Abstract Booklet 2006 - Swanson School of Engineering - University ...

is only slightly affected with increased paraffin formation, which is believed to be due
to a slight shift of primary product selectivity as well as effects of secondary
hydrogenation. It is further shown that these effects are not due to uneven potassium
promotion and that the iron and copper need to be co-precipitated in order to achieve
maximum oxygenate promotion.
P6-4
A Gaming Framework for Analyzing Market Potentials and Risks of CTL
A. Tuzuner, Zuwel Yu, Purdue University, USA
Coal-to-liquids (CTL) has been attracting a lot of attention due to persisting high crude
oil prices, energy security concerns, large reserves of coal in many oil importing
countries etc. Both the direct coal liquefaction (DCL) and indirect coal liquefaction
(ICL) processes are proven technologies. However, whether the CTL business will
survive in an open global market depends on many factors, which can be mapped to
risks. The most determining factor of the viability of the CTL business is future oil
price movement. According to many studies, oil prices will have to be above $35-
40/bbl for the CTL business to survive, depending on the location and coal use of the
CTL business. An immediate question is: Do oil exporting countries have the incentive
to reduce oil prices The answer is: If there is no threat of entry to snatch the market
shares of these oil exporting countries, they may not have the incentive to reduce oil
prices by increasing their production. Hence, CTL can be regarded as a threat of entry
into oil market to force the oil exporting countries to reduce prices through production
expansion. Therefore, building the CTL capacity can be used as a gaming approach to
reducing crude oil prices, which may benefit the oil importing countries in many
aspects, including reduced oil prices, increased energy security, plus many other
benefits such as job creation, balancing trade, cash flows improvement etc.
The paper proposes a gaming model to find the equilibrium solution to the CTL
capacity building. A stochastic mean-reversion price model is used, and the Nashequilibrium
can be found using a stochastic root finding approach. In the equilibrium,
the “best” CTL capacity will be calculated based on the “long-run” marginal cost of
the total CTL capacity in the world.
P6-5
Novel Magnetic Method for Separation of Iron Catalysts
from Fischer-Tropsch Wax
R.R. Oder, EXPORTech Company, USA
We describe a novel continuous magnetic method for separation of nano-meter size
iron catalysts from Fischer-Tropsch wax (patent pending). The method has been scaled
up from the bench scale to prepare clean wax containing 0.1 to 0.5 wt.% catalyst from
slurries containing 20- 25 wt.% catalyst at the rate of 50 barrels per day (BPD) feed
wax at 500oF.1 We will discuss the operating mechanism of the separator which is
housed between the poles of an electromagnet producing magnetic fields in the range
of 0.2 to 0.5 Tesla throughout the working volume. The method achieves high levels of
catalyst separation from the wax by promoting magnetic agglomeration throughout the
volume of the vertically oriented elongate cylindrical separation vessel. Downwardlydirected
high velocity jet flows located adjacent to the inside walls of the separation
vessel nearest the magnet poles are used to sweep the catalyst agglomerates from the
magnetized volume of the separator. The jets are controlled to promote movement of
the agglomerates without causing turbulent mixing. Clean wax with a low
concentration of catalyst is continuously issued from the top of the separator while wax
slurry with a high concentration of catalyst is issued from the bottom of the vessel. Use
of a supplemental separation method such as batch operated high gradient magnetic
separation to treat the product of the first stage continuous magnetic separator has
produced clean wax containing 0.01 wt.% catalyst.
POSTER SESSION 7
COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES
P7-1
Cleaning Potentality of natural Coke (jhama) through washability
Investigation and Its Suitability for Different End Uses
Ashok K. Singh, N.K. Shukla, Amrita Mukherjee, Mamta Sharma, N. Choudhury, T.
Gauricharan, D.D. Haldar, Central Fuel Research Institute, INDIA
Substantial reserves of natural coke (jhama) are available in Indian coalfields, but due
to its peculiar physical and chemical properties, its suitability for different end uses has
not been established. Earlier workers have attempted to find out new avenues for
utilization of this material by producing coke from different blends of jhama with
coking coal fines, obtained from coal washeries. In the present study, authors have
attempted to study the washability characteristics of a typical natural coke from seam
XIV A of Jharia coalfield. Results of conventional float and sink tests have been used
to determine the yield of cleans at 10% and 15% ash content. The washability data
reveals that a theoretical yield of ~20% and >80% is achievable at 10% and 15% ash
levels. Different gravity fractions were further characterized (chemically and
microscopically) to find out their suitability for carbon artefact industries. These
studies on some of the gravity fractions having medium to high volatile matter and less
to moderate ash content lead to the conclusion that the natural coke may be used for
blending with power coal. Lower VM fractions may be recommended for cement
industry.
P7-2
X-Ray diffraction analysis on the macerals of coals with different type-reductivity
Haizhou Chang, Chuange Wang, Jun Li, Wenying Li, Kechang Xie, Fangui Zeng,
Taiyuan University of Technology, CHINA
In this article, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out to study the crystallite
characteristics of the vitrinite and inertinite from Pingshuo and Shendong coals with
similar coal rank and petrographical composition but with different reductivity
revealing the influence of the reductivity on macerals crystallite. Pingshuo (PR) coal
was with stronger reductivity. Compared with vitrinite (PV) there was bigger
crystallite size, higher regularity and aromaticity (ƒ a ) in inertinite (PI). Shendong (SR)
coal was with weaker reductivity, its inertinite’s crystallite size and regularity were
more obvious than vitrinite (SV), but almost same ƒ a value. The crystallite parameters
of PV and SV are alike, which shows a good relationship with the petrographical
likeness of PV and SV. Compared with PI, there is fewer aromatic layers and lower ƒ a
in Shendong inertinite (SI). The content of highly disordered material called
amorphous carbon was investigated. Results showed that PV was obviously higher
than PI, SV is slightly higher than SI and PV, SI is obviously higher than PI. The
characteristic that there were relatively lower ƒ a as well as more amorphous carbon in
SI with weaker reductivity indicated that SI contains more active components, which
might be related to the fact that SI contained plentiful semifusinite.
P7-3
Comparison of Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Soxhlet extraction
Chen Hong, Lu Junqing, Ge Lingmei, Li Jianwei, Zhou Anning, Xi'an University of
Science and Technology, CHINA
In order to compare extraction yields and the extracts, extraction with several single
organic solvents under microwave-assisted and Soxhlet extraction were conducted for
5 typical Chinese coals –Shenfu, Tongchuan, Huating, Yitai, Panzhihua coal. Above
50% extraction yield was acquired for ethylenediamine under microwave-assisted
extraction, conversely only 40% extraction yield were the highest for Soxhlet
extraction. Extracts were analyzed by GC/MS. Influence of temperature, solvent, coal
type on microwave-assisted extraction are also studied. The cause of different
extraction yield on different coals was discussed.
P7-4
R&D of a New Technology of Conversion of Coke Oven Gas
from Bituminous Coal into Syngas
Yongfa Zhang, Kechang Xie, Taiyuan University of Technology, CHINA
Ping Wan, Changchun Technology College, CHINA
Guangliang Liu, Xiaofei Chen, Yan Liang, Jia Zhang, Li Yang, Shanxi Sunrise Coal
Technology Ltd., CHINA
A kind of new technology with an integrated apparatus (IA) for producing syngas from
bituminous coal is developed. In the integrated apparatus three processes: coal
pyrolysis, partial coal gasification and conversion of coke oven gas (COG) into syngas
are completed and three products: syngas, ferro-alloy coke (semi-coke) and tar are
produced in an environmental friendly manner. In this paper, the status of China’s
semi-coke industry and coke oven gas utilization are introduced; the principle of
conversing CH 4 -rich gas such as COG into syngas with the assistance of H 2 O-O 2 in a
high temperature carbon catalytic system are analyzed; and other technological issues,
such as the process, main technical specifications of the integrated apparatus, product
quality, energy consumption, financial estimation, and environmental protection etc.
are discussed. It has been shown by research that the main technical specifications of
the integrated apparatus are as following: coal processing capability 23 T/d, coke yield
14.7 T/d, tar yield 1.15 T/d, syngas yield 11960 Nm 3 /d. The syngas quality shows CH 4
content 86.5%. The semi-coke is favored product used
for Si-Fe alloy and carbide production. Its volatile rate is lower than 4.00% and
electrical resistance is higher than 1506Ω.mm 2 .m -1 at 1300°C. The content of phenol in
the tar is 16.25%. The integrated apparatus, a clean technology is energy and resource
efficient.
P7-5
Niobium and tantalum content at Kuzbass coals
Boris F. Nifantov, Vadim P. Potapov, Anatoliy N. Zaostorvskiy, Olga P. Zanina, The
Institute of the Coal and Coal Chemistry SB RAS, RUSSIA
At all deposits of the world coals contain niobium and tantalum which maintenance as
a rule do not exceed clark levels. Last years the data of high contents of these metals at
various coal-mining regions were published. In the present message are considered
metal logenic and the geochemical data of niobium and tantalum contents
accompanied by Sc, Ti, Fe, Y, Zn, Ce, Hf, Th, U at III - XVII layers of Tom-Usa
Kuzbass region.
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