<strong>Cluster</strong> <strong>Munition</strong> <strong>Monitor</strong> 2012 2009 report, Worldwide investments in cluster munitions: a shared responsibility. 240 According to the updated report, a total of 137 financial institutions have invested almost $43 billion in eight producers of cluster munitions in 2009-2012. 241 240 IKV-Pax Christi <strong>and</strong> Fairfin, “Worldwide Investments in <strong>Cluster</strong> <strong>Munition</strong>s: a shared responsibility,” June 2012. http://bit.ly/KDRw8Q. 241 The report was first published on 29 October 2009 then updated on 14 April 2010, 25 May 2011, <strong>and</strong> 14 June 2012. See www. stopexplosiveinvestments.org. 40
© Mary Wareham/HRW, September 2011 Contamination <strong>and</strong> Clearance Summary A total of 24 states <strong>and</strong> three other areas were believed to be contaminated by cluster munition remnants as of 31 July 2012. Ten of these states have ratified the Convention on <strong>Cluster</strong> <strong>Munition</strong>s, while another three have signed, but not yet ratified. Seven states—Bosnia <strong>and</strong> Herzegovina (BiH), Cambodia, Iraq, Lao PDR, Lebanon, Serbia, <strong>and</strong> Vietnam—as well as Nagorno-Karabakh have estimated contamination that covers more than ten square kilometers of l<strong>and</strong>. The <strong>Monitor</strong> has calculated that in 2011, at least 52,845 unexploded submunitions were destroyed during clearance operations of some 55km 2 of l<strong>and</strong> contaminated by cluster munitions in 10 states <strong>and</strong> two other areas. This data is, however, known to be incomplete. Five contaminated States Parties <strong>and</strong> signatories conducted clearance of unexploded submunitions in 2011; Croatia, Iraq, Lao PDR, Lebanon, <strong>and</strong> Norway. Afghanistan cleared ab<strong>and</strong>oned cluster munitions at Kabul Airport. Clearance of cluster munition remnants was also conducted in non-signatories Cambodia, Libya, Serbia, South Sudan, <strong>and</strong> Vietnam, as well as Nagorno-Karabakh <strong>and</strong> Western Sahara. The Republic of the Congo (Congo), signatory to the convention, is believed to have completed clearance of unexploded submunitions in 2012, while in 2011 non-signatory Thail<strong>and</strong> completed clearance of its sole area contaminated by cluster munitions. Global Contamination <strong>Cluster</strong> munition remnants are defined in the convention as covering four types of hazard; unexploded submunitions, unexploded bomblets, failed cluster munitions, <strong>and</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>oned cluster munitions. 1 Unexploded submunitions pose the greatest threat to civilians, primarily as a result of their sensitive fuzing, but also because of their shape, color, <strong>and</strong> metal content, which often attracts tampering, playful attention, or collection, especially by boys <strong>and</strong> young men. During a field visit to Nabitiye, Lebanon, clearance personnel demonstrated their work for delegates to the Second Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on <strong>Cluster</strong> <strong>Munition</strong>s. States <strong>and</strong> other areas contaminated by cluster munition remnants Africa Americas Asia-Pacific Europe, Caucasus, <strong>and</strong> Central Asia Middle East <strong>and</strong> North Africa Chad Chile Afghanistan BiH Iraq DRC Lao PDR Croatia Lebanon Mauritania Cambodia Germany Libya South Sudan Vietnam Montenegro Syria Sudan Norway Western Sahara Azerbaijan Georgia (South Ossetia) Russia (Chechnya) Serbia Tajikistan Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh 5 states 1 state 4 states 10 states <strong>and</strong> 2 areas 4 states <strong>and</strong> 1 area Note: Convention on <strong>Cluster</strong> <strong>Munition</strong> States Parties <strong>and</strong> signatories are indicated by bold <strong>and</strong> other areas by italics 1 Unexploded submunitions are submunitions that have been dispersed <strong>and</strong> have l<strong>and</strong>ed, but have failed to explode as intended. Unexploded bomblets are similar to unexploded submunitions but refer to “explosive bomblets” which have been dropped from a fixed-wing aircraft dispenser but have failed to explode as intended. Failed cluster munitions are cluster munitions that have been dropped or fired but the dispenser has failed to disperse the submunitions as intended. Ab<strong>and</strong>oned cluster munitions are unused cluster munitions that have been left behind or dumped, <strong>and</strong> are no longer under the control of the party that left them behind or dumped them. See Convention on <strong>Cluster</strong> <strong>Munition</strong>s, Article 2, paragraphs 4, 5, 6, 7, <strong>and</strong> 15. 41
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