shamanism in Southeast Asia." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). 


Catherine Falk. (2004). “Hmong Instructions to the Dead: What the Mouth Organ Qeej Says (Part 

One).” Asian Folklore Studies 63:1-29.

Falk, Catherine. (2004). “The Private and Public Lives of the Hmong Qeej and Miao Lusheng.” In 

The Hmong of Australia: Culture and Diaspora. Eds. Nicholas Tapp and Gary Yia Lee. Canberra, 

Australia: Pandanus Books, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian 

National University, 123-152. 

Hao Huang and Bussakorn Sumrongthong. (2004). “Speaking with Spirits: The Hmong Ntoo 

Xeeb New Year Ceremony.” Asian Folklore Studies 63:31-55. 

Falk, Catherine. (2003). “’If you have good knowledge, close it well tight’: concealed and framed 

meaning in the funeral music of the Hmong qeej.” British Journal of Ethnomusicology 12(ii): 1-33. 

Gregory A. Plotnikoff, Charles Numrich, Chu Wu, Deu Yang and Phua Xiong (2002). “Hmong 

Shamanism: Animist Spiritual Healing in Minnesota.” Minnesota Medicine 85 (6): 29-34. 

Donald F. Hones (2001). "The Word: Religion and Literacy in the Life of a Hmong American 

(Religious Education Vol. 96 No. 4). 

N. Tapp. (2000). “Ritual Relations and Identity: Hmong and Others.” In Civility and Savagery: 

Social Identity in Tai States. A. Turton, Ed. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 84-103. 

Jacques Lemoine and Maurice Eisenbruch (1997). L’ excercice du pouvoir de guerison chez les 

chamanes hmong et Les maitres-guerissurs Khmers d’Indochine (L’ Homme 144, Oct.-Dec. 1997, 

pp 69-103). 

Jacques Lemoine (1996). “The Constitution of a Hmong Shaman’s Powers of Healing and Folk 

Culture.” Shaman 4 (1 and 2): 144-165. 

Patricia V. Symonds (1996). “Blessing Among the White Hmong of Thailand.” In Cornelia Ann 

Kammerer, and Nicola Tannenbaum Merit and Blessing in Mainland Southeast Asia in 

Comparative Perspective (Monograph 45/Yale Southeast Asia Studies, 98-115). 

Catherine Falk (1996). Upon meeting the Ancestors: The Hmong Funeral Ritual in Asia and 

Australia (Hmong Studies Journal v1n1,pp 1-11). 

David Schimke (1996) “Exit the Shaman: Hmong Families find Old Ways Under Christian Attack.” 

Twin Cities Reader August 21-27, pp. 10-13. 

Siu-Woo Cheung. (1995). “Millenarianism, Christian Movements, and Ethnic Change Among the 

Miao in Southwest China.” In Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers, Ed. S. Harrell. 

Seattle: Unviersity of Washington Press. Pp. 217-247. 

Vayong Moua. (1995). “Hmong Christianity: Conversion, Consequence, and Conflict.” Hmong 

Electronic Resources Project (http://www.people letteams.org/miao/hmong.html) 12 pages 

People Teams. (1995). “Short History of Missions for the Miao in China.” Hmong Electronic 

Resources Project (http://peopletteams.org/miao/miao.htm) 2 Pages 

Winland, Daphne N. (1994). Christianity and community: conversion and adaptation among 

Hmong refugee women. Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie . 19(1), 

21-45. 

Taillez, D. (1993). "A New Heart: Hmong Christians in America." Migration World Magazine. 21(2- 

3): 3 p. 

N. Tapp (1989). “Hmong Religion” (Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 48: 59-94).

N. Tapp (1989) The Impact of Missionary Upon Marginalized Ethnic Minorities: The Case of the 

Hmong (Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. XX, No. 1, pg 70-95) 

Lemoine, J. (1986). “Shamanism in the Context of Hmong Resettlement.” In The Hmong in 

Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard. New York and Minneapolis: 

Center for Migration Studies and Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project, University of 


Tapp, N. (1986). “Geomancy as an Aspect of Upland-Lowland Relationships.” In the Hmong in 

Transition, edited by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard. New York and Minneapolis: 

Center for Migration Studies and Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project, University of 


Thao, P. (1986). “I am a Shaman.” In The Hmong World, Editors, Brenda Johns and David 

Strecker. New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, 164-200. 

Mottin, J. (1984). A Hmong Shaman’s Séance (Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 43, pp 99-108). 

Chindarsi, N. (1983). “Hmong Shamanism” From Highlanders of Thailand, J. McKinnon and W. 

Bhruksasri, Eds. Oxford University Press. 187-193. 

Scott, George, Jr. (1982). A New Year in a New Land: Religious Change Among the Lao Hmong 

Refugees in San Diego. In The Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. Bruce T. Downing 

and Douglas P. Olney, eds., pp. 63-85. Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, 

University of Minnesota. 

Barney, G. Linwood (1957) “The Meo - - An Incipient Church.” Practical Anthropology 4(2):31-50. 

Smalley, William A. (1956). The Gospel and the Cultures of Laos. Practical Anthropology 3(3):47- 

57. 

HMONG LITERATURE/MUSIC/AND FOLK ARTS 

Hmong Refugee’s Death Fugue” by Sheng-mei Ma, Hmong Studies Journal, Vol 6, 2005 

Jeannie Chiu. (2004). “’I Salute the Spirit of My Communities’: Autoethnographic Innovations in 

Hmong American Literature.” College Literature 31(3):43-69. 


One).” Asian Folklore Studies 63:1-29. 





Louisa Schein. (2004). “Homeland Beauty: Transnational Longing and Hmong American Video.” 

The Journal of Asian Studies 63(2): 433-463. 

Wronska-Friend, Maria. (2004). “Globalized Threads: Costumes of the Hmong Community in 

North Queensland.” In The Hmong of Australia: Culture and Diaspora. Eds. Nicholas Tapp and 

Gary Yia Lee. Canberra, Australia: Pandanus Books, Research School of Pacific and Asian 

Studies, The Australian National University, 97-121. 

Falk, Catherine. (2003/2004). “The Dragon Taught Us: Hmong Stories about the Origin of the 

Free Reed Qeej.” Asian Music. XXXV(1): (Fall/Winter 2003/2004) 17-56.



Michael M. Levy “What If Your Fairy Godmother were an Ox? The Many Cinderellas of Southwast 

Asia” (The Lion and the Unicorn 24(2000) pp. 173-187) 

Gayle Morrison The Hmong Qeej: Speaking to the Spirit World (Hmong Studies Journal v2n2 

spring 1998, pp 1-12) 

Catlin, A. (1997). “Puzzling the text: Thought-songs, secret languages, and archaic tones in 

Hmong music.” (World of Music 39(2):69-81.) 

Van, Dang Nghiem. (1993). “The Flood Myth and the Origin of Ethnic Groups in Southeast Asia.” 

Journal of American Folklore 106 (Summer 1993): 304-337. 

Conquergood, D. (1992). “Fabricating Culture: The Textile Art of Hmong Refugee Women.” In 

Performance, Culture, and Identity, edited by E.C. Fine and J.H. Speer, 206-248. Westport, CT: 

Praeger, 1992. 

Mitchell, R.E., (1992). "Tradition, Change, and Hmong Refugees." In Creativity and Tradition in 

Folklore: New Directions. Edited by S.J. Bronner. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. pp. 

263-275. 

Caitlin, A. (1986). “The Hmong and Their Music…A Critique of Pure Speech.” In Hmong Art: 

Tradition and Change, 11-18. Sheboygan, WI: John Michael Kohler Arts Center. 

Cubbs, J. (1986). “Hmong Art: Tradition and Change.” In Hmong Art: Tradition and Change. 

Sheboygan, WI: John Michael Kohler Arts Center, 20-29. 

Johns, B. (1986). "An Introduction to White Hmong Sung Poetry." In The Hmong World, Editors, 

Brenda Johns and David Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 5-11. 

Lyman, T.A. (1986). "Blind of Eye, Lame of Leg: A Mong Njua Legend." In The Hmong World, 

Editors, Brenda Johns and David Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, 

pp. 1-4. 

McNamer, M. (1986). "Musical Change and Change in Music: Implications for Hmong Identity." In 

The Hmong World, Editors, Brenda Johns and David Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on 

Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 137-163. 

Mua, X.L. and S.L. Bessac (1986). "The Story of the Orphan Mu Hu." In The Hmong World, 

Editors, Brenda Johns and David Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, 

pp. 42-73. 

Vang, L. and J. Lewis. (1986). “Excerpts from Grandmother’s Path Grandfather’s Way.” In The 

Hmong World. Editors, Brenda Johns and David Strecker. New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast 

Asia Studies. 124-163. 

Catlin, Amy (1982). Speech Surrogate Systems of the Hmong: From Singing Voices to Talking 

Reeds. In The Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. Bruce T. Downing and Douglas P. 

Olney, eds. pp. 170-199. Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of 

Minnesota.

Johnson, Charles (1982). Hmong Myths, Legends and Folktales: A Resource for Understanding. 

In The Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. Bruce T. Downing and Douglas P. Olney, 

eds., pp. 86-98. Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota. 

HMONG CULTURE AND VALUES 

Julian, Roberta. (2004). “Living Locally, Dreaming Globally: Transnational Cultural Imaginings 

and Practices in the Hmong Diaspora.” In The Hmong of Australia: Culture and Diaspora. Eds. 

Nicholas Tapp and Gary Yia Lee. Canberra, Australia: Pandanus Books, Research School of 

Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, 25-58. 

Schein, Louisa (2004). "Hmong/Miao Transnationality: Identity Beyond Culture." In Tapp, N., 

Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: 


Lemoine, Jacques (2003). “L’esprit et Le perroquet Reponse a’ Nicholas Tapp.” Aseanie 11 (June 

2003): xx-xxxxxxxxx. 

Lemoine, Jacques (2002). “À propos de Andrew Turton (ed.) Civility and Savagery Social Identity 

in Tai States: Civilization (Civilite’? Citoyennete’? Urbanite’? et sauvagerie.” Aseanie 9 (June 

2002): 147-175. 

Tapp, Nicholas (2002). “À propos de Civility and Savagery Social Identity in Tai States: La 

perruche et le maitre Hmong Reponse a’ Jacques Lemoine.” Aseanie 10 (December 2002): 197- 

204. 

Reznik, Vivian; Cooper, Theresa; MacDonald, Dina; Benador, Nadine and Jacques Lemire. 

(2001). “Hais Cuaj Txub Kaum Txub – To Speak of All Things: A Hmong Cross-cultural Case 

Study.” Journal of Immigrant Health 3(1): 23-30. 

Selected Writings by Hmong Authors Shirley Geok-lim and Cheng Lok Chua Tilting the Continent: 

Southeast Asian American Writing New Rivers Press, Minneapolis, 2000. 

Hein, J. (1998). “The Hmong Cultural Repertoire: Explaining Cultural Variation Within an Ethnic 

Group.” (Hmong Studies Journal 2(2): 1-11.) 

Miki Inui “Assimilation and Repatriation Conflicts of the Hmong Refugees in a Wisconsin 

Community: A Qualitative Study of Five local Groups” (Migration World, Vol. Xxxvi No. 4 1998, 3p) 

John Hildebrand “Coming Home: Hunting squirrels and tigers with the Hmong” (Harper’s 

Magazine, October 1998, pp 72-80) 

Gary Yia Lee “Cultural Identity in post-Modern Society: Reflections on what is a Hmong?” 

(Hmong Studies Journal, Volume one, number one, fall 1996, pp 1-21) 

Sharon Bays “Visualizing Change Through Interactive Photography: Transforming Identities, 

Tranforming Research” (Hmong Studies Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, Fall 1996, p 1-9) 

Ka Ying Yang (1995) “The Hmong in French Guyana” 

(http://www.hmong.com/the/newsletter/xovxwm/xovxwm9501.htm,pp. 1-4) 

Catherine Falk (1994) “The Hmong in Australia” (http://hmongnet.org/hmong-au/ozmmong1.htm, 

pp. 1-5 

Collignon, Francine Fillipek From ‘Paj Ntaub’ to paragraphs: perspectives on Hmong Processes 

of composing. (In Vera John-Steiner, Carolyn P. Panofsky, Larry W. Smith, (Eds,) Sociocultural

approaches to Language and literacy: an interactionist perspective (pp.331-346). New York: 

Cambridge University Press. (1994) 

Jo Ann Koltyk (1993) “Telling Narrative Through home Videos: Hmong Refugees and Self- 

Documentation for life in the old and New country” (Journal of American Folklore 106(442): 435- 

449) 

Mitchell, R.E., (1992). “Tradition, Change, and Hmong Refugees.” (In creativity and Tradition in 

Folklore: New Directions. Edited by S.J. Broner. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. Pp. 263- 

275.) 

Yang, Dao. (1992). “The Hmong: Enduring Traditions.” In Minority Cultures of Laos: Kammu, Lua’, 

Lahu, Hmong and Iu-Mien, Ed. J. Lewis. Rancho Cordova, CA: Southeast Asia Community 

Resource Center. pp. 249-315. 

Hall, S.E. (1990) “Hmong Kinship Roles: Insiders and Outsiders.” (Hmong Forum, 1:25-39.) 

Tapp, N. (1988). "The Reformation of Culture: Hmong Refugees from Laos." Journal of Refugee 

Studies 1, no. 1: 20-37. 

Vue Thaow (1988) “How the Hmong make their home in Tasmania” 

(http://www.hmongnet.org/hmong-au/hmongsta.htm) 1-3 

Gary Y. Lee (1984) “Culture and Adaptation: Hmong Refugees in Australia 1976-83” 

(http://www.hmongnet.org/hmong-au/hmongoz.htm, pp 1-8) 

Smalley, W.A. (1986). “Stages of Hmong Cultural Adaptation.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by 

G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard. 7-22. 

Dunnigan, T. (1986). “Processes of Identity Maintenance in Hmong Society.” In The Hmong in 

Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 41-53. 

Hang, D. (1986). "Tam Tuab Neeg: Connecting the Generations." In The Hmong World, Editors, 

Brenda Johns and David Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 33- 

41. 

Lee, G.Y. (1986). “Culture and Adaptation: Hmong Refugees in Australia.” In The Hmong in 

Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 55-71. 

HMONG CLANS AND POLITICS 

Kao-Ly Yang. (2004). "Problems in the Interpretation of Hmong Surnames." In Tapp, N., Michaud, 

J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm 

Books, pp. 179-216. 

Conte, Christopher. (2002). “Diversity in Action: the first Hmong Senator: Mee Moua typifies the 

rich contributions foreign-born lawmakers are bringing to the legislative institution.” State 

Legislature 28(7): 4 pages. 

Doherty, S. (2001). “Politicial Behavior and Candidate Emergence in the Hmong- American 

Community.” (Unpublished Conference Paper. 28 p.) 

Pao Saykao (1997) “Hmong Leadership: The Traditional Model” (http://hmongnet.org/hmongau/leader.htm) 

pp. 1-8 

Hein, J. (1997). “Leadership Continuity and Change in Hmong Refugee Communities in the

United States” (Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp 213-228) 

Hall, S.E. (1990). “Hmong Kinship Roles: Insiders and Outsiders.” Hmong Forum 1:25-39. 

Lee, G.Y. (1986). “White Hmong Kinship Terminology and Structure.” In The Hmong World, 

Editors, Brenda Johns and David Strecker. New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, 

pp. 12-32. 

Dunnigan, Timothy (1982). Segmentary Kinship in an Urban Society: The Hmong of St. Paul - 

Minneapolis. Anthropological Quarterly 55(3):126-136. 

Finck, John (1982). Clan Leadership in the Hmong Community of Providence, Rhode Island. In 

The Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. Bruce T. Downing and Douglas P. Olney, 


Thao, Cheu (1982). Hmong Migration and Leadership in Laos and in the United States. In The 

Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. Bruce T. Downing and Douglas P. Olney, eds., 

pp. 99-121. Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota. 

Cooper, R.G. (1979). The Yao Jua Relationship: Pattern Of Affinal Alliance and Residence 

Among the Hmong of Northern Thailand (Clan Representation in Villages Studied (1979) pp. 173- 

181). 

Cooper, R.G. (1978). Unity and Division in Hmong Social Categories in Thailand (Studies in 

Asean Sociology, pp 267-320) 

HMONG FUNERALS 


One).” Asian Folklore Studies 63:1-29. 





Falk, Catherine. (2003/2004). “The Dragon Taught Us: Hmong Stories about the Origin of the 

Free Reed Qeej.” Asian Music. XXXV(1): (Fall/Winter 2003/2004) 17-56. 



Falk, C. "Hmong Funeral in Australia in 1992." (http://www.Hmongnet.org/hmong-au/funeral.htm) 

19 pages. 

Bliatout, B. (1993). “Hmong Death Customs: Traditional and Acculturated.” In Ethnic Variations in 

Dying, Death, and Grief: Diversity in Universality, edited by D.K. Irish, K.F. Lundquist, and V.J. 

Nelsen, 79-100. Washington D.C.: Taylor and Francis. 

Schriever, S.H. (1990). “Comparison of Beliefs and Practices of Ethnic Viet and Lao Hmong 

Concerning Illness, Healing, Death, and Mourning: Implications for Hospice Care with Refugees 

in Canada.” Journal of Palliative Care 6: 42-49. 

Hayes, C.L. and R.A. Kalish. (1987). “Death-Related Experiences and Funerary Practices of the 

Hmong Refugee in the United States.” Omega 18 (1987-1988): 63-70.

REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT 

Hmong and Lao Refugee Women: Reflections of a Hmong American Woman Anthropologist” by 

Dia Cha, Hmong Studies Journal, Vol 6, 2005 

American Paj ntaub: Wat Tham Krabok Assessment Team Report, April 22, 2004, Maykao Hang, 

Jim Anderson, Dr. Patricia Walker, Maoheu Thao, Mo Chang and Laurie Hestness, Saint Paul, 

MN. 

Anne Fadiman Heroes’ Welcome (Civilzation, August/September 1997, pages 53-61 

Jean Blake (1990). “Sponsorship: Its Changing Role” (Hmong Forum, Volume 1, 1990, pp 47-55 

Schein, L. (1987). “Control of Contrast: Lao Hmong Refugees in American Contexts.” In People of 

Upheavel, edited by S.M. Morgan and E. Colson, 88-107. New York: Center for Migration Studies. 

Dunnigan, T. (1986). “Antecedents of Hmong Resettlement in the Untied States.” In Hmong Art: 

Tradition and change Sheboygan, WI: John Michael Kohler arts center, 5-9. 

Fass, S. (1985). “Through a Glass Darkly: Cause and Effect in Refugee Resettlement Policies.” 

Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 5 (Fall 1985): 119-137. 

Meredith, W.H. and S.L. Cramer. (1982). "Hmong Refugees in Nebraska." In the Hmong in the 

West: Observations and Reports. B.T. Downing and D.P. Olney, eds. pp. 353-366. Minneapolis: 

Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota. 

RACE RELATIONS AND THE LAW 

Hwang, Victor M. (2002). “The Hmong Campaign for Justice: A Practitioner’s Perspective.” Asian 

Law Journal 9: 83-115. 

Amalia Anderson, Taya Moxley-Goldsmith, and Patrick Ostergren. (2002). “Community, Conflict, 

and Consensus: Responses to Proposed Hmong Marriage Legislation.” Paper Prepared by 

Hamline University School of Law and College of William Mitchell Students for Equal Justice: 

Applied Research Class Fall, 2002, College of William Mitchell. 46 Pages. 

Cohen, James R. (2002). “Building a Bridge: Lessons Learned From Family Mediation Training 

for the Hmong Community of Minnesota.” Family Court Review 40(3): 338-349. 

Lee, S.Q., Templer, D.I., Mar J., and M. Canfield. (2002). “Social Distance And Trait Attribution 

among four Southeast Asian ethnic groups in the United States.” Psychological Reports 91(1): 

326-330. 

Goodkind Jessica R., and Foster-Fishman, Pennie G. (2002). “Intergrating Diversity and 

Fostering Interdependence: Ecological Lessons Learned about refugee participation in 

multiethnic communities” (Journal of Community Psychology, Vol.30, No. 4, 389-409 

Ly, C. (2001). The Conflict Between Law and Culture: The Case of the Hmong in America 

(Wisconsin Law Review 28 p) 

Randall R. Beger and Jeremy Hein (2001). "Immigrants, Culture, and American courts: A 

Typology of Legal Strategies and Issues in case involving Vietnamese and the Hmong Litigants." 

(Criminal Justice Review, Volume 26, Number 1, Spring 2001 pages 38-60) 

Jeremy Hein. (2000). "Interpersonal Discrimination Against Hmong Americans: Parallels and 

Variation in Microlevel Racial Inequality." (The Sociology Quarterly, Volume 41, No.3 pages 413-

429) 

Donald F. Hones (1999). "Making Peace: A Narrative Study of a Bilingual Liaison, a School and a 

Community." (Teachers College Record Volume 101, number 1, fall 1999, pp. 106-134). 

Evans-Pritchard D. (1995). “The Interpretation and Distortion of Culture: A Hmong `Marriage by 

Capture’ Case in Fresno, California.” Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 4: 1-48. 

Beniek, Brenda M. (1994). “From Sib Tham to Mediation: The Shaping of a Modus Vivendi.” 

Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy 16(1): 459-503. 

Catherine Trevison. (1993). "Notes: Changing Sexual Assualt and the Hmong." (Indiana Law 

Review, Vol. 27,1993, number 2, pp. 393-414) 

William Ruefle, William H. Ross, and Diane Mandell. (1992). "Attitudes Toward Southeast Asian 

Immigrant In a Wisconsin Community (International Migration Review, 6(3): 877-898) 

George M. Scott (1988)."To Catch or not catch a thief: A case of bride theft among the Lao 

Hmong refugees in Southern California." (Ethnic Groups, vol. 7, pp. 137-151). 

Mitchell, R. (1987). “The Will to Believe and Anti-Refugee Rumors.” Midwestern Folklore 13, no. 1: 

5-15. 

Thao, T.C. (1987). “Torn Between Cultures: Southeast Asian Immigrants in Minnesota.” Bench 

and Bar of Minnesota 44 (October 1987): 21, 24-26. 

Goldstein, B.L. (1986). “Resolving Sexual Assault: Hmong and the American Legal System.” In 

The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 135-43. 

Skye. William C. (1986). “A Practical Procedure to Establish a Client’s Age for Social Security: A 

Contemporary Problem Confronting Hmong Immigrants Over Age 65.” Clearinghouse Review: 20: 

927-934. 

Calderon, E. (1982). The Impact of Indochinese Resettlement in Phillips and Elliot Park 

Neighborhoods in South Minneapolis. In the Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. B.T. 

Downing and D.P. Olney, eds. pp. 267-286. Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, 

University of Minnesota. 

HMONG NEW YEAR 

Hao Huang and Bussakorn Sumrongthong. (2004). “Speaking with Spirits: The Hmong Ntoo 

Xeeb New Year Ceremony.” Asian Folklore Studies 63:31-55. 

Chieng Lo, (2002) The Hmong Traditional New Year 26 p. 

Annette Lynch, Daniel F. Detzner, and Joanne B. Eicher Transmission and Reconstruction of 

Gender through dress: Hmong American New Year Rituals (Clothing and Textiles Research 

Journal, Vol. 14, No 4, 1996 pp. 257-266) 

Annette Lynch. (1995). “Hmong American New Year’s Dress: The Display of Ethnicity.” In J.B. 

Eicher, Ed. Dress and Ethnicity: Change Across Space and Time. Washington D.C.: Berg. 255- 

267.

GENERAL HEALTH AND MEDICINE 

Harrison, Gail G., Kagawa-Singer, Marjorie, Foerster., Susan B., Lee, Henry., Kim, Loan Pham., 

Nguyen, Tu-Uyen., Fernandez-Ami, Allyn., Quinn, Valerie., Bal, Dileep G., (2005). “Seizing the 

Moment: California’s Opportunity to Prevent Nutrition-Related Health Disparities in Low-Income 

Asian American Populations.” Cancer Volume 104, Issue S12 , Pages 2962 – 2968 

McCarty, Daniel J. (2005). “Glocuse Intolerance in Wisconsin’s Hmong population.” Wisconsin 

Medical Journal 104(5): 13-14. 

Mills, Paul K., Yang, Richard C. and Deborah Riordan. (2005). “Cancer Incidence in the Hmong in 

California, 1988-2000.” CANCER Supplement, 104(12)(December 15, 2005): 2969-2974. 

Ducore, Jonathan M., Parikh-Patel, Arti and Ellen B. Gold. (2004). “Cancer Occurrence in 

Southeast Asian Children in California.” Pediatr Hematol Oncol 26(10)(October 2004): 613-617. 

La Crosse County Health Department and La Crosse Area Hmong Mutual Assistance Association. 

(2004). Hmong Tobacco Cessation and Prevention: Kev tivthaiv thiab/Kev txiav luamyeeb. 

Research Report. 19 Pages. La Crosse, WI: La Crosse County Health Department and La 

Crosse Area Hmong Mutual Assistance Association. 

Portis, Andrew J., Hermans, Kate, Culhane-Pera, Kathleen A., and Gary C. Curhan. (2004). 

“Rapid Communication: Stone Disease in the Hmong of Minnesota: Initial Description of a High 

Risk Population.” Journal of Endourology 18(9): 853-857. 

Richard C. Yang, Paul K. Mills, and Deborah G. Riordan. (2004). “Cervical Cancer Among 

Hmong Women in California, 1988-2000.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 27(2): 132- 

138. 

Culhane-Pera, Kathleen A. (2003). "Hmong Culture: Tradition and Change." In Healing by Heart: 

Clinical and Ethical Case Studies of Hmong Families and Western Providers, Editors: Culhane- 

Pera, K.A., Vawter, D.E. et.al. pp. 11-70. 

Culhane-Pera, Kathleen A. et al. (2003). "A Model for Culturally Responsive Health Care." In 

Healing by Heart: Clinical and Ethical Case Studies of Hmong Families and Western Providers, 

Editors: Culhane-Pera, K.A., Vawter, D.E. et.al. pp. 297-347. 

Culhane-Pera, Kathleen A. (2003). "Cultural Complications in End-of-Life Care for a Hmong 

Woman with Gallbladder Cancer." In Healing by Heart: Clinical and Ethical Case Studies of 

Hmong Families and Western Providers, Editors: Culhane-Pera, K.A., Vawter, D.E. et.al. pp. 258- 

264. 

Culhane-Pera, Kathleen A. and Va Thao (2003). "Hmong Health Beliefs and Practices 

Concerning Childhood Fevers." In Healing by Heart: Clinical and Ethical Case Studies of Hmong 

Families and Western Providers, Editors: Culhane-Pera, K.A., Vawter, D.E. et.al. pp. 117-119. 

Naftali, Elanaha Dalyah and Mao Heu Thao. (2003). "A Culturally Informed Public Health 

Response to Pediatric Anemia in the Hmong Community." In Healing by Heart: Clinical and 

Ethical Case Studies of Hmong Families and Western Providers, Editors: Culhane-Pera, K.A., 

Vawter, D.E. et.al. pp. 149-155. 

Peterson, K.A. "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Hmong Community." In Healing by Heart: Clinical 

and Ethical Case Studies of Hmong Families and Western Providers, Editors: Culhane-Pera, K.A., 

Vawter, D.E. et.al. pp. 176-182.

Plotnikoff, Gregory A. "Defining Best Interest for a Hmong Infant: A Physician's Challenge." In 



Vang, Lu with Phua Xiong. (2003). "Influence of Conversion to Christianity on a Hmong Woman's 

Decision about Hysterectomy: A Pastor's Perspective." In Healing by Heart: Clinical and Ethical 

Case Studies of Hmong Families and Western Providers, Editors: Culhane-Pera, K.A., Vawter, 

D.E. et.al. pp. 111-116. 

Yang, Deu and Deborah Mielke. (2003). "Culturally Responsive Care for a Hmong Woman with 

Vaginal Bleeding." In Healing by Heart: Clinical and Ethical Case Studies of Hmong Families and 

Western Providers, Editors: Culhane-Pera, K.A., Vawter, D.E. et.al. pp. 106-110. 

Culhane-Pera, Kathleen A., Naftali, Elanah D., Jacobson, Cindy; Xiong, Zha Blong. (2002). 

“Cultural Feeding Practices and Child-Raising Philosophy Contribute to Iron-Deficiency Anemia in 

Refugee Hmong Children.” Ethnicity and Disease 12(Spring 2002): 199-205. 

Sharon K. Johnson. (2002). "Hmong Health Beliefs and Experiences in the Western Health Care 

System." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 13(2): 126-132. 

Irving, L.M., Wall, M., Neumark-Sztainer D., and M. Story. (2002). “Steroid Use Among 

Adolescents: Findings From Project EAT.” Journal of Adolescent Health 30: 243-252. 

Nguyen, D.N. and O’Connell, M.B. (2002). “Asian and Asian-American College Students’ 

Awareness of Osteoporosis.” Pharmacotheraphy 22(8): 1047-1054 Aug 2002Jan 

Corlett, L., Michael S. Clegg, Carl L. Keen and Louis Grivetti “Mineral content of culinary and 

medicinal plants cultivated by Hmong refugees living in Sacramento, California” (2002). 

International journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 53: 117-128 

Reznik, Vivian; Cooper, Theresa; MacDonald, Dina; Benador, Nadine and Jacques Lemire. 

(2001). “Hais Cuaj Txub Kaum Txub – To Speak of All Things: A Hmong Cross-cultural Case 

Study.” Journal of Immigrant Health 3(1): 23-30. 

Mark A. Werner, Lynda M. Knobeloch, Theresa Erbach and Henry A. Anderson. (2001). "Use of 

Imported Folk Remedies and Medications in the Wisconsin Hmong Community." Wisconsin 

Medical Journal 100(7): 32-34. 

Marcie Parker and Lo Neng Kiatoukaysy (2001) “Hmong in America – Culturally Responsive 

health care.” Optum Care Website (www.optumcare.com) 3 pages. 

Sora Park Tahnjasiri, Drph, Mph, Mph, Marjorie Chao, Irene Linayao-putman, Yer “Christine” Lor, 

Yee Xiong, Maychao Moua, John Nguyen, DmD, MpH, Xay Vang “Breast Cancer Screening 

among Hmong women in California” (2001). (Journal of Cancer Education 2001, Volume 15, 

Number 1 pp. 50-54) 

J. Hu. “Increased Incidence of Perforated Appendixes in Hmong Children in California.” (2001). 

(New England Journal of Medicine. 344(3): 1023-1024) 

Marcie Parker and Lo Neng Kiatoukaysy (2001) “Culturally Responsive Health Care: The 

Example of the Hmong in America. ” Optum Care website (www.optumcare.com) 12 pages. 

Robert Wells and Mark Sheldon. (2000). Making Room for Alternatives. The Hastings Center 

Report, v30 i3 p26. 4 pages. 

Brenda Wilcox Abraham and Jamie Santilli. (2000). "Research Forums -Culture and

Complementary/Alternative Medicine - Hmong Patients' Refusal or Delay of Surgery for 

Appendicitis: Effects on Outcomes." Family Medicine 32(7): 475. 

P.F. Clarkin (1999) “Early Obesity in the Hmong Children of Rhode Island” (American Journal of 

Human Biology, 11(1):113) 

Henry R.R. (1999.) {“Measles, Hmong, and metaphor: Culture change and illness management 

under conditions of immigration.” (Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 13(1), 32-50.) 

Capps, Lisa L. (1999). Fright illness in Hmong children. Pediatric nursing,V25 i4 10 pages 

Wohfeil, E.R; Woehlck, H.J.; and N.D. McElroy, ND. (1998). “Malignant hyperthermia trigged 

coincidentally after reversal of neuromuscular blockade in a patient from the Hmong people of 

Laos.” (Anesthsiology. 88(6): 1667-1668.) 

W.R Lemay Et. Al. (1998) “Early Child Caries Experiences in a Hmong Population” (Journal of 

Dental Research 77(IADR Abstracts), 9. 708) 

Kimura, M. et al. (1998). “Twenty-seven base pair deltion in erthrocyte band 3 protein gene 

responsible for Southeast Asian ovalocytosis is not common among Southeast Asians.” (Human 

Biology. 70(6): 993-1000.) 

Warner, M.E. and M. Mochel. (1998). “The Hmong and Health Care in Merced, California.” 

(Hmong Studies Journal 2(2): 1-21.) 

Culhane-Pera K.A.; Vawter, D.E. (1998). “A Study of healthcare professionals’ perspectives about 

a cross-cultural ethical conflict involving a Hmong patient and her family.” (Journal of Clinical 

Ethnics, 9(2), 179-190.) 

Deryl Block (1997). "Child Safety Seat Use in a Midwestern Hmong Community." MCN, the 

American Journal of Maternal Nursing 22(6): 304-307. 

Eileen S. Gavin, Hilary Scully, and Bryan Hendricks. (1997). "Serum Potassium Levels in 

Caucasian and Hmong samples in Wausau, WI." Wisconsin Medical Journal 96(8): 38-40. 

Linda S. Smith. (1997). "Critical Thinking, Health Policy, and the Hmong Culture Group, Part I" 

(Journal of Cultural Diversity 4(1):5-12.) 

Boffman, J.L, Clark, N.J. and D. Helsel. (1997). “Can NCAST and HOME Assesment Scales be 

used with Hmong refugees?” (Pediatric Nursing, 23(3), 235-244.) 

Mills, P.K. & Yang, R. (1997). Cancer incidence in the Hmong of Central California, United States, 

1987-1994. Cancer Causes And Control, 8(5), 705-712. 

Gjerdingen, D.K. & Lor, V. (1997). “Hepatitis B status of Hmong patients.” (Journal of the 

American Board if Family Practice, 10(5), 322-328.) 

True, G. (1997). “My soul will come back to trouble you’: Cultural and ethical issues in the 

coerced treatment of a Hmong adolscent.” (Southern Folklore, 54(2), 101-114.) 

Nuttal, P.& Flores, F.C. (1997). “Hmong healing practices used for common childhood 

illness.”(pediatric nursing, 23(3),247-251.) 

Westermeyer, J. & P. Chitasombat. (1996). “Ethnicity and the Course of Opiate Addiction: Nativeborn 

American vs. Hmong in Minnesota.” (American Journal on Addictions 5(3): 231-240.)

Tuttle, C.R. and K.G. Dewey. (1996). “Potential cost savings for Medi-Cal, AFDC, food stamps, 

and WIC programs associated with increasing breast-feeding Among low-income Hmong women 

in California.” (Journal of the American Dietetic Association.) 

Gjerdingen, D.K., Ireland, M., & Chaloner, K.M. (1996) "Growth of Hmong children”(Archives of 

Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 50(12), 1295-1298). 

Gervais, K.G. (1996). “Providing culturally compentent health care to Hmong patients.” 

(Minnesota Medicine, 79(5), 49.) 

Bonnie Blair O’Connor (1995). “Hmong Cultural Values, Bismedicine, and Chronic Liver Disease.” 

In Healing Traditions: Alternative Medicine and The Health Professions, ed. B.B. O’ Connor. 

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 80-108. 

Frye, B.A. (1995). “Use of Cultural Themes in Promoting Health Among Southeast Asian 

Refugess.” (American Journal of Health Promotion 9(4): 262-280.) 

Adler, S. (1995) “Refugee Stress and Folk Belief: Hmong Sudden Deaths.” (Social Science and 

Medicine 40(12): 1623-1629.) 

Shelly R. Adler. (1995). “Terror in Transition: Hmong Folk Belief in America.” In B. Walker, Ed. 

Out of the Ordinary: Folklore and the Supernatural. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. Pp. 

180-202. 

Capps, L.L. (1994) “Change and Continuity in the Medical Culture of the Hmong in Kansas City.” 

(Medical Anthropology Quarterly 8(2): 161-177.) 

Haddad, A. and K. Brown. (1994). “Ethnics in Action: A Hmong Young Man in Inoperable Liver 

Cancer.” (RN 57 (July 1994): 19-21.) 

Shadick, K.M. (1993). “Development of a Transcultural Health Education Program for the 

Hmong.” (Clinical Nurse Specialist 7(2): 48-53.) 

Himes, J.H., Story, M., Czaplinksi, K., Dahlberg-Luby, E. (1992). “Indications of Early Obesity in 

Low-Income Hmong Children.” (Early Obesity 146:67-69). 

Himes, J.H. and others. (1992). “Indications of Early Obesity in Low-Income Hmong Children.” 

American Journal of Diseases in Children 146: 67-69. 

Hurie, M.B., Mast E.E., and J.P. Davis. (1992). “Horizontal Transmission of Heptitis B Virus 

Infection to United States-Born Children of Hmong Refugess.” (Pediatrics 89(2): 269-273.) 

Waters, D.A., Rao, R.R., and H.E. Petracchi. (1992). “Providing Health Care for the Hmong.” 

( Wisconsin Medical Journal. November 1992. 529-534). 

Rairden, B. and Z.R. Higgs. (1992). “When Your Patient is A Hmong Refugee.” (American Journal 

of Nursing, March 1992: 52-55). 

Meyers C. (1992). "Hmong Children and Their Families: Consideration of Cultural Influences in 

Assessment." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 46:737-744. 

Osborn, D.G. (1992). “Conflict and Collaboration in Cross-Cultural health Care.” World Health 

Forum 13: 315-319. 

Waters, D.A., Rao, R.R., and H.E. Petracchi. (1992). "Providing Health Care for the Hmong." 

Wisconsin Medical Journal. November 1992. 529-534.

Brotzman, G.L. and D.J. Butler. (1991). “Cross-Cultural Issues in the Disclosure of a Terminal 

Illness Diagnosis: A Case Report.” Journal of Family Practice 32: 426-427. 

Munger, R.G. (1991). “Elevated Blood Pressure Among Southeast Asian Refugee Children in 

Minnesota.” American Journal of Epidemiology 133: 1257-1265. 

Kroll, J. and Others. (1990). “Medication Compliance, Antidepressant Blood Levels, and Side 

Effects in Southeast Asian Patients.” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 10: 279-283. 

Kulig, J.C. (1990). “A Review of the Health Status of Southeast Asian Refugee Women.” Health 

Care for Women International 11: 49-63. 

Trotter, R.T. (1990). “The Cultural Parameters of Lead Poisoning: A Medical Anthropologist’s 

View of Intervention in Environmental Lead Exposure.” Environmental Health Perspective 89: 79- 

94. 

Bates, S.R., L. Hill, and C.E. Barrett. (1989). “Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in an 

Indochinese Population.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 5: 15-20. 

Brainerd J. and A. Zaharlick. (1989). “Changing Health Beliefs and Behaviors of Resettled 

Laotian Refugees: Ethnic Variation in Adaptation.” Social Science and Medicine 29: 845-852. 

Hu, H., R. Cook-Deegan, and A. Shukri. (1989). “The Use of Chemical Weapons: Conducting an 

Investigation Using Survey Epidemiology.” JAMA 262: 640-643. 

Simon, P. and Others. (1989). “The Risk of Lead Poisoning Among Southeast Asian Refugee 

Children in Rhode Island 1984-1988.” Rhode Island Medical Journal 72: 283-287. 

Spring, M.A. (1989). “Enthopharmacologic Analysis of Medicinal Plants Used by Laotian Hmong 

Refugees in Minnesota.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 26 (June 1989): 65-91. 

Cheon-Klessig, Y. et al. (1988). “Folk Medicine in the Health Practice of Hmong Refugees.” 

Western Journal of Nursing Research 10 (October 1988): 647-660. 

Westermeyer, J. (1988). Folk Medicine in Laos: A Comparison Between Two Ethnic Groups.” 

Social Science and Medicine 27: 769-778. 

Barbier, D.F. and Others. (1987). “Susceptibility to Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and HLA, 

Gm, Km Markers.” Tissue Antigens 30: 63-67. 

Deinard, A.S. and T. Dunnigan. (1987). “Hmong Health Care -Reflections on a Six-Year 

Experience.” International Migration Review 21 (Fall 1987): 857-865. 

Thao, X. (1986). “Hmong Perception of Illness and Traditional Ways in Healing.” In The Hmong in 

Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard, 365-78. 

Chun, K. and A.S. Deinard. (1986). “Undue Lead Absorption in Hmong Children.” In The Hmong 

in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 417-425. 

Lee, P.A.(1986) “Traditional medicine: Dilemmas in nursing practices.” Nursing Administration 

Quarterly spring 1986;14-20. 

Bruce Bliatou, Ph.D. (1986). Hmong Beliefs about health and Illness (Hmong Forum vol.1, pp.41- 

45).

Hurlich, M., Holtan, N.R., and R.G. Munger. (1986). “Attitudes of Hmong Toward a Medical 

Research Project.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. 

Deinard, 427-45. 

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. (1984). “Nonfatal Arsenic Poisoning in Three Hmong 

Patients - - Minnesota.” 

Paulson, R.R., Duvall, K.L., Godes, J.R., and N.R. Holtan. (1984). “Splenomegaly in Hmong 

Refugees.” Archives of Internal Medicine 144 (February 1984): 257-260. 

Thao, X. (1984). “Southeast Asian Refugees of Rhode Island: The Hmong Perception of Illness.” 

Rhode Island Medical Journal 67 (July 1984): 323-30. 

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. (1983). “Leads from the MMWR: Folk 

Remedy-Associated Lead Poisoning in Hmong Children.” 250 (December 16, 1983): 3149-50. 

Strand, P.J. and W.Jones.(1983). “Health service Utilization by Indochinese refugee.” Medical 

Care 21(11) 1089-1098. 

Hurlich, M. (1982). "Rural Hmong Populations in Western Washington State: Consequences of 

Migration for Nutritional Status and Growth." In The Hmong in the West: Observations and 

Reports. B.T. Downing and D.P. Olney, eds., pp. 320-352. Minneapolis: Center for Urban and 

Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota. 

ELDERLY HMONG HEALTH ISSUES 

Mary C. Olson “The heart still beats, but the Brain doesn’t answer” (Theoretical Medicine 20: 85- 

95, 1999) 

Vawter, D.E. & Babbitt, B,. (1997). “Hospice care for terminally ill Hmong Patients. A good cultural 

fit?” ( Minnesota Medicine, 80(11), 42-44). 

Wei Yue Sun, Margaret Docsh, gary D. Gilmore, William Pemberton, and Thomas Scarseth 

“Effects of a Tai Chi Chuuan Program on Hmong American Older Adults” (Educational 

Gerontology, 22:161-167. 1996) 

Wisconsin Geriatric Education Center (1995). Enhancing the prousion of care for Hmong Elderly. 

(Conference Proceedings, June 2, 1995) Milwaukee, WI: Wisconsin Heriatric Education Center, 

Marquette University.) 

Wisconsin Geriatric Education Center (1995) “Blending Cultures: Health Care for Hmong Elderly” 

(Conference Proceedings, Oct. 28, 1995. Milwaukee, WI: Wisconsin Geriatric Education Center, 

Marquette University.) 

Detzner, D.F.(1996) “No Place Without a Home: Southeast Asian Grandparents in Refugee 

Families.”(Generations 20(1):450-480). 

HMONG BELIEFS ABOUT PREGNANCY AND CHILD BIRTH 

Sperstad, Rita A. and Joan Stehle Werner. (2005). “Coming to the Cultural “In-Between’: Nursing 

Insights From a Hmong Birth Case Study.” Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal 

Nursing 34(6): 682-688. 

Foss, Gwendolyn, Andjukenda W. Chantal and Simone Hendrickson. (2004). “Maternal 

Depression and Anxiety and Infant Development: A Comparison of Foreign-Born and Native- 

American Mothers.” Public Health Nursing 21(3):237-246.

Levine, MaryAnne, Anderson, Linda, and Ninon McCullough. (2004). “Hmong Birthing: Bridging 

the Cultural Gap in a Rural Community in Northern California.” AWHONN Lifelines, 8(2): 147-149. 

Liamputtong, Pranee Rice. (2004). “Being a Woman: The Social Construction of Menstruation 

Among Hmong Women in Australia.” In The Hmong of Australia: Culture and Diaspora. Eds. 

Nicholas Tapp and Gary Yia Lee. Canberra, Australia: Pandanus Books, Research School of 

Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, 153-174. 

Liamputtong, Pranee. (2003). “Abortion-It is for Some Women Only! Hmong Women’s 

Perceptions of Abortion.” Health Care for Women International 24: 230-241. 

Deborah G. Helsel and Marliyn Mochel. (2002). “Afterbirths in the Afther life: Cultural Meaning of 

Placental Disposal in a Hmong American Community.” Journal of Transcultural Nursing 13 (4) 

282-286. 

Pranee Liamputtong (2002). “Childrearing Practices and Child Health Among the Hmong in 

Australia: Implications for Health Services.” International Journal of Health Services 32(4): 817- 

836. 

Culhane-Pera, Kathleen A., Naftali, Elanah D., Jacobson, Cindy; Xiong, Zha Blong. (2002). 

“Cultural Feeding Practices and Child-Raising Philosophy Contribute to Iron-Deficiency Anemia in 

Refugee Hmong Children.” Ethnicity and Disease 12(Spring 2002): 199-205. 

Mary Levenick. (2001). “Hmong and Prenatal Care.” Journal of Cultural Diversity 8(1): 26-29. 

Gwendolyn F. Foss (2001). “Maternal Sensitivity, Posttraumatic Stress, and Acculturation in 

Vietnam and Hmong mothers – Are Depression and Anxiety More Prevalent in Less Acculturated 

mothers? How Should This Influence the Nursing care we offer?” MCN. The American Journal of 

Maternal Child Nursing 26(5):257-263. 

Ruth E. Davis.(2001). “The Postpartum Experience for Southeast Asian Women in the United 

State.” MCN, the American journal of Maternal children nursing 26(4):208-213. 

Pranee Liamputtong. (2000). “Infant Feeding Practice: The Case of Hmong women in Australia.” 

Health care for women International 23(1)33-48. 

Rice, P.L. (2000). “Baby, souls, name, and health: traditional customs for a newborn infant among 

the Hmong in Melbourne.” (Early Human Development. 57(3): 189-203.) 

Rice, P.L. (2000). “Death in Birth: The cultural construction of stillbirth, neonatal death, and 

maternal death among Hmong women in Australia.” (Omega-Journal of Death and Dying. 41(1): 

39-57.) 

Rice, P.L. (2000). “Nyo dua hli – 30 days confinement: traditions and changed childbearing 

beliefs and practices among Hmong women in Australia.” (Midwifery. 16(1): 22-34.) 

Buhmann, L., Elder, W.G., Hendricks, B., and K. Pahn. (1998). “A comparison of Caucasian and 

Southeast Asian Hmong unterine fundal height during pregnancy.” (Acta Obstetricia Et 

Gynecological Scandinavica. 77(5): 521-526.) 

Gjerdingen, D.K., Tran, D., and Chaloner, K. (1998). “Shorter ultrasonic femur lengths in Hmong 

fetuses.” (International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 63(2): 191-193.) 

Stephanie Stewart and Jaya Jambunathan. (1996). “Hmong women and postpartum Depression.” 

Health Care international 17(4)319-330.

Jambunathan, J. (1995). “Hmong Cultural Practices and Beliefs: The Postpartum Period.” 

(Clinical Nursing research 4(3): 335-345.) 

Marline A. Spring, Paul J. Ross. Nina L. Etkin and Amos S. Deinard. (1995). “ Sociocultural 

Factors in the Use of Prenatal care by Hmong women, Minneapolis.” American Journal of Public 

Health 85(7): 1015-1017. 

Robert J. Strake, Shawn R. Hansen, and Patricia F. Walker (1995). “ Comparison of the 

Prevalence of the Poor Metabolizer Phenotype for Cyp2d6 Between 203 Hmong subjects and 

280 White Subjects Residing in Minnesota.” Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 58(1): 29- 

34. 

Rice, P.L. (1995). “Pog Laus, Tsis Coj Khaub Ncaws Lawm: The Menopause in Hmong Women.” 

(Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, Special Issue on the Menopause, 13, 79-92. 

Reprinted at www.hmongnet.org/hmong-au/ website. 15 p.) 

Rice, P.L. (1994). “When I had my Baby Here!” (In Rice, P.L., (ed.) Asian Mothers, Australian 

Birth – Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Childrearing: The Asian 

Rice, P.L, B., and Lumley,J. (1994) “Soul loss Following a Caesarean Operation.” (Medical 

Journal of Australia , 160,577-578. Reprinted at www.hmongnet.org/hmong-au website. 5 p.) 

Rice, P.L., Ly, B. and Lumley, J. (1994). “Childbirth and Soul Loss: The Case of a Hmong 

Woman.” The Medical Journal of Australia 160 (2 May 1994): 577-578. 

Faller, H.S (1992) “Hmong women: Characteristics and Birth Outcomes, 1990.” (Birth 19: 144- 

147.) 

Helsel, D.; D.B. Petitti and P. Kundstadter. (1992). “Pregnancy Among the Hmong: Birthweight, 

Age and Parity.” 82: 1361-1364. 

Judkins, R.A., and A.B. Judkins.(1992).”Commentary: Cultural Dimensions of Hmong Birth.” (Birth 

19(3):148-150.) 

Serdula, M.K. and Others. (1991). “Correlates of Breast-Feeding in a Low-Income Population of 

Whites, Blacks, and Southeast Asians.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 91: 41-45. 

Weeks, J.R. and R.G. Rumbaut. (1991). “Infant Mortality Among Ethnic Immigrant Groups.” 

Social Science and Medicine 33: 327-334. 

Rolnick, S. (1990). “Reducing Teenage Childbearing in the Hmong Community, First Year 

Results.” Vietnam Generation 2, No. 3: 53-61. 

Schauberger, C.W., B. Hammes., and P.H. Steingraeber. (1990). “Obstetric Care of a Southeast 

Asian Refugee Population in a Midwestern Community.” Journal of Perinatology 10: 280-284. 

Gordon, Linda W. (1989). “The Missing Children: Mortality and Fertility in a Southeast Asian 

Refugee Population.” International Migration Review 23: 219-237. 

Rumbaut, R.G. and J.R. Weeks. (1989). “Infant Health among Indochinese Refugees: Patterns of 

Infant Mortality, Birthweight and Prenatal Care in Comparative Perspective.” Research in the 

Sociology of Health Care 8: 137-196. 

Swenson, I. and Others. (1989). “Contraceptive Practices and Fertility Among Southeast Asian, 

Black and White Mothers Attending a Maternal Infant Care Program.” Social Biology 34: 47-56.

Swenson, I., Erickson, D., Ehlinger, E., Carlson, G., and S. Swaney. (1989). “Fertility, Menstrual 

Characteristics, and Contraceptive Practices Among White, Black, and Southeast Asian Refugee 

Adolescents.” Adolescence 24(95): 647-654. 

Erickson, D.; I. Swenson and E. Ehlinger.(1987). “Maternal and Infant Outcomes Among 

Caucasians and Hmong Refugees.” Human Biology 59 (Oct. 1987): 799-808. 

Oberg, C.N., Muret-Wagstaff, S.G., and B. Cumming (1986). “A Cross-Cultural Assessment of 

Maternal-child Interaction: Links to Health and Development.” In The Hmong In transition, ed. by 

G.L.Hendricks, B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard. New York and Minneapolis: Center for Migration 

Studies and Southeast Asian Refugee studies project, University of Minnesota 399-416. 

Romero-Gwynn. E. (1989). “Breast-Feeding Pattern Among Indochinese Immigrants in Northern 

California.” American Journal of Diseases in Children 143: 804-808. 

Edwards, L.E.; C.J. Rautio and E.Y. Hakanson. (1987). “Pregnancy in Hmong Refugee Women.” 

Minnesota Medicine 70 (November 1987): 633-637. 

Morrow, K. (1986). “Transcultural Midwifery: Adapting to Hmong Birthing Customs in California.” 

Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 31 (November-December 1986): 285-288. 

Lee, P.A. (1986). “Health Beliefs of Pregnant and Postpartum Hmong Women.” Western Journal 

of Nursing Research 8 (February 1986): 83-93. 

Richman, D. and S. Dixon. (1985). “Comparative Study of Cambodian, Hmong, and Caucasian 

Infant and Maternal Perinatal Profiles.” Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 30 (November-December 

1985): 313-319. 

Du, La, Bjorkman,E. (1985) “Childbirth care for Hmong Families.”MCN 10: 382-385. 

Nyce, J.M. and W.H. Hollinshead. (1984). “Southeast Asian Refugees of Rhode Island: 

Reproductive Beliefs and Practices Among the Hmong.” Rhode Island Medical Journal 67 

(August 1984): 361-66 

Hopkins, D.D. and N.G. Clarke. (1983). “Indochinese Refugee Fertility Rates and pregnancy Risk 

Factors, Oregon.” American Journal of Public health 73(11)1307-1309. 

Potter, Gayle S., and Alice Whire (1982). “Traditional Hmong Birth Customs: A Historical Study.” 

In the Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. Bruce T. Downing and Douglas P. 

Olney,eds., pp. 48-62. Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of 

Minnesota. 

NIGHTMARE DEATH SYNDROME AND THE HMONG 

Adler, S.R. (1995) “Refugee Stress and Folk belief: Hmong Sudden Deaths.”(Social Science and 

Medicine 40(12): 1623-1629.) 

Adler, S.R. (1995) “Terror in Transition: Hmong Folk Beliefs in America.” IN B. Walker, ed. Out Of 

the Ordinary; Folklore and the supernational. Logan, UT” Utah State University press. pp 180-202. 

Adler,S.R.( 1994). “Ethnomedical Pathogenesis and Hmong Immigrants’ Sudden Nocturnal 

Deaths.” (Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 18: 23-59.) 

Tatsanavivat P., Chiravatkul A., Klungboonkrong V., Chaisiri S., Jarerntanyaruk L., Munger R.G., 

Saowakontha S. (1992). Sudden and unexplained deaths in sleep (Laitai) of young men in rural

northeastern Thailand. International Journal of Epidemiology, 21(5), pp. 904-10. 

Munger R., Prineas R., Crow R., Changbumrung S., Keane V., Wangsuphachart, V., Jones M. 

(1991) Prolonged QT interval and risk of sudden death in South-East Asian Men. The Lancet, 

338(8762), pp.280-1. 

“Update: Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome Among Southeast Asian Refugees – United 

States.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 23 September, 1988, 568-570. 

Melles, R.B., and B. Katz. (1987). “Sudden, Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome and Night 

Terrors (Letter). JAMA 257 (5 June 1987): 2918-2919. 

Munger, R.G.(1987). “Sudden Death in sleep of Laotian-Hmong Refugee in Thailand.” American 

Journal of Public Health 77(September 1987): 1187-90. 

Parrish, R. Gibson, and Others. (1987). “Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome in Southeast 

Asian Refugees: A Review of CDC Surveillance.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: CDC 

Surveillance Summary 36, no. 1SS: 43SS-53SS. 

Munger, R.G. (1986). “Sleep Disturbances and Sudden Death of Hmong Refugee: A Report on 

Fieldwork Conducted in the Ban Vinai Refugee Camp.” In the Hmong in Transition, ed by G.L. 

Hendicks , B.T. Downing, and A.S.Deinard. New York and Minneapolis: Center for Migration 

studies and Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Projects, University of Minnesota. 379-98. 

Lemoine J. and C. Mougne. (1983). "Why has Death Stalked the Refugees?" Natural History 92 

(November 1983): 6-19. 

Tobin J.J. and J. Friedman. (1983). "Spirits, Shamans, and Nightmare Death: Survivor Stress in a 

Hmong Refugee." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 53(July 1983): 439-48. 

Munger, R. (1982). "Sudden Adult Death in Asian Populations: The Case of the Hmong." In The 

Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. B.T. Downing and D.P. Olney, eds., pp. 307-319. 

Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota. 

DRUG ADDICTION AND DEPENDENCY 

Westermeyer, J. (1989). “An Epidemic of Opium Dependence Among Asian Refugees in 

Minnesota: Characteristics and Causes.” British Journal of Addiction 84: 785-789. 

Westermeyer, J. (1988). “Sex Differences in Drug and Alcohol Use Among Ethnic Groups in Laos, 

1965-1975.” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 14: 443-461. 

Westermeyer, J. (1979). “Influence of Opium Availability on Addiction Rates in Laos.” American 

Journal of Epidemiology 109(5): 550-562. 

Westermeyer, J. (1977). “Narcotic Addiction in two Asian Cultures: A Comparison and Analysis.” 

Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2(4): 273-285. 

Westermeyer, J. (1973). “Folk Treatments for Opium Addiction in Laos.” British Journal of 

Addiction 68: 345-349. 

Westermeyer, J. (1971). “The Use of Alcohol and Opium among and by the Meo of Laos.” 

American Journal of Psychiatry 127: 59-63.

MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AND THE HMONG 

Anthony W. Tatman. (2004). “Hmong History, Culture, and Acculturation: Implications for 

Counseling the Hmong.” Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 32(4): 222-233. 

Bliatout, Bruce T. (2003). "Social and Spiritual Explanations of Depression and Nightmares." In 



Vang Leng Mouanoutoua. (2003). "Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Prevailing 

Causes and Therapeutic Strategies with Hmong Clients." In Healing by Heart: Clinical and Ethical 

Case Studies of Hmong Families and Western Providers, Editors: Culhane-Pera, K.A., Vawter, 

D.E. et.al. pp. 216-221. 

Westermeyer, Joseph. (2003). "Cultural Explanations of Psychosis." In Healing by Heart: Clinical 

and Ethical Case Studies of Hmong Families and Western Providers, Editors: Culhane-Pera, K.A., 

Vawter, D.E. et.al. pp. 241-250. 

Vang, Thomas. (2003). "Integrating Hmong and Western Approaches to Spiritual Illnesses." In 



Tsai, Jeanne L., Mortenson, Heather; Wong, Ying; and Dan Hess. (2002). “What Does `Being 

American’ Mean? A Comparison of Asian American and European American Young Adults.” 

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 8(3): 257-273. 

Schuchman, K.M. (2002). “Hmong Mental Health in Ramsey County: Recommendations to the 

Legislature.” A “Toward Better Mental Health: A Community Approach” report, sponsored by the 

Hmong Mental Health Providers Network and the Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans. 

Schuchman, K.M., Dunnigan, T., and A. Vang. (2002). “Managing Conceptual Nonequivalence in 

Hmong-English Mental Health Interpreting.” Inroads 1(2): 1-13. 

Beiser, Morton and Feng Hou. (2001). “Language Acquisition, Unemployment, and Depressive 

Disorder among Southeast Asian Refugees: a 10 Year Study.” Social Science and Medicine 

53(221): 1321-1334. 

Ying, Yu-Wen. (2001). “Psychotherapy with traumatized Southeast Asian Refugees.” Clinical 

Work Journal 29(1): pp. 65-79. 

Nicholson, Barbara L. (1997). “The influence of pre-emigration and postemigration stressors on 

mental health: A Study of Southeast Asian Refugees.” Social Work Research 21(1): 19-31. 

Ying, Yu-Wen, Phillip D. Akutus, Xiulan Zhang, and Larke N. Huang. (1997). “Psychological 

Dysfunction in Southeast Asian Refugees as Mediated by a Sense of Coherence.” American 

Journal of Community Psychology 25(6): 839-859. 

Velasco, Joyce D. (1996). “Exploration of employment possibilities for Hmong women with 

psychiatric disorders.” The Journal of Rehabilitation 62(4): 33-36. 

Chung, Rita Chi-Ying and Fred Bemark. (1996). “The Effects of Welfare Status on Psychological 

Distress Among Southeast Asian Refugees.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 184(6): 

346-353. 

Tran, D., Quang, L., and S. Khoi. (1996). “Ethnic and Gender Differences in Parental

Expectations and Life Stress.” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 13(6): 515-526. 

Westermeyer, Joseph & Her, Cheng. (1996). English fluency and social adjustment among 

Hmong refugees in Minnesota. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 184(2), 130-132. 

Mouanoutoua, V.L. and L.G. Brown. (1995). “Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25, Hmong Version: A 

Screening Instrument for Psychological Distress.” Journal of Personality Assessment 64 (April 

1995): 376-383. 

Westermeyer J., Shaberg, L., and S. Nugent. (1995). “Anxiety Symptoms in Hmong Refugees 1.5 

Years After Migration.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 183(5): 342-344. 

Dunnigan, T., McNall, M., & J.T. Mortimer. (1993). “The Problem of Metaphorical Nonequivalence 

in Cross-Cultural Survey Research: Comparing the Mental Health Statuses of Hmong Refugee 

and General Population Adolescents.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 24(3): 344-365. 

Mouanoutoua, V.L., Brown, L.G., Cappelletty, G.C., and R.V. Levine. (1991). “A Hmong 

Adaptation of the Beck Depression Inventory.” Journal of Personality Assessment 57(2): 309-322. 

Westermeyer, J. (1991). “Psychiatric Services for Refugee Children: An Overview.” In Refugee 

Children: Theory, Research, and Services, ed. by F.L. Ahearn and J.L. Athey. Baltimore: Johns 

Hopkins. 127-162. 

Mollica, R.F. and Others. (1990). “Assessing Symptom Change in Southeast Asian Refugee 

Survivors of Mass Violence and Torture.” American Journal of Psychiatry 147:83-88. 

Westermeyer, J., Callies, A., and J. Neider. (1990). “Welfare Status and Psychosocial Adjustment 

Among 100 Hmong Refugees.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 178: 300-306. 

Frances, A. and J. Kroll. (1989). “Ongoing Treatment of a Hmong Widow Who Suffers From Pain 

and Depression.” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40 (July 1989): 691-693. 

Westermeyer, J. (1989). “A Case of Koro in a Refugee Family Association with Depression and 

Folie A Deux.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 50: 181-183. 

Westermeyer, J. (1989). “Paranoid Symptoms and Disorders Among 100 Hmong Refugees: A 

Longitudinal Study.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 80: 47-59. 

Westermeyer, J. (1989). “Somatization Among Refugees: An Epidemiological Study.” 

Psychosomatics 30: 34-43. 

Westermeyer, J., L. Schaberg, and S. Nugent. (1989). “Anxiety Symptoms in Hmong Refugees 

1.5 Years After Migration.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 183: 342-344. 

Westermeyer, J., Neider, J. and A. Callies. (1989). “Psychosocial Adjustment of Hmong Refugees 

During their First Decade in the United States: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Nervous and 

Mental Disease 177: 132-139. 

Westermeyer, J. (1988). “Some Cross-Cultural Aspects of Delusions.” In Delusional Beliefs, ed. 

by T. Oltmanns and B.A. Maher. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 212-229. 

Westermeyer, J. (1988). “A Matched Pairs Study of Depression Among Hmong Refugees With 

Particular Reference to Predisposing Factors and Treatment Outcome.” Social Psychiatry and 

Psychiatry Epidemiology 23: 64-71. 

Westermeyer, J. (1988). “DSM-III Psychiatric Disorders Among Hmong Refugees in the United

States: A Point Prevalance Study.” American Journal of Psychiatry 145: 197-202. 

Westermeyer, J. (1987). “Prevention of Mental Disorder Among Hmong Refugees in the U.S.: 

Lessons from the Period 1976-1986.” Social Science and Medicine 25: 941-947. 

Bliatout, B.T. (1986). “Guidelines for Mental Health Professionals to Help Hmong Clients Seek 

Traditional Healing Treatment.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, 

and A.S. Deinard, 349-63. 

Westermeyer, J. (1986). “Two Self-Rating Scales For Depression in Hmong Refugees: 

Assessment in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples.” Journal of Psychiatric Research 20: 103-13. 

Ingall, M.A. (1984). “Southeast Asian Refugees of Rhode Island: Psychiatric Problems, Cultural 

Factors, and Nightmare Death.” Rhode Island Medical Journal 67(August 1984). 

Meredith, W.H. (1984). “Level and Correlates of Perceived Quality of Life for Lao Hmong 

Refugees in Nebraska.” Social Indicators Research 14 (January 1984): 83-97. 

Westermeyer, J., Bouafuely, M., and T.F. Vang. (1984). “Hmong Refugees in Minnesota: Sex 

Roles and Mental Health.” Medical Anthropology 8 (Fall 1984): 229-45. 

Westermeyer, J., Neider, J., T.F. Vang (1984). “Acculturation and Mental Health: A Study of 

Hmong Refugees at 1.5 and 3.5 Years Postmigration.” Social Science and Medicine 18: 87-93. 

Westermeyer, J., Vang, T.F., and J. Neider. (1984). “Symptom Change Over Time Among 

Hmong Refugees: Psychiatric Patients Versus Nonpatients.” Psychopathology 17 (July-August 

1984): 168-77. 

Jacobson, M.L. and T.W. Crowson. (1983). “Screening for Depression in Hmong Refugees.” 

Minnesota Medicine 66 (September 1983): 573-574. 

Nicassio, Perry M. (1983). “Psychosocial Correlates of Alienation: Study of a Sample of 

Indochinese Refugees.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 14(3): 337-351. 

Westermeyer, J., Vang, T.F., and J. Neider. (1983). “Migration and Mental Health Among Hmong 

Refugees: Association of Pre- and Post-migration Factors with Self-Rating Scales.” The Journal 

of Nervous and Mental Disease 171(2): 92-96. 

Westermeyer, J., Vang, T.F. and G. Lyfong. (1983). “Hmong Refugees in Minnesota: 

Characteristics and Self Perceptions.” Minnesota Medicine 66: 431-439. 

Williams, C.L., and J. Westermeyer. (1983). “Psychiatric Problems among Adolescent Southeast 

Asian Refugees: A Descriptive Study.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 171(2): 79-85. 

Westermeyer, J., Vang, T.F., and J. Neider. (1983). “Refugees Who Do and Who Do Not Seek 

Psychiatric Care: An Analysis of Premigratory and Postmigratory Characteristics.” The Journal of 

Nervous and Mental Disease 171(2): 86-91. 

HMONG AND DISABILITIES 

Vang, Halee and Manuel T. Barrera. (2005). "Hmong Parents’ Perceptions on Instructional 

Strategies for Educating their Children with Disabilities." Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 5. 

www.hmongstudies.org 

Wathum-Ocama John C. and Susan Rose. (2002). “Hmong Immigrants Views on the Education 

of their Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children.” American Annals of the Deaf 147(3): 44-53.

Cho, Youngtae and Robert A. Hummer. (2001). “Disability Status Differentials Across Fifteen 

Asian and Pacific Islander Groups and the Effect of Nativity and Duration of Residence in the 

U.S.” Social Biology 48(3-4): 171-194. 

Tatman, Anthony W. (2001). “Hmong Perceptions of Disability: Implications for Vocational 

Rehabilitation Counselors.” Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 32(3): 22-27. 

EDUCATIONAL ADAPTATION AND THE HMONG 

Allen, Margaret (Peg), Matthew, Susan, and Mary Jo Boland. (2004). “Working with Immigrant 

and Refugee Populations: Issues and Hmong Case Study.” Library Trends 53(2): 301-328. 

Lie, Gwat-Yong, Pahoua Yang, Kalyani Rai and Pa Y. Vang. (2004). “Hmong Children and 

Families.” In Culturally Competent Practice With Immigrant and Refugee Children and Families, 

editor, Rowena Fong. New York: The Guilford Press, 122-145. 

Robert T. Teranishi. (2004). “Yellow and Brown: Emerging Asian American Immigrant 

Populations and Residential Segregation.” Equity and Excellence in Education 37:255-263. 

Fennelly, Katherine and Nicole Palasz. (2003). “English Language Proficiency of Immigrants and 

Refugees in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area.” International Migration 41(5): 93-125. 

Yer J. Thao. (2003). “Empowering Mong Students: Hmong and School Factors.” The Urban 

Review 35(1): 25-42. 

Khatharya Um. (2003). “A Dream Denied: Educational Experiences of Southeast Asian American 

Youth Issues and Recommendations.” Research Paper published by Southeast Asian Resource 

Action Center, Washington D.C. 23 Pages. 

Mary Louise Buley-Meissner. (2002). “The Spirit of a People: Hmong American Life Stories.” 

Language Arts 79(4): 9 Pages. 

Stacey J Lee (2002). “Learning “America” Hmong American High School Students.” (Education 

and Urban Society, Vol 4(2) 233-246). 

Thao, Paoze. (2002). “The Current State of Hmong Students in California.” Report for the Office 

of the Secretary for Education, State of California. 21 pages total. 

Stacey J. Lee (2001). “More than `Model Minorities’ or ‘delinquents’ :A look at Hmong American 

High School Students” (Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 71(3) fall 2001, 505-529). 

Watson, D. (2001) “Characteristics of Hmong Immigrant Students: The Response of a 

University/Elementary school collaboration.” Childhood Education 77 (5)303-307. 

Brock, Cynthia H. (2000). “Creating Possibilities to Read Others’ Worlds: Exploring a Mediator’s 

Role in Bridging Cultural and Linguistic Boundaries.” Reading and Writing Quarterly 16: 361-379. 

Duffy, J.(2000). “Literacy and L’Armee Clandestine: The writings of the Hmong Military 

scribes.”(Hmong Studies Journal 3:1-23.) 

Clare C. Park (2000). “Learning Style preferences of Southeast Asian Students” (Urban 

Education, Vol. 35(3) 245-268) 

Duffy, J (2000). “Never Hold a Pencil:Rhetoric and Relations in the Concept of Preliteracy.”

Written Communication 17(2)224-257). 

Hendricks, S.H.; Kari, N.M. (1999). “ Clothing And Citizenship: A case study in community- based 

learning .” (Journal of Family and consumer sciences, 91(2),62-65.) 

Hendricks, S.H.; Kari, N.M. (1999). “Clothing And Citizenship: A case study in community-based 

learning.” (Journal of Family and consumer sciences, 91(2), 62-65.) 

Anthony T. Vang (1999). “Hmong-American Students: (In Asian-American Education: Prospects 

and challenges Clara C. Park and Marilyn Mei-Ying Chi. Westport, Ct. Burgen and Garvey, pp 

219-235) 

Thao, P. (1999) “Hmong Linguistic Awareness for Classroom Teachers.” (In Asian-American 

Education: Prospects and Challenges. C.C. Park and M.M Chi, Editors. Westport, CT: Bergin and 

Harvey. 237-262) 

Joan Thrower Timm, Bertram Chiang, and Bended Doherty Finn (1998) “Acculturation in the 

Cognitive style of Laotian Hmong students in the United States” (Equity and Excellence In 

Education, 31(1) 29-35 

Bosher, S. (1997) “ Language and Cultural identity: A Study of Hmong students at the 

postsecondary Level.” (TESOL Quarterly. 31(3): 593-603.) 

Gail Weinstein (1997) “ From Problem- Solving to celebration: Discovering and creating meaning 

through literacy” (The Canadian Modern Language Review, 51, 1, pp, 29-47) 

Hutchinson, R. (1997) “The Educational Performance of Hmong Students in Wisconsin.” 

(Wisconsin Policy Research Institute Report 10(8): 1-36.) 

Stacey J. Lee (1997) The Road to College: Hmong-American Women’s Pursuit of Higher 

Education (Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 67, No. 4 Winter pages 803-827) 

Ava L. McCall (1997) “More than a pretty cloth: Teaching Hmong History and Culture through 

Textile Arts” (Theory and Research in Social Education, Vol. 25(2), pp 137-1670 

Kang H.K., Kuehu P. And A. Herrell. (1994) “ The Hmong Literary Projects: A Study of Hmong 

Classroom Behavior.” ( Bilingual Research Journal 18 (3 & 4): 63-83.) 

Collignon, F.F. (1994) “From ‘Paj Ntaub ‘ to Perspectives on Hmong Processes of Composing (In 

V. J. Steiner, C.P. Panofsky, & l.w. smith (Eds.) Sociocultural Approaches to Language and 

Literary: An Interactionist perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp 331-346.) 

Findlay, M.S. (1994) “Structure and Process In Speech Subcommunities of Hmong Students at a 

Northern California High School.” (Linguistics and Education 6: 245-260) 

McNall, M., Dunnigan, T., and J.T. Mortimer (1994) “The Educational Achievement of the St. Paul 

Hmong.” (Anthropology and Education Quarterly 25(1): 44-65.) 

Dufresne, J. (1993) “Mainstream LEP Students: The case of the Hmong.” (minneTESOL Journal 

11: 95-122.) 

K.T. Call. and M. McNall (1992). “Poverty, Ethnicity, and Youth Adjustment: A Comparison of 

Poor Hmong and Non-Hmong Adolescents.” In Adolescence, Careers, and Cultures, edited by. W. 

Meeus, M. Goede, W. Kox and K. Hurrelmann, 373-392. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. 

Rick, K. and Forward, J. (1992) “Acculturation and Perceived Intergenerational Differences

among Hmong Youth” (Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, Vol. 23, no. 185-94). 

Ranney, S. (1992) “ Learning a New Script: an Exploration of sociolinguistic competence 

“ (applied Linguistic 13(1); 25-52) 

Jacobs, L. (1991) “Assessment concerns: A Study of Cultural Differences, Teacher Concepts, 

and Inappropriate Labeling." (Teacher Educational and Special Education 14: 43-48.) 

McInnes, K (1991). “Ethnic-Sensitive Work With Hmong Refugee Childern.” (Child Welfare 70(5): 

571-580.) 

Weinstein-Shr, G. and N.Z. Henkin (1991). “Continuity and Change: Intergenerational Relations in 

Southeast Asian Refugee Families.” Marriage and Family Review 16 (Summer 1991): 351-367. 

Hones, D.F. (1990) “Crises, Continuity, and the refugee: Educational narratives of a Hmong 

Father and His children.“ (Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, vol. 28, No. 2, 166-198. 

Moore, D.L. (1990). “Between Cultures: Oral History of Hmong Teenagers in Minneapolis.” 

Vietnam Generation 2, no. 3: 38-52. 

Yang, M. (1990). “The Education of Hmong Women.” Vietnam Generation 2, no. 3: 62-87. 

Lewis, J., Vang, L., and L.C. Li-Rong. (1989). “Identifying the Language-Learning Difficulties of 

Hmong Students: Implications of Context and Culture.” Topics in Language Disorders 9(3): 21-37. 

Green, K.R. and S. Reder. (1986). “Factors in Individual Acquisition of English: A Longitudinal 

Study of Hmong Adults.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and 

A.S. Deinard, 299-329. 

Weinstein, G. (1986). “Investigating Literacy: Approaches, Tools, and Their Consequences for 

Inquiry.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 

279-97. 

Cohn, M. (1986). “Hmong Youth and the Hmong Future in America.” In the Hmong in Transition, 

ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard, 197-201) 

Downing, B. (1986). “Language Issues.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. 

Downing and A.S. Deinard, 187-193. 

Smalley, W.A. (1985). “Adaptive Language Strategies of the Hmong: From Asian Mountains to 

American Ghettoes.” Language Sciences 7 (October 1985): 241-269. 

Robson, B. (1982). Hmong Literacy, Formal Education, and Their Effects on Performance in an 

ESL Class. In the Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. B.T. Downing and D.P. Olney, 


Downing, B.T. (1982). Vietnamese Learning Swedish and Hmong Learning French: A 

Comparison of Language Policies and Programs for Refugees. In the Hmong in the West: 

Observations and Reports. B.T. Downing and D.P. Olney, eds., pp. 249-267. Minneapolis: Center 

for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota. 

Dwyer, S. (1982). An Error Analysis of English Compositions Written by Hmong College Students. 

In the Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. B.T. Downing and D.P. Olney, eds., pp. 

226-248. Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota 

Reder, S. (1982). A Hmong Community’s Acquisition of English. In the Hmong in the West:


for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota. 

THE HMONG LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 

Thomas Amis Lyman. (2004). "A Note on the Ethno-Semantics of Proverb Usage in Mong Njua 

(Green Hmong)." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in 


Jarkey, Nerida. (2004). “Process and Goal in White Hmong.” In The Hmong of Australia: Culture 

and Diaspora. Eds. Nicholas Tapp and Gary Yia Lee. Canberra, Australia: Pandanus Books, 

Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, 175-190. 

Kao-Ly Yang. (2004). "Problems in the Interpretation of Hmong Surnames." In Tapp, N., Michaud, 

J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm 

Books, pp. 179-216. 

Barbara Niederer. (2004). "Pa-hng and the Classification of the Hmong-Mien Languages." In 

Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, 


Martha Ratliff. (2004). "Vocabulary of Environment and Subsistence in the Hmong-Mien 

Protolanguage." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. 

Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 147-166. 

William A. Smalley. (1995). “Reasons for Writing Hmong.” Speech Given at the Hmong 

International Symposium, Minneapolis-St. Paul, August 26-30, 1995. 

W. Bisang. (1993). “Classifiers, Quantifiers, and Class Nouns in Hmong.” Studies in Language 17, 

no. 1: 1-51. 

C. Li. (1991). “The Aspectual System of Hmong.” Studies in Language 15: 25-58. 

Ratliff, M. (1991). “Cov, the Underspecified Noun and Syntactic Flexibility in Hmong.” Journal of 

the American Oriental Society 111: 694-703. 

Thomas A. Lyman. (1990). “Proverbs and Parables in Mong Njua (Green Miao).” Zeitschrift der 

Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 140: 326-342. 

C. Li. (1989). “The Origin and Function of Switch Reference in Green Hmong.” In Language 

Change: Contributions to the Study of Its Causes, edited by L.E. Breivik and E.H. Jahr, 115-129. 

Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1989. 

Thomas A. Lyman. (1988). “The ‘Free Mong’: An End to a Controversy.” Anthropological 

Linguistics 30 (Spring 1988): 128-132. 

Jaisser, A.C. (1986). “The Morpheme ‘Kom’: A First Analysis and Look at Embedding in Hmong.” 

In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 245-260. 

Owensby, L. (1986). “Verb Serialization in Hmong.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. 

Hendricks, B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard, 237-43. 

Ratliff, M. (1986). “Two-Word Expressives in White Hmong.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by 

G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 219-236.

Clark, M. (1982). “Some Auxiliary Verbs in Hmong.” In the Hmong in the West: Observations and 

Reports. Bruce T. Downing and Douglas P. Olney eds., pp. 125-141. Minneapolis: Center for 

Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota. 

Derrick-Mescua, M. et al. (1982). “Some Secret Languages of the Hmong.” In the Hmong in the 

West: Observations and Reports. B.T. Downing and D.P. Olney, eds. pp. 142-159. Minneapolis: 

Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota 

Johns, B. and D. Strecker (1982). “Aesthetic Language in White Hmong.” In the Hmong in the 

West: Observations and Reports. B.T. Downing and D.P. Olney, eds., pp. 160-169. Minneapolis: 

Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota. 

Fuller, Judith Wheation. (1986) ”Zero Anaphora and Topic Prominence in Hmong.” In The Hmong 

in Transition ,ed. by G.L. Hendrick, B.T. Downing and A.s. Deinard. New York Minneapolis : 

Center for Migration studies and Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Projects, University of 


Smalley, W.A. (1976). “Writing Systems in Thailand’s Marginal Languages: History and Policy.” In 

Phonemes and Orthography: Language Planning in Ten Minority Languages of Thailand, ed. W.A. 

Smalley. Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National 

University, Canberra, Australia. pp. 1-24. 

Smalley, W.A. (1976). “The Problems of Consonants and Tone: Hmong (Meo, Miao).” In 

Phonemes and Orthography: Language Planning in Ten Minority Languages of Thailand, ed. W.A. 

Smalley. Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National 

University, Canberra, Australia. pp. 85-123. 

SOCIOECONOMIC AND RESIDENTIAL ADAPTATION OF THE HMONG 

Goodkind, Jessica R. (2005). “Effectiveness of a Community-Based Advocacy and Learning 

Program for Hmong Refugees.” American Journal of Community Psychology 36(3/4): 387-408. 

Marc Kaufman. (2004). “American Odyssey.” Smithsonian 35(6): 7 pages. 

Lee, Gary Yia. (2004). “Culture and Settlement: The Present Situation of the Hmong in Australia.” 

In The Hmong of Australia: Culture and Diaspora. Eds. Nicholas Tapp and Gary Yia Lee. 

Canberra, Australia: Pandanus Books, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The 

Australian National University, 11-24. 

Kalyani Rai. (2004). “Community-Based Participatory Action Research: Offering Hmong Welfare 

Recipients’ Voices for Dialogue and Change.” In Immigrants, Welfare Reform, and the Poverty of 

Policy, editors Philip Kretsedemas and Ana Aparicio. Westport, Conn: Praeger, pp. 187-203. 

Tapp, Nicholas. (2004). “Hmong Diaspora in Australia.” In The Hmong of Australia: Culture and 

Diaspora. Eds. Nicholas Tapp and Gary Yia Lee. Canberra, Australia: Pandanus Books, 

Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, 59-96. 

Robert T. Teranishi. (2004). “Yellow and Brown: Emerging Asian American Immigrant 

Populations and Residential Segregation.” Equity and Excellence in Education 37:255-263. 

SEARAC (2004). Southeast Asian American Statistical Profile. Research Report. 

Council on Asian-Pacific Minnesotans and Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders in Philanthropy- 

Minnesota Chapter. (2003). Asian and Pacific Islander Minnesota Profile.

Kent Olson, Vang Yang, Nigatu Tadesse, Yanping Chang, Nengshao Yang, Seung-wan Lee 

(2003). “Results of a Farm and Market Survey for Hmong Specialty Crop Framers in the 

Minneapolis, St. Paul Metro Area.” Special Report (December 2003), 1-39. 

Miriam Potocky- Tripodi. (2003). “Refugee Economic Adaptation: Theory, Evidence, and 

Implications for policy and practice.” Journal of Social Service Research, Volume 30(1), pp63-91. 

Rasmussen, R.C., Schermann, M.A., Shutske, J.M., and D.K. Olson. (2003). “Use of the North 

American Guidelines for Children’s Agricultural Tasks with Hmong Farm Families.” Journal of 

Agricultural Safety and Health 9(4): 265-274. 

University of Wisconsin-Extension (2002). "Wisconsin's Hmong Population: Census 2000 

Population and Trends." Report Prepared by University of Wisconsin-Extension and Applied 

Population Laboratory, Madison, WI for UW-Extension, Hmong Educational Needs Assessment, 

Stevens Point, WI, Dec. 12-13, 2002. 

Koltyk, J.A. (2002). “The Hmong in Wisconsin.” In Endangered Peoples of North America: 

Struggles to Survive and Thrive .ED. Tom Greaves. Westport, CT: The Greenwood press.pp. 

195-221. 

Xiong, Pa. (2002). “Hmong Means “Free,” or Does It?” Amerasia Journal 28:3 (2002): 175-180. 

Yang, Kou. (2001). “The Hmong in America: Twenty Five Years after the U.S. Secret War in 

Laos.” Journal of Asian American Studies 4(2): 165-174. 

Salaün, Pascale . (1999).- Le système de production agricole hmong à Saül (Guyane française) : 

modalités de pérennisation. JATBA, Revue d'Ethnobiologie, vol. 41 (1-2), 251-279. 

Kaplan, D.H. (1997). “The Creation of an Ethnic Economy: Indochinese Business Expansion In 

St.Paul” (economic Geography 73 (2)214-233) 

Duchon, D.A. (1997) “ Home is where you make it: Hmong Refugees in Georgia “(Urban 

Anthropology, 26(1) 71-92). 

Bulk, J.D. (1996). "American Hmong on the Move: An Explanation of Very Distinctive Secondary 

Migration Patterns." Hmong Forum, St. Paul, MN: Haiv Hmoov, Inc., pp. 3-28. 

Dunnigan, Timothy, Douglas P. Olney, Miles A. McNall, and Marline A. Spring. (1996). “Hmong.” 

In Refugees in America in the 1990s. ed. D.W. Haines. 

Eldridge, M. (1996). "New Mountain, New River, New Hmong? The Hmong in Tasmania, 

Australia." In Hmong Forum, Saint Paul, MN: Haiv Hmoob, Inc. pp. 29-47. 

Scott, G.M. (1992). “The Advent of a Cottage Industry of Hmong Paj Ntaub Textiles in Southern 

California: the Roles of an Entrepreneur-Patron, An Applied Anthropologist-Broker, and a 

Shopping Mall Sale.” Human Organization 51 (fall 1992): 284-298. 

Donnelly, N.D. (1986). “Factors Contributing to a Split Within a Clientelistic Needlework 

Cooperative Engaged in Refugee Resettlement.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. 

Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 159-73. 

Gross, C.G. (1986). “The Hmong in Island Vista: Obstacles and Enhancements to Adjustment.” In 

The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 145-58. 

Fass, S. (1986). “Economic Development and Employment Projects.” In The Hmong in Transition,

ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 202-209. 

Fass, S. (1986). “Innovations in the Struggle for Self – Reliance: The Hmong Experience in the 

United State” (International migration review: 20(2):351-380. 

Mason, S.R.(1986) “Training Hmong Women: For Marginal Work or Entry into the Mainstream.” In 

the Hmong In Transition edited by G.l. Hendrick, B.T. Downing,and A.S. Deinard. New York: 

Center for migration Studies of New York and Minneapoils ,MN: Southeast Asian Refugee studies, 

University of Minnesota 101-120. 

Hendricks, G. and B. Richardson (1982). “Hmong in the Workplace.” In the Hmong in the West: 


for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota.

HMONG RESOURCE CENTER LIBRARY ACADEMIC ARTICLES ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?