Draft Final Climate Change and Health Impacts Point ... - ANTHC

Safe, Healthy, Sustainable Communities
Summary
Introduction
Limitations
Method
Community Profile
Observations and Findings
· Weather
· Sea Level
· Erosion
· Permafrost
· Water and Sanitation
· Food Safety and Security
· Plants and Wildlife
Discussion and Recommendations
Figures
1. Community Map of Point Hope
2. Topographical Map of Point Hope
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. Temperature trends and projections – Kotzebue, Alaska (Alaska Climate Research Center ACRC)
4. Precipitation trends and projections – Kotzebue, Alaska (ACRC)
5. Temperature Projections – Point Hope (SNAP)
6. Precipitation Projections – Point Hope (SNAP)
7. Sea Level Rise Projections (50 Year)
8. Storm Surge Projections
References
Appendices
A. Point Hope Participants
Draft Final
Climate Change and Health Impacts
Point Hope, Alaska
Prepared for:
Native Village of Point Hope
City of Point Hope
Maniilaq Association
North Slope Borough
Northwest Arctic Borough
Prepared by:
Center for Climate and Health
Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
October 2009
B. Climate and Health Measure for Rural Alaska (CAHMRA) – Point Hope

Center for Climate and Health
22
Special thanks to the many people who assisted this project:
Annabelle Alvite, David Atkinson, Lillian Alyssa, Lee Anne Ayers, Susan Beck, Matthew Bergen,
Melissa Boney, Carl Borash, Gordon Brower, Jill Brubaker, Caroline Cannon, John Chase, David Christie,
Louie Commack, Sally Cox, Ben Crosby, Amy Davenport, Michelle Davis, Jeffrey Demain, Heather
Dingman, Michael Dirks, Liz Dowd, David Driscoll, Doug Drum, Darcy Dugan, Laura Eichelberger,
Hajo Eicken, Ian Ehrlich, Jim Evak, Courtney Flint, Andrew Frankson, Teddy Frankson, Connie Fredenberg,
Charlie Gregg, Yuri Gorokhovich, Kyla Hagen, Clark Hanfield, Millie Hawley, Stan Hawley, Jack H’ebert,
Tom Hennessey, Grant Hildreth, Helena Hildreth, Jackie Hill, Larry Hinzman, Amy Holman,
Eldon Hunnicutt, Willard Hunnicutt, Irving Igtanloc, Troy Izatt, Anore Jones, David Kang, Andy Kliskey,
Angie Koonook, Ray Koonuk Sr., Mida Koenig, Danny Lane, Rachael Lee, Anthony Leiserowitz, Cindy
Lincoln, John Lingaas, Harry Lind, Eva Long, James Magdanz, Ingemar Mathiasson, Molly McCammon,
Jim Magdanz, Tina Moran, Steve Oomittuk, Tom Okleasik, Iris Oktolik, Bessie O’Rourke, Reggie Ovick,
Toren MaCarthy, Florence Mitchell, Alan Parkinson, Sverre Pedersen, Jackie Poston, Dan Rinella,
Stephanie Rolin, Bruce Richmond, Barrett Ristroph, Vladamir Romanovski, Scott Rupp, Cheryl Rosa, Bob
Schaffer, Bruce Sexauer, Mark Shasby, Martha Shulski, Robbin Garber‐Slaght, Hazel Smith, Fred
Sorensen, Ellen Sovalik, Kimberly Stone, Scott Sharp, Kurt Schmidt, Stanley Tomaszewski, Joe Towksjhea,
Sarah Trainer, Lily Tuzroyluke, Cathy Villa, Hiram Walker, John Walsh, Jeff Welker, Dan White,
Siikauraq "Martha" Whiting, Lloyd Victor, and Kenji Yoshikawa.
ANTHC Advisors:
Tim Gilbert MPH, Jeff Smith MS, Mike Bradley DVM MPH, Kathy Graves PhD, Steve Weaver PE,
Gary Ferguson ND, Jennifer Johnson MPH, Desirae Roehl, Troy Ritter MPH, Aaron Wernham, MD MPH
Report prepared by:
Michael Brubaker, MS (Lead Author)
James Berner, MD
Jacob Bell, MS
John Warren, PE
Alicia Rolin

Safe, Healthy, Sustainable Communities
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary 2
Preface 3
Introduction 3
Limitations 6
Method 6
Community Profile 7
General Health Status 8
Climate Change and Patterns of Illness 10
Observations and Findings 13
· Temperature and Precipitation 14
· Sea Level Change 18
· Erosion 20
· Permafrost 21
· Snow and Ice 22
· Water and Sanitation 24
· Food Safety and Security 26
Recommendations and Conclusions 27
Figures
1. Map of Maniilaq Service Area 4
2. Map of Point Hope Area 5
3. Aerial Photograph of Point Hope Community 9
4. Leading Causes of Death, Age Adjusted Mortality Rate per 100,000 (1993‐2003) 10
5. Top 15 Hospital Discharges by ICD Code, All Ages, FY 2005 11
6. Kotzebue Average Temperature (°F) 15
7. Kotzebue Total Annual Precipitation (inches) 15
8. Mean Monthly Temperature, Point Hope, Alaska 17
9. Projected Temperature, Point Hope, Alaska 17
10. Potentially Submerged Areas Due to Sea Level Rise at Pt. Hope 19
11. Potentially Submerged Areas Due to Storm Surge at Pt. Hope 19
12. Mean Monthly Snow Depth for the Period 1971‐2000 23
13. Mean Monthly Wind Speeds for the Period 1990‐2009 23
14. Filter Changes/Day – July 2007 and July 2008 25
15. Daily Mean Air Temperature and Wind Velocity for July 2008 25
16. Point Hope Health Impact Severity/Vulnerability Table 28
Appendices 32
A Archived (1971– 2000) and Projected Precipitation Data 33
B Point Hope Participants/Project Collaborators 34
C Point Hope Climate and Health Web Resources 35
D Photos 36
References 38

SUMMARY
In the community of Point Hope, subsistence resources, food security, drinking water quality, and
infrastructure are vulnerable to impacts from climate change. There is limited scientific information to
show relationships between climate effects and health outcomes. However, local observations and
community records indicate that climate change is increasing the risk of injury and disease, and the risk
of disruption or damage to health infrastructure. Additionally, climate change is placing stress on
municipal resources and adding to the cost of water treatment, beach protection, and road
maintenance.
Weather archive data from the 1930s show a gradual increase in mean annual temperature and
precipitation in Point Hope. By 2061 to 2070, climate models suggest that average July temperatures will
have increased by approximately 2 o F, and December temperatures by 22 o F. Since 1991, average winter
temperatures (January through March) have been below 0 o F, but in 50 years, monthly average
temperatures may not drop below 0 o F, but rather could range between 5 o F and 30 o F. Increases in
precipitation are projected for every month except June, as is a drier summer with broad ranging
changes to wildlife, vegetation, and water availability.
The rate of shoreline erosion is increasing due to changes in timing of ocean freezing and thawing,
delays in the development of shore‐fast ice, and increases in the intensity of storms. Flooding has been
prevented through village relocation and sea wall construction. Despite these efforts, Point Hope
continues to be vulnerable to storm surges and ice jams, with both the air strip and overland evacuation
route at risk. It is projected that mean sea level could cover much of the Point Hope Peninsula within 50
to 100 years.
Changes in weather and ice conditions are causing delays to subsistence activities, including the timing
of spring whale and walrus hunts. Ice conditions have been inadequate in recent years to provide haulout
platforms for walrus, or for hunters to clean bowhead whales. Shore ice has become unstable,
putting hunters at greater risk for injury. In the spring of 2008, shore‐fast ice broke free, casting Point
Hope whaling crews and camps adrift, and requiring a helicopter rescue from Barrow. Hunters are also
observing changes in wildlife. Hungry polar bears have begun to frequent Point Hope, becoming a
nuisance and a public safety concern. Warm summer temperatures are providing opportunities for
invasive species to become established and in some instances to interfere with subsistence activities.
Ravens and gull populations are increasing and interfering with summer fish camp activities. Beaver are
changing the river system and increasing the risk of waterborne disease. New fish species such as king
salmon are being harvested, providing a positive new subsistence opportunity.
Two issues were identified that are of special public health concern: food security and water quality.
First, the permafrost that cools traditional underground food storage cellars is thawing, and there are
currently no community alternatives for storage of whale meat and blubber. Secondly, warming is
contributing to changes in 7 Mile Lake, the community drinking water source. Temperature influenced
blooms of organic material have clogged water filters, adversely affecting water treatment.
Point Hope would benefit from increased participation in weather, coastal zone and wildlife observation
and monitoring programs, expanded collaborations with researchers, and increased local capacity for
climate change coordination and management. Through such efforts, informed decision‐making can
occur within local government to address vulnerabilities, and to adapt to climate change impacts.
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PREFACE
In May 2006, the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University hosted a
workshop in Kotzebue with the purpose of identifying climate change impacts, key vulnerabilities, and
adaptation options (Gregory et al., 2006). In November 2007, a second workshop, hosted by the Alaska
Center for Climate Assessment and Policy was held in Kotzebue to report on climate research activities
and explore further research needs and opportunities (Trainor, 2007). In both meetings, concerns were
raised about the safety and security of food and water resources, community vulnerability to changes
occurring on the land and sea, and the affects of climate change on public health.
Participants called for more community‐based research and development of processes to assess local
climate impacts. This paper reports on the findings from one community and demonstrates a process for
evaluating local climate impacts on health. What occurred in the past is reported based on the record,
and the recollection of Point Hope residents. What will happen in the future is unknown, and the reader
is reminded that all predictions included in this report are subject to inherent uncertainty, and limited by
the quality of data and the state of the science in this developing field of health impact assessment.
INTRODUCTION
Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a
result of human activity (IPCC, 2008). Climate is changing rapidly in the Northwest Arctic and leadership
organizations seek better information about impacts and vulnerabilities, so that adaptive measures can
be developed. This includes new approaches for developing health infrastructure and providing health
services and health care. The twelve Northwest Arctic communities receive health services from
Maniilaq Association, the regional tribal health consortium for the Northwest Arctic (Figure 1).
The community of Point Hope is located at the western most point on the northwest Alaska coast
(Figure 2). Life in Point Hope revolves around the harvest of sea mammals: walrus, seal, and, most
importantly, whale. In 2009, many things are the same as they have been for thousands of years;
whaling crews and their families spend months preparing for the spring hunt, repairing skin boats and
wooden sleds, mending clothing and tents, sharpening harpoons, and preparing underground food
cellars for storage of meat and blubber. But whaling, like other aspects of life in Point Hope, is changing.
In almost every month the air temperature is warmer. Sea ice is diminishing, making travel and hunting
more difficult and dangerous. New species of plants, fish, birds, and other wildlife are becoming
increasingly common, while endemic species such as walrus are becoming increasingly rare. Land is
thawing, washing away into the rivers or disappearing in great chunks into the Chukchi Sea. Warming
water is causing blooms of algae in tundra ponds, changing the ecology and diminishing drinking water
quality.
These changes are influencing food and water security and the potential for disease and injury. They are
also raising new concerns about the effects of life‐altering change on the mental health of Arctic people.
Many effects are negative, but some can be positive: new food resources, a shorter flu season,
economic opportunity, and a lengthened season for making potable water. This project has recorded
local observations, described climate relationships (where possible), and explored potential community
health implications. It is hoped that this work will help facilitate informed decision‐making, and the
development of adaptive measures that will encourage a safe, healthy, and sustainable future for the
people of Point Hope.
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4
Figure 1 Map of Maniilaq Service Area (ANTHC, 2008).

Figure 2 Map of Point Hope (Tikigaq Corporation, 2009)
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LIMITATIONS
This report documents observed climate‐related change in one community and evaluates potential
effects on health. Although there is good regional climate and general health data for the Maniilaq Area,
local data is limited. Weather archives are incomplete, coastal erosion rates are outdated, permafrost
measures are unavailable, and estimates of sea level change have not been performed.
Local data was used when available, but the assessment was limited both by the data gaps and by the
limitations of down scaling from regional sources. The value of health indicators, such as incidence of
heart disease or pneumonia, is difficult to gauge at the community level because small populations limit
the statistical reliability.
Anecdotal data was collected on the observations and experience from local experts in health, wildlife,
whaling, Inupiat culture, weather, subsistence, education, sanitation, local governance, law
enforcement, and emergency services (Appendix B). Predictions and projections on future conditions
such as warming, flooding, and erosion are based on available information, and limited by the quality of
current scientific data and the uncertainties inherent in climate models.
To properly address any public health issue, there is a need for awareness of the problem and its
importance, an understanding of health determinants, and knowledge of the appropriate leadership
sector and their capacity to respond (Ebi et al., 2005). The two categories of public health response to
climate change are mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation involves limiting ‘exposure’ to risk, such as by
restricting green house gas emissions, or enhancing carbon sink processes (Fussel et al., 2006).
Adaptation to climate change involves a response by humans or natural systems to actual or expected
climatic effects, in order to minimize harm and to maximize benefits (IPCC, 2008). Present day mitigation
efforts can limit future impacts, but cannot eliminate the need for adaptation (Parry et al., 2008). This
report focuses on local health impact adaptation; potential mitigation activities are not addressed.
METHOD
The assessment was initiated based on requests from statewide tribal health representatives, and from
local and regional leadership. Supporting resolutions were provided by the Maniilaq Association, the
Northwest Arctic Borough, and the North Slope Borough. Invitations to work in Point Hope were
provided by City of Point Hope Mayor Steve Oomittuk, and Native Village of Point Hope President, Lily
Tuzroyluke.
Information about local climate, environment, and health conditions was collected from local and
regional tribal organizations, regional and local governments, academic institutions, and state and
federal agencies. Educational outreach has included a Northwest Arctic Climate Teleconference series to
raise awareness about climate change in the region.
From April 29 to May 4, 2009, a site visit was performed by Michael Brubaker of ANTHC. Interviews were
performed with whaling captains, representatives from the city, tribal council, borough, health clinic,
fire department, police department, water and waste water utility, public works, and the school
(Appendix B). A priority was placed on interviewing representatives from organizations that provide
services or have important insight into community health. Interviews were performed with elders and
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youths and presentations were made to junior high, high school, and elementary level students at the
Tikigaq School. Photographs and video of local conditions were recorded where possible.
Information from interviews was collected and recorded in the Climate and Health Measure (CAHM), a
survey tool used to organize local observations, and record potential health effects, data gaps and
adaptation measures. Local and regional partners reviewed the CAHM and provided comments on the
draft report.
Findings were presented to partner organizations in Point Hope, Kotzebue, and Barrow, and efforts are
on‐going to connect local and regional leadership with climate change experts and to identify resources
that will encourage implementation of community appropriate adaptation measures.
COMMUNITY PROFILE
Point Hope is located 330 miles southwest of Barrow and 180 miles north of Kotzebue (Alaska Division
of Community Advocacy, 2009). It is near the tip of Tigara Peninsula, a gravel spit that is the western
most point on the Northwest Alaska coast (Figure 3). It is also within the boundaries of the North Slope
Borough and receives health services from the Maniilaq Association. All other communities served by
Maniilaq are located in the Northwest Arctic Borough.
The Chukchi Sea surrounds the Point Hope promontory on three sides but the near shore waters are
very shallow; up to five miles from the shore, the water reaches depths of only 60 feet. Tides do not
have a direct impact on Point Hope, but strong ocean currents bring waters north through the Bering
Strait. Sea ice can be present from October to early July. Sediments deposited by the Ipewik and Kukpuk
branches of the Kuukpak River form beach ridges that extend into the sea in a triangular shape. The
mountainous areas reach elevations of 1,000 to 2,000 feet in the Lisburne Hills to the north and the
Kemegrak Hills to the south.
The Tigara (Tikeraq) Peninsula, named for the Inupiaq word for index finger, dates back to 600 B.C as
one of the oldest continuously occupied Iñupiat marine mammal hunting communities in the Arctic.
Commercial whaling came to Point Hope in the 1800s, including shore‐based stations. For the next 100
years commercial whaling exerted a powerful influence on Point Hope, providing jobs, but also
increasing exposure to western goods, technology, culture, and disease. The City of Point Hope was
incorporated in 1966. The Native Village of Point Hope is the federally recognized tribal government.
In 1990, Point Hope had a total population of 639. In 2000, the population was 757, with 91% Alaska
Native. In 2000, 25.71% of the population was employed and 51.32% of adults were not in the
workforce. The median household income was $63,125, per capita income was $16,641, and 14.83% of
residents were living below the poverty level (DCCED, 2009). Most full‐time employment is with the city,
tribal and borough governments, or with Tikigaq, the local Alaska Native for‐profit corporation formed
under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.
Residents are active year‐round with subsistence activities for seals, walrus, bowhead whales, beluga
whales, caribou, polar bears, birds, fish and berries, greens, and other edible plants. Commercial fishing
is limited; in 2000, only two residents held a commercial fishing permit. Whalebone masks, baleen
baskets, ivory carvings, and Inupiat clothing are manufactured locally. Point Hope is a dry community,
where the sale, importation or possession of alcohol is banned.
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A paved airstrip provides Point Hope's only year‐round access. An overland evacuation route via the 7
Mile Road leads inland. Skiffs, skin boats, and snowmachines are used for local transportation and
barges deliver goods during summer months.
The North Slope Borough provides all utilities, and piped water and sewer is available for most residents.
The water source is a tundra lake located seven miles from the town. The Tikigaq School provides K‐12
education for approximately 223 students.
The Point Hope Clinic is staffed by two community health aides and residents must travel about 150
miles by air to Kotzebue for the next level of primary care and some specialty care at the Kotzebue
Hospital. Most specialty health care is provided at the Alaska Native Medical Center, located 540 air
miles away in Anchorage.
GENERAL HEALTH STATUS
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well‐being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity (World Health Organization, 1946).
Individual health is determined by a variety of factors including heredity, personal behavior, and the
environmental, economic and social factors collectively termed “social determinants. Climate change in
the Northwest Arctic has the potential to impact all determinants of health, changing communities and
individual vulnerability to disease and injury.
Identifying linkages between climate change and health effects can help in the prevention of negative
health outcomes. This requires an understanding of the community, the general health of the
population, and the types of environmental changes that are occurring.
This section provides a summary of general health status for the Maniilaq Service Area (Figure 2). Health
data on a regional scale is available on major indicators, such as mortality, disease rates, and causes for
hospitalization (ANTHC, 2008). Health data was not available at the community level. Interviews were
performed with clinic staff about potential climate related health effects.
During the last half century, indicators of overall health have improved substantially for Alaska Natives.
In 1950, the life expectancy for Alaska Natives was 46.6 years; by 1998 it had climbed to 69.5 years
(Goldsmith et al., 2004). Between 1979 and 1998, overall mortality decreased among Alaska Natives by
20%, largely attributed to decreases in death from infectious disease and unintentional injuries (Lanier
et al., 2002). Improvements in socio‐economic status, housing, sanitation, and health care all
contributed to general improvement in Alaska Native health.
8

Figure 3 Aerial Photograph of Point Hope (Google Earth, 2009)
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Despite health successes, significant health disparities remain between the non‐Native population and
Alaska Natives. As mortality rates from infectious disease and incidence of vaccine‐preventable diseases
have decreased, rates for chronic diseases including cancer (+12%), chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (+191%), and diabetes (+ 262%) have increased.
Mortality rates for Alaska Natives exceed “U.S. All Races” for all causes except heart disease (ANTHC,
2009). Injury rates, suicide and health problems related to social strain and change (such as domestic
violence, alcohol and substance abuse, assault, and homicide) remain far higher than rates for the
general U.S. population (ANTHC, January 2008).
Between 1999 and 2003, the top five leading causes of death in the Maniilaq Area were: 1) cancer, 2)
heart disease, 3) unintentional injuries, 4) cerebrovascular diseases and 5) suicide (Figure 4). In 2005,
the number one cause of hospitalization was pneumonia (Figure 5).
Figure 4. Leading Cause of Death, Age Adjusted Mortality Rate per 100,000 (1999‐2003)
Mortality Rates
Age adjusted per 100,000
Maniilaq
AN
Statewide
AN
US
Whites
Healthy
Peoples
2010
Rate Ration
(Maniilaq AN vs.
US Whites)
1 Cancer 347.8 245.4 193.5 159.9 1.8
2 Heart Disease 321.3 211.4 234.6 166.0 1.3
3 Unintentional Injuries 133.6 116.1 36.4 17.5 3.7
4 Cerebrovascular Diseases 80.4 64.4 55.6 48.0 1.4
5 Suicide 79.5 36.3 11.6 5.0 6.9
AN ‐ Alaska Native
US Whites ‐ a population commonly used as a comparison measure
Healthy People 2010 – Statewide Health Objectives
Alaska Data Source: Alaska Bureau of Vital Statistics. Analysis conducted by Alaska Native Epidemiology Center.
US Data Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, National Cancer Institute.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND PATTERNS OF ILLNESS
An illness is termed acute when it has a rapid onset or a short course. An illness is termed chronic when
it is long‐lasting or recurrent. This section provides a brief discussion about patterns of acute illness such
as injuries and infectious diseases; and chronic illness such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer, as well
as a discussion about potential relationships to climate change.
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Figure 5. Top 15 Maniilaq Health Center, Discharges by ICD Code, All Ages, Fiscal Year 2005
Rank Cause Number % Total
1 Pneumonia 55 55.6
2 Deliveries (childbirth) 36 36.4
3 Accidents and Injuries 17 17.2
4 Heart Disease 12 12.1
5 Neuroses & Personality Disorders 9 9.1
6 Psychoses 8 8.1
7 Bronchitis, Emphysema 7 7.1
8 Urinary Tract Diseases 7 7.1
9 Complications of Pregnancy 7 7.1
10 Disease of the Blood 6 6.1
11 Injected Skin 6 6.1
12 Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders 4 4.0
13 Cerebrovascular Disease 4 4.0
14 Disease of the Gall Bladder 3 3.0
15 Convulsions 3 3.0
Data Source ‐ Indian Health Service, NPIRS (Patient Registration System)
ICD ‐ International Classification of Diseases (WHO)
Note: ICD Recode combines similar primary diagnoses into categories.
Acute Illness
Unintentional Injury: Between 1999 and 2003, unintentional injury was the second leading cause of
death in the Maniilaq Area. Injury rates correlate closely with alcohol use and social strain. Alcohol has
been estimated to be involved in up to 38% of all injury hospitalizations in Alaska Natives (ANTHC,
January 2008). There has, however, been some reduction in unintentional injury mortality rates, largely
due to injury prevention programs and the efficacy of local alcohol prohibition ordinances (Lanier et al.,
2002).
Climate change has been associated with increases in extreme weather that can increase risk for
hypothermia, frostbite, heatstroke or heat exhaustion. Delayed freeze‐up, early thaw, or unusual midseason
weather can increase hazards and result in vehicular accidents and falls through ice. Between
1999 and 2006, favorable climate conditions for stinging insects resulted in an increase (+626%) in
health facility visits in Northern Alaska (Demain et al., 2008). Storms, floods, erosion, wildfires, and
landslides are other examples of climate‐related effects that can increase the risk of injury.
Infectious Disease: Infectious disease continues to be a major health concern in the Maniilaq Area,
including respiratory and skin infections (ANTHC, 2008). In 2005, pneumonia was the leading cause of
hospitalization, accounting for over 55% of hospital discharges (Figure 5). A recent study found that
Alaska Natives in homes without running water experience far higher rates of pneumonia and other
serious lower respiratory tract infections than do Alaska Natives in homes with complete water service
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(Hennessy et al., 2008). Approximately 18% of households in the Maniilaq Area do not have access to
piped water service. Infants in villages with the lowest percentage of homes with running water are
hospitalized for pneumonia 11 times more often than infants in the overall U.S. population.
Warming temperatures may lead to an increase in food‐borne and gastrointestinal diseases (Parkinson,
2008). Climate change may indirectly increase the risk of infectious disease when extreme weather
events damage or disrupts sanitation services. Infectious diseases are also spreading to the Arctic from
warmer areas; examples include giardia, a parasite in beavers that contaminates water, and brucella,
the bacteria that causes brucellosis, a disease like tuberculosis that is carried by both sea and land
mammals. Climate change could also decrease some disease, as the number of respiratory infections in
a population is primarily determined by length of the winter disease (flu) season.
Chronic Illness
Chronic Illnesses, such as cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease (e.g. stroke), metabolic disease
(e.g. diabetes), and pulmonary (lung) disease, are on the rise among Alaska Natives, including the
Maniilaq Area. Practicing a healthy lifestyle is an important preventive behavior for all of these diseases.
In the Inupiat culture, social structure, economy, and individual health are grounded in the subsistence
lifestyle, which includes a diet based on the consumption of traditional foods.
The traditional subsistence diet is rich in essential nutrients and provides a wide range of welldocumented
protective health benefits against chronic illness, as well as contributing to cultural
integrity, mental health, physical activity, and overall wellness. An emerging health risk for Alaska
Natives is the potential negative effects of climate change on the availability and quality of traditional
subsistence foods.
Cancer: In the early part of the 20 th century, cancer was not a major cause of death among Alaska
Natives. But cancer rates have been gradually rising, due largely to longer life span, changing diet, and
growing behavioral risk factors such as tobacco use. During the 1990s, as the overall U.S. cancer death
rate declined, the rates of cancer among Alaska Natives increased (ANTHC, 2004).
Between 2004 and 2007, cancer was the second leading cause of death among Alaska Natives (ANTHC,
2009). Nine types of cancer are more frequent among Alaska Natives than in the U.S. white population:
nasopharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon/rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, lung, and kidney.
Between 1989 and 2004, cancer was the leading cause of mortality (age adjusted) in the Maniilaq Area.
The most frequent occurring cancer among men was colon, for women breast cancer, and colon cancer
for both sexes combined (ANTHC, 2008).
Climate‐related influences on cancer risk include impacts to subsistence lifestyle and the potential to
increase exposure to environmental contaminants that are from local sources (such as dump sites) or
from global sources and transported to the Arctic by ocean, air currents, and migratory species. Thawing
of ice, snow, and permafrost mobilizes pollutants (both natural and man‐made) including carcinogens
like PCBs and DDT, and metals like mercury (Berner & Furgal, 2005).
Cardiovascular Disease: Cardiovascular disease includes diseases of the heart and circulation system.
Along with various forms of heart disease and stroke, it is the leading cause of death in the United States
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and a major cause of disability. Along with associated risk factors such as obesity, glucose intolerance,
diabetes, and hypertension, the rate of cardiovascular disease is increasing among Alaska Natives.
Multiple studies associate cardiovascular disease among Alaska Natives with increased intake of
nontraditional foods (Murphy et al., 1995; Nobmann et al., 2005; Stang et al., 2005). Alaska Natives have
also been increasingly exposed to social and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, and
transition to lifestyles that are less physically active (Eberhart‐Phillips et al., 2003). People that continue
to live a traditional subsistence lifestyle are generally at lower risk for cardiovascular disease.
Mental Health: The World Health Organization defines mental health as "a state of well‐being in which
the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community” (WHO, 2005).
Alaska Natives experience high rates of mental health problems including anxiety, depression, assault,
suicide, drug and alcohol abuse, and domestic violence.
Causal factors may include rapid cultural change (Curtis et al., 2005) and the sense of profound loss of
past social, cultural, and environmental conditions (Albrecht et al. 2006). Another factor is distress from
threats to one’s community, environment, or way of life. Until the threat is removed, people respond
emotionally, based upon their coping abilities (Luginaah et al., 2002).
Climate change can generate stress and fear related to the safety and security of family, home, and
community. Changes in wildlife, habitat, landscape, weather, traditional practices, and cultural sites
among others areas, may compound existing concerns. Climate change may also increase competition
for limited resources, affecting interpersonal and intergroup behavior (American Psychological
Association, 2009).
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
This section provides a summary of the findings based on the seven categories deemed relevant to the
Maniilaq Area. For each category a summary is provided of the observations reported by Point Hope
residents, as well as data acquired from local sources, published studies, government records, or
experts.
At the top of each section, a short list is provided summarizing Observed Changes, Health Concerns, and
Potential Adaptation, measures. Where possible, “Projected Future Change” has been provided based
on observed or measured trends, projections, or climate models.
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Temperature and Precipitation
Observed change: increasing variability and extremes; delayed freeze‐up and early thaw.
Health concerns: injury from extreme weather, increased cost for basic services.
Projected future change: warmer and more precipitation, winter temperatures above 0°F.
Potential adaptation: improve local weather observations, injury prevention.
In Point Hope, significant changes in temperature, precipitation, wind, and other indicators of climate
change have been observed by local residents. This includes an increase in frequency of extreme
weather and changes in seasonality, with spring thaw occurring earlier and the fall freeze‐up occurring
later. Residents report summers that are very hot and dry, and winters that are more variable, with
sudden and dramatic temperature swings between very cold and very warm. The exception was the
winter of 2008/2009 which brought extreme high temperatures, then low temperatures, and then
record snow fall and snow accumulation.
Over the past 50 years, Alaska has warmed at more than twice the rate of the rest of the country. The
annual average temperature in Alaska has increased 3.4°F, with winters warming by 6.3°F (Fitzpatrick et
al., 2008). Average annual temperatures are projected to rise another 3.5°F to 7°F by the middle of this
century (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2009). The Point Hope climate is arctic. Historically,
summers have been short and cool, with temperatures ranging from 30°F to 50°F. During the winter,
temperatures averaged below zero, sometimes as cold as ‐50°F, but generally between 0 and ‐10°F.
Precipitation is light, 10 to 12 inches annually, with about 36 inches of snowfall that becomes hardpacked
by November. Strong northern surface winds bring storms of blowing snow. The Chukchi Sea has
typically been ice‐free from late June until mid‐September, when the slush ice would form along the
shoreline.
Weather data is collected from the FAA Station at the Point Hope airstrip and includes: wind speed,
wind direction, dew point, precipitation, snow fall, snow on the ground, peak winds, extreme snow
loads, and temperature (Figures 5, 6, 13, 14; Appendix A1, A2). Archive data is available from 1924 to
1954, but is incomplete with no data during the 1960s, 70s, or 80s. Weather data for Point Hope from
1991 until 2008 is available from the Kotzebue Field Office of the National Weather Service (NWS). A
comparison of mean monthly temperature for this period shows that Point Hope is an average of five to
ten degrees colder then Kotzebue during summer months, but has approximately the same average
winter temperatures. Additionally, Kotzebue and Point Hope have increased temperature at roughly the
same rate since 1944.
Archive weather data (temperature and precipitation) for Kotzebue spans from the 1930s until the
present. The Kotzebue temperature data shows a gradual increase in average annual temperature and
total annual precipitation between the 1940s and the present. Figures 6 provides trend data on mean
annual temperature from the 1930s until 2010 (projected). Figure 7 provides trend data on mean annual
precipitation from the late 1940s until 2005.
Between 1949 and 2006 the Northwest Arctic had an increase in average annual temperature of 3.2 o F
(Shulski, 2007). During this period, winter temperatures changed most dramatically and fall
temperatures the least. For December through January, temperatures increased by 6.8 o F, spring (March
to May) increased by 2.1 o F, summer (June to August) by 2.4 o F, and fall (Sept to Nov) by 1.4 o F.
14

Figure 6
Source: Alaska Climate Research Center
Figure 7
Source: Alaska Climate Research Center
15

Observations from Point Hope residents reflect local concerns over the relationship between weather
and health. One elder stated that weather variability was increasing frequency of infectious diseases like
colds and influenza, and severity of chronic conditions such as arthritis (Towksjhea,, J. 2009). School
officials noted that the wind and extreme cold during the winter was unsafe for young children traveling
to and from school (McCarthy, T. 2009).
There was no data of a change in rates of weather‐related health issues, such as vehicle accidents,
hypothermia or frostbite (Davenport, A. 2009; Sharp, S. 2009). However, as reported by the Fire Chief,
there were frequent travel alerts via VHF radio, 20 search and rescues were performed this year, and
winter travelers exercised caution and used borough supplied personal locator beacons (Hunnicutt, W.
2009a). When activated, the beacons send out a signal that is picked up by search and rescue services in
Barrow.
According to the Village Services Supervisor, extreme snowfall resulted in increased costs for labor, fuel,
maintenance, and repairs on heavy equipment. This created an added and unexpected burden on the
city’s general fund (Stone, K. 2009). Local governments typically do not have the financial resources to
provide expanded levels of service. If extreme weather results in funding shortfalls, it can affect health
by undermining other services, such as operation and maintenance of water and sewer infrastructure.
Climate projections provided by the Scenario Network for Alaska Planning (SNAP) at UAF indicate that
trends of increasing precipitation and temperature will continue in Point Hope. Figures 8 and 9 provide
projections based on the SNAP models. Current (1990‐2009) average temperatures in Point Hope are
below zero from January through March. In 50 years, it is projected that no month will have an average
temperature below 0 o F; rather average monthly temperature will range between roughly 5 o F to 30 o F.
Current summer average temperatures (1990‐2009) range from 35 o F to 45 o F. In 50 years, summer
temperatures are projected to range from roughly 43 o F to 54 o F. Despite higher annual precipitation, a
generally drier summer environment is expected with dramatic effects on hydrology, wildlife and Arctic
communities. Precipitation data is provided in Appendix A.
Recommendation: Point Hope residents rely upon traditional knowledge to make decisions about where
and when to harvest traditional foods. They also rely upon the weather data generated from the
automated Federal Aviation Administration Station at the Point Hope airstrip, and observations from
Kotzebue, Barrow, Fairbanks, and other locations. Weather changes will continue to present challenges
to transportation, including subsistence activities, and air service to and from the community. The
capacity to measure, interpret, and forecast weather conditions is critical for individual safety and for
community health, but local automated data is limited, as is the archived weather data needed for
substantiating local climate change.
The National Weather Service is currently establishing regional Climate Reference Network (CRN)
Stations across Alaska that will greatly expand regional climate data. Point Hope is listed as one of the
possible site locations. Hosting such a site would improve access to local weather and climate data.
Additionally, the National Weather Service has local observer programs that can help to improve
forecasting. Collaboration on a local observer program could provide a method of combining scientific
measurements and traditional knowledge for improved forecasting and climate change measures.
16

Figure 8 Graph by ANTHC. Source: National Weather Service, Weather Underground
Figure 9
Source: Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning
17

Sea Level Change
Observed change: rise in sea level is resulting in increased erosion and increased risk of flooding.
Health concerns: injury from extreme weather, anxiety over flood risk, damage to infrastructure.
Projected future change: within 80‐90 years, a minimum sea level rise of .6 feet to 1.9 feet.
Potential adaptation: flood study with climate predictions, flood protection to infrastructure.
Point Hope is at risk for flooding from storm surge (a coastal flood that occurs when the sea is driven
inland) and from ice and gravel jams. Sea level rise will increase both the risk and the level of investment
needed to protect the community. The elevation of Point Hope is only about ten feet above mean high
water. The highest point in town is the school, which serves as the emergency shelter. The airport located
near Old Town is especially susceptible to flooding, and the primary evacuation site is Beacon Hill
(elevation 46 feet), located at the end of 7 Mile Road. In 2005, 2006 and 2008, strong winds created ice
and gravel dams in the drainage of the Kukpuk River. In 2006, trapped water from Marryat Inlet flooded a
section of 7 Mile Road and a channel was constructed to prevent flooding of the town. Subsequent erosion
required a $433,000.00 restoration project to rebuild the road (USACE, 2009).
When considering flood adaption, at‐risk communities have three options: 1) create protective barriers, 2)
evacuate and rebuild, or 3) relocate. The City of Point Hope and the North Slope Borough have been
actively addressing flood risk for decades, and have employed all three of these options. For protective
barriers, a 10‐foot gravel berm was constructed extending 8 to 10 miles along Nubugalak Point; the berm is
repaired using heavy equipment each summer. Rebuilding due to flood damage is ongoing, there is
currently a $2 million dollar improvement project underway on 7 Mile Road to raise the elevation, improve
drainage, and reduce flood risk. The town was relocated two miles to the east in the early 1970s.
The United Nations estimates that the minimum global sea level rise will be between .6 to 1.9 feet within
80 to 90 years (IPCC, 2007). The USGS Climate Change Science Program (Clark, P. et. al, 2008) found that
the UN predictions were overly conservative. Globally, the greatest amount of sea level rise is projected to
occur in the Arctic (Walsh, J, 2005a). The State of Alaska does not have an established sea level prediction.
California is using a 4.6‐foot prediction for 100‐year planning purposes (Heberger et al., 2009). No
published sea level change estimates were found for Point Hope. Yale University is developing 100‐year sea
level maps to predict impacts for some coastal Northwest Arctic communities (Leiserowitz, T., 2009).
A sea level rise projection map (one to three feet) was developed using Arc Map 9.3 GIS (Figure 10). A land
satellite image was overlaid with USGS Digital Elevation Models (60 meter resolution); highlighting various
potential ranges above mean sea level. At the 3.28‐foot level (1 meter) Point Hope is cut off from the
mainland; the airport, town site, egress road, and drinking water supply are all prone to damage from
flooding. A storm surge map was also prepared for Point Hope. Point Hope is at “moderate” storm surge
risk, meaning that flooding, six feet above the normal high tide surf level, is expected every three to five
years (AK Emergency Management, 2007). The map (Figure 11), is based on a 4.2 meter surge, the 50‐year
estimate developed for Kivalina, (USACE, 2006).
Recommendation: Flood and storm surge projections should be developed for Point Hope using actual
erosion rates and employing finer resolution sea level and elevation data. Prevention of injury and damage
to infrastructure from storm surge depends upon forecasting and adequate time for preparation and
evacuation. Improved meteorological measurements may improve forecasting. Continued erosion and
flood prevention, and improved evacuation routes are important to help prevent injury and damage to
infrastructure.
18

Figure 10 (AOOS, 2009)
Figure 11 (AOOS, 2009)
19

Erosion
Observed change: delayed shore ice, thawing permafrost, and storm activity resulting in rapid erosion.
Health concerns: damage to critical infrastructure including airport, roads, and cold cellars; injury.
Projected future change: increased rate of shore and river bank erosion, growing river navigation hazards.
Potential adaptation: shore and river monitoring, erosion mitigation measures, injury prevention.
Point Hope has, for some 2,500 years, provided a prime location for harvesting sea mammals and other
subsistence resources. However, it is also an area that is extremely exposed to the coastal elements
including ocean waves, coastal currents, and strong winds that sweep the Point Hope peninsula. The spit is
continuously changing; building in some areas, eroding in others. Thawing permafrost and storm activity
during ice‐free seasons is causing increased rates of erosion along the banks of the Kukpuk and other rivers
and to beaches and beach ridges.
There is limited information on the rate of erosion and no riverine erosion surveys have yet been performed.
In 1972, the erosion rate on the north side of the spit was estimated at eight feet per year (USACE, 1972). It
is likely that this rate has increased, and certain that episodic events, such as fall storms, can cause
significantly greater rates of erosion. Storm‐related events have eroded up to 50 feet of shoreline in Kivalina,
71 miles to the south. Point Hope has been classified as a “monitor conditions community”, meaning that
significant erosion impacts are occurring, but are not likely to affect the viability of the community (USACE,
2009). Although no structures or facilities at the new town site are considered to be at‐risk, other sites
including the airstrip, Old Town, grave sites, and community food storage cellars are threatened by erosion.
Additionally, navigability of Marryat Inlet, the Kukpuk River, and other important waterways are changing
due to a combination of erosion, sedimentation, and reduced water levels. This diminishes access to
subsistence areas, increases the risk of damage to equipment such as boats and outboard motors, and may
increase the risk of accidental injury.
In 1997, the North Slope Borough spent about two million dollars constructing a 275‐foot rock revetment
east of the runway. This is helping to slow erosion in the coastal area. On the north beach, 10% of the old
town site has been lost to erosion and only 50 to 60 traditional sod homes remain.
Also at risk from flooding is a mass grave at the old town site from the early 1900s. The reason for the burial
is uncertain, but there were several devastating epidemics in Point Hope between the 1860s and through
the early 1900s. These include outbreaks of tuberculosis, small pox, measles and influenza. Point Hope
residents were particularly vulnerable because of the transient population of European whalers that worked
from shore stations in the community. The mass grave may date back to the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918–
1919. Influenza virus and other infectious agents have potential to be viable even after being frozen for
many years. Whether any of the human remains in Point Hope could still be infectious is unknown.
Recommendation: A comprehensive erosion assessment that identifies vulnerable infrastructure and habitat
is recommended. Although coastal erosion mechanisms are well documented, new erosion problems, like
those along area rivers, are emerging and threatening water quality, river navigation, and critical habitat.
Erosion prevention measures can help protect coastal and river areas as well as critical infrastructure. Point
Hope may wish to explore opportunities with the National Weather Service to expand coastal monitoring. In
the event that burial sites are exposed from erosion, infection prevention measures should be considered
prior to handling any human remains. Additionally, erosion is causing the loss of coastal cold storage cellars,
as they are being gradually washed into the sea; of the 50 previously used, only about 20 still remain
(USACE, 2009). The loss of these cellars raises concerns about storage of whale meat and overall community
food security.
20

Permafrost
Observed change: warming soil temperature is thawing traditional food cellars.
Health concern: reduced subsistence food supply and increased food borne illness.
Projected future change: 20‐50+% increase in active (seasonal) thaw layer.
Potential adaptation: baseline permafrost mapping, monitoring, and alternative cold storage methods.
Permafrost temperatures have been rising throughout Alaska since the late 1970s (Lettenmaier et al.
2008). The largest increases have occurred in the north, and it is projected that the top 30 feet of
discontinuous permafrost will thaw in Alaska during this century (Parson, 2001). The Northwest Arctic is
located in a transition zone between continuous and discontinuous permafrost that spans east‐west
across this region roughly in line with the Kobuk River.
Thawing of ice‐rich permafrost results in land settlement (subsidence) with significant effects on
ecosystems and infrastructure (USARC, 2003). Hundreds of sink holes (thermokarsts) have been
observed in the Maniilaq Area and extensive erosion has been observed in coastal and river systems.
Within 50 years, decreases of between 20% to 50% or more are expected in the active (seasonally
freezing) permafrost layer. In the near term, thermokarsts conditions, including the rapid thaw of ice
wedges along river banks and coastal areas, are expected to continue, resulting in erosion and changes
to hydrology, vegetation, and wildlife (Martin et al., 2008).
The city of Point Hope is located on a gravel spit, and a gravel pad foundation for the town site provides
insulation to help preserve the underlying permafrost. There were no observed signs of permafrost
thawing in the new town site: utility poles and fences are straight, and buildings appeared level. Point
Hope airstrip is permafrost vulnerable as are the roads (USARC, 2003). Residents are reporting impacts
at subsistence camps where foundations are settling (Towksjhea, J., 2009). Soil temperatures are
determined using sensors inserted into the ground with battery‐powered data loggers. Sensors are
located in Point Hope and are being monitored by local students in collaboration with the Geophysical
Institute at UAF (Yoshikawa, K., 2009).
Permafrost thawing is undermining food safety and security in Point Hope. Harvested whale is taken to
underground ice cellars siġŀuaqs that have been passed down in whaling families for generations. Not
only are siġŀuaqs being lost to coastal erosion, but they are also being compromised due to permafrost
thaw. The cellars, made of whalebone and covered with tundra sod, have remained frozen year‐round
until the last few years. The cellars are now typically thawed in the summer, sometimes filling with
water, and resulting in meat and blubber that is unsafe. Thawing meat also attracts scavengers such as
hungry polar bears, presenting new safety hazards. As a result, residents may be at‐risk for an increase
in foodborne illness, as well as potential risk of injury or death. There is additionally an economic and
nutritional loss as meat that would otherwise be consumed is discarded.
Recommendation: There are several possible approaches for improving food storage in Point Hope: 1)
improve the environment (ventilation, drainage, temperature) at the current location, 2) establish new
siġŀuaqs at a location with a better subsurface environment, and 3) develop an alternative method for
food storage, such as community cold storage facilities. The status of these food storage cellars is
described in greater detail in the ANTHC Climate and Health Bulletin, Climate Change and Effects on
Traditional Inupiaq Food Cellars (Brubaker et al., 2009a). Improved data on soil temperature and
permafrost conditions could help identify better locations for installation of new food storage cellars
and identify other vulnerable infrastructure.
21

Snow and Ice
Observed change: delayed ice development and early thaw; thin ice, increased snow accumulation.
Health concerns: injury, drowning, diminished diet, physical activity, and mental health.
Projected future change: open sea routes, decline in ice‐dependent subsistence species.
Potential adaptation: assess changing ice effects; increase Arctic climate adaptation dialogue.
Changing snow and ice conditions are affecting transportation and subsistence activities, accelerating
erosion, and threatening infrastructure in Point Hope. Potential health effects include injury or death
from trauma, exposure, or drowning (e.g. falls through ice); damage to health infrastructure (e.g.
increased snow loads and erosion damage to source water line); and mental and physical health
problems related to disruption of subsistence lifestyles. Positive effects may include a longer season for
open water subsistence harvesting and for drinking water collection and treatment.
In Point Hope, ice has been forming later in the fall and breaking up earlier in the spring. From the
1970s until 2006, the number of ice‐free days along the Chukchi Coast has increased by an average of 50
to 95 days (Rodrigues, 2008 unpublished). This results in a shorter season for over‐ice transportation
and ice‐based hunting and increased vulnerability to coastal erosion. Shore ice works as a coastal buffer,
dissipating storm energy and protecting the shoreline from the force of wind and waves. If shore ice
formation is delayed or diminished, storm‐related erosion can be expected to increase (Jones et al.,
2009). Sea ice extent is monitored throughout the Arctic using satellite imagery. The decrease in
summer sea ice has become more pronounced, especially in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas (Comiso,
2002; Shimada et al. 2006). Continued sea ice retreat is projected, and in 50 years the Northwest
Passage and Northern Sea Route may be ice‐free in summer (Walsh, J, 2005b).
Receding and thinning sea ice is one of the most important indicators of change for the lives of Arctic
indigenous people. During the past two decades, thick multi‐year ice has been replaced by thinner firstyear
ice over large areas of the Western Arctic; Ice depth has decreased between 0.5 to 1 meter
(Shirasawai et al., 2009). Snow cover influences the amount of ice that can be grown within a season,
with more snow cover resulting in less ice. Future increases in precipitation and higher temperatures will
therefore likely have additional influence on future sea ice conditions. Sea ice also influences plankton
blooms, and is expected to facilitate major shifts of marine species.
Whaling captains are concerned about ice changes and safety when working on the ice, as well as the
implications for hunting success. Sea ice is used as a platform for hunting whale, seal, and walrus.
Hunters recall typical ice thickness of 12 feet, as opposed to the approximate four feet typical today. On
May 8, 2008, three Point Hope whaling crews were cast adrift when a huge slab of shore‐fast ice broke
free (Arctic Sounder, 2008). The hunters were able to return to land by boat, but their equipment had to
be recovered by a rescue helicopter from Barrow. In addition to the safety concerns, ice depth has been
related to decreased availability of walrus and delays in whale harvest. Point Hope hunters reported
difficulty in finding ice thick enough for hauling‐out a whale. The single bowhead harvested in Point
Hope this spring had to be butchered in the water, a less efficient process.
Recommendations: The emergency beacon program implemented by the North Slope Borough is a
model for injury prevention, providing rescuers with immediate information about the location of
individuals in peril. Increased cell phone access will also provide safety benefits. More research is
needed on the implications of changing snow, ice, and weather conditions on infrastructure and health.
Point Hope would benefit from participation in an expanded Arctic dialogue on sea ice changes and
adaptation.
22

Figure 12
Source: Alaska Climate Research Center
Data taken from Weather Underground (wunderground.com)
•Records only go back to December 1990, with only a few days missing in the records
•No data on wind direction except in the daily archives (which means to compile this data you need to copy each day individually)
Figure 13
Source: Weather Underground Research
23

Water and Sanitation
Observed change: reduced drinking water source quality and quantity.
Health concerns: water shortages, water availability, water quality, increased cost for treatment.
Projected future change: fewer lakes, sea rise increases vulnerability to salt water intrusion.
Potential adaptation: source water monitoring and assessment, emergency water shortage plan.
Despite projections of increased precipitation, significantly more water will be leaving the Arctic
landscape in the future and most of Alaska is expected to become 10‐30% drier by the end of the
century (O’Brien & Oya, 2009). In Point Hope, summer warming combined with decreased precipitation
has caused tundra ponds to dry up, impacting water availability and quality. During the summers of
2007 and 2008, water operators measured reduced quality in the raw water from the source lake. There
was no evidence of change in the quality of water provided to residents, nor was there evidence of
waterborne illness (Davenport, A., 2009). There was, however, a significant increase in operator labor.
Point Hope acquires water from 7 Mile Lake, a small tundra lake that is recharged each year from snow
melt and precipitation. There is a limited time frame when the lake is ice‐free, and when water can be
pumped, treated, and transferred to above ground tanks for use throughout the year. From late June
until early September, water is piped from the lake to the water treatment plant where it is filtered prior
to chlorination. During this period, operators work around the clock to produce enough water (about
eight million gallons) to last the whole year. As reported by Point Hope water operators, low
precipitation and high temperatures during the summer of 2007 and 2008 contributed to source water
quality problems. The water level in 7 Mile Lake was lower than normal and other tundra ponds located
in the vicinity dried up completely. Raw water temperatures at the Point Hope treatment plant were
between 50°F and 60°F, 10°F warmer then normal (Frankson, A., 2009).
In their log books, operators reported increases in the amount of biologic slime collecting in the water
treatment bag filters (Figure 14). Consequently, the number of filter changes increased dramatically, to
the point where it was interrupting operations. Typically operators clean the bag filters about four times
per day. In 2008, the number of changes at times rose to almost 50 times per day. On July 27, 2008, at
the peak of the source water quality problem, Point Hope operators were spending approximately eight
hours, or one‐third of each 24‐hour shift performing filter maintenance. The slime is suspected to be
organic growth including insect larvae and algae. Scientists from UAA’s Environmental and Natural
Resources Institute are coordinating with water operators in Point Hope to test water samples.
Temperature is a limiting factor for algae growth and warm temperatures may have caused conditions
to pass a tipping point, changing lake biology and encouraging rapid algae growth. Wind events stir lake
water and can transport solids to the water system intake. July 2008 weather data (wind velocity and air
temperatures) and filter change records provided supporting evidence of these influences, as illustrated
in Figure 15 below.
Recommendation: Point Hope is susceptible to hydrologic changes including water shortages influenced
by alterations to annual precipitation and temperature. Thawing of permafrost may also contribute to
increased organics into the lake water with a resultant change in water chemistry. Under a projected
warming future, adaptation strategies will be needed to ensure efficient operation of the water system.
Continued log recording and regular monitoring of the source water physical, chemical, and biological
conditions is recommended. Additionally, a source water assessment would evaluate lake water
conditions and quality. Sampling and analysis of the filter contents and lake water conditions would be
part of this assessment (Brubaker et al., 2009b).
24

Fig. 14
Source: Point Hope Water Plant
Figure 15
Source: Point Hope Water Plant/ Weather Underground
25

Food Safety and Security
Observed change: warming is affecting harvest of fish and sea mammals; traditional cellars are thawing.
Health concerns: changes in food quality and harvest may contribute to hunger, malnutrition, and disease.
Projected future change: fewer ice dependent species, more invasive boreal species.
Potential adaptation: assess community diet, food storage and food distribution, adaptive subsistence.
Food safety refers to the practice of harvesting, preparing, and storing foods in ways that prevent foodborne
illness. Food security means having nutritious foods and not having to live in hunger. In Point Hope, climate
change is increasing exposure to unsafe foods and to food insecurity. The traditional subsistence lifestyle
and diet provides protection against cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke, obesity,
osteoporosis, and some cancers. Traditional foods provide a wide range of essential micronutrients including
iron and vitamins A, D, and E (Bersamin et al., 2007). The fruit and leaves of Arctic berries contain high levels
of antioxidants (Thiem, 2003) and may help reduce incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Northern fish
and sea mammals are also high in omega‐3 fatty acids, an important anti‐inflammatory substance (Murphy
et al., 1995).
The percentage of wildlife harvested for subsistence in rural Alaska is about 60% fish, 20% marine mammals,
14% land mammals, 2% shellfish, 2% birds, and 2% wild plants (ADFG, 2000). There are substantial regional
differences but harvest percentages have remained fairly consistent since the 1980s, although the amount
harvested has decreased. A 2004 statewide dietary study documented an Alaska Native trend toward
increased use of market foods (Ballew et al., 2004). Inupiat communities have the knowledge about a high
number of food species (Kuhnlein et al., 2004) and Point Hope residents utilize a wide range of traditional
foods in their diet including chum, pink and silver salmon, dolly Varden (trout), grayling, tom cod, beluga
whale, bowhead whale, bearded and spotted seal, walrus, polar bear, caribou, moose, and various ducks,
geese, other birds, berries and greens. Alaska Department of Fish and Game records indicate a daily wild
food harvest of 1.4 pounds per person or 514 pounds per person, per year in Point Hope. Climate change is
expected to dramatically alter the species that are available for harvest in the Arctic coastal plain and the
coastal marine environment (Martin et al., 2008).
As soil temperatures rise, the traditional cold storage cellars are less likely to prevent pathogens that cause
foodborne illness from getting into traditionally stored foods. The most common types of foodborne
illnesses in humans are caused by bacteria such as botulism, campylobacter, salmonella and e‐coli, and
viruses such as norovirus. Pregnant women, infants, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems
are at higher risk for severe infections. There were no reports of a change in the number of cases of foodrelated
illnesses in Point Hope. However, health aides and other residents expressed concern about
decreasing food quality, increasing spoilage, and the safety of stored whale meat and blubber. Health aides
in Point Hope described a rise in cases of malnutrition and anemia, particularly in elders, and speculated
that it may in part be related to availability of sea mammals (Davenport, A., 2009). Few walrus have been
harvested in Point Hope since 2006 and whale harvests have been affected by ice conditions. Also, new
species of salmon are being observed, contrasted by reduced harvest of other fish species like tom cod
(Frankson, T., 2009) .
Recommendation: A food survey would be beneficial to establish baseline conditions and food security
issues, including analysis of adaptation strategies that could improve community food storage and
distribution. Continued research is needed on food security and safety including causes of resource decline
and susceptibility to zoonotic (animal to human) diseases. Point Hope should work closely with researchers
and wildlife managers to improve capacity for observation and monitoring of the Arctic Coastal Plain
environment and its subsistence resources.
26

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
Point Hope is experiencing a broad range of climate change effects that are increasing vulnerability and
exposure to injury and disease, and damaging or disrupting critical infrastructure. Figure 16 summarizes
current and potential future health impacts in Point Hope, characterized in terms of likelihood of
occurrence and vulnerability. The table is intended to initiate discussion about adaptation planning and
response.
Figure 16, Point Hope Health Impacts Likelihood/Vulnerability Table
Likelihood of Occurrence
Uncertain
Beneficial
Improved diet from new
subsistence resources
(e.g. improved salmon
harvest).
See pg 26, Food Safety.
Improved mental health
due to decreased
environmental stressors
(e.g. warm, sunny days).
See pg. 13, Mental
Health.
Community Vulnerability to Health Impacts
Detrimental
Less Vulnerable
Injury or illness from extreme events
(e.g. flood, storm‐surge).See pg. 11, Injury.
Illness from consuming food stored in thawing
ice cellar. See pg. 26, Food Safety.
Increased exposure to heat /cold event injury
(e.g. hypothermia or heat exhaustion)
See pg. 11, Injury.
Increased incidence of allergic reaction (e.g.
plants, insects). See pg. 11, Injury.
Increased or new infectious disease
(e.g.. giardia). See pg. 12, Infectious Disease.
Diminished health services from stressed public
resources or damaged infrastructure
(e.g.. operation of water system).
See pg. 24, Water and Sanitation.
Detrimental
More Vulnerable
Increased acute or chronic
disease (e.g. infections from
contaminant exposure).
See pg. 12 Climate & Cancer.
Increased acute or chronic
disease from a less healthy diet.
(e.g. substituting hot dogs for
whale).
See pg. 26, Food Safety.
Likely
Certain
Shortened infectious
disease season (e.g.
cold/flu). See pg. 12.
Improved aspects of
health service.
(e.g. extended season for
water treatment).
Increased respiratory infection
(e.g.. water service interruption).
See pg. 12. Infectious Disease.
Injury from changes in physical environment
(e.g. cold water exposure, falls through ice).
See pg. 11, Injury.
Impaired functioning of health infrastructure
(e.g. decreased water availability/quality).
See pg. 24, Water and Sanitation.
Impaired mental health from
environmental stressors
(e.g. stress related to flood risk
or changes in food availability).
See pg. 13, Mental Health.
Decreased food security
(e.g. inadequate food storage).
See pg. 26, Food Safety.
Certain / Likely / Uncertain – indicates presence of (certain) or likelihood of effects to occur in the future.
Beneficial ‐ indicates potential to benefit community health.
Detrimental – indicates potential to harm community health.
Less Vulnerable ‐ indicates that there is existing capacity to adapt and respond to the effect.
More Vulnerable – indicates that there may not be adequate capacity to adapt and respond to the effect.
27

Summary of Point Hope Observations and Findings
1. Between 1949 and 2006, average annual temperatures in Kotzebue increased by about 3.2 o F.
Annual temperatures are projected to continue rising in Kotzebue and in Point Hope, with the
greatest increase occurring during winter months. In 50 years, it is projected that no winter months
will have an average below 0 o F; but rather temperatures range from 5 o F to 30 o F.
2. Average annual precipitation has increased in Kotzebue, and is projected to increase in Point Hope.
Despite higher annual precipitation, a considerably drier summer environment is expected with
dramatic effects to the physical, natural and human environment, including changes in subsistence
diet, and decreased water availability for community use.
3. Point Hope is at risk from floods during seasonal storm events. Sea level rise and coastal erosion is
increasing this risk. Some climate models project that mean sea level will be above the level of the
community within 50 to 100 years. However, soil from coastal erosion and from the banks of the
Kukpuk and other rivers may change coastal dynamics and cause beach building in some areas.
Increased flood risk can increase risk of injury and vulnerability to disease if critical infrastructure is
damaged and services are disturbed.
4. No structures or facilities at the new town site are currently considered to be at risk from erosion.
However, outlying areas are at risk, including traditional food cellars, cultural sites, the air strip, and
7 Mile Road. Evacuation routes are vulnerable to erosion and flooding.
5. During the past two decades, sea ice has been forming later in the fall and departing earlier in the
spring. Thick multi‐year sea ice is being replaced by thinner first‐year ice. This results in a shorter
season for over‐ice transportation and ice‐based hunting, as well as disruption of sea mammal
harvest, and increased vulnerability to coastal erosion and ice‐related injury.
6. Thawing permafrost is undermining food security by increasing the temperature in traditional cold
cellars. Inadequate storage conditions are resulting in spoiled meat and blubber and are increasing
the risk for foodborne illnesses.
7. Health Aides describe a rise in cases of malnutrition and anemia, particularly in elders. This may be
related to decreases in subsistence harvest and food security. Few walrus have been harvested since
2006, and whale harvests have been affected by diminishing ice conditions.
8. Low precipitation and high temperatures during the summer of 2007 and 2008 contributed to
decreased water quality at 7 Mile Lake, the community water source. An increase in organic
material in the raw water fouled filters and interrupted water making operations.
9. Long‐term water availability for drinking and other uses is threatened by decreased precipitation,
increased evaporation and transpiration, melting permafrost, groundwater recharge, and the
potential for storm surge and salt water intrusion.
28

Recommendations for Climate Adaptation Planning
Local and regional government is challenged with preparing for climate‐related impacts, and the need to
develop comprehensive adaptation plans. The following are 10 basic principals that are recommended
for integrating climate change planning into local decision‐making. Other principals may be developed
by the community as local residents engage in the planning process.
1. Protection of human life and health is the top priority.
2. Traditional values should guide local and regional decision making.
3. Development should follow the principles of sustainability “meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (WCED, 1987).
4. Community Adaptation Plans should identify valued local resources, such as subsistence areas,
cultural sites, critical water sources, and develop plans to protect them.
5. Critical ecological systems, wetlands, and subsistence resource areas should be protected where
possible.
6. Considerations for climate impacts on erosion, flooding, subsistence, water availability, and
transportation should be incorporated into planning, and new infrastructure siting and design.
7. Cost‐benefit analyses should be applied to evaluate the social and environmental costs of building
and maintaining coastal protection structures.
8. Phased abandonment of at‐risk areas should be considered.
9. Coastal emergencies are inevitable and disaster response and recovery capacity, including
evacuation routes, emergency response plans, drills, and shelters, should be reviewed.
10. Building capacity to participate in monitoring, research, and advocacy is critical to facilitate
development of effective adaptation strategies.
Specific Recommendations for Adaptation to Climate Change in Point Hope
Adapting to a new climate and a changing environment will require significant investments of time,
energy, and financial resources if community, social, and economic health is to be sustained. New
outside sources of revenue will be needed, as well as the technical assistance of agencies and
institutions that have expertise in climate adaptation.
Fortunately, the resources that can provide assistance to Point Hope are growing, and should continue
to grow in the near future. Currently, the State of Alaska is completing a multi‐agency process to
develop a climate change strategy that will help to guide statewide climate policy. Alaska will also be
receiving a new federally funded Climate Change Response Center that will be administered by the U.S
Geologic Survey.
29

In the North Slope Region there is extensive climate research capacity including the Global Climate
Research Center located in Barrow. The University of Alaska is also a global center for Arctic
environment and climate research. These types of resources can assist Arctic communities as they
interpret the climate changes of today, and begin to chart a course for the future.
Point Hope will need to facilitate the adaptation process by increasing communication and cooperation
with resource agencies, and by developing local capacity for monitoring and managing climate impacts.
Specific actions could include:
1. Developing collaborations for an integrated village‐based monitoring program that includes
climate and environmental monitoring including observer programs for weather, erosion,
wildlife, subsistence, permafrost, and water resources. Though the tasks are varied, much could
be accomplished by a single local observer, and relevant programs are available through the
National Weather Service (e.g. weather and coastlines), National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration (e.g. marine stranding, harmful algal blooms), U.S. Geological
Survey (e.g. National Phenology Network), U.S. Fish and Wildlife (e.g. wildlife monitoring), and
through institutions such as University of Alaska Fairbanks (e.g. permafrost temperature
measurement). Many of these community‐based monitoring programs are already ongoing
throughout the Maniilaq Region.
2. Sharing data with other village and regional monitoring programs, as many of the emerging
threats, such as wildlife diseases, are shared throughout the region.
3. A new Point Hope flood study could be undertaken that includes projections for sea level rise,
coastal erosion, and flood prevention measures.
4. Surveying changes along river systems (bank erosion, water conditions, navigability, and critical
habitat) could also be systematically undertaken.
5. Continuing flood prevention, emergency preparedness and evacuation planning efforts with the
North Slope Borough should be ongoing. Point Hope is currently at risk from flooding, and the
risk is rising due to extreme weather, erosion, and sea level.
6. Community water shortage contingency plans should be revisited based on current flood
studies. Climate models project increased vulnerability due to changes in water balance and salt
water intrusion.
7. Working with the North Slope Borough to explore expanded practices for monitoring source
water conditions at 7 Mile Lake, including water level, temperature, pH, turbidity, and other
measures of source water quality and quantity. Scientists from the University of Alaska have
offered assistance in evaluating source water conditions, including biological analysis.
8. Exploring options for improving food storage and assessing community‐wide food security. The
Center for Climate and Health can provide assistance in exploring options for improving food
storage.
30

9. In the event of a wildlife die‐off, perform testing for contaminants and disease pathogens. The
Center for Climate and Health and the Center for Disease Control can provide assistance in
identifying resources for infectious disease surveillance.
10. Incorporating climate‐related questions into health evaluations, including mental health. The
Center for Climate and Health, Maniilaq Association, and the North Slope Borough Health
Department can explore options for improving surveillance of climate related health effects.
11. Increasing dialogue with other Arctic communities about strategies for climate adaptation.
Through statewide venues such as the Alaska Forum on the Environment, and international
forums such as the Inuit Circumpolar Conference and the Arctic Council’s Sustainable
Development Working Group, Point Hope could engage and share in the broader Arctic climate
adaptation efforts.
12. Advocating for a regional climate change advisory group or developing a local advisory group.
Planning for climate change will require a community‐wide approach, as different entities
develop capacity to address impacts within their own professional sphere. A climate change
advisory group could represent different stakeholders and provide guidance to interested
support organizations.
13. Establishing a community climate office to coordinate climate‐related activities and record local
observations. A climate change coordinator could help facilitate discussion, advocate for needed
resources, and increase observations and data collection. This person could also expand
dialogue with other parts of Alaska and other Arctic regions experiencing similar climate
impacts. The Environmental Protection Agency authorizes tribes that are funded by the Indian
General Assistance Program (IGAP) to work on climate change activities, including hiring of staff
that can focus on climate change adaptation.
14. Establish a time‐line to revisit and update local climate projections. Climate models for weather
(UAF’s Scenario Network for Alaska Planning), erosion (U.S. Army Corp of Engineers), sea level
rise (State of Alaska, North Slope Borough), and flooding (Federal Emergency Management
Agency) among others are updated regularly as new information becomes available and the
climate models improve. Each agency can provide guidance for timing of updating projection
data.
This report raises awareness about current, emerging, and potential, future climate change affects in
Point Hope. It is hoped that this will help citizens make informed planning decisions, within community
appropriate development strategies to achieve a safe, healthy, and sustainable future for the people of
Point Hope.
For more information, contact the Center for Climate and Health by e‐mail, akaclimate@anthc.org or by
phone (907) 729‐2464 or (907) 729‐4493.
31

APPENDICIES
Appendix A
Additional Precipitation Data
A1 Kotzebue – Mean Precipitation from 1971 to 2000 (Arctic Climate Research Center)
A2 Point Hope – Projected Precipitation (Scenario Network for Alaska Planning)
Appendix B
Point Hope Participants & Collaborators
Appendix C
Point Hope Climate and Health Web Resources
Appendix D
· Photo 1: Shore ice conditions May, 2009 (M. Brubaker, 2009).
· Photo 2: Snow accumulation May 1, 2009 (M. Brubaker, 2009).
· Photo 3: Snow management (M. Brubaker, 2009).
· Photo 4: Exterior, traditional cold storage siġŀuaqs (M. Brubaker, 2009).
· Photo 5: Example of bank erosion, Wulik River near Kivalina (M. Brubaker 2009)
· Photo 6: Water Operator, Andrew Frankson and filter bank (M. Brubaker, 2009)
32

APPENDIX A
Inches
Fig. A1
Source: Alaska Climate Research Center
Fig. A2
Source: Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning
33

APPENDIX B
Community Contributors – Point Hope, Alaska
Name Title/Status Organization Interview Date
Canyon, Caroline Representative Maniilaq Board of Directors 04‐07‐09
Davenport, Amy Session II Health Aide Point Hope Health Clinic 04‐30‐09
Dirks, Michael Assistant Operator Point Hope Water Plant 04‐30‐09
Dowdy, Liz Assistant Principal Tikigaq School 04‐30‐09
Frankson, Andrew Chief Operator Point Hope Water Plant 04‐30‐09
Frankson, Teddy Wildlife and Parks Director Native Village of Point Hope 08‐13‐09
Hunnicutt, Eldon Assistant Operator Point Hope Water Plant 04‐30‐09
Hunnicutt, Willard Fire Chief Point Hope Fire Dept 04‐30‐09
Koenig, Midas Assistant Fire Chief Point Hope Fire Dept. 04‐30‐09
Koonook, Angie Whaling Captain’s Wife Point Hope 05‐03‐09
Koonook Sr., Luke Whaling Captain Retired Point Hope 05‐02‐09
Koonuk Sr., Ray Program Administrator Native Village Point Hope 04‐29‐09
McCarthy, Toren Counselor Tikigaq School 05‐04‐09
Mitchell, Florence Session IV Health Aide Maniilaq Association 04‐30‐09
Oomittuk, Steve Mayor City of Point Hope 04‐30‐09
Oktolik, Iris Environmental Coordinator Native Village Point Hope 04‐29‐09
Oviok, Reggie Assistant Operator Point Hope Water Plant 04‐30‐09
Schmidt, Kurt Science Teacher Tikigaq School 05‐03‐09
Sharp, Scott Police Officer Point Hope Police Dept 05‐04‐09
Stone, Kimberly Village Services Supervisor North Slope Borough 05‐04‐09
Towksjhea, Joe Whaling Captain Retired 05‐01‐09
Tuzroyluke, Lily Executive Director Native Village Point Hope 04‐29‐09
Victor, Lloyd Artist Point Hope 05‐04‐09
34

APPENDIX C
Point Hope Climate and Health Resources
Topic Resource Location
Point Hope Profile State of Alaska Community Database http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/co
mmdb/CF_BLOCK.htm
Point Hope Climate Data Archive 1991‐present (temp/precipitation) http://paot.arh.noaa.gov/
Point Hope Climate Data Archive 1924‐1954 (temp/precipitation) www.wunderground.com
Point Hope Erosion Data USACE Community Erosion Report, 2009 www.poa.usace.army.mil/AKE/Home.html
Point Hope Permafrost UAF Permafrost Laboratory www.gi.alaska.edu/snowice/Permafrostlab/
Point Hope Flood Data USACE Flood Hazard Database http://www.poa.usace.army.mil/en/cw/fld
_haz/point_hope.htm
Point Hope Temperature Alaska Center for Climate Assessment & www.uaf.edu/accap/
Precipitation Projections Policy
Point Hope Climate and
Health Impacts Reports
ANTHC, Center for Climate and Health‐ www.anthc.org/chs/ces/climate/links.cfm
Point Hope Capital
Improvements
Regional Climate Data
Regional Climate Data
Roads, erosion prevention, flood
prevention, etc.
North Slope Borough Public Works Dept.
Temperature and Precipitation Data,
Kotzebue 1930s‐present
Center for Global Change and Arctic
System Research (UAF)
http://www.co.northslope.ak.us/departments/publicworks/cip
m.php
climate.gi.alaska.edu/
www.cgc.uaf.edu/
Regional Climate Data Global Climate Research Center (Barrow) www.arcticscience.org/
Regional Climate Data Google Earth climate impact layers earth.google.com/intl/en/index.html
Regional Weather Data Extreme Weather Watches, Warnings www.arh.noaa.gov/
Advisories, National Weather Service
Regional River Flood Data Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service
National Weather Service
http://aprfc.arh.noaa.gov/ahps2/index.ph
p?wfo=pafg3
Regional Health Data Maniilaq Association, Kotzebue www.maniilaq.org/
Regional Health Profile Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
EpiCenter
www.anthc.org/chs/epicenter/upload/Reg
ional_Health_Profile_Maniilaq_0408.pdf
Federal Climate Response Alaska Climate Change Response Center http://alaska.usgs.gov/
State Climate Response State of Alaska Climate Strategy www.climatechange.alaska.gov/
Community Based
Monitoring ‐ Weather
Community Based
Monitoring ‐ Diet
Community Based
Monitoring – Seasonality
Community Based
Monitoring – Wildlife
National Weather Service
Weather/Coastline Observer Program
Nutritional and Food Security Baseline
Survey
U.S. Geological Survey‐National Phenology
Network
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration – Marine Stranding
www.nws.noaa.gov/om/coop/index.htm
www.anthc.org/chs/epicenter/upload/
traditional_diet.pdf
www.usanpn.org/
www.fakr.noaa.gov/protectedresources/st
randings.htm
35

APPENDIX D Photographs
Photo 1: Shore ice conditions, May, 2009 (M. Brubaker, 2009)
Photo 2: Snow accumulation May 1, 2009. (M. Brubaker, 2009)
36

Photo 3: Extreme snow management (M. Brubaker, 2009)
Photo 4: Exterior of thawing traditional cold storage “siġŀuaqs” (M. Brubaker, 2009)
37

Photo 5: Example of river bank erosion, Wulik River near Kivalina (M. Brubaker 2009)
Photo 6: Water Operator Andrew Frankson and filter bank (M. Brubaker, 2009)
38

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We gratefully acknowledge the assistance provide by these organizations:
The City of Point Hope, the Native Village of Point Hope, the Tikigaq Corporation, the Maniilaq Association,
the Northwest Arctic Borough, the North Slope Borough, the Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and
Policy, the Alaska Climate Research Center, the Scenario Network for Alaska Planning, the University of
Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, the University of Alaska Anchorage Environment and Natural
Resources Institute, the National Weather Service, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration, the United States Geologic Survey, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Centers for
Disease Control Arctic Investigations Program, the Alaska Ocean Observing System, Yale University School of
Forestry, the Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, the State of Alaska Department of Community Commerce and
Economic Development, the State of Alaska Department of Fish and Game, the Cold Climate Housing
Research Center, and the State of Alaska Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management.
For more information please contact:
Center for Climate and Health
Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
(907) 729‐2464
Find this report and other information about climate and health at our website:
http://www.anthc.org/chs/ces/climate/index.cfm
Cite as: Brubaker, M., Berner, J., Bell, J., Warren, J., Rolin, A., Climate Change and Health Impacts, Point
Hope, Alaska. ANTHC,2009. http://www.anthc.org/chs/ces/climate/cchbulletins.cfm
Funded by United States Indian Health Service Cooperative Agreement No. AN 08‐X59
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