Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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cetaceans to high levels of acoustic energy. Deep diving mammals may dive for periods of up to 2 hours. For example, sperm whales have extremely finely balanced energy budgets and spend only limited periods at the surface to rest and recover. Any disturbance during these periods may result in loss of long term fitness or reproductive fitness. Small odontocetes may be the least vulnerable to low frequency industrial sounds, however there is recent evidence of low frequency hearing in bottlenose dolphins (Turl, 1993) and exclusion from around the vessel and distress in common dolphins when exposed to seismic activities (Goold and Fish 1998). Smaller odontocetes are likely to be more susceptible to the higher frequency components of seismic sources and also to active sonars. Tables 3.4.2a and 3.4.2b. Summary of noises produced during oil and gas exploration activities. Adapted from Richardson et al. (1995); Gilders (1988); Evans and Nice (1996) and various other sources. Continuous noise sources Source levels, dB re 1 µPa-m 1/3 rd octave band centre frequencies (kHz) Highest level 1/3 rd octave band Broadband (0.045- 7.07 kHz) 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 Freq. Level Strong infrasonics? VESSELS UNDERWAY Tug & Barge 171 143 157 157 161 156 157 630 162 Yes (18 km/h) 5-m Zodiac 156 128 124 148 132 132 138 6300 152 No Supply ship 181 162 174 170 166 164 159 100 174 Yes (Kigoriak) Large tanker 186 174 177 176 172 169 166 100 177 Yes & 125 DRILLSHIPS, RIGS, PLATFORMS Kulluk (45- 185 174 172 176 176 168 - 400 177 No? 1780 Hz) Canmar 174 162 162 161 162 156 148 63 167 No Explorer II Jack up rig during drilling (Sedco J) Semisubmersible Drilling production DREDGING Aquarius (45- 890 Hz) Beaver Mackenzie (45-890 hZ) Freq. Range (kHz) 59 55.9 54 55.6 46.9 - - 16 62.5 - 0.005 -1.2 185 170 177 177 171 - - 160 178 No? 172 154 167 159 158 - - 100 167 No? 0.016 -0.20 Dom. Freq. (kHz ) 0.25 Source level (dB re 1µPam 35
Transient noise sources Aircraft Helicopter fly over @ 305m (Sikorsky-61) Helicopter fly over (Bell 212) Helicopter takeoff (Super Puma) Helicopter flyover @ 305m (Super Puma) Seismic surveys Airgun or airgun array Vibroseis on ice Source levels, dB re 1 µPa-m Broadband (0.045- 7.07 kHz) Highest level 1/3 rd octave band centre frequencies 1/3 rd octave (kHz) band 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 Freq. Level Strong infrasonics? 108 97 94 97 97 91 88 25 98 162 154 155 151 145 142 142 16 159 Yes - 112 96 85 88 88 85 20 109 - 98 96 85 88 88 85 20 109 Freq. Range (kHz) 216 210 209 199 184 191 178 50 210 Yes 0.02- 22 210 203 198 194 188 177 168 125 204 Yes Dom. Freq. (Hz) Source level (dB re 1µPam 10-1,200 230- 260 Vibroseis Yes - 10-200 187- 260 Sleeve exploders Yes - 5-500 217- 270 Water gun Yes 217- 245 Sparker – 30 Yes? 221 kj Boomer – 500 Yes 212 j Explosives 0.5 kg TNT Peak 21 Yes Broadband 267 267 2 kg TNT Peak 13 Yes 271 20 kg TNT Peak 6 Yes 279 Blackpowder Broadband 246 0.5 kg Pile driving Pile driving 165 134 145 158 154 141 136 250 159 Yes on Scotian Shelf Commercial sonar Depth 12- > 12 180 sounder 200 Bottom profilers 0.4 – 30 200- 230 Side scan 50- 500 220- 230 36
Page 1 and 2: Oceans of noise A WDCS Science repo
Page 3 and 4: Contents Author biographies 4 Prefa
Page 5 and 6: Author biographies Sarah Dolman Sar
Page 7 and 8: Preface Over the course of the last
Page 9 and 10: • subject to full environmental a
Page 11 and 12: The best evidence for noise being f
Page 13 and 14: Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
Page 15 and 16: Sound speed (c) The speed (c) of a
Page 17 and 18: Box 2. The effects of temperature,
Page 19 and 20: 2.1.2. Measuring sound intensity Id
Page 21 and 22: i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
Page 23 and 24: Spherical or Geometrical spreading
Page 25 and 26: 3. Sources of Marine Noise Chris Pa
Page 27 and 28: 5.0 145 Tug pulling loaded barge 1.
Page 29 and 30: The source used during 3-D surveys
Page 31 and 32: Machinery noise Propulsion machiner
Page 33 and 34: Man-made islands / caissons Fixed p
Page 35: 1 2 3 2 4 5 Drill bit 6 Figure 3.4.
Page 39 and 40: Results from the aerial surveys con
Page 41 and 42: haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
Page 43 and 44: However they also noted that whales
Page 45 and 46: 4. The Use of Sound by Cetaceans Ch
Page 47 and 48: seems logical, therefore, that if t
Page 49 and 50: However, despite the reported low a
Page 51 and 52: Kamminga and Wiersma 1981; Akamatsu
Page 53 and 54: Song Social calls Shrieks Slaps 0.0
Page 55 and 56: anthropogenic factors that make the
Page 57 and 58: 5.3 Longer-term impacts Noise is cl
Page 59 and 60: 5.4 Indirect impacts The above impa
Page 61 and 62: decompression sickness (DCS) as see
Page 63 and 64: 6. Examples of regional and nationa
Page 65 and 66: 6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMS Two regio
Page 67 and 68: implications and the discussion sho
Page 69 and 70: 7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
Page 71 and 72: acoustic measurements have been mad
Page 73 and 74: 7.6. Methods of protection Complian
Page 75 and 76: 7.6.1 Monitoring 7.6.1.1 Visual, ac
Page 77 and 78: Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
Page 79 and 80: 8. References Aburto, A., Rountry,
Page 81 and 82: Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
Page 83 and 84: Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
Page 85 and 86: IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
Page 87 and 88:
McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
Page 89 and 90:
Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
Page 91 and 92:
Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
Page 93 and 94:
Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
Page 95 and 96:
ANNEX 1 The Application of Marine P
Page 97 and 98:
an important factor. 13 The judgeme
Page 99 and 100:
in the preparatory work of the LOSC
Page 101 and 102:
practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
Page 103 and 104:
protection and preservation of the
Page 105 and 106:
than international rules, standards
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Four of the twelve regional seas tr
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seismic operations in the Protocol
Page 111 and 112:
Conclusion At the global level, onl
Page 113 and 114:
Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
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No State Party may impose condition
Page 117 and 118:
coastal States”. This formulation
Page 119 and 120:
If the IMO makes this determination
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estrictions to vessels operating in
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In the EEZ, in comparison to the te
Page 125 and 126:
Appendix A - Some international ins
Page 127 and 128:
Convention for the Protection of th
Page 129 and 130:
Available at: http://www.unep.ch/se
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Bucharest Convention Article XI Pol
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environment 1. The Contracting Part
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- that unde r A rticle III .8.c) of
Page 137 and 138:
e) no sudden or r epeated change in
Page 139 and 140:
Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001. Location:
Page 141 and 142:
Location: Arctic • Vocal behaviou
Page 143 and 144:
• Vaquita surfacing duration and
Page 145 and 146:
• 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
Page 147 and 148:
Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
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• Humpback whales appeared tolera
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• Behaviour interpreted as aggres
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• There was no evidence of minke
Page 155 and 156:
• Northern right whales may be ap
Page 157 and 158:
• Migrating gray whales disturbed
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to Ensenada De La Paz, Mexico. Aqua
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distribution of humpback whales, Me
Page 163 and 164:
Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
Page 165:
Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
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Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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