[pdf]Climate profile of India - India Meteorological Department

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Fig. 3: Seasonal temperature distribution over India 8
Chapter - II SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS Agriculture based economy under favourable climatic conditions of the summer monsoon has necessitated a closer linkage with weather and climate since the Vedic period. Ancient Indian literature by Varahmihir, the ‘Brihat-Samhita’, is an example of ancient Indian weather research. Modernized meteorological observations and research in India was initiated more than 200 years ago, since 1793, when the first Indian meteorological observatory was set up at Madras (now Chennai). IMD was formally established in 1875 with a network of about 90 weather observatories for systematic observation and research. Agricultural-meteorology directorate was created in 1932 to further augment the observation network. Many data and research networks have been added during the 135 years for climatedependent sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, and hydrology, rendering a modern scientific background to atmospheric science in India. The inclusion of the latest data from satellites and other modern observation platforms, such as Automated Weather Stations (AWS), and ground-based remote-sensing techniques, has strengthened India’s long-term strategy of building up a self-reliant climate data bank for specific requirements, and also to fulfill international commitments of data exchange for weather forecasting and allied research activities. The latest observational network in depicted in Table 1. 2.1 Institutional arrangements The Ministry and Environment and Forests (MoEF), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Ministry of Science and Technology (MST), Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Ministry of Water Resources (MWR), Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Ministry of Nonconventional Energy (MNES), Ministry of Defence (MoD), Ministry of Health and Family welfare (MoHFW), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and India Meteorological Department (IMD) promote and undertake climate and climate change-related research in the country. The MoES, MoEF, MST, MHRD and MOA also coordinate research and observations in 9
Page 1 and 2: Government of India Ministry of Ear
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © 2010 by India Meteorol
Page 5 and 6: INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT DOC
Page 7 and 8: Chapter - I CLIMATE PROFILE 1. Intr
Page 9 and 10: associated with clear skies, fine w
Page 11 and 12: Cyclonic systems of low pressure ca
Page 13: Fig 2: Annual normal rainfall patte
Page 17 and 18: steel or polyethylene funnel precip
Page 19 and 20: The IMD has its own dedicated meteo
Page 21 and 22: A dynamical statistical technique i
Page 23 and 24: Chapter - III CLIMATE CHANGE SCENAR
Page 25 and 26: • The contribution of July rainfa
Page 27 and 28: scale, the frequency of extreme rai
Page 29 and 30: 1.5 TREND=+1.02 0 C/100 YEARS 1 9 P
Page 31 and 32: Fig 7: Spatial Pattern of Trend ( 0
Page 33 and 34: (a) ALL INDIA ANNUAL RAINFALL(% DEP
Page 35 and 36: Fig 11: Trend in sub- divisional ra
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 13 : Average frequency (count
Page 39 and 40: Chapter - IV BEHAVIOUR OF MONSOONS
Page 41 and 42: • July rainfall has significantly
Page 43 and 44: as a whole is issued in April and t
Page 45 and 46: Table 3 Details of predictors used
Page 47 and 48: Fig 15: Decadal mean values of onse
Page 49 and 50: 4.5 Northeast Monsoon The southeast
Page 51 and 52: Table 6 Normal seasonal / monthly r
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 17: The five meteorological su
Page 55 and 56: 950 850 750 650 550 450 350 250 150
Page 57 and 58: Rainfall in mm 400 350 300 250 200
Page 59 and 60: 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 y = 0.081
Page 61 and 62: Chapter - V FLOODS Floods are cause
Page 63 and 64: important reliable and cost effecti
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Table 10 Decadal mean (% departure
Page 67 and 68:
Fig. 22: Flood prone areas of India
Page 69 and 70:
Table 11 Damage potential of cyclon
Page 71 and 72:
Table12 Monthly frequency of cyclon
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there is a slight increasing trend
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surge for the Bangladesh, East coas
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4 Trend in the frequency of CS+SCS
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Frequency 7 6 5 4 3 2 Trend in the
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6 Trend in the annual frequency of
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Fig 26: Trend in frequency of low p
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(a) (b) (c) Fig.27 (ii): Trends in
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(a) (b) (c) Fig.27 (iv): Trends in
Page 89 and 90:
(a) (b) (c) Fig. 27 (vi): Trends in
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5 4 Trend in the annual frequency o
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Cyclones are monitored using variou
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Step V • Significant value of pla
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and severe drought either individua
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or more than mean+2SD i.e. 47.7%. T
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3) In the Peninsular region, the pr
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Table - 14 Sub-divisionwise frequen
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% DROUGHT AFFECTED AREA , COUNTRY %
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Fig 33: District-wise percentage of
Page 109 and 110:
Fig 35: Long-term linear trends in
Page 111 and 112:
Fig 37: Weekly Aridity Anomaly Repo
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1986; Mukhopadhyay et al, 1992, 199
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Volcanic eruptions across the globe
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8.4 Sunshine Duration The sunshine
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Table 16 Long-term mean values and
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0.35 TURBIDITY COEFFICIENT B 0.5 :
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270 KOLKATA: GLOBAL 250 230 210 190
Page 125 and 126:
Kalsi, S.R., Jayanthi, N., Raj, Y.E
Page 127 and 128:
Rajeevan, M., Jyoti, B., Kale, J.D.
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