Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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driving and pipe-laying (installation) to drilling and platform operations (production) and explosive wellhead decommissioning (decommissioning). Most noise sources associated with oil and gas production can broadly classified as noise originating from (1) machinery, (2) propellers (cavitation), (3) hydrodynamic excitation of structures (turbulent flow) or (4) impulsive sound sources (airguns / pile drivers) (Figure 3.1). Table 3.4. Summary of noise sources and activities associated with oil and gas exploration and production. Exploration Installation Production Activity Source Source type Seismic surveys Air guns + seismic Impulsive Exploratory drilling vessel + Transport (equipment + Machinery noise continuous personnel) Helicopters + Continuous Pile driving Pipe-laying Trenching Transport (equipment + personnel) Drilling Power generation Pumping Transport (equipment + personnel) support vessels Pile driver +support vessel Pipe laying vessel + support Trenching vessel + support Helicopters + ships Machinery noise Gas turbines, generators Pumps, separators Helicopters + support vessels Continuous Impulsive + continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Duration (duty cycle) Transient (weeks) Transient (weeks) Transient (days, weeks) Transient (weeks) Transient (weeks) Transient (weeks) Transient (weeks) Permanent (years) Permanent (years) Permanent (years) Transient (days, weeks) 29
Machinery noise Propulsion machinery e.g. engines, motors, gears Auxiliary machinery e.g. generators, pumps, air conditioning units (1) Rotation (2) Repetitive discontinuities (3) Reciprocation (4) Turbulence (5) Friction Hydrodynamic noise Wind, Waves & Currents (1) Turbulence (2) Resonance (3) Cavitation Vibration (1) Cavitation (2) Resonant excitation of the hull Propeller Propeller noise (1) Rapid expansion & collapse (2) Hammering Seismic surveys Pile driving Impulsive noise Figure 3.1. Sources and causes of underwater noise associated with the oil and gas industries 3.4.1.1 Machinery noise Underwater machinery noise is the result of mechanical vibration that is coupled to the sea via, for example, a ship hull, oil platform legs or through the ground. Within the machinery noise class, a distinction between propulsion machinery (diesel engines, thrusters, main motors and reduction gears) and auxiliary machinery (generators, pumps and air-conditioning equipment) can be made. Causes of machine vibration are: • Unbalanced rotating shafts • Repetitive discontinuities, e.g. gear teeth, armature slots or turbine blades • Reciprocating parts e.g. combustion in engine cylinders • Cavitation and turbulence in fluids flowing through pipes, pumps, valves, condensers • Mechanical friction 3.4.1.2 Propeller noise Propeller noise is distinguished from machinery noise in that it is the result of propeller action and originates on the surface of the propeller. As the propeller rotates through the water, regions of low or negative pressure are created at its tips, if and when these negative pressures become sufficiently strong, bubbles (cavities) begin to form. These bubbles are short lived and collapse in either a turbulent stream or against the surface of the propeller. A sharp pulse of sound is 30
Page 1 and 2: Oceans of noise A WDCS Science repo
Page 3 and 4: Contents Author biographies 4 Prefa
Page 5 and 6: Author biographies Sarah Dolman Sar
Page 7 and 8: Preface Over the course of the last
Page 9 and 10: • subject to full environmental a
Page 11 and 12: The best evidence for noise being f
Page 13 and 14: Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
Page 15 and 16: Sound speed (c) The speed (c) of a
Page 17 and 18: Box 2. The effects of temperature,
Page 19 and 20: 2.1.2. Measuring sound intensity Id
Page 21 and 22: i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
Page 23 and 24: Spherical or Geometrical spreading
Page 25 and 26: 3. Sources of Marine Noise Chris Pa
Page 27 and 28: 5.0 145 Tug pulling loaded barge 1.
Page 29: The source used during 3-D surveys
Page 33 and 34: Man-made islands / caissons Fixed p
Page 35 and 36: 1 2 3 2 4 5 Drill bit 6 Figure 3.4.
Page 37 and 38: Transient noise sources Aircraft He
Page 39 and 40: Results from the aerial surveys con
Page 41 and 42: haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
Page 43 and 44: However they also noted that whales
Page 45 and 46: 4. The Use of Sound by Cetaceans Ch
Page 47 and 48: seems logical, therefore, that if t
Page 49 and 50: However, despite the reported low a
Page 51 and 52: Kamminga and Wiersma 1981; Akamatsu
Page 53 and 54: Song Social calls Shrieks Slaps 0.0
Page 55 and 56: anthropogenic factors that make the
Page 57 and 58: 5.3 Longer-term impacts Noise is cl
Page 59 and 60: 5.4 Indirect impacts The above impa
Page 61 and 62: decompression sickness (DCS) as see
Page 63 and 64: 6. Examples of regional and nationa
Page 65 and 66: 6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMS Two regio
Page 67 and 68: implications and the discussion sho
Page 69 and 70: 7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
Page 71 and 72: acoustic measurements have been mad
Page 73 and 74: 7.6. Methods of protection Complian
Page 75 and 76: 7.6.1 Monitoring 7.6.1.1 Visual, ac
Page 77 and 78: Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
Page 79 and 80: 8. References Aburto, A., Rountry,
Page 81 and 82:
Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
Page 83 and 84:
Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
Page 85 and 86:
IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
Page 87 and 88:
McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
Page 89 and 90:
Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
Page 91 and 92:
Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
Page 93 and 94:
Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
Page 95 and 96:
ANNEX 1 The Application of Marine P
Page 97 and 98:
an important factor. 13 The judgeme
Page 99 and 100:
in the preparatory work of the LOSC
Page 101 and 102:
practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
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protection and preservation of the
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than international rules, standards
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Four of the twelve regional seas tr
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seismic operations in the Protocol
Page 111 and 112:
Conclusion At the global level, onl
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Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
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No State Party may impose condition
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coastal States”. This formulation
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If the IMO makes this determination
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estrictions to vessels operating in
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In the EEZ, in comparison to the te
Page 125 and 126:
Appendix A - Some international ins
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Convention for the Protection of th
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Available at: http://www.unep.ch/se
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Bucharest Convention Article XI Pol
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environment 1. The Contracting Part
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- that unde r A rticle III .8.c) of
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e) no sudden or r epeated change in
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Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001. Location:
Page 141 and 142:
Location: Arctic • Vocal behaviou
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• Vaquita surfacing duration and
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• 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
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Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
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• Humpback whales appeared tolera
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• Behaviour interpreted as aggres
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• There was no evidence of minke
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• Northern right whales may be ap
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• Migrating gray whales disturbed
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to Ensenada De La Paz, Mexico. Aqua
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distribution of humpback whales, Me
Page 163 and 164:
Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
Page 165:
Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
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Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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