Seaford Rail Vegetation Management Plan - Communitywebs.org

Transport Services Division 

ENVIRONMENT 

Operational Procedures & Forms 

Vegetation Management Plan Type A – On Site Works 

SEAFORD RAIL EXTENSION 

(Noarlunga to Seaford) 

VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN 

Urban Biodiversity Unit / Department of Environment and Natural 

Resources 

Rail Name: Seaford Rail Extension 

Road Number: NA 

VMP Knet File ID: 5490305 VMD No: 

PATCHS No: File No: 2009/27572/01 

CONTENTS: Significant Environmental Benefit Site (Onkaparinga River Recreation Park and 

Onkaparinga River National Park) 

1. PROJECT SUMMARY 

2. PROJECT and SITE DATA 

3. PROJECT REQUIREMENTS and OBJECTIVES 

4. PROJECT WORKS SUMMARY 

5. CONTRACTOR REQUIREMENTS 

6. APPROVALS REGISTER 

K-Net Doc: 5490305 

UNCONTROLLED COPY WHEN PRINTED 

Version No.: 

Issue Date: 

Doc. Owner: Page 1 of 95

Seaford Rail Extension Vegetation Management Plan 

1. PROJECT SUMMARY 

This Management Plan has been initiated by the need to provide a Significant Environmental Benefit 

(SEB) offset for native vegetation clearance associated with the construction of the Seaford Rail 

Extension, a twin track electrified metropolitan public transport passenger rail line from the existing 

Noarlunga Centre Interchange station to Seaford, a distance of approximately 5.7 km. Additional to 

the SEB offset required under the Native Vegetation Act, 1991 the Department for Transport, Energy 

and Infrastructure (DTEI), Transport Services Division (TSD) require a 1:1 replacement for any 

amenity trees / shrubs removed under its Vegetation Removal Policy. 

Vegetation surveys associated with the Seaford Rail Extension detailing vegetation clearance 

requirements include: 

Early Works Vegetation Survey Number 2010/110, 

Test Piling Vegetation Survey Number 2010/048, 

Seaford Rail Extension Vegetation Survey Number 2010/012, 

ETSA Relocation Vegetation Survey Number 2010/071, 

Railway Road Vegetation Survey Number 2010/070, 

Seaford Rail Extension Vegetation Survey Number 2011/007. 

This Management Plan details proposed remediation locations that will compensate for vegetation 

removal outlined within the above mentioned vegetation surveys. 

The proposed Seaford Rail Extension traverses the Onkaparinga River Recreation Park; as a result 

the majority of remediation locations outlined in this report are situated within this area. One additional 

location outside the Recreation Park has been identified for weed control activities; this is found within 

the neighbouring Onkaparinga River National Park. 

Several management plans relating to the Onkaparinga River Recreation Park have been written 

recently including; Onkaparinga Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan (Hydro Tasmania consulting and 

Eco Management Services 2006) and Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan (EBS 2008). Both 

plans detail extensive background information on the region, identify priority management areas and 

detail proposed revegetation locations and weed control actions. This Management Plan utilises the 

same management areas while expanding upon existing management strategies detailed within these 

reports. This approach will provide uniformity and intelligibility between management plans relating to 

the Onkaparinga Estuary. 

In 2007 the Onkaparinga Estuary Management Working Group was initiated by Land SA in 

partnership with Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The working group 

incorporates stakeholders and groups undertaking various conservation works within the identified 

estuary boundary, guided by the conservation priorities and actions outlined within the Onkaparinga 

Estuary Management Plan 2008. This working group currently meets twice a year, the following 

groups and departments that have been actively involved with the working group have included: 

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (Urban Forests Biodiversity 

Program), 

City of Onkaparinga, 

Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board (AMLR, 

NRM), 

SA Water, 

Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure (DTEI), 

EBS Ecology, 

Friends of Onkaparinga Park (FOOP). 

Remediation activities will include comprehensive revegetation and weed control actions. These 

actions are expected to significantly improve biodiversity value within the Onkaparinga River 

Recreation Park and the Onkaparinga River National Park. 

2


2. PROJECT and SITE DATA 

Project Name: SEAFORD RAIL EXTENSION (Noarlunga to Seaford) 

Rail Name: Noarlunga Line 

VMP Knet File ID: 4912038 

Road Number: NA 

VMD No: 

PATCHS No: File No: 2009/27572/01 

Vegrem Ref No: 

NVC Decision No: 2010/3071/145; 10NRM0355 NVC Decision Date: 4 th November 2010 

Vegetation Clearance Area: 13,051 m 2 native vegetation 

Refer: Seaford Rail Extension, Vegetation Survey Summary 2010/012 for details of native vegetation 

areas. 

Area 2, plant association 2 = 3,145 m 2 at 2:1 = 6,290 m 2 

Area 8, plant association 2 = 88 m 2 at 2:1 = 176 m 2 

Area 7, plant association 4 = 9,818 m 2 at 10:1 = 98,180 m 2 . 

NVAct SEB offset debit area : 10.46 ha 

The land value for the region is $29,409/ha (NVC, November 2009). 

The total estimated cost is 10.46 ha x $29,409 = $307,618 and management costs of $1,044 for a 

total of $308,662 

Remediation - Total Site Area: More than 10.46ha 

Site Location Description: Onkaparinga River Recreation Park, Onkaparinga River National Park. 

Site Location Coordinates: Coordinates are located from an approximate centre point within project 

areas. 

Onkaparinga River Recreation Park 

Easting 271806, Northing 6105650 

Projection = GDA 1994 MGA Zone54 

Onkaparinga River National Park 

Easting 273315, Northing 6105650 

Projection = GDA 1994 MGA Zone54 

DTEI TSD Region: Metropolitan 

Council: City of Onkaparinga 

Other Stakeholders: 

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); 

Urban Biodiversity Unit (DENR SL District); 

Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resource Management Board (AMLRNRMB); 

City of Onkaparinga 

The Friends of Onkaparinga Park (FoOP) 

3


Remediation Project Manager: Kristy How 

VMP Author: EBS Ecology 

VMP Approval Requirements: 

David Bartlett 

DENR (Onkaparinga River Recreation and National Park) 

Native Vegetation Council 

3. PROJECT REQUIREMENTS and OBJECTIVES 

3.1 Project Requirements - Summary 

Offset remediation to achieve the required SEB credit area of 10.46 ha ($308,662) to compensate for 

the removal of 13,051 m 2 native vegetation. 

Area 2, plant association 2 = 3,145 m 2 at 2:1 = 6,290 m 2 

Area 8, plant association 2 = 88 m 2 at 2:1 = 176 m 2 

Area 7, plant association 4 = 9,818 m 2 at 10:1 = 98,180 m 2 . 

In addition 3,500 amenity offset plants will be planted as part of this VMP to compensate for DTEI 

Amenity plant removals. 

Refer to Section 4 for specific revegetation areas, tree numbers, vegetation types and condition. 

3.2 Project Objectives 

Remediation within the Onkaparinga River Recreation Park and Onkaparinga River National Park 

seeks to achieve a SEB by revegetating a minimum of 10.46 hectares and undertaking bushcare 

activities to control invasive weed species. 

Performance Benchmark Data: Performance indicators obtained from DTEI guideline #209550 

Site Conditions: Average, eg thin topsoil, could be rocky, pest plant and animal threats, average 

exposure. 

Climate Zone: Wet Agricultural 

Tubestock Survival Rate Benchmark : (% Survival) 

Method 1: Watering first summer. 

After 1 year: 80% After 3 years: 70% After 5 years: 65% 

Direct Seeding Establishment Rates Benchmark: (% Cover) 

After 1 year: Some germination and seedling survival 

After 3 years: 30% cover 

After 5 years: 60% cover 

4


4. PROJECT WORKS SUMMARY 

Table of Contents 

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 8 

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................... 11 

3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 12 

3.1 Literature review ................................................................................................ 12 

3.2 Consultation ....................................................................................................... 12 

3.3 Field survey........................................................................................................ 12 

3.4 Ecological Zones ................................................................................................ 13 

3.5 Site selection ...................................................................................................... 14 

4 MANAGEMENT ISSUES ............................................................................................ 16 

4.1 Threats ............................................................................................................... 16 

4.1.1 Pest Plants ............................................................................................. 16 

4.1.2 Pest Animals ........................................................................................... 16 

4.1.3 Fire ......................................................................................................... 17 

4.2 Ecological values ............................................................................................... 17 

4.3 Revegetation ...................................................................................................... 17 

4.3.1 Seed Orchard ......................................................................................... 18 

5 ACTION PLANS ......................................................................................................... 19 

5.1 Management Area 5 ........................................................................................... 21 

5.1.1 Weed Control .......................................................................................... 23 

5.1.2 Revegetation .......................................................................................... 27 


5.2.1 Weed control .......................................................................................... 43 

5.2.2 Revegetation .......................................................................................... 47 


5.3.1 Weed control .......................................................................................... 65 

5.3.2 Revegetation .......................................................................................... 68 


5.4.1 Weed control .......................................................................................... 77 

5.4.2 Revegetation .......................................................................................... 80 

5.5 Onkaparinga River National Park Revegetation Block – Gate 20 ....................... 85 

5.5.1 Weed control .......................................................................................... 85 

5.6 Cost estimates ................................................................................................... 88 

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 89 

7 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 89 

Appendix 1. Weed control methods .................................................................................................... 89 

5


List of Tables 

Table 1. Priority Management Areas – Onkaparinga Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan (2006). ........ 9 

Table 2. Ecological Zones ................................................................................................................... 14 

Table 3. Priority Management Areas. ................................................................................................. 15 

Table 4. Weed control works program - Management Area 5. ........................................................... 25 

Table 5. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone A .................................................... 29 

Table 6. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone A1 .................................................. 30 

Table 7. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone B. ................................................... 31 

Table 8. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone C. ................................................... 32 

Table 9. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone C1. ................................................. 33 

Table 10. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone D. ................................................. 34 

Table 11. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone E. ................................................. 35 

Table 12. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone F .................................................. 36 

Table 13. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone G. ................................................ 37 

Table 14. Revegetation Works Program - Management Area 5. ........................................................ 38 

Table 15. Combined management cost estimates – Management Area 5 ......................................... 40 

Table 16. Weed control works program - Management Area 4. ......................................................... 45 

Table 17. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone A. ................................................. 49 

Table 18. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone B. ................................................. 50 

Table 19. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone C. ................................................. 51 

Table 20. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone D. ................................................. 52 

Table 21. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone E. ................................................. 53 

Table 22. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone F. ................................................. 54 

Table 23. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone G. ................................................ 55 

Table 24. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone H. ................................................. 56 

Table 25. Revegetation Works Program - Management Area 4 . ....................................................... 57 

Table 26. Total management cost estimates - Management Area 4. ................................................. 61 



Table 29. Revegetation description, Management Area 8 – Zone B. ................................................. 71 







Table 36. Weed control works program – Onkaparinga River National Park Revegetation Block – Gate 

20. ....................................................................................................................................................... 87 

Table 37. Management Actions – Total cost estimates. ..................................................................... 88 

6


List of Figures 

Figure 1. Onkaparinga Estuary Management Areas as outlined in – Onkaparinga Estuary 

Rehabilitation Action Plan (2006). ....................................................................................................... 10 

Figure 2. Location of proposed DTEI offset Management Areas........................................................ 20 

Figure 3. Management Area 5 – Ecological Zones. ............................................................................ 22 

Figure 4. Management Area 5 – Priority Weeds. ................................................................................ 24 

Figure 5. Management Area 5 – Revegetation locations. ................................................................... 28 


Figure 7. Management Area 4 – Priority Weeds. ................................................................................ 44 

Figure 8. Management Area 4 – Revegetation locations. ................................................................... 48 


Figure 10. Management Area 8 – Priority Weeds. .............................................................................. 66 

Figure 11. Management Area 8 – Revegetation locations. ................................................................. 69 

Figure 12. Management Area 7 –Ecological Zones. ........................................................................... 76 

Figure 13. Management Area 7 – Priority Weeds. .............................................................................. 79 

Figure 14. Management Area 7 – Revegetation location. .................................................................. 81 

Figure 15. Onkaparinga River National Park – Revegetation block – New Gate #29. ....................... 86 

7


1 INTRODUCTION 

The primary focus of this Vegetation Management Plan is to outline management actions 

designed at fulfilling the Significant Environmental Benefit (SEB) and the DTEI Vegetation 

Removal Policy requirements associated with the construction of the Seaford Rail Extension. 

The Onkaparinga River Recreation Park together with the Onkaparinga River National Park 

has been identified as the primary locations for any proposed remediation works. 

Recent reports pertaining to the Onkaparinga River Recreation Park include; Onkaparinga 

Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan (Hydro Tasmania consulting and Eco Management 

Services 2006) and the Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan (EBS 2008). Both reports 

divided the Onkaparinga Estuary into eleven management areas; these were determined 

through assessment of dominant vegetation associations, quality of native vegetation, weed 

species, landforms and consultation with stakeholders. Each management area was then 

assigned a priority order from one to eleven, determined through intactness of remnant 

vegetation together with a biodiversity value (1 highest priority, 11 lowest priority) (Refer 

Table 1). Management strategies were then developed for each of the management areas. 

This Management Plan utilises the eleven management areas as outlined in Onkaparinga 

Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan and Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan, while 

expanding upon existing management strategies and recommendations. 

A key requirement in the development of this Management Plan was to review all onground 

actions within the Onkaparinga Estuary, undertaken to date, or planned for the future. The 

management actions outlined within the Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan (EBS 

2008) were also evaluated and used to determine if actions outlined for each management 

area had been achieved. Stakeholders agreed to utilise existing management priorities, 

where possible, while developing comprehensive new strategies tailored to the SEB and 

DTEI Vegetation Removal Policy funding availability. 

Background information detailing ecological importance, cultural heritage and 

comprehensive descriptions of vegetation communities and fauna species found within the 

Onkaparinga Estuary can be obtained within both plans. Reference will be made to these 

reports where necessary. 

8


Table 1. Priority Management Areas – Onkaparinga Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan (2006). 

Priority 

Order 

Management 

Area 

Area (ha) 

1 10 11 Chenopod Low Shrubland 

2 11 13.5 Chenopod Low Shrubland 

3 8 80 Chenopod Low Shrubland 

Pre European Vegetation Associations 

4 5 80 Eucalyptus porosa (Mallee Box) Woodland, 

Chenopod Low Shrubland 

5 1 20 Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum) over 

Juncus spp. (Rush) Open woodland 













9


Figure 1. Onkaparinga Estuary Management Areas as outlined in – Onkaparinga Estuary 

Rehabilitation Action Plan (2006). 

10


2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 

Primary aims of this Management Plan are to outline remediation activities which aim to 

comply with SEB requirements for native vegetation removal associated with the Seaford 

Rail Extension as required under the Native Vegetation Act, 1991. A further requirement to 

offset amenity plantings at a ratio of 1:1 is obligatory under the DTEI Vegetation Removal 

Policy. This will be achieved through: 

conservation and restoration of existing remnants; 

control of high priority weed species within designated Management Areas; 

comprehensive revegetation programs tailored to specific Management Areas; 

coordinate weed control and revegetation activities to achieve best outcomes. 

11


3 METHODOLOGY 

3.1 Literature review 

A comprehensive literature review was undertaken on all documentation pertaining to the 

project area including. These documents are listed below. 

DTEI vegetation surveys: 

Early Works Vegetation Survey Number 2010/110 

Test Piling Vegetation Survey Number 2010/048 

Seaford Rail Extension Vegetation Survey Number 2010/012 

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Adopted Fire Management 

Plans – Reserves of the Onkaparinga Valley: 

http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/firemanagement/Fire_management/Fire_planning/Adopted_fire_mgt_plans 

Onkaparinga Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan (Hydro Tasmania consulting and Eco 

Management Services 2006) 

Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan (EBS 2008) 

Onkaparinga River National Park – Revegetation Plan (Sam Dalton, Creation Care, 

May 2009). 

3.2 Consultation 

Throughout the development of this Management Plan a detailed consultation process has 

been conducted. Stakeholder representatives have been contacted regularly, providing 

comment on proposed management strategies and expertise where required. Stakeholders 

represent the following organisations; 

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) 

Department of Transport Energy and Infrastructure (DTEI) 

Urban Biodiversity Unit (DENR SL District) 

Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resource Management Board 

(AMLRNRMB) 

City of Onkaparinga 

The Friends of Onkaparinga Park (FoOP). 

3.3 Field survey 

Field surveys of the Onkaparinga Estuary were undertaken in early Spring 2010. Information 

recorded during the field surveys included: 

Ecological Zones (Refer Section 3.4) 

Weed species – recorded with GPS or mapped on aerial photography 

Proposed revegetation areas identified and mapped 

12


Ecological communities were assessed to determine appropriate species for 

revegetation. 

Throughout the field survey process an estimate on times required to undertake weed 

control activities was undertaken together with suitable revegetation techniques for proposed 

remediation sites. 

3.4 Ecological Zones 

The Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board 

(AMLRNRMB) has developed the concept of „Ecological Zones‟ to assist mainly with weed 

management and revegetation, based on the amount of water in the landscape. Five distinct 

zones are distinguished within the landscape, based on ecological qualities such as 

elevation, slope, soil type and moisture and frequency of flooding. The adoption of this 

methodology within management areas is aimed at maintaining consistency with respect to 

management of the Onkaparinga Estuary while also enabling the application of the most 

suitable management techniques specific to a particular land type. Additional to the five 

zones developed by AMLRNRMB a series of supplementary zones have been added to 

further illustrate management areas and habitats found within the Onkaparinga Estuary. 

13


Table 2. Ecological Zones 

Ecological 

zone 

Position 

Vegetation 

Aquatic 

*Ephemeral 

Riparian 

Outer 

Riparian 

Upper 

Slopes 

Steep 

Slopes 

*Intertidal 

*Supratidal 

The area within the channel that remains 

underwater or waterlogged. 

Generally a floodplain area that remains 

submerged for a period of time, drying out 

during low rainfall periods. 

The area immediately adjacent to the aquatic 

zone that is influenced by the watercourse 

remains moist throughout the year and is 

subject to seasonal flooding and flooding in 

storm events. 

The area adjacent to the riparian zone that 

benefits from the extra root zone moisture 

provided by proximity to the watercourse, but 

does not stay waterlogged for long. This area 

is flooded less frequently than the Riparian 

zone. It falls within the 1 in 5 year flood zone. 

These areas are naturally more dry areas with 

limited subsoil moisture and are very 

infrequently flooded, if ever. Upper slopes are 

only slightly influenced by the watercourse and 

are above the 1 in 5 year flood zone. 

These steep slopes may be steep banks close 

to the watercourse or constitute the outer edge 

of the river valley, some distance from the 

watercourse. Whatever their location they are 

elevated sites not subject to flooding whose 

steep slopes and exposure produce a very dry 

growing environment. 

The area that lies between the low tide and high 

tide zone. 

The area that lies above the high tide zone that 

is only inundated in the event of a super high 

tide combined with a storm event, creating a 

storm surge. 

Characterised by dense stands of emergent 

reeds, rushes and herbs and a variety of 

submerged aquatic plants. 

Characterised by dense stands of emergent 

reeds, rushes and herbs. 

Includes a range of trees shrubs and herbs that 

can tolerate short term flooding and other 

species of reeds, rushes and sedges that 

tolerate soils drying out. 

Is more drought tolerant than riparian, with tree 

species that can access deep permanent 

moisture, a variety of shrubs, herbs, rushes, 

sedges and grasses that benefit from 

occasional flooding. 

Is generally drought tolerant and contains many 

species that also grow in vegetation 

associations away from the watercourse. 

Herbaceous and grassy plants in this zone tend 

to dry out during summer giving a brown 

appearance to the landscape. 

The natural vegetation of these slopes is more 

closely allied to the natural non-riparian 

vegetation of the region including a range of 

trees, shrubs, tussock grasses, herbs and 

annual plants. 

Dominated by Samphire and salt tolerant 

species. 

Dominated by Samphire species grading into 

salt tolerant chenopod species. 

*Indicates supplementary zone (AMLRNRMB) 

3.5 Site selection 

Proposed SEB offset remediation locations have been determined through a comprehensive 

evaluation and assessment process. A meeting with stakeholder representatives (Refer 

section 3.2) was conducted in August 2010. It was determined the Onkaparinga River 

Recreation Park, with its eleven Management Areas would provide the primary location for 

proposed SEB remediation activities, due to its proximity to the Seaford Rail Extension. 

14


Precedence would be placed on Management Areas affected by the rail corridor 

construction. An additional area within the Onkaparinga River National Park was also 

recommended due to its ecological value, threat from weed invasion and the limited 

availability of land within the rail corridor for SEB implementation. 

A thorough examination was conducted into previous and proposed revegetation and weed 

control activities within the Onkaparinga River Recreation Park. Each Management Area 

was assessed against proposed management objectives and actions outlined within the 

Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan (EBS 2008). The results were then evaluated 

against the Priority Management Areas Table (Refer Table 1) to determine a priority 

Management Area order appropriate for this Management Plan. 

A site assessment was undertaken of the Onkaparinga River Recreation Park to evaluate 

each Management Area. Threats were assessed and likely revegetation locations were 

identified and mapped. 

Throughout the site selection process an objective approach was adopted. Proposed 

environmental outcomes have been maximised while fulfilling SEB offset requirements under 

the Native Vegetation Act, 1991, together with DTEI - 1:1 replacement for amenity trees and 

shrubs, all within a budgetary framework. 

The selection process resulted in four Management Areas within the Onkaparinga River 

Recreation Park and one within the Onkaparinga River National Park identified for 

remediation activities. The priority order determined within this Management Plan differs 

from that found within the Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan (Hydro Tasmania consulting 

and Eco Management Services 2006) and the Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan (EBS 

2008) due to a range of factors outlined above. It is envisaged this Management Plan be 

used in accordance with previous plans but be viewed as an independent document with a 

specific set of outcomes and requirements. Priority Management Areas for this Management 

Plan are outlined in Table 3 below. 

Table 3. Priority Management Areas. 

Priority 

Order 

Management Area 

Area (ha) 

1 5 80 

2 4 110 

3 7 11 

4 8 80 

5 Onkaparinga River National Park – Revegetation Block Gate 29 20 

15


4 MANAGEMENT ISSUES 

4.1 Threats 

4.1.1 Pest Plants 

Weed invasion is a serious threat to the biodiversity value and visual amenity within the 

Onkaparinga Estuary. All weed species within a Management Area have been assigned a 

priority rating of 1, 2, 3 or 4 to help determine which species should be managed first within 

each Management Area. The ratings are described as follows; 

Priority Rating 1 – These weeds are considered to be high impact exotic flora species with 

a large ability to impact on native vegetation. They either have the ability to spread quickly or 

the potential to overrun, smother or out-compete native vegetation. This also includes 

outbreaks of Declared (under the Natural Resources Management Act 2004) or 

Environmental weed species not previously recorded within the reserve. These should be 

eradicated before they have the opportunity to become established and further spread 

throughout the reserve. 

Priority Rating 2 – These weeds are considered to spread at a slower rate than priority 1 

species, or have less of an impact in displacing the original native vegetation. 

Priority Rating 3 – These weeds are considered to have a much lower impact on the native 

vegetation, and include species that spread slowly or not at all. They are also unlikely to 

directly displace the original native vegetation. 

Priority Rating 4 – These weeds are species that have the characteristics of priority 1 or 2 

species, but due to their entrenched nature, control is considered to be unrealistic unless 

large amounts of time, effort and consistent long term management practices are 

implemented. 

Additional to the priority rating, prior management and proximity to proposed revegetation 

has also been assessed for weed infestations within each Management Area. This 

information may influence priority ratings of individual weed species between management 

areas. 

4.1.2 Pest Animals 

Numerous signs of domestic dogs, cats, foxes, rabbits and hares have been recorded within 

the Onkaparinga Estuary. It is likely pest animals predate and/or disturb native fauna utilising 

the project area. Damage to native flora species (through trampling predominantly by 

domestic dogs and grazing by rabbits, hares and kangaroos) is likely having an effect on 

native species recruitment. It is also likely that feral animals contribute to the spread of weed 

species, through transportation of seed attached to fur or through their scats. 

16


4.1.3 Fire 

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has developed a series of 

comprehensive fire management plans in an effort to guide fire management activities for 

areas of the state most at risk. The recently developed Fire Management Plan – Reserves of 

the Onkaparinga Valley incorporates the Onkaparinga River Recreational Parks and 

Onkaparinga River National Park. Recommendations and guidelines outlined within this fire 

management plan should be applied during the implementation of the Seaford Rail 

Extension Vegetation Management Plan. The fire management plan can be located following 

the link below. 


4.2 Ecological values 

The Onkaparinga River Recreational Parks and Onkaparinga River National Park are 

located within the Mount Lofty Ranges IBRA Subregion (FLB1). Within this subregion 16% is 

mapped as remnant vegetation of which 29% is formally conserved. Opportunities to 

enhance significant flora species and communities found within the project area including; 

Samphire communities, Eucalyptus porosa (Mallee Box) Woodlands and the State 

Endangered Maireana decalvans (Black Cotton-bush) should be undertaken during the 

implementation of this management plan. 

4.3 Revegetation 

Revegetation aims within the Onkaparinga Estuary are designed at increasing plant diversity 

through the replication and restoration of pre-European vegetation associations. 

The following revegetation principles are being applied to all revegetation areas across the 

project areas: 

complement existing vegetation communities, 

reintroduce ecological communities likely to have been present prior to European 

settlement, 

suppress invasive weed species, 

increase amenity value, 

provide habitat for local fauna species, 

tailored to ecological zones. 

Refer to Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan (EBS 2008) and Onkaparinga Estuary 

Management Plan, Supporting Document (EBS 2008) for expanded revegetation principals, 

site preparation and planting techniques. 

17


4.3.1 Seed Orchard 

Given the large volume of seed required to undertake direct seeding initiatives outlined in 

Section 5 – Action Plans, a seed orchard is considered the best option to supply the 

amounts of seed needed. Supplement seed supply may be available within the Onkaparinga 

Estuary and surrounding landscape. A joint initiative between DTEI and the Urban 

Biodiversity Unit (DENR) should be implemented utilising a previous seed orchard location 

along Commercial Road at Seaford Rise. 

18


5 ACTION PLANS 

Five Management Areas have been identified as proposed offset locations for the Seaford 

Rail Extension (Refer Table 3 and Figure 2). Four areas are located within the Onkaparinga 

River Recreation Park with one area located within the Onkaparinga River National Park. 

Each Management Area details priority weed species, together with a table of proposed 

works and cost estimates associated with remediation activities. Revegetation within each 

Management Area has been divided into individual zones representing distinct vegetation 

communities or locations. Each zone has a revegetation description table outlining the 

following: proposed revegetation area, ecological zone, target community, site preparation 

required, planting techniques, number of plants required and species. A proposed 

revegetation works program table and total cost estimates table (combining both weed 

control and revegetation costs) are found at the end of each Management Area section. 

Total cost estimates to undertake all actions outlined within this section exceed the SEB and 

amenity offset funding available to this project. It is envisaged the project team together with 

the Onkaparinga Estuary Steering Committee will evaluate proposed management actions 

and target high priority areas as outlined in Table 3 – Priority Management Areas. When 

further funding sources become available additional management actions may be initiated. 

19


Figure 2. Location of proposed DTEI offset Management Areas. 

20


5.1 Management Area 5 

Management Area 5 is largely comprised of constructed ephemeral wetlands fed by stormwater 

runoff from the suburbs of Huntfield Heights and Hackham located to the east. Native vegetation 

within the ephemeral wetlands includes Phragmites australis (Common Reed), Cyperus 

gymnocaulos (Spiny Flat-sedge), Typha sp. (Bulrush) and Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Clubrush) 

whilst significant stands of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum) have been planted 

within riparian areas. Large areas of planted non-indigenous Eucalyptus and Melaleucas are 

present throughout the outer riparian and upper slopes within this area. 

Wetlands present within Area 5 provide important foraging grounds for bird species as well as 

habitat areas for reptiles and amphibians. Additional information on fauna species found within 

the Onkaparinga Estuary is outlined in the Onkaparinga Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan 

(2006). 

Significant amounts of woody weed control have been undertaken recently. A large stand of 

Cassuarina glauca (Swamp Oak) has been removed from the northern area. Follow-up control 

of this population is required to effectively remove this species. 

21


Figure 3. Management Area 5 – Ecological Zones. 

22


5.1.1 Weed Control 

Major weed species to be controlled within Area 5 include; Casuarina glauca (Swamp Oak), 

Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu), Senecio pterophorus (African Daisy), Lycium ferocissimum 

(African Boxthorn), Cynara cardunculus (Artichoke Thistle), Pennisetum setaceum (Fountaingrass), 

Asparagus asparagoides (Bridal Creeper), Onopordum acanthium (Scotch Thistle), 

Acacia cyclops (Western Coast Wattle) Galenia pubescens (Galenia), Foeniculum vulgare 

(Fennel) and Olea europaea (Olive). 

Significant emphasis has been placed on outbreaks of Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu) as 

this species poses a significant risk to biodiversity within Management Area 5. Kikuyu is 

generally located in the vicinity of freshwater wetlands and is currently smothering and 

outcompeting local native flora species. If left unmanaged it will continue to invade and congest 

high value wetland areas. Management options include spraying with herbicide then burning. If 

this technique is adopted contact and permission must be obtained from all relevant authorities 

and close liaison with local council (City of Onkaparinga) and CFS undertaken. 

The following table outlines priority weed species and a time and cost estimate for each species 

targeted within Management Area 5. Figure 4 details locations. 

23


Figure 4. Management Area 5 – Priority Weeds. 

24


Table 4. Weed control works program - Management Area 5. 

Species name 

Common 

name 

Management Area 5 

Cost Estimate (ex GST) 

Priority Distribution Control method Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total 

Casuarina glauca Swamp Oak 1 Defined areas Cut and swab, drill, 

fill and frill 

40hrs 

($2,200) 

20hrs 

($1,100) 

10hrs 

($550) 

10hrs 

($550) 

5hrs 

($275) 

85hrs 

($4,675) 

Pennisetum 

clandestinum 

Kikuyu 1 Defined areas, 

Widespread 

Slash and Spray 

(controlled burn) 

100hrs 

($5,500) 

50hrs 

($2,750) 

25hrs 

($1,375) 

25hrs 

($1,375) 

10hrs 

($550) 

210hrs 

($11,550) 

Cynara cardunculus Artichoke Thistle 1 Defined areas, 

Widespread 

Chip out, 

Spray 

15hrs 

($825) 

15hrs 

($825) 

10hrs 

($550) 

10hrs 

($550) 

5hrs 

($275) 

55hrs 

($3,025) 

Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn 1 Localised Cut Down, 

15hrs 

15hrs 

5hrs 

5hrs 

2hrs 

42hrs 

Cut & swab, drill, fill 

and frill 

($825) 

($825) 

($275) 

($275) 

($110) 

($2,310) 

Senecio pterophorus African Daisy 1 Defined areas, 

Widespread 

Hand pull, 

cut & swab 

15hrs 

($825) 

15hrs 

($825) 

5hrs 

($275) 

5hrs 

($275) 

2hrs 

($110) 

42hrs 

($2,310) 

Pennisetum setaceum Fountain-grass 1 Localised Slash and Spray 5hrs 

5hrs 

2hrs 

2hrs 

2hrs 

16hrs 

($275) 

($275) 

($110) 

($110) 

($110) 

($880) 

Asparagus 

asparagoides 

Bridal Creeper 1 Localised Spray, 

Rust fungus 

Puccinia myrsiphylli 

10hrs 

($550) 

10hrs 

($550) 

5hrs 

($275) 

5hrs 

($275) 

2hrs 

($110) 

32hrs 

($1,760) 

Onopordum acanthium Scotch Thistle 2 Target 

revegetation zone 

A (1.52 ha) 

Spray 

20hrs 

($1,100) 

15hrs 

($825) 

10hrs 

($550) 

5hrs 

($275) 

2hrs 

($110) 

52hrs 

($2,860) 

Acacia cyclops 

Western Coast 

Wattle 

2 Localised Cut & swab, drill, fill 

and frill 

10hrs 

($550) 

5hrs 

($275) 

2hrs 

($110) 

2hrs 

($110) 

2hrs 

($110) 

21hrs 

($1,155) 

Galenia pubescens Galenia 2 Target 

revegetation Zone 

C 

Spray 

20hrs 

($1,100) 

15hrs 

($825) 

10hrs 

($550) 

10hrs 

($550) 

5hrs 

($275) 

60hrs 

($3,300) 

Foeniculum vulgare Fennel 2 Localised Hand pull, 

10hrs 

5hrs 

2hrs 

2hrs 

2hrs 

21hrs 

spray 

($550) 

($275) 

($110) 

($110) 

($110) 

($1,155) 

Olea europaea Olive 2 Localised Cut & swab, drill, fill 10hrs 5hrs 2hrs 2hrs 2hrs 21hrs 

25


Species name 

Common 

name 



Priority Distribution Control method Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total 

and frill ($550) ($275) ($110) ($110) ($110) ($1,155) 

Total weed control hours 270 175 88 83 41 657 

Weed Control Cost $14,850 $9,625 $4,840 $4,565 $2,255 $36,135 

Contingency 10% $16,335 $10,588 $5,324 $5,022 $2,481 $39,750 

*Refer to Appendix 1 for Weed Control methodology. 

26


5.1.2 Revegetation 

Revegetation proposed for Management Area 5 is designed to run concurrently with weed 

control activities. Many of the areas chosen for revegetation have significant weed control 

issues that need to be addressed prior to revegetation works commencing. An intensive 

management approach is required and a close working relationship with the weed control and 

revegetation contractors is needed to ensure proposed activities are planned and coordinated. 

Revegetation locations have been broken into designated zones (Refer Figure 5). Each zone 

represents a distinct vegetation community to be planted. Zones may have one or multiple 

planting locations. Two revegetation zones have been divided (Zone A and C into A and A1 and 

C and C1 respectively). Each zone will be planted with their representative vegetation 

community, however Zones A1 and C1 are heavily invaded with Kikuyu and require specialised 

weed control over several years before revegetation can commence. Hence, they will not be 

planted in the same years as A and C. 

Two revegetation techniques have been selected for Area 5: 

1. Tubestock planting requiring site preparation, bowl establishment, stakes and 

treeguards. 

2. Tubestock / plant cells plugged directly into the ground using a Hamilton planter or 

similar implement. 

Refer to Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan (EBS 2008) for further information of planting 

techniques. 

Photopoint locations should be set up at all major revegetation sites to document changes over 

time. Photopoint locations should be marked with a peg and GPS coordinates together with 

photo direction, documented. Site photos should be taken annually, preferably at the same time 

of year. 

27


Figure 5. Management Area 5 – Revegetation locations. 

28


Table 5. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone A 

Zone A 

Revegetation Area 

Ecological Zone 

Target community 

Revegetation methods 

Site preparation required 

Total number of plants, 

clusters or direct seeding 

required 

Location and layout of 

plantings 

12 locations. Total area = 2.69 ha 

Ephemeral wetland / riparian 

Cyperus gymnocaulos (Spiny Flat-sedge), Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Club-rush) 

Sedgeland 

Sedge / Grass - Plug directly into ground using Hamilton planter 

Review weed control section for primary weed control requirements 

Secondary weed control – spray area for weeds prior to planting 

Plants -15,720 

Cyperus gymnocaulos (Spiny Flat-sedge) scattered throughout in clumps of 10. 

Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Club-rush), Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush), Distichlis 

distichophylla (Emu Grass) to be planted randomly in groups of 20 throughout 

designated revegetation area. 

Revegetation species 

Stratum Species name Common name Number 

Sedge Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge 9,000 (1 every 3m 2 ) 

Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Club-rush) 2,240 (1 every 12 m 2 ) 

Juncus kraussii Sea Rush 2,240 (1 every 12 m 2 ) 

Grass Distichlis distichophylla Emu Grass 2,240 (1 every 12 m 2 ) 

29


Table 6. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone A1 

Zone A1 








required 


plantings 

Six locations. Total area = 1.29 ha 


Cyperus gymnocaulos (Spiny Flat-sedge), Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Club-rush) 

Sedgeland 

Sedge / Grass - Plug directly into ground using Hamilton planter 



Plants - 7,725 

Cyperus gymnocaulos (Spiny Flat-sedge) scattered throughout in groups of 10. 

Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Club-rush), Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush), Distichlis 

distichophylla (Emu Grass) to be planted randomly in groups of 20 throughout 

designated revegetation area. 



Sedge Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge 4,500 (1 every 3 m 2 ) 

Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush 1,075 (1 every 12 m 2 ) 

Juncus kraussii Sea Rush 1,075 (1 every 12 m 2 ) 

Grass Distichlis distichophylla Emu Grass 1,075 (1 every 12 m 2 ) 

30


Table 7. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone B. 

Zone B 








required 


plantings 

Seven locations – Total area = .73 ha 


Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge) Sedgeland 

Sedge - Plug directly into ground using Hamilton planter 



Plants – 3,650 

Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge) to be planted randomly in groups of 10 to 20. 



Sedge Gahnia filum Chaffy Saw-sedge 3,650 (1 every 2 m 2 ) 

31


Table 8. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone C. 

Zone C 








required 


plantings 

One location – Total area = .29 ha 

Outer riparian 

Myoporum insulare (Native Juniper), Nitraria billardierei (Nitre-bush) Shrubland 

Shrubs >1m – bowl, treeguard and stake required 

Understorey / Grass - Plug directly into ground using Hamilton planter 


Secondary weed control – spray area for weeds prior to planting. Spot spray 1m circle 

for plants requiring bowl, treeguard and stake. 


Myoporum insulare (Native Juniper) and Nitraria billardierei (Nitre-bush) scatter 

throughout. Threlkeldia diffusa (Coast Bonefruit) and Distichlis distichophylla (Emu 

Grass) plant in groups of 5. 


Stratum Species Name Common Name Number 

Shrubs >1m Myoporum insulare Native Juniper 145 (1 every 20 m 2 ) 

Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush 145 (1 every 20 m 2 ) 

Understorey Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit 580 (1 every 5 m 2 ) 

Grass Distichlis distichophylla Emu Grass 580 (1 every 5 m 2 ) 

32


Table 9. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone C1. 

Zone C1 








required 


plantings 

One location – area = .16 ha 


Myoporum insulare (Native Juniper), Nitraria billardierei (Nitre-bush) Shrubland 


Understorey / Grass - Plug directly into ground using Hamilton planter 




Plants - 800 

Myoporum insulare (Native Juniper) and Nitraria billardierei (Nitre-bush) scatter 

throughout. Threlkeldia diffusa (Coast Bonefruit) and Distichlis distichophylla (Emu 

Grass) plant in groups of 5. 




Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush 80 (1 every 20 m 2 ) 

Understorey Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit 320 (1 every 5 m 2 ) 

Grass Distichlis distichophylla Emu Grass 320 (1 every 5 m 2 ) 

33


Table 10. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone D. 

Zone D 








required 


plantings 

One location – area = .12 ha 

Riparian / outer riparian 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum) Woodland 

Trees – bowl, treeguard and stake required 





Scattered individuals 



Trees Eucalyptus camaldulensis River Red Gum 30 (1 every 40 m 2 ) 

34


Table 11. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone E. 

Zone E 








required 


plantings 

One location – area = 1.11 ha 

Steep slopes 

Allocasuarina verticillata (Drooping Sheoak) +/- Eucalyptus porosa (Mallee Box) 

Woodland 

Trees / shrubs / understorey – bowl, treeguard and stake required 





Allocasuarina verticillata (Drooping Sheoak), Eucalyptus porosa (Mallee Box) scattered 

throughout. Myoporum insulare (Native Juniper), Melaleuca lanceolata (Dryland Teatree) 

and Dianella revoluta (Black-anther flax lily) plant in random groups of 5. 



Trees Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak 1,110 (1 every 10 m 2 ) 

Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box 110 (1 every 100 m 2 ) 


Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree 110 (1 every 100 m 2 ) 

Understorey Dianella revoluta Black-anther flax lily 220 (1 every 50 m 2 ) 

35


Table 12. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone F 

Zone F 








required 


plantings 

One location – Total area = .53 ha 


Nitraria billardierei (Nitre-bush), Atriplex paludosa (Marsh Saltbush) Shrubland 


Shrubs 1m Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush 265 (1 every 20 m 2 ) 

Shrubs


Table 13. Revegetation description, Management Area 5 – Zone G. 

Zone G 








required 


plantings 

One location – Total area = .11ha 

Riparian 

Muehlenbeckia florulenta (Lignum) Shrubland 

Shrubs – bowl, treeguard and stake required 




Plant in groups of 3 to 5. 



Shrubs >1m Muehlenbeckia florulenta Lignum 55 (1 every 20 m 2 ) 

Total revegetation hectares for Management Area 5 = 7.03 ha. 

37


Table 14. Revegetation Works Program - Management Area 5. 

Activity Zone Details Timing Cost Details Cost 

Year 1: Site preparation & Revegetation 

Pre planting weed 

control 

A,B,C,D,E,F,G 

Control of herbaceous 

weeds within planting 

areas; include spraying 

individual planting 

locations for species 

requiring treeguards 

April / May 70 hrs $3,850 

Total area = 5.58 ha 

Plant supply A,B,C,D,E,F,G Tube stock 


June $1.10 each $25, 696 

Site preparation 

Plant bowl, 

Treeguards, 

Stake 

(Refer individual 

zones for details) 

C,D,E,F,G Total = 2,300 plants Prepare bowls 

prior to planting. 

Supply and fit 

treeguard and 

stake during 

planting 

Prepare 

supply and fit 

= $3.50 per 

plant 

$8,050 

Planting A,B,C,D,E,F,G Labour (planting 23,360 

plants) 

June/July/ 

August 

$1.30 each 

plant 

$30,368 

Maintenance 

event 

A,B,C,D,E,F,G Follow up weed control / 

slashing around plantings 

Sept-Oct 50hrs $2,750 

Total $70,714 

Contingency 10% Total $77,786 

Year 2: Site preparation, revegetation, ongoing maintenance and weed control 

Maintenance 

event 


control 



A1, C1 Control of herbaceous 


areas; include spraying 

individual planting 

locations for species 

requiring treeguards. 


April / May 50hrs $2,750 


Plant supply A1, C1 Tube stock 


June $1.10 each $9,378 

38





Treeguards, 

stake 



C1 Total = 160 plants Prepare bowls 



treeguard and 

stake during 

planting 

Prepare 


= $3.50 per 

plant 

$560 

Planting A1, C1 Labour (planting 8,525 

plants) 

June/July/ 

August 

$1.30 each 

plant 

$11,083 

Maintenance 

event 

Maintenance 

event 



A1, C1 Follow up weed control / 



Sept-Oct 15hrs $825 

Total $28,446 


Year 3: Ongoing maintenance and weed control 

Maintenance 

event 

A,A1,B,C,C1,D, 

E,F,G 

Follow up weed control / 



Maintenance 

event 


E,F,G 




Total $5,500 



Maintenance 

event 


E,F,G 




Maintenance 

event 


E,F,G 




Total $4,400 


Years 5: Ongoing maintenance and weed control 

Maintenance 

event 


E,F,G 




Maintenance 

event 


E,F,G 




Total $3,300 


39


Table 15. Combined management cost estimates – Management Area 5 


Total Cost Estimate (ex GST) 

Action Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total 

Weed control $16,335 $10,588 $5,324 $5,022 $2,481 $39,750 

Revegetation $77,786 $31,291 $6,050 $4,840 $3,630 $123,597 

Combined action total (per year) $94,121 $41, 879 $11,374 $9,862 $6,111 $163,347 

40



Management Area 4 has been extensively modified through the clearing of vegetation, grazing 

and the planting of non-local vegetation. Native vegetation is considered to be in poor condition, 

with the exception of the intertidal and supratidal zones where samphire and chenopod 

communities exist. Large areas of non native trees and shrubs have been planted on the upper 

slopes along the western border while large areas of open exotic grass / herblands are 

dominating the outer riparian zone. 

Extensive woody weed control activities have been undertaken in recent years resulting in a 

significant reduction in Olive and Boxthorn infestations. Follow up control will be required in 

areas designated for revegetation. 

41



42


5.2.1 Weed control 

Major weed species to be controlled within Area 4 include; Olea europaea (Olive), Galenia 

pubescens (Galenia), Agave americana (Century plant), Lycium ferocissimum (African 

Boxthorn), Cynara cardunculus (Artichoke Thistle), Pennisetum setaceum (Fountain-grass), 

Marrubium vulgare (Horehound), Acacia cyclops (Western Coast Wattle) and Ficus carica 

(Figure 7). Weed control within Area 4 is closely aligned with proposed revegetation. 

The following table outlines priority weed species to be targeted, included is their distribution 

and a time and cost estimate for control over five years. 

43



44



Species name 

Common 

Name 


Priority 

Distribution 

Control 

method 


Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total 

Olea europaea Olive 1 

Target 

previously 

controlled area 

Cut & 

swab, drill, 


50hrs 

($2,750) 

30hrs 

($1,650) 

20hrs 

($1,100) 

10hrs 

($550) 

10hrs 

($550) 

120hrs 

($6,600) 

Galenia 

pubescens 

Galenia 1 

Target direct 

seeding Areas A 

& F only. 

Spray 

Refer to Table 25 - Management Area 4 – Revegetation Works 

Program for application timing and associated costs. 

Lycium 

ferocissimum 

African 

Boxthorn 

1 Localised 

Cut Down, 

Cut & 

swab, drill, 


5hrs 

($275) 

5hrs 

($275) 

3hrs 

($165) 

3hrs 

($165) 

2hrs 

($110) 

18hrs 

($990) 

Cynara 

cardunculus 

Artichoke 

Thistle 

1 Localised 

Chip out, 

Spray 

15hrs 

($825) 

10hrs 

($550) 

10hrs 

($550) 

5hrs 

($275) 

5hrs 

($275) 

45hrs 

($2,475) 


Western 

Coast Wattle 

2 Localised 

Cut & 

swab, drill, 


15hrs 

($825) 

10hrs 

($550) 

10hrs 

($550) 

5hrs 

($275) 

5hrs 

($275) 

45hrs 

($2,475) 

Agave 

americana 

Century 

plant 

2 Localised 

Cut, swab 

and frill 

15hrs 

($825) 

10hrs 

($550) 

10hrs 

($550) 

5hrs 

($275) 

5hrs 

($275) 

45hrs 

($2,475) 

Pennisetum 

setaceum 

Fountaingrass 

2 Localised 

Slash and 

Spray 

2hrs 

($110) 

1hr 

($55) 

1hr 

($55) 

1hr 

($55) 

1hr 

($55) 

6hrs 

($330) 

Marrubium 

vulgare 

Horehound 2 

Target main 

outbreak only 

Spray 

5hrs 

($275) 

5hrs 

($275) 

3hrs 

($165) 

3hrs 

($165) 

2hrs 

($110) 

18hrs 

($990) 

Senecio 

pterophorus 

African 

Daisy 

2 Localised 

Hand pull, 

cut & swab 

10hrs 

($550) 

8hrs 

($440) 

5hrs 

($275) 

5hrs 

($275) 

5hrs 

($275) 

33hrs 

($1,815) 

45




Species name 

Common 

Name 

Priority 

Distribution 

Control 

method 


Ficus carica Fig 2 Localised 

Cut and 

swab, drill, 


10hrs 

($550) 

5hrs 

($275) 

1hr 

($55) 

1hr 

($55) 

1hr 

($55) 

18hrs 

($990) 



Contingency 10% $7,684 $5,082 $3,811 $2,299 $2,178 $21,054 

46




control activities. Many of the areas chosen for revegetation have significant weed control 




Several revegetation techniques have been selected for Area 4 including; 

1. Tubestock planting requiring site preparation, bowl establishment, stakes and 

treeguards. 



3. Direct seeding. 

4. Clusters (Clumps). 


techniques. 




of year. 

47



48


Table 17. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone A. 

Zone A 


Ecological zone 






required 


plantings 

Direct seeding species 

Total area = 9.06 Ha 


Mixed chenopod low shrubland 

Direct seeding 

Boom spray entire planting area with broadleaf herbicide prior to direct seeding (refer 

Table 24 – Revegetation works program for application times) 

Direct seeding requirement s = 10.6kg per Ha 

Zone A = 10.6 x 9.06 = 96kg 

Refer Figure 7 

Species name Common name % cover of species Kg of seed required per Ha 

Atriplex paludosa Marsh Saltbush 25 2 

Enchylaena tomentosa Ruby Saltbush 20 2 

Rhagodia candolleana ssp. 

candolleana 

Sea-berry Saltbush 20 2 

Maireana brevifolia Small-leaf Bluebush 12 1 

Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush 10 2 

Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush 9 .1 (100 grams) 

Vittadinia blackii 

Narrow-leaf New Holland 

Daisy 

1 .5 

Vittadinia cuneata var 

cuneata 

Fuzzy New Holland Daisy 1 .5 

Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy 1 .5 

49



Zone B 








required 


plantings 

Five locations - Total area = .88 Ha 

Depression areas within outer riparian zone 

Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge), Cyperus gymnocaulos (Spiny Flat-sedge), Juncus 

kraussii (Sea Rush) Sedgeland 




Plants = 2,940 

Randomly scatter in individual species groups of 10 to 20 within designated planting 

area. 



Sedge Gahnia filum Chaffy Saw-sedge 980 (one every 3 m 2 ) 

Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge 980 (one every 3 m 2 ) 

Juncus kraussii Sea Rush 980 (one every 3 m 2 ) 

50


Table 19. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone C. 

Zone C 








required 


plantings 


Total area = .95 Ha 


Nitraria billardierei (Nitre-bush), Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana (Sea-berry 

Saltbush), Atriplex paludosa (Marsh Saltbush) Shrubland 

Shrubs – treeguard and stake required 



for plants requiring bowl, treeguard and stake.(* review and assess for weeds prior to 

planting as planting will occur over direct seeding) 

Cluster density = 3 per ha 

Total number of clusters = 27 

Total number of plants (27x50) = 1350 

Clusters to be randomly spread throughout planting area (Refer Figure 7). Clusters are 

to be lanceolate shaped for ease of slashing around perimeter. Dimensions 30x15 m 

tapering at each end, (approx size 351 m2 per cluster) 

Stratum Species name Common name Number per cluster 

(Total required) 

Shrubs Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush 10 (total required = 270) 


candolleana 

Sea-berry Saltbush 15 (total required = 405) 

Atriplex paludosa Marsh Saltbush 15 (total required = 405) 

Maireana decalvans Black Cotton-bush 10 (total required = 270) 

51


Table 20. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone D. 

Zone D 








required 


plantings 


One location = 1.42 Ha 

Upper slopes 


Woodland 

Trees / shrubs – bowl, treeguard and stake required 


Secondary weed control – spray area for weeds prior to planting. Spot spray 1 m circle 




throughout. Pittosporum angustifolium (Native Apricot), Bursaria spinosa (Bursaria) and 

Dodonaea viscosa (Sticky Hop-bush) plant in random groups of 5. 




Large shrubs Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot 142 (1 every 100 m 2 ) 

Bursaria spinosa Bursaria 142 (1 every 100 m 2 ) 

Dodonaea viscosa Sticky Hop-bush 142 (1 every 100 m 2 ) 

52


Table 21. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone E. 

Zone E 








required 


plantings 


One location = 1.72 Ha 

Steep slopes 


Woodland 

Trees / shrubs – bowl, treeguard and stake required 


Secondary weed control – spray area for weeds prior to planting. Spot spray 1 m circle 




throughout. Pittosporum angustifolium (Native Apricot), Bursaria spinosa (Bursaria) and 

Dodonaea viscosa (Sticky Hop-bush) plant in random groups of 5. 




Large shrubs Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot 172 (1 every 100 m 2 ) 

Bursaria spinosa Bursaria 172 (1 every 100 m 2 ) 

Dodonaea viscosa Sticky Hop-bush 172 (1 every 100 m 2 ) 

53


Table 22. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone F. 

Zone F 








required 


plantings 

Total area = 10.67 Ha 


Mixed chenopod low shrubland 

Direct seeding 

Review weed control section for primary weed control requirements. 

Boom spray entire planting area with broadleaf herbicide prior to direct seeding 

Direct seeding requirement s = 13.1kg per ha 

Zone A = 10.6 x 10.67 = 113.1 kg 

Refer figure 7 

Direct seeding species 

Species name Common name % cover of 

species 

Kg of seed required per Ha 

Atriplex paludosa Marsh Saltbush 25 2 

Enchylaena tomentosa Ruby Saltbush 20 2 


candolleana 

Sea-berry Saltbush 20 2 

Maireana brevifolia Small-leaf Bluebush 12 1 

Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush 10 2 

Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush 10 .1 (100 grams) 

Vittadinia blackii Narrow-leaf New Holland Daisy 1 .5 

Vittadinia cuneata var 

cuneata 

Fuzzy New Holland Daisy 1 .5 

Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy 1 .5 

54


Table 23. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone G. 

Zone G 








required 


plantings 


Four locations = .37 ha 

Depression areas within outer riparian zone 

Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge), Cyperus gymnocaulos (Spiny Flat-sedge), Juncus 

kraussii (Sea Rush) Sedgeland 




Plants = 1233 

Randomly scatter in individual species groups of 10 to 20 within designated planting 

area. 



Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge 411 (one every 3 m 2 ) 

Juncus kraussii Sea Rush 411 (one every 3 m 2 ) 

55


Table 24. Revegetation description, Management Area 4 – Zone H. 

Zone H 








required 


plantings 






Shrubs – treeguard and stake required 



for plants requiring bowl, treeguard and stake.(* review and assess for weeds prior to 

planting as planting will occur over direct seeding) 

Cluster density = 3 per ha 

Total number of clusters = 31 

Total number of plants (31x50) = 1,550 

Clusters to be randomly spread throughout planting area (Refer Figure 7). Clusters are 

to be lanceolate shaped for ease of slashing around perimeter. Dimensions 30x15 m 

tapering at each end, (approx size 351 m 2 per cluster). 

Stratum Species name Common name Number per cluster 

(Total required) 

Shrubs Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush 10 (total required = 310) 


candolleana 

Sea-berry Saltbush 15 (total required = 465) 

Atriplex paludosa Marsh Saltbush 15 (total required = 465) 

Maireana decalvans Black Cotton-bush 10 (total required = 310) 

Total revegetation hectares for Management Area 4 = 26.16 ha. 

56


Planting events within Area 4 have been planned over several years to allow for the control of 

invasive weed species and the collection of adequate amounts of seed for direct seeding. The 

result is an extended maintenance program of six years instead of five. Primary areas for 

revegetation are Zones A, B, C, D and E. Secondary areas for revegetation are F, G and H, 

depending on funding availability. 

Table 25. Revegetation Works Program - Management Area 4 . 




Boom spray 

A 

Targeted Galenia 

control 

Jan / Feb $150 ha $1,360 


control 

B,D& E 



areas; include 

spraying individual 

planting locations for 

species requiring 

treeguards. 



Plant supply B,D& E Tube stock 


June $1.10 each $8,070 



Treeguards, Stake 



D& E Total = 4,396 plants Prepare bowls 



treeguard and 

stake during 

planting 

Prepare supply 

and fit = $3.50 

per plant 

$15,386 

Planting B,D& E Labour (planting 7,336 

plants) 

Maintenance event B,D& E Follow up weed 

control / slashing 

around plantings 

July/ August $1.30 each plant $9,537 

Sept-Oct 50 hrs $2,750 

Total $40,128 




Boom spray 

A 


control 

Jan / Feb $150 ha $1,360 





57



Seed supply A Seed must be 

available for direct 

seeding to proceed – 

96 kg required 

When available Approx $100 kg $9,600 

Site preparation Boom 

spray 

A 

Knockdown herbicide 

across entire site 

July / August $150 Ha $1,360 


slashing event 

A 

Slash area prior to 

direct seeding to 

reduce biomass 

August $130 Ha $1,178 

Direct seeding A Costs for 9.06 Ha Sept $400 per ha 

(seed excluded) 

$3,624 





Post seeding 

maintenance 

A 

Grass selective 

herbicide boom spray 

application after 

grassy weed 

germination 

October $150 ha $1,360 

Post seeding 

maintenance 

A 

herbicide application 

to target upright 

broadleaf weeds, 

October $150 ha $1,360 

Maintenance event A Spot spray of priority 

summer active weeds 

Nov / Dec 40 hrs $2,200 

Total $27,542 


Years 3: Site preparation, revegetation, ongoing maintenance and weed control 


Boom spray 

F 


control 

Jan / Feb $150 ha $1,360 

Maintenance event A Follow up slashing (If 

required) 




March / April $130 ha $1,178 


Cluster plantings site 

identification 

C 

Mark out cluster 

planting areas with 

marker pegs 

June 10 hrs $550 


control 

C & G 



June 25 hrs $1,375 

58







treeguards. 

Total area C .95 ha 

Total area G .37 ha 

Plant supply C &G Tube stock 

June $1.10 each $2,842 




Treeguards, stake 

C Total = 1,350 plants Prepare bowls 



treeguard and 

stake during 

planting. 

Prepare Supply 

and fit = $3.50 

per plant 

$4,725 

Planting C &G Labour (planting 2,583 

plants) 

Maintenance event C &G Follow up weed 






July / August $1.30 each plant $3,358 



Total $20,338 




Boom spray 

F 


control 

Jan / Feb $150 ha $1,601 







Seed supply F Seed must be 

available for direct 

seeding to proceed – 

113.1kg required 



When available Approx $100 kg $11,310 

Site preparation Boom 

spray 

F 

Knockdown herbicide 

across entire site 

July / August $150 Ha $1,601 

59




slashing event 

F 

Slash area prior to 

direct seeding to 

reduce biomass 

August $130 Ha $1,387 

Direct seeding F Costs for 10.67 Ha Sept $400 per Ha 

(seed excluded) 

$4,268 









Post seeding 

maintenance 

F 

Grass selective 

herbicide boom spray 

application after 

grassy weed 

germination 

October $150 ha $1,601 

Post seeding 

maintenance 

F 

Herbicide application 

to target upright 

broadleaf weeds 

October $150 ha $1,601 

Maintenance event F Spot spray of priority 

summer active weeds 

Nov / Dec 45 hrs $2,475 

Total $32,444 


Year 5 : Site preparation, revegetation, ongoing maintenance and weed control 

Maintenance event F Follow up slashing (If 

required) 







March / April $130 ha $1,178 



Cluster plantings site 

identification 

H 

Mark out cluster 

planting areas with 

marker pegs 



control 

H 







60




treeguards. 

Total area H 1.09 ha 

Plant supply H Tube stock 


June $1.10 each $1,705 



Treeguards, Stake 

H Total = 1,550 plants Prepare bowls 



treeguard and 

stake during 

planting 

Prepare Supply 

and fit = $3.50 

per plant 

$5,425 

Planting H Labour (planting 1,550 

plants) 

Maintenance event H Follow up weed 









July / August $1.30 each plant $2,015 




Total $17,703 


Year 6 : Maintenance and weed control 









Total $3,300 


Table 26. Total management cost estimates - Management Area 4. 

61




Action Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total 

Weed control $7,684 $5,082 $3,811 $2,299 $2,178 $0 $21,054 

Revegetation $44,141 $30,296 $22,372 $35,688 $19,473 $3,630 $155,600 

Combined action total (per 

year) 

$51,825 $35,378 $26,183 $37,987 $21,651 $3,630 $176,654 

62



Management Area 8 consists of high quality intertidal and supratidal samphire communities. 

Vegetation within these areas is considered to be in good to very good condition. Surrounding 

vegetation consists of planted non-local Eucalypts and Melaleucas with low to moderate 

ecological value. 

Weed control activities have been undertaken within the north-eastern corner where significant 

amounts of Olive have been removed. Melaleuca nesophila (Showy Honey-myrtle) previously 

planted within the outer riparian area is non indigenous and has developed into a problematic 

woody weed. This species should be removed from the area. 

63



64



Weed control within Area 8 is targeted within the riparian and outer riparian ecological zones 

and is closely aligned with proposed revegetation. Weed control should commence within 

proposed revegetation areas then extend to other locations, depending on funding availability. 

Major weed species for control include; Olea europaea (Olive), Melaleuca nesophila (Showy 

Honey-myrtle) Lycium ferocissimum (African Boxthorn), Acacia cyclops (Western Coast Wattle) 

and Lagunaria patersonia (Norfolk Island Hibiscus). 

Significant weed infestations are located within the upper slopes of Area 8. These areas have 

not been displayed in Figure 9 as control will depend on funding availability from alternative 

sources. 

Table 26 outlines priority weed species to be targeted within Management Area 8. Included are 

their distribution and a time and cost estimate for control over five years. 

65



66





Species Name 

Common 

Name 

Priority 

Distribution 

Control 

method 


Olea europaea Olive 1 Scattered. 

Target 

revegetation 

Cut & 

swab, drill, 


60 hrs 

($3,300) 

20 hrs 

($1,100) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

110 hrs 

($6,050) 

area first 

Lycium 

ferocissimum 

African 

Boxthorn 

1 Localised Cut Down, 

Cut & 

swab, drill, 


5 hrs 

($275) 

5 hrs 

($275) 

3 hrs 

($165) 

3 hrs 

($165) 

2 hrs 

($110) 

18 hrs 

($990) 

Lagunaria 

patersonia 

Norfolk 

Island 

Hibiscus 

1 Localised Cut & 

swab, drill, 


2 hrs 

($110) 

1 hr 

($55) 

1 hr 

($55) 

1 hr 

($55) 

1 hr 

($55) 

6 hrs 

($330) 


Western 

Coast Wattle 

2 Localised Cut & 

swab, drill, 


5 hrs 

($275) 

5 hrs 

($275) 

3 hrs 

($165) 

3 hrs 

($165) 

2 hrs 

($110) 

18 hrs 

($990) 

Melaleuca 

nesophila 

Showy 

Honeymyrtle 

2 Scattered. 

Target 

revegetation 

area first 

Cut Down, 

Cut & 

swab, drill, 


60 hrs 

($3,300) 

20 hrs 

($1,100) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

110 hrs 

($6,050) 



Contingency 10% $7,986 $3,086 $1,634 $1,634 $1,513 $15,851 

67



Two revegetation locations have been selected within Area 8; Zone A and Zone B. Zone A has 

recently been cleared of Olives allowing for revegetation activities to commence. Zone B 

requires significant amounts of woody weed control before revegetation can be undertaken. 


control activities. Many of the areas selected for revegetation have significant weed control 




Revegetation techniques selected for Area 8 include: 




techniques. 




of year. 

68



69



Zone A 








required 


plantings 






Plug directly into ground using Hamilton planter 


Secondary weed control – spray area for weeds prior to planting. 

Total number of plants = 486 

Randomly scatter throughout planting area 


Shrubs Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush 81 (one every 100 m 2 ) 


candolleana 

Sea-berry Saltbush 

162 (one every 50 m 2 ) 

Atriplex paludosa Marsh Saltbush 162 (one every 50 m 2 ) 

Maireana decalvans Black Cotton-bush 81 (one every 100 m 2 ) 

70



Zone B 








required 


plantings 









Total number of plants = 2,100 

Randomly scatter throughout planting area 




candolleana 

Sea-berry Saltbush 

740 (one every 50 m 2 ) 


Maireana decalvans Black Cotton-bush 250 (one every 150 m 2 ) 

71






control 

A 

Control of 

herbaceous weeds 

within planting area. 

April / May 15 hrs $825 

Total Area = 0.81 ha 

Plant supply A Tube stock 

June $1.10 each $535 

Plants – 486 

Planting A Labour (planting 486 

plants) 

June/July/ August 

$1.30 each 

plant 

$632 

Maintenance event A Follow up weed 




Total $3,092 








control 

B 

Control of 


within planting areas. 



Plant supply B Tube stock 

June $1.10 each $2,310 


Planting B Labour (planting 

2,100 plants) 


$1.30 each 

plant 

$2,730 

Maintenance event A & B Follow up weed 




Total $11,090 


72











Total $4,400 











Total $3,300 











Total $2,200 


73






Weed control $7,986 $3,086 $1,634 $1,634 $1,513 $15,851 

Revegetation $3,401 $12,199 $4,840 $3,630 $2,420 $26,490 

Combined action total (per year) $11,387 $15,285 $6,474 $5,264 $3,933 $42,341 

74



This area consists of a constructed ephemeral wetland surrounded by a mix of non-local 

Eucalyptus and Melaleuca species. The area is considered to be in poor condition with very few 

native species present, the exception being along the fringe of Area 8 where high quality 

intertidal and supratidal samphire communities together with Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge) 

Sedgeland are represented. 

75


Figure 12. Management Area 7 –Ecological Zones. 

76



Weed control within Area 7 is aimed at controlling Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu) that is 

invading the high quality samphire and Gahnia communities that exist along the border with 

Area 8. Management options include spraying with herbicide then burning. If this technique is 

adopted contact and permission must be obtained from all relevant authorities and close liaison 

with local council (City of Onkaparinga) and CFS. One patch of Cortaderia sellaona (Common 

Pampas Grass) and one Lycium ferocissimum (African Boxthorn) is also found within this area. 

Significant woody weed infestations exist within the upper slopes of Area 7. These areas have 

not been identified in Figure 13 as they are considered to have low conservation value. Control 

will depend on funding availability from alternative sources. 

77



Species Name 

Common 

Name 


Priority 

Distribution 

Control 

method 



Pennisetum 

clandestinum 

Kikuyu 1 Defined areas Slash and 

Spray 

(controlled 

burn) 

30 hrs 

($1,650) 

30 hrs 

($1,500) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

90 hrs 

($4,950) 

Cortaderia 

sellaona 

Common 

Pampas 

Grass 

1 Defined areas Cut & swab 5 hrs 

($275) 

5 hrs 

($275) 

3 hrs 

($165) 

3 hrs 

($165) 

2 hrs 

($110) 

18 hrs 

($990) 

Lycium 

ferocissimum 

African 

Boxthorn 

1 Defined 

location 

Cut down, 

Cut & swab, 

drill, fill and 

frill 

2 hrs 

(110) 

2 hrs 

(110) 

0 0 0 4 hrs 


Weed Control Cost $2,035 $2,035 $715 $715 $660 $6,160 

Contingency 10% $2,239 $2,239 $787 $787 $726 $6,776 

($220) 

78



79



Revegetation is designed to replace a large area of Kikuyu located adjacent the constructed 

ephemeral wetland with Nitraria billardierei (Nitre-bush) +/- Atriplex paludosa (Marsh Saltbush) 

+/- Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge) Shrubland. The Kikuyu will need to be eradicated before 

revegetation can occur. 

Revegetation techniques selected for Area 7 include: 




techniques. 




of year. 

80


Figure 14. Management Area 7 – Revegetation location. 

81



Zone A 








required 


plantings 


Total area = .11 ha 

Ephemeral / Supratidal 

Nitraria billardierei (Nitre-bush) +/- Atriplex paludosa (Marsh Saltbush) +/- Gahnia filum 

(Chaffy Saw-sedge) Shrubland 




Total number of plants = 242 

Nitraria billardierei (Nitre-bush) scatter throughout area individually. Gahnia filum 

(Chaffy Saw-sedge) and Atriplex paludosa (Marsh Saltbush) plant in small groups of 

five. 





82




Year 1: Weed control 

No revegetation actions to be undertaken this year. Control of Kikuyu in progress 

Total $0 

Contingency 10% Total $0 



control 

A 

Control of 


within planting areas. 


Total area = .11 ha 

Plant supply A Tube stock 

Plants – 242 

June $1.10 each $266 

Planting A Labour (planting 242 

plants) 


$1.30 each 

plant 

$315 




Sept-Oct 15 hrs $825 

Total $1,846 










Sept-Oct 15 hrs $825 

Total $1,650 











Total $1,650 


83









April / May 10hrs $550 


Total $1,100 






Weed control $2,118 $2,118 $787 $787 $726 $6,534 

Revegetation $0 $2,031 $1,815 $1,815 $1,210 $6,871 

Combined action total (per year) $2,118 $4,149 $2,602 $2,602 $1,936 $13,405 

84


5.5 Onkaparinga River National Park Revegetation Block – New Gate #29 

Revegetation block - Gate 29 is a large area of scattered revegetation approximately 33.6 Ha in 

size, located within the Onkaparinga River National Park. Revegetation activities undertaken 

over recent years have been aimed at reintroducing native flora species once common to the 

region. Large areas of remnant native grasses and small herbs and shrubs can be found within 

the area. 

Woody weed control activities have been recommended to help improve biodiversity values 

within this area. Further information can be obtained within “2009 Onkaparinga River National 

Park Revegetation Survey Revegetation Block – Gate 20” (Creation Care) detailing specific 

locations of targeted woody weed species. No revegetation activities have been outlined. 


Olea europaea (Olive), Lycium ferocissimum (African Boxthorn) and Agave americana (Century 

plant) have been identified as priority target species within the area. See Table 36 below. 

85


Figure 15. Onkaparinga River National Park – Revegetation block - Gate 20. 

86


Table 36. Weed control works program – Onkaparinga River National Park Revegetation Block – Gate 20. 

Onkaparinga River National Park Revegetation Block – Gate 20 

Species name 

Common 

name 

Priority 

Distribution 

Control 

method 



Olea europaea Olive 1 Scattered 

throughout 

Cut & swab, 


frill 

30 hrs 

($1650) 

30 hrs 

($1500) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

90 hrs 

($4950) 

Lycium 

ferocissimum 

African 

Boxthorn 

1 Scattered 

throughout 

Cut Down, 

Cut & swab, 


frill 

30 hrs 

($1650) 

30 hrs 

($1500) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

90 hrs 

($4950) 

Agave 

americana 

Century 

plant 

1 Scattered 

throughout 

Cut, swab 

and frill 

30 hrs 

($1650) 

30 hrs 

($1500) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

10 hrs 

($550) 

90 hrs 

($4950) 

Total weed control hours 90 hrs 90 hrs 30 hrs 30 hrs 30 hrs 270 


Contingency 10% $5,445 $5,445 $1,815 $1,815 $1,815 $16,335 

87


5.6 Cost estimates 

Total cost estimates are indicative only and may be subject to change in the future. 

Table 37. Management Actions – Total cost estimates. 

Action Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total 


Weed control $16,335 $10,588 $5,324 $5,022 $2,481 $0 $39,750 

Revegetation $77,786 $31,291 $6,050 $4,840 $3,630 $0 $123,597 


Weed control $7,684 $5,082 $3,811 $2,299 $2,178 $0 $21,054 

Revegetation $44,141 $30,296 $22,372 $35,688 $19,473 $3,630 $155,600 


Weed control $7,986 $3,086 $1,634 $1,634 $1,513 $0 $15,851 

Revegetation $3,404 $12,199 $4,840 $3,630 $2,420 $0 $26,493 


Weed control $2,118 $2,118 $787 $787 $726 $0 $6,534 

Revegetation $0 $2,031 $1,815 $1,815 $1,210 $0 $6,871 

Onkaparinga River National Park Revegetation Block – New Gate #29 

Weed control $4,950 $4,950 $1,650 $1,650 $1,650 $0 $14,850 

Total Management costs 

Weed control $39,073 $25,824 $13,206 $11,392 $8,548 $0 $98,043 

Revegetation $125,331 $75,817 $35,041 $45,973 $26,733 $3,630 $312,525 

Total $164,404 $101,641 $48,247 $57,365 $35,281 $3,630 $410,568 

88

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 


City of Onkaparinga (2005). Biological Diversity Strategy & Action Plan 2006-2010. Strategy and 

Policy Department. 

Creation Care (2009). 2009 Onkaparinga River National Park Revegetation Survey. Revegetation 

Block – Gate 20-A. 

Dashorst, G.R.M. and Jessop, J.P. (1998). Plants of the Adelaide Plains and Hills (second edition). 

The Botanic Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium. 

DEH (2010). Draft Fire Management Plan, Reserves of the Onkaparinga Valley. PDF 

DEH (2005). Onkaparinga Estuary Information Package. 

Department for transport Energy and Infrastructure (2010). Vegetation Survey Summary 2010/012. 

Department for transport Energy and Infrastructure (2010). Vegetation Survey Summary 2010/071 

Department for transport Energy and Infrastructure (2010). Test Piling Vegetation Survey Number 

2010/048. 

Department for transport Energy and Infrastructure (2010). Early Works Vegetation Survey Number 

2010/110. 

Environmental and Biodiversity Services (2006) Gawler Buffer East (Stage1) Native Vegetation Action 

Plan. Urban Forest Million Tree Program, DEH. 

Environmental and Biodiversity Services (2008). Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan. 

Environmental and Biodiversity Services (2008). Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan, Supporting 

Document 

Environmental and Biodiversity Services (2007) St. Kilda Antenna Fields Action Plan. Urban Forest 

Million Tree Program, DEH. 


Hydro Tasmania Consulting and Eco Management Services (2006). Onkaparinga Estuary 

Rehabilitation Action Plan. A joint initiative of the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural 

Resources Management Board, the Department for Water Land and Biodiversity. 

Jessop, J.P. and Toelken, H.R. (Eds) (1986). Flora of South Australia Parts 1-4, South Australian 

Government Printer, Adelaide. 

Nature Conservation Society (2005) Guide to Bushland Monitoring 

Neagle, N. (1995). An Update of the Conservation Status of the Major Plant Associations of South 

Australia, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Adelaide. 

Nicolle, D. (1997). Eucalypts of South Australia. Lane Print Group. 

Prescott, A. (1988). It‟s Blue with Five Petals: Wildflowers of the Adelaide Region. 

APPENDICES 

Appendix 1. Weed control methods. 

There are a variety of weed control methods that can be utilised to effectively control different 

weed species. Weed control methods include cutting and swabbing, stump injection, drilling 

89


and filling, spot spraying and hand pulling. The way to carry out each method effectively and 

safely is detailed below. 

Cut and Swab 

Cut off all stems as low as possible using a chainsaw or pruning saw, secateurs or 

long-handled loppers. The cut must be horizontal so that the herbicide rests on the 

cut area while being absorbed, rather than running down the side of the stem; 

Stumps will be left in the ground so as to not disturb the soil and to help retain the soil 

in place i.e. reduce the likelihood of soil erosion; 

Remove all stems from the stump, so that no active (or green) branches/shoots 

remain, no matter how small they are; 

Liberally swab all cut surfaces immediately with the herbicide mixture. This must be 

done preferably within half a minute, or immediately if possible. The cut surface 

cannot be allowed to dry out, otherwise the herbicide will be much less effective. Use 

a paintbrush, swabber or squeeze bottle (laboratory) to apply the herbicide mixture. 

Add a dye to the herbicide mixture that will help indicate where swabbing has already 

been done; 

The tissues that take up and move the poison are immediately under the bark layer, 

so concentrate on applying the poison around the outer rim of the stump; 

Follow up work may be required. If the stumps re-sprout which can be common with 

some species, then cut and swab or spray the new regrowth with herbicide; 

The most effective time of the year to cut and swab plants is when they are actively 

growing, which varies between species. 

Drill and Fill 

Drill a steeply angled hole into the plant's cambium layer (where sap flows just 

beneath the bark layer) with a cordless drill, using a 10mm drill bit; 

The holes should be as close to the base of the plant as possible, and it is essential 

for the hole to be steeply angled into the cambium otherwise the herbicide will not be 

absorbed into the sap flow; 

Immediately after the hole has been drilled fill with herbicide. Syringes (without the 

needle) or squeeze bottles can be used to administer the herbicide into the hole; 

Holes are drilled every 2.5-5cm until the base of the plant has been circled; 

Follow up work may be required. If the plant re-sprouts which can be common with 

some species, then the process needs to be repeated. 

Frilling 

For large and medium sized trees and shrubs with a large stump or lignotuber the 

following “Frilling” method is recommended. It can be used in conjunction with the cut 

90


and swab method or the drill and fill method to get a higher dose of herbicide into the 

plant, and to get a more thorough application of herbicide; 

After the plant has been cut and swabbed, make regular extra cuts into the remaining 

stump and any exposed roots with a hammer and chisel to expose the sapwood. 

Immediately fill chisel marks with the herbicide mixture in the squeeze bottle. This 

provides more surface area for the herbicide to penetrate, and ensures a good dose 

of herbicide. This method, used in conjunction with either the cut and swab method or 

drill and fill method, should provide a much better kill rate when compared to the cut 

and swab method or drill and fill method used independently. 

Spraying 

The most effective time of the year to spray is when the plant is actively growing; 

Look for native plants and avoid contact while spraying. If there are too many native 

plants amongst the weeds then this method should not be used; 

Always read the label on the herbicide container, follow the instructions and wear 

protective clothing. Dilute the mixture as recommended. Add a dye to the herbicide 

mixture that will help to indicate where spraying has already been done; 

If spraying near creeks or other water bodies, care needs to be taken due to the 

aquatic environment. Herbicides can have a negative effect on aquatic fauna such as 

frogs. It is preferable to use other more accurate methods such as cut and swab and 

drill and fill along creek lines; 

Surfactants can also be used when spraying plants such as Bridal Creeper which 

have a waxy leaf surface. A surfactant can be added to the herbicide mix which will 

increase the uptake of the poison through the waxy leaf surface. Surfactants should 

not be used on or near plants growing in water as they are suspected of affecting 

frogs; 

Where weeds have narrow vertical leaves, spraying might result in herbicide running 

off or drifting onto non-target plants. In this situation, wipe on the herbicide mixture 

with a weed wand, sponge or wick applicator; 

To increase the effectiveness of the herbicide whilst spraying large tussocks of grass, 

the grass can be slashed and then left to re-grow for several weeks. The regrowth 

can then be sprayed. 

Mechanical Removal 

Some weed species can be removed using machinery. This can either be done on a 

broad scale where there is a high level of soil disturbance (e.g. using an excavator) or 

on a smaller scale using equipment such as „tree poppers‟. 

A tree popper is a practical tool which allows the easy removal of small woody weeds. 

It comes in three sizes and is relatively easy to use. A small jaw is placed around the 

91


stem of the plant to be removed; the handle is then pulled down so that pressure is 

placed on the base plate and the plant. The plant is then levered out of the ground 

with minimal soil disturbance. 

Up to medium size (2-3m tall) woody weeds can be removed utilising this tool. The 

tree popper should be utilised when the soil is moist as it will be easier to use and 

less damage will be caused to the surrounding environment. 

Hand Pulling / Chipping 

Hand pulling of smaller plants is easiest in the wetter months of the year when the 

soil is soft and the seedlings are much easier to pull out; 

Seedlings: take hold of the plant at ground level and pull. If you pull at any point 

higher on the stem it may break and the plant will then require swabbing with 

herbicide; 

Small woody plants: Take hold of the stem at ground level and gently rock the plant 

back and forth until it comes away cleanly; 

For species that have a bulb, such as sparaxis or watsonia, a screw driver can be 

used to gently lift the bulb out of the ground; 

If possible place both feet or fingers on either side of the plant when pulling out. This 

helps to keep the soil in place and avoids unnecessary disturbance of the soil. 

To chip plants out, use a mattock to remove plants from the ground. Minimise soil 

disturbance whilst undertaking this activity but ensure that the entire plant and where 

possible, all of the roots are removed. A number of plants can re-shoot from roots left 

in the ground. Ensure that any disturbed soil is replaced and patted down. 

92

5. CONTRACTOR REQUIREMENTS 

Revegetation / Bushcare Contractor – Urban Biodiversity Unit 

Fencing Contractor – N/A 


6. APPROVALS REGISTER 

Approved by: DTEI Project Director – David Bartlett…………………………………………… 

Signed………………………………………………………………………………… 

Date…………………………………………………………………………………… 

Department of Environment and Natural Resources 

Name/Position ………………………………………………………………………. 

Date………………………………………………………………………………….. 

Urban Biodiversity Unit……………………………………………………… 

Name/Position………………………………………………………………………. 

Date………………………………………………………………………………….. 

Native Vegetation Council…………………………………………………………. 

Decision Number Reference………………………………………………………. 

Name/Position………………………………………………………………………. 

Date………………………………………………………………………………….. 

93

PROJECT MANAGER / CLIENT ENDORSEMENT 

Proposal and cost estimate accepted 


................................................................... 

Project Manager/Client 

Date............................... 

(Return endorsed copy to project landscape manager, Specialist Services) 

94

Seaford Rail Vegetation Management Plan - Communitywebs.org

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?