December 2012 - Journal of Threatened Taxa

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Sonneratia ovata on Nicobar 1987). Hence, the scorching of littoral forests due to salt stress has resulted in the formation of open area and the heliophilic nature of S. ovata has eventually ameliorated the species to colonize the NFH. The occurrence of S. ovata in the NFH abutting the evergreen hill forests confirms the landward movement of mangroves when subjected to sea level rise, as proposed by Ellison (2005). Landward mangroves are vulnerable to sea-level rise, since there may not be any habitat to re-establish because mangrove edges are highly influenced by human developmental activities (Polidoro et al. 2010). It is strongly recommended to include landward mangrove species such as Sonneratia spp. in the mangrove restoration programs as many of the current programs give emphasis mainly to seaward mangroves such as Rhizophora spp., and Avicennia spp. (Ellison 2000). Further research based on molecular tools can provide more information on the occurrence of S.ovata on Katchall Island. References Banerjee, L.K., A.R.K. Sastry & M.P. Nayar (1989). Mangroves in India identification manual. Botanical Survey of India, Culcutta,110pp. Banerjee, L.K., T.A. Rao, A.R.K. Sastry & D. Ghosh (2002). Diversity of Coastal Plant Communities in India. ENVIS & EMCBTAP, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, 524pp. Dagar, J.C., A.D. Mongia & K. Bandopadhyay (1991). Mangroves of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. IBH & Oxford Publication, New Delhi, 166pp. Duke, N.C. & B.R. Jakes (1987). A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Sonneratia (sonneratiaceae) in Australia. Blumea 32: 277–302. Ellison, A.M. (2000). Mangrove restoration: Do we know enough?. Restoration Ecology 8: 219–229. Ellison, J. (2005). Holocene palynology and sea-level change in two estuaries in southern Irian Jaya. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 220: 291–309. Ellison, A.M. & E.J. Farnsworth (2001). Mangrove community ecology, pp. 423–442. In: Bertness, M.D., S. Gaines & M.E. Hay (eds.). Marine Community Ecology. Sinauer Press, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 550pp. Giri, C., Z. Zhu, L.L. Tieszen, A. Singh, S. Gillette & J.A. Kelmelis (2008). Mangrove forest distribution and dynamics (1975–2005) of the tsunami-affected region of Asia. Journal of Biogeography 35: 519–528. Haining, Q., S. Graham & M.G. Gilbert (2007). Flora of P. Nehru & P. Balasubramanian China, Lythraceae. Harvard University Herbaria. Electronic database accessible at http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/ PDF/PDF13/Sonneratia.pdf Mabberley, D.J. (2005). The Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of The Vascular Plants. Cambridge University press, Cambridge, 858pp. McKee, K.L. (2005). Global change impacts on mangrove ecosystems. Electronic database accessible at http://www. nwrc.usgs.gov/ factshts/2004-3125.pdf. Geological Survey National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, U.S. Mandal, R.N. & K.R. Naskar (2008). Diversity and classification of Indian Mangroves: a review. Tropical Ecology 49(2): 131–146. Nehru, P. & P. Balasubramanian (2011). Re-colonizing mangrove species in tsunami devastated habitats at Nicobar Islands, India. CheckList 7(3): 253–256. Polidoro, B.A., K.E. Carpenter, L. Collins, N.C. Duke, A.M. Ellison, J.C. Ellison, E.J. Farnsworth, E.S. Fernando, K. Kathiresan, N.E. Koedam, S.R. Livingstone, T. Miyagi, G.E. Moore, V.N. Nam, J.E. Ong, J.H. Primavera, S.G. Salmo III, J.C. Sanciangco, S. Sukardjo, Y. Wang & J.W.H. Yong (2010). The Loss of Species: Mangrove Extinction Risk and Geographic Areas of Global Concern. Plos One 5(4): 1–10. Porwal, M.C., H. Padalia & P.S. Roy (2012). Impacts of tsunami on the forest and biodiversity richness in Nicobar Islands (Andaman and Nicobar Islands), India. Biodiversity and Conservation 21: 1267–1287. Ramachandran, S., S. Anitha, V. Balamurugan, K. Dharanirajan, K.E. Vendhan, M.I.P. Divien, A.S. Vel, I.S. Hussain & A. Udayaraj (2005). Ecological impact of tsunami on Nicobar Islands (Camorta, Katchal, Nancowry and Trinkat). Current Science 89(1): 195–200. Sankaran, R. (2005). Impact of the earthquake and the tsunami on the Nicobar Islands, pp. 10–77. In: Kaul, R. & V. Menon (eds.). The Ground Beneath The Waves: Posttsunami Impact Assessment of Wildlife and Their Habitats in India—Vol. 2 - The Islands. Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi, 103pp. Sivakumar, K. (2007). Impact of the 2004 tsunami on the Vulnerable Nicobar megapode Megapodius nicobariensis. Oryx 44(1): 71–78. Sridhar, R., T. Thangaradjou, L. Kannan, A. Ramachandran & S. Jayakumar (2006). Rapid assessment on the impact of tsunami on mangrove vegetation of the Great Nicobar Island. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 34(1): 89–93. Valiela, I., J.L. Bowen & J.K. York (2001). Mangrove forests: one of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. BioScience 51(10): 807-815. Yi-Feng, Y., S. Bera, K. Naskar, L. Wen-Bo, L. Cheng-Sen (2011). A comparative study of mangrove floras in China and India. Forestry studies in China 13(3): 173–182. 3400 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3395–3400
JoTT Sh o r t Co m m u n ic a t i o n 4(15): 3401–3409 Status, threats and conservation strategies for orchids of western Himalaya, India Jeewan Singh Jalal Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, 7 Koregaon Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001, India Email: jeewansinghjalal@rediffmail.com Abstract: The present study is an attempt to give an account of the current status of orchids based on recent surveys since 2002 to 2010 in various parts of western Himalaya. Based on rarity Index of species, orchids are categorised in four groups,— very rare, sparse, occasional and common. Results show that 40% of orchid species are very rare, 26% are sparse, 19% are occasional and 15% are common in western Himalaya. For the conservation of orchids, two orchid conservation areas are identified in Gori Valley and Mandal Valley. Keywords: Conservation, Gori Valley, Mandal Valley, orchids, Western Himalaya. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has played a major role in focusing global concern on the loss or extinction of species and is now the accepted authority on such matters. The first Red Data Book was launched by IUCN in 1966. Now, it is revised annually and called the IUCN Red List, which is available in its electronic version since 2000. Threats to orchid species in the Indian region were first documented by Pradhan (1971, 1975a,b) and Pradhan (1975). Pradhan (1978) contributed the first red data Date of publication (online): 26 December 2012 Date of publication (print): 26 December 2012 ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) Editor: Pankaj Kumar Manuscript details: Ms # o3062 Received 09 January 2012 Final received 08 August 2012 Finally accepted 29 October 2012 Citation: Jalal, J.S. (2012). Status, threats and conservation strategies for orchids of western Himalaya, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(15): 3401–3409. Copyright: © Jeewan Singh Jalal 2012. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. Acknowledgements: The author is thankful to Dr. Paramjith Singh, Director, Botanical Survey of India for encouragement and facilities. Thanks to Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India and Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for financial support to carry out this work. OPEN ACCESS | FREE DOWNLOAD sheet on Indian orchids to the IUCN Plant Red Data Book, which served as a model for the production of Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Nayar & Sastry (1987, 1988, 1990), listed 58 species threatened in India. It also included 13 orchid species of western Himalaya. In 1984, under the banner of IUCN, the Orchid Specialist Group (OSG) was established for orchid conservation. It has many regional groups; ISROSG—Indian Subcontinent Regional Orchid Specialist Group covers the Indian subcontinental region. In the international scenario, several treaties have been formulated for the protection of biodiversity as a whole, which encompasses the protection of wild orchids also. The Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), ratified by India, places all species of Orchidaceae under Appendix II, meaning thereby that their trade will be only through export permits. Orchids are one such group of plants which grow in a variety of habitats throughout the globe, but they are very sensitive to habitat change. A number of species are rare and threatened throughout the world, including western Himalaya, owing to habitat degradation and fragmentation as a result of various anthropogenic influences such as land development activities, building of dams, constructions of roads, commercial exploitation of the species, overgrazing and frequent forest fires. Some orchid species require unique habitat and microhabitats so they are confined to particular elevations and forest types. Some are naturally rare; others are so because of geographic distribution, narrow habitat requirements, and lowdensity populations. Several species that have been reported earlier from the region have not been recollected, thus indicating their possible disappearance due to habitat changes. As most of the orchids are insect pollinated, the depletion in the population of insect pollinators may also lead to the depletion in the population of particular orchid species. The present Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3401–3409 3401
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Dr. Ullasa Kodandaramaiah, Cambridg
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December 2012 - Journal of Threatened Taxa

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