Status and Conservation of the Leopard on the ... - Nwrc.gov.sa
Status and Conservation of the Leopard on the ... - Nwrc.gov.sa
Status and Conservation of the Leopard on the ... - Nwrc.gov.sa
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History <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Arabian leopard Captive Breeding Programme<br />
Jane-Ashley Edm<strong>on</strong>ds 1 , Kevin J. Budd 1 , Paul Vercammen 1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Abdulaziz al Midfa 2<br />
1<br />
Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, PO Box 29922, Sharjah, UAE <br />
2<br />
Envir<strong>on</strong>ment <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Protected Areas Authority, PO Box 2926, Sharjah, UAE<br />
The Arabian leopard (Pan<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ra pardus nimr) is highly endangered <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> captive breeding has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore become<br />
an essential comp<strong>on</strong>ent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> for this species. The Captive Breeding Program has been<br />
operating in its present form since 1999 although <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first Arabian leopards registered in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> studbook were<br />
caught in 1985. During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1990’s additi<strong>on</strong>al instituti<strong>on</strong>s within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> range states began to acquire leopards<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> need for a coordinated breeding program became a priority. The Regi<strong>on</strong>al Studbook was first published<br />
in its present form in 1999 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> has been followed by several <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> Assessment <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Management<br />
workshops through which improved regi<strong>on</strong>al cooperati<strong>on</strong> has been initiated. A large proporti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> captive populati<strong>on</strong> is wild caught, however, <strong>on</strong>ly half <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se have produced <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fspring in captivity. To<br />
maximise genetic diversity in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> captive populati<strong>on</strong>, it is essential that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> unrepresented founder animals<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tribute to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> breeding program.<br />
النمر العربي معرض لخطر الانقراض بشكل كبیر وتعتبر المجموعات المتواجدة في الأسر من<br />
المكونات الأساسیة لبرنامج الحفاظ على ھذا النوع.<br />
بدأ برنامج إكثار النمر العربي في الأسر منذ عام 1999م، علماً بأن أول نمر عربي تم تسجیلھ في<br />
كتاب الأنساب للنمر العربي كان في عام وفي التسعینات بدأت مؤسسات معنیة في المنطقة<br />
ومثال على ذ1لك مركز الإكثار الحیوانات المھددة بالانقراض، في الشارقة، بالاھتمام في البدء<br />
ببرامج إكثار النمر العربي وأصبحت الحاجة إلى وضع برنامج الإكثار في الأسر بشكل منسق بین<br />
مختلف المؤسسات في المنطقة.<br />
تم نشر كتاب أنساب ھذا الحیوان، النمر العربي بشكلھ الحالي عام 1999م أعقبتھ عدة ورش عمل<br />
لتقییم برامج الحفاظ على النمر وخطة إدارة المشاریع الخاصة بذلك ،(CAMP) ما أسھم في تنشیط<br />
وتكثیف برامج التعاون على المستوى الإقلیمي.<br />
.1985<br />
Introducti<strong>on</strong><br />
As extincti<strong>on</strong> rates accelerate, methods<br />
for preserving critically endangered<br />
species such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Arabian leopard<br />
have to be initiated. One such method<br />
is captive breeding, which in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Arabian leopard has thus far proven<br />
both a successful <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> invaluable c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong><br />
aide.<br />
Captive breeding programmes ensure<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ex situ establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> healthy<br />
“<strong>sa</strong>fety net” populati<strong>on</strong>s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>reby removing<br />
some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pressure to breed successfully<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wild. Captive breeding<br />
programmes also potentially ensure<br />
species survival as human expansi<strong>on</strong><br />
c<strong>on</strong>tinues to threaten <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> fragment habitats.<br />
Reintroducti<strong>on</strong> is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ultimate<br />
goal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> captive breeding programmes.<br />
“Reintroducti<strong>on</strong>” is defined as an<br />
attempt to establish a viable free-ranging<br />
populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a species in an area<br />
which was <strong>on</strong>ce part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> its historical<br />
range but from which it has become<br />
extinct (IUCN 1995). The c<strong>on</strong>cept <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
reintroducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> captive-born animals<br />
into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wild is, however, c<strong>on</strong>stantly<br />
under review as successful reintroducti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
are few <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> far between. Success<br />
rates remain below 50 % despite extensive<br />
research into factors influencing<br />
success (Tenhumberg et al. 2004). The<br />
problems faced are immense <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> may<br />
impose c<strong>on</strong>siderable biological costs <strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Many experts are <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> opini<strong>on</strong> that<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Arabian leopard will not survive in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wild without <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reintroducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
animals from captive breeding programmes<br />
(IUCN/SSC <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> Breeding<br />
Specialist Group CBSG 2000). It<br />
is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> utmost urgency that recommendati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
are initiated <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> plans<br />
discussed for implementati<strong>on</strong>. The process<br />
for reintroducti<strong>on</strong> is a l<strong>on</strong>g <strong>on</strong>e that<br />
should be prepared well in advance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
any potential releases (U. Breitenmoser,<br />
pers. comm.). It is also important that<br />
biodiversity c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> is initiated<br />
prior to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reintroducti<strong>on</strong><br />
programmes (IUCN 1995).<br />
The captive breeding programme<br />
for Arabian leopard focuses <strong>on</strong> ensuring<br />
a genetically sound populati<strong>on</strong> that<br />
closely resembles <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wild populati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Co-operati<strong>on</strong> between regi<strong>on</strong>al institutes<br />
holding Arabian leopards is essential<br />
to ensure that genes from all <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wild<br />
caught animals are represented within<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong>. It is also essential that<br />
internati<strong>on</strong>al institutes are included in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> captive breeding programme for<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Arabian leopard to fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r exp<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
growth potential within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
40 2006