FDMS TEOM/BAM field studies - MARAMA

R&P F D M S 8500
System
Measurement
Dynamic
Filter
The New York State Dept. of
Environmental Conservation in
cooperation with the New York
Supersite program operate 3
FDMS TEOMs and two BAM
1020s in outdoor enclosures.
NESCAUM / MARAMA
Joint Monitoring Meeting
October 2004

Filter Dynamics Measurement System (FDMS) TEOM Monitor
•PM 10 inlet followed by PM 2.5
sensor and diffusion dryer
sharp cut cyclone, (30 deg C), mass
•FDMS also utilizes a 3 way switching valve and a (4deg C) chilled
47 mm diameter filter (which collects and holds particles during the
purge or reference portion of the measurement cycle)
•The difference between the measured mass concentrations during
the purge;(usually negative) and sample periods is reported by the
instrument.
•Mass Conc. = Sample – (Purge Mass)

1/21/04 0:00
The Reference Mass is usually negative. The Mass Conc is the rolling average of
the subtraction (Base – Ref) from the previous ten 6 minute switching periods.
PMTACS Winter Intensive PS219 FDMS - Jan 10 - 21, 2004
MC, Base and Reference Data: 1 hour running average
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
1/10/04 0:00
1/11/04 0:00
1/12/04 0:00
1/13/04 0:00
1/14/04 0:00
1/15/04 0:00
1/16/04 0:00
1/17/04 0:00
1/18/04 0:00
1/19/04 0:00
1/20/04 0:00
ug/m3
MC Base MC Ref MC

The FDMS mass is only significantly higher when the atmospheric PM-2.5
contains a high proportion of volatile material.
PMTACS Winter Intensive PS219 FDMS and Collocated 50 Deg TEOM
Jan 10 - 21, 2004 - 1 hour running averages
50
40
30
ug/m3
20
10
0
-10
10-Jan
11-Jan
12-Jan
13-Jan
14-Jan
15-Jan
16-Jan
17-Jan
18-Jan
19-Jan
20-Jan
21-Jan
FDMS TEOM 50

Met One Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM)
Model 1020 with “Smart Heater”
The shelter is not air conditioned. The shelter
heat is only used below 4 or 5 deg C.
“Smart Heater”: This is a canister style heater
on the inlet tube.

Met One Beta Attenuation Monitor
(BAM) Model 1020
Radioactive Source 14 C (Carbon-14)
(less than 60 uCi)
The mass density of particulate on the filter
is calculated from the measured reduction in
the number of beta particles passing through
the filter.
The BAM 1020 is a reference instrument for
PM-10.
Tape rolls last approximately two months.
A new Teflon sample tape has been
developed in an effort to reduce noise and
improve sensitivity.

Comparison of Instruments and Methods
TEOM
50 Deg C.
TEOM
FDMS
BAM
“Cold”
Shelter
Temperature
2 – 25 Deg C.
AC Required
2 – 25 Deg C.
AC Required
Above 0 Deg C
Water
Management
Inlet Heat
Nafion Dryer
Inlet Heat
Sample
Conditioning
50 Deg C.
30 Deg C.
< 45% Relative
Humidity
Correlation to
Mass
Spring Equation
and NIST Std.
Spring Equation
and NIST Std.
Factory
Calibration
Data Resolution
10 Minute
Rolling Average
6 min. switch
1 Hr Rolling Av
51 min Analysis
1 Hr Discrete Val

Site #1: Queens College NYC
FDMS Start Date – Jan. 8, 03
BAM Since Nov 28, 03 (Quartz)
FRM Daily
TEOM 50 Deg C
STN 1/3 Day
Site #2: Pinnacle State Park
FDMS Start Date – Mar. 26, 03
BAM Since July 28, 04 (Teflon)
FRM Daily
TEOM 50 Deg C
STN 1/3 Day
IMPROVE 1/3 Day
Site #3: Niagara Falls
FDMS Start Date – July 23, 03
FRM 1/3 Day
TEOM 50 Deg C
STN 1/6 Day (Buffalo)

Hourly data from FDMS and BAM instruments can be difficult to use.
The collocated hourly precision FDMS vs BAM: (r 2 is less than .6)
Hour to hour variability is higher for the BAM.
45
PMTACS Winter Intensive - Collocated FDMS and BAM
Hourly Data
35
PM-2.5 ug/m3
25
15
5
-5
1/10
1/10
1/10
1/11
1/11
1/12
1/12
1/13
1/13
1/14
1/14
1/15
1/15
1/15
1/16
1/16
1/17
1/17
1/18
1/18
1/19
1/19
1/20
1/20
1/21
BAM
FDMS - PS219

Appling a Smoothing function: 5 hour centered on the hour makes the data more useful.
Smoothed near real-time data is ideal for producing an AQI.
Smoothed collocated precision: FDMS vs BAM (r 2 is .8 - .9)
PMTACS Winter Intensive - Collocated FDMS and BAM
Rolling 5 Hour Smoothing Applied to Hourly Data
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1/10/04 0:00
1/10/04 8:00
1/10/04 16:00
1/11/04 0:00
1/11/04 8:00
1/11/04 16:00
1/12/04 0:00
1/12/04 8:00
1/12/04 16:00
1/13/04 0:00
1/13/04 8:00
1/13/04 16:00
1/14/04 0:00
1/14/04 8:00
1/14/04 16:00
1/15/04 0:00
1/15/04 8:00
1/15/04 16:00
1/16/04 0:00
1/16/04 8:00
1/16/04 16:00
1/17/04 0:00
1/17/04 8:00
1/17/04 16:00
1/18/04 0:00
1/18/04 8:00
1/18/04 16:00
1/19/04 0:00
1/19/04 8:00
1/19/04 16:00
1/20/04 0:00
1/20/04 8:00
1/20/04 16:00
1/21/04 0:00
BAM FDMS PS219

24-Hr Averages compared to FRM data: Winter Urban Comparison
FRM, FDMS TEOM and BAM Data
1st Qtr 2004 - Queens, NY
40
30
?
ug/m3
20
10
0
1-Jan
8-Jan
15-Jan
22-Jan
29-Jan
5-Feb
12-Feb
19-Feb
26-Feb
FRM FDMS BAM(Quartz)
FDMS = 1.08 (FRM) + .3 BAM(Quartz) = 1.07 (FRM) + .6
R 2 = .96 R 2 = .93

22-Aug
Hourly Mass data is just as noisy at the Rural site.
Pinnacle (Rural) 2004 Summer Intensive
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30-Jul
31-Jul
2-Aug
4-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
10-Aug
12-Aug
14-Aug
15-Aug
17-Aug
20-Aug
19-Aug
-10
FRM BAM(Teflon) FDMS
ug/m3

24-Hr Averages compared to FRM data: Summer Rural Comparison
FRM data is not yet validated
Pinnacle (Rural) 2004 Summer Intensive
50
40
ug/m3
30
20
10
0
30-Jul
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-Aug
13-Aug
15-Aug
17-Aug
19-Aug
21-Aug
23-Aug
FRM FDMS BAM(Teflon)
FDMS = 0.98 (FRM) + .98 BAM(Teflon) = 1.24 (FRM) – 2.76
R 2 = .93 R 2 = .95

Two suspicious FRM values were removed from the comparisons
FRM data is not yet validated
Pinnacle (Rural) 2004 Summer Intensive
50
ug/m3
40
30
20
Outliers
Removed
10
0
30-Jul
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-Aug
13-Aug
15-Aug
17-Aug
19-Aug
21-Aug
23-Aug
FRM FDMS BAM(Teflon)
FDMS = 1.00 (FRM) + .7 BAM(Teflon) = 1.26 (FRM) – 3.02
R 2 = .98 R 2 = .99

FDMS Data Losses in 2003 and 2004:
FDMS operational problems have resulted in an unacceptably large
percentage of down time at New York sites. The majority of these
problems were related to temperature/condensation problems which were
aggravated by the operation of these instruments in outdoor enclosures.
R&P has addressed these problems:
The air conditioning system in the outdoor enclosure has been redesigned.
New outdoor enclosures will have twice the insulation of the old ones.
The FDMS (Version II) has been modified to include additional more
accurate humidity sensors on both the inlet and outlet of the Nafion dryer.
The FDMS design has been modified to use the pump vacuum more
efficiently and to reduce the amount of tubing and connections.
A coalescing filter has been added on the bypass line to prevent water from
entering the bypass flow controller.

Summary Stats:
The FDMS TEOM and the BAM (with smart heater) report significantly more mass
than previous TEOMs and BAMs and, on average, capture more mass than the FRM
at these New York sites.
Urban Queens: 1 st and 2 nd Quarter (FRM is Daily)
2003: FDMS = 1.24 (FRM) + 2.36 R 2 = .93
2004: FDMS = 1.28 (FRM) - .64 R 2 = .94
2004: BAM(Q) = 1.32 (FRM) + .13 R 2 = .84
Industrial Niagara Falls: Mar – July 2004 (FRM is 1/3)
2004: FDMS = 1.08 (FRM) + .9 R 2 = .89
Rural Pinnacle: 2003 (Feb – April) 2004 (July – Aug) (FRM is Daily)
2003: FDMS = 1.10 (FRM) - .35 R 2 = .90
2004: BAM(T) = 1.24 (FRM) - 3.71 R 2 = .98

Summary Continued:
- The data from the BAM with Quartz tape is somewhat noisier than the FDMS
TEOM but overall is quite comparable.
- The New York City instrument comparison is still lacking summer data.
- The BAM with Teflon tape installed at Pinnacle State Park correlates well with
the FRM but the manufacturer plans to recalibrate the instrument.
- Seasonal Bias may make Class III Equivalency difficult for the FDMS and BAM.
Seasonal Bias: (FDMS TEOM - FRM) New York City
20
15
ug/m3
10
5
0
-5
1 26 51 76 101 126 151 176 201 226 251 276 301 326 351
Julian Day: 2004
y = -0.0001x 2 + 0.0388x + 0.424
R 2 = 0.1119

Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cooperative
agreement # R828060010
• New York State Energy Research and Development
Authority (NYSERDA), contract # 4918ERTERES99,
• New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
(NYS DEC), contract # C004210.

End
End of Slide Show

The Nafion dryer in the FDMS exhibited a drop in efficiency as the shelter
temperature increased. This resulted in water condensing on the 47 mm filter.
R&P FDMS Sample Dew Point January - August 2003
Queens NYC - NYSDEC Raw Hourly Averaged Data
5
3
1
-1
-3
-5
-7
-9
-11
-13
-15
1/8/2003 13:01
1/15/2003 7:00
1/22/2003 1:00
1/28/2003 19:00
2/4/2003 13:00
2/11/2003 7:00
2/18/2003 1:00
2/24/2003 19:00
3/3/2003 13:00
3/10/2003 7:00
3/17/2003 1:00
3/23/2003 19:00
3/30/2003 13:00
4/6/2003 7:00
4/13/2003 1:00
4/19/2003 19:00
4/17/2003 13:00
1/0/1900 7:00
5/1/2003 1:00
5/7/2003 19:00
5/14/2003 13:00
5/21/2003 7:00
5/28/2003 1:00
6/3/2003 19:00
6/10/2003 13:00
6/17/2003 7:00
6/24/2003 1:00
6/30/2003 19:00
7/7/2003 13:00
7/14/2003 7:00
7/21/2003 1:00
7/27/2003 19:00
8/3/2003 23:00
Deg C
Sample Dew

This “collocated” comparison is informational. The QC instrument is next to a parking
lot and the office trailers used during the PMTACS intensive while the PS219
instrument is 150 yards away on the roof of a school.
PMTACS Winter Intensive
FDMS(QC) vs FDMS(PS219)
PM-2.5 - Smoothed Data: Jan 10 - 21, 2004
50
y = 1.06x + 0.47
R 2 = 0.97
FDMS(PS219) - ug/m3
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
FDMS(QC) - ug/m3

This is the 2003 FDMS vs FRM comparison data from Pinnacle State Park.
This is late winter early spring.
PMTACS Pinnacle (Rural) Site PM-2.5
FDMS vs. FRM Feb. - April 2003
y = 1.10x - 0.35
R 2 = 0.90
30
25
FDMS ug/m3
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
FRM ug/m3

50
Pinnacle Summer Intensive 2004
y = 1.26x - 3.02
R 2 = 0.99
40
BAM
30
20
10
FRM vs BAM (Teflon)
Linear (FRM vs BAM
(Teflon))
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
FRM

The FDMS and the BAM are well correlated during this period. Larger datasets
suggest that the BAM reads higher than the FDMS at low concentrations.
The data is smoothed with a centered 5 hour rolling average.
PMTACS Winter Intensive
FDMS (PS219) vs BAM (PS219)
PM-2.5 - Smoothed Data: Jan 10 - 21, 2004
50
y = 0.89x + 1.74
R 2 = 0.89
BAM - ug/m3
40
30
20
10
y = 0.98x
R 2 = 0.88
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
FDMS - ug/m3

PMTACS Winter Intensive Monitoring Locations
Main installation in office trailers
FDMS (PS219)
BAM (PS219)

PMTACS Winter Intensive – November 2003

Pinnacle State Park – Addison, New York – March 2003
FDMS Inlet
FDMS