Working papers - BHF National Centre - physical activity + health

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programme evaluation CONTINUED What methods should be used to collect the information? There is a wide range of methods of collecting information which will contribute towards evaluation, including questionnaires (written or oral), interviews, group discussions/focus groups, diaries as well as more formal assessments of fitness and functional capacity, or other methods of recording such as casework. Each of these methods has advantages and limitations. Qualitative and quantitative methods Qualitative methods of evaluation: • provide in-depth information • are not always generalisable to entire population • provide language, context and ideas • are “deep”. And may include: • focus groups • in depth interviews • open ended survey questions • diaries • forms discussion groups. Quantitative methods of evaluation: • require structured data collection • provide results that are quantifiable and generalisable • provide width. And may include: • mail or telephone surveys • records of service usage • analysis of large datasets • measures of indicators and behaviours. It is important to choose methods which are suitable for collecting the information you require and are appropriate for older people. For example, using one-to-one interviews may be time consuming and difficult when collecting information from large numbers of older people, but better for those with limited communication abilities. Group discussions may not be appropriate for assessing feelings and changes in behaviour but may help when a wide range of views is required or time is limited. Assessment of fitness and functional capacity are very time consuming and expensive and require expertise. The following tables provide an assessment of the relative merits of different methods of evaluation. Section 4 Active for later life | 52
programme evaluation CONTINUED Qualitative methods Type Description Applications Strengths Limitations Focus groups Semi-structured discussion (8-12 people) Lead by facilitator who follows an outline and manages group dynamics Proceedings are recorded To gather in-depth information from small number of stakeholders Pre-test materials with target audience To develop better understanding of attitudes, opinions and language Often used to prepare larger survey Provides in-depth information Implementation and analysis requires minimum of specialised skills Can be inexpensive to implement Participants may influence each other Subjective Potential for factor bias Can be difficult to analyse Results are not quantifiable to a population In-depth interviews Telephone or inperson one-to-one interviews Interviewer follows an outline but has flexibility Usually 10 -40 per type of respondent To investigate sensitive issues with small numbers of people To develop better understanding of attitudes, opinions and language Provides a confidential environment Eliminates peer influence Opportunity to explore unexpected issues More detailed information than focus group More expensive to implement and analyse than focus groups Potential for interviewer bias Can be difficult to analyse Results are not usually quantifiable to the population Open ended survey questions Structure questions on a telephone or mail survey that allow respondent to provide a complete answer in their own words To add depth to survey results To further explore the reasons for answers to closed questions For exploratory questions Can provide depth with the potential to be quantified Adds depth to qualitative data Generalisable to the population Time consuming to analyse properly Adds considerable time to survey Not flexible Diaries Detailed account of aspects of your programme Ongoing documentation by one or more of participants Used primarily for process evaluation Puts other evaluation results in context Captures information you may not have thought of Very inexpensive to collect Can be difficult or expensive to analyse Observations are subjective Source: The Health Communication Unit at the <strong>Centre</strong> for Health Promotion, University of Toronto. www.utoronto.ca/chp/hcu/ Section 4 Active for later life | 53
Page 1 and 2: Swimming Walking the dog Taking the
Page 3 and 4: WORKING PAPER 1 Involving older peo
Page 5 and 6: Levels and stages of participation
Page 7 and 8: Findings from the Better Government
Page 9 and 10: Communication strategies A variety
Page 11 and 12: WORKING PAPER 2 Overcoming the barr
Page 13 and 14: Individual differences Older people
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Page 17 and 18: Resistance to falls advice and inte
Page 19 and 20: Getting started - the induction pro
Page 21 and 22: Strategies to support participation
Page 23 and 24: WORKING PAPER 3 Population wide int
Page 25 and 26: Population wide interventions - rec
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Page 33 and 34: WORKING PAPER 5 One-to-one interven
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Page 39 and 40: WORKING PAPER 6 Programme evaluatio
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Page 99 and 100: WORKING PAPER 11 Working with older
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Working with older people in falls
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