DO PATENT POOLS ENCOURAGE INNOVATION? EVIDENCE ...

Electric Generators Price-fixing; Divided world markets Restrictive agreements cancelled;
Compulsory royalty-free licensing
Lecithin
Variable Condensers
[Radio Tuning
Devices]
Allocated domestic market shares;
Divided world markets; Threatened
competitors with litigation
Price-fixing; Denied licenses to
competitors
Restrictive agreements cancelled;
Compulsory RAND and royalty-free
licensing
Dissolution of pool; Compulsory
royalty-free licensing
Aircraft Instruments Divided world markets Restrictive agreements cancelled;
Compulsory RAND and royalty-free
licensing
Stamped Metal Wheels Price-fixing; Allocating distributors Restrictive practices enjoined;
to manufacturers
Compulsory RAND licensing
Wrinkle Paint Finishes Price-fixing Restrictive agreements cancelled;
Compulsory RAND licensing
Fuse Cutouts Price-fixing Restrictive contracts cancelled;
Ophthalmic Frames
Furniture Slip Covers
Price-fixing; Restricting the sale of
frames to certain wholesalers
Price-fixing; Denied licenses to
competitors unless forced to
Compulsory RAND licensing
Restrictive agreements cancelled;
Compulsory RAND and royalty-free
licensing
None: agreements dissolved prior to
suit due to disagreement among pool
members
United States v. Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co.,
CCH Current Trade Cases 67,501 [D.C.N.J. Civil
No. 5152; Complaint, 1945; Consent Judgment,
1953].
United States v. American Lecithin Co., CCH 1946-47
Trade Cases 57,542 [N.D. Ohio Civil No. 24115;
Complaint, 1946; Consent Judgment, 1947].
United States v. General Instrument Corp., 87 F.
Supp. 157, 194 [D.N.J. 1949]; United States v.
General Instrument Corp., 115 F. Supp. 582 [D.N.J.
1953].
United States v. Bendix Aviation Corporation, CCH
1946-47 Trade Cases 57,444 [D.C.N.J. Civil No.
2531; Complaint, 1942, Consent Decree, 1946].
United States v. Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co. [E.D.Mich.
Civil No. 10-655; Complaint, 1951].
United States v. New Wrinkle, Inc., 1955 Trade Cases
[C.C.H.] 68,203 [S.D. Ohio].
United States v. Line Material Co., 333 U.S. 287, 305
[1948].
United States v. American Optical Co., CCH 1948-49
Trade Cases 62,308 [S.D.N.Y. Civil No. 10-391;
Complaint, 1940; Final Consent Judgment, 1948].
United States v. Krasnov, 143 F. Supp. 184 [E.D.
Penn., 1956].
Notes: Data from license agreements, written complaints, and court opinions were collected from regional depositories of the National Archives in Chicago
[railroad springs, machine tools, Phillips screws, lecithin, stamped metal wheels, wrinkle finishes, and fuse cutouts], Kansas City [ophthalmic frames], New York
City [high tension cables, water conditioning apparatus, fuel injection equipment, pharmaceuticals, textile machinery, dry ice, electric equipment, variable
condensers, aircraft instruments], and Riverside [color film]. Additional information on pool patents, member firms and licensees from LexisNexis. RAND refers
to reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing.
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