Byron Flora and Fauna Study 1999 - Byron Shire Council

Byron 

Flora 

and Fauna 

Study 

1999 

A report prepared for 

Byron Shire Council 

A U G U S T 1 9 9 9

BYRON FLORA AND FAUNA STUDY, 1999 

Byron 


and Fauna 

Study 

1999 

A U G U S T 1 9 9 9 

A report prepared for 

Byron Shire Council by: 

Landmark Ecological Services Pty Ltd 

(A.C.N. 064 548 876) 

PO Box 100 

Suffolk Park, NSW 2480 

Phone/fax: 02 6685 4430 or 02 6684 0127 

email: landmark@nrg.com.au 

Ecograph 

Ecological and Geographical Information 

Systems Consultants 

Limpinwood Valley Rd 

Limpinwood via Murwillumbah NSW 2484 

Phone: 02 6679 3479 

Fax: 02 6679 3419 

email: info@ecograph.com.au 

Terrafocus Pty Ltd 

PO Box 694 

Mullumbimby NSW 2482 

Phone: 02 6684 0073 

email: terrafocus@bigpond.com.au 

1

A GREENPRINT FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE 

Byron Flora and Fauna Study 1999 

August 1999 

ISBN: 0 9588294 8 9 

© 1999 Byron Shire Council 

PO Box 219, Mullumbimby NSW Australia 2482 

Phone: +61-2-6626 7000 Fax: +61-2-6684 3018 

E-mail: council@byron.nsw.gov.au 

This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act, 1968, no part may be 

reproduced without permission from Byron Shire Council. 

Copyright to photographs remains with the photographers. 

Produced by Environmental Planning Services, Byron Shire Council 

Designed and typeset in Byron Shire by Gatya Kelly, Doric Order, The Pocket 

Imageset in Byron Shire by Graphic Expressions, Byron Bay 

Printed in Byron Shire by Keith Dubber Printing, Mullumbimby 

Cover photography of Byron Shire flora and fauna: 

Common Blossom-bat Syconycteris australis by: D.R. Milledge 

Davidson’s Plum Davidsonia pruriens var. jerseyana by: H.R.W. Nicholson 

Crested Tern Sterna bergii by: D.R. Milledge 

Fletcher’s Frog Lechriodus fletcheri by: D.R. Milledge 

Copies of this document may be purchased from Byron Shire Council at the above address 

Disclaimer 

Any representation, statement, opinion or advice, expressed or implied in this publication is made in good 

faith but on the basis that Byron Shire Council, its agents, consultants and employees are not liable (whether 

by reason of negligence, lack of care or otherwise) to any person for damage or loss whatsoever which has 

occurred or may occur in relation to that person taking or not taking (as the case may be) action in respect 

of any representation, statement or advice referred to above. 

2


Contents 

List of appendices 6 

List of tables 6 

List of maps 7 

List of figures 7 

List of photographs 8 

The project team 9 

Acknowledgements 10 

Mayor’s foreword 11 

Director’s comments 12 

Executive summary 13 

1 Introduction 17 

1.1 Background 17 

1.2 Study area 17 

1.3 On-going processes 18 

2 The environment of Byron Shire 19 

2.1 Location and physiography 19 

2.1.1 Coastline 19 

2.1.2 Coastal Plain 19 

2.1.3 Coastal ridges 19 

2.1.4 Undulating volcanic plateau 20 

2.1.5 Mountain ranges and valleys 20 

2.2 Climate, temperature, rainfall and seasonality 20 

2.3 Land tenure, protected areas 20 

2.4 Geology and soils 21 

2.5 Flora 22 

2.6 Fauna 22 

3 Databases and GIS as basis for data management 24 

3.1 Introduction 24 

3.2 Geographical Information Systems (GIS) 24 

3.3 Field survey database 25 

3.4 Study outcomes 25 

3.5 Database management 25 

3.6 Future directions 25 

4 Vegetation mapping 27 


4.2 Previous studies 28 

4.3 Recommendations for Byron Flora and Fauna Study 28 

4.4 Methods 28 

4.4.1 Aerial Photographic Interpretation 28 

Photography 29; Photo preparation 29; API pathway 29; Minimum polygon size 30; 

Vegetation communities and associations 30; Crown Cover Percentage 30; Percentage of 

(soft) weed and pasture 30; Senescence in eucalypt species 30; Verification 30; Figs 31 

3


4 

4.4.2 Ground-truthing 34 

4.4.3 Incorporation into GIS databases 34 

4.4.4 Plot-based vegetation survey 34 

Site selection 34; Survey methods 34 

4.5 Limitations 35 

4.6 Results and discussion 35 

4.6.1 Representation of vegetation mapping units 35 

4.6.2 Distribution of vegetated land 39 

4.6.3 Abundance and distribution of Camphor Laurel 39 

4.6.4 Abundance and distribution of old growth eucalypt forest 40 

4.6.5 Figs 41 

4.6.6 Other vegetation attributes 41 

4.7 Description of the vegetation units 41 

4.7.1 Rainforest (minimal Camphor Laurel presence) 41 

Rainforest


5.3 Flora species of conservation significance – definitions 62 



5.5.1 Threatened and ROTAP species 67 

5.5.2 Regionally significant species 67 

5.5.3 Reservation adequacy 68 

5.5.4 Threats 72 

5.5.5 Conclusion 72 

6 Fauna 73 


6.1.1 Rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest species 73 

6.1.2 Dry sclerophyll forest species 73 

6.1.3 Swamp sclerophyll forest, woodland and coastal scrub species 74 

6.1.4 Freshwater species 74 

6.1.5 Ephemeral habitat species 74 

6.1.6 Saltmarsh, mangrove, estuaries and marine shore species 74 

6.1.7 Ecological guilds 74 

6.1.8 Migration 75 


6.2.1 Collection and verification of existing information 75 

6.2.2 Field surveys 76 

6.3 Results 77 

6.3.1 Vertebrate species occurring in Byron Shire 77 

6.3.2 Byron Shire Threatened Fauna Species Database 78 

7 Threats and amelioration 82 

7.1 Vegetation clearing 82 

7.2 Vegetation connectivity and fragmentation 83 

7.3 Environmental weeds 84 

7.4 Fire 86 

7.5 Grazing 88 

7.6 Predation by introduced animals 88 

7.7 Development 89 

8 Ecological assessment 90 




9 References 93 

5


List of appendices 

Appendix 1 Soil landscape mapping units, with definitions and areas 101 

Appendix 2 Plot-based vegetation survey – survey data form 103 

Appendix 3 Plot-based vegetation survey – computer database record form 105 

Appendix 4 Plot-based vegetation survey – summary of site data 106 

Appendix 5 List of plant species referred to in the Byron Flora and Fauna Study or in the database 112 

Appendix 6 Questionnaire sent to public after media advertisement of Byron Flora and Fauna Study 130 

Appendix 7 Threatened flora species profiles and maps showing locations of records within Byron Shire 133 

Appendix 8 References to other sources of information used to compile the Byron Shire Threatened 

Fauna Database 194 

Appendix 9 A call survey of bats of Byron Shire, NSW 197 

Appendix 10 Terrestrial vertebrate species recorded in Byron Shire 205 

Appendix 11 Examples of profiles of Threatened fauna species recorded in Byron Shire 213 

Appendix 12 List of plant species which are known or potential environmental weeds in Byron Shire 228 

Appendix 13 Notes on ecological significance of the land units delineated by ecological assessment 230 

6 

List of tables 

Table 4.1 Vegetation mapping in Byron Shire prior to current study 27 

Table 4.2 Data sources used to complement the plot-based vegetation survey 35 

Table 4.3 Areal extent of vegetation mapping units (including plantations and unassessed lands) 36 

Table 4.4 Areal extent of vegetation associations (excluding plantations and unassessed lands) 37 

Table 4.5 Areal occurrence of vegetation mapping units and associations by geology/soil type 38 

Table 4.6 Old growth eucalypt forest – % of eucalypt crowns showing senescence 40 

Table 4.7 Conservation status of the vegetation associations 57 

Table 5.1 Definitions – TSC Act status (Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995) 63 

Table 5.2 Definitions – ROTAP status (Rare or Threatened Australian Plants after Briggs and Leigh 

(1996) 63 

Table 5.3 Definitions – regionally significant species after Sheringham and Westaway (1995) 64 

Table 5.4 Example page from Byron Shire Threatened Flora Database 66 

Table 5.5 Summary of records of Rare or Threatened flora species 67 

Table 5.6 Summary of characteristics of Threatened flora species of the Byron Shire 69 

Table 5.7 Summary of records of TSC Act scheduled flora species 71 

Table 6.1 Threatened fauna species recorded in Byron Shire and analysis of records from the Byron 

Shire Threatened fauna database 79 

Table 6.2 Example of Threatened vertebrate database used to produce maps of Threatened vertebrate 

fauna distribution in Byron Shire 81 

Table 8.1 Summary of ecological assessment 92


List of maps (located between pages 16 and 17) 

Map 1 

Map 2 

Map 3 

Map 4 

Map 5 

Map 6 

Map 7 

Location of Byron Shire study area 

Soil landscapes of Byron Shire 

Vegetation of Byron Shire 

Distribution of Camphor Laurel in Byron Shire 

Old growth eucalypt forest 

Byron Shire ecological assessment – areas of high ecological significance 

Locations of native fig trees in Byron Shire 

List of figures 

Figure 4.1 Aerial photo with overlay marked with polygon boundaries and vegetation classification codes 31 

Figure 4.2 Example of aerial photo overlay 32 

Figure 4.3 Aerial Photographic Interpretation (API) pathway 33 

7


8 

List of photographs (located between pages 72 and 73) 

Photo 1 Subtropical rainforest, Wanganui Gorge. Photo D. Milledge i 

Photo 2 Brush Box forest, Broken Head. Photo A. McKinley i 

Photo 3 Scribbly Gum forest, Taylors Lake. Photo A. McKinley ii 

Photo 4 Blackbutt forest, west of Taylors Lake. Photo A. McKinley ii 

Photo 5 Clay heath, Patersons Hill. Nominated as an Endangered Ecological Community (TSC Act, 

1995). Photo P. Hamilton iii 

Photo 6 Coastal mosaic, Cibum Margil Swamp, including (foreground to back) clay heath, Paperbark 

forest, sedgeland, Wallum Banksia heathland, and Horse-tail She-oak. Photo P. Hamilton iii 

Photo 7 Paperbark forest, north Ocean Shores. Photo D. Milledge iv 

Photo 8 Camphor Laurel-dominated forest (yellow-green foliage), Wilsons Creek. Photo B. Stewart 

(inset) Camphor Laurel foliage and fruit. Photo H. Nicholson iv 

Photo 9 Blackwood regrowth with lantana understorey, Upper Wilsons Creek. Photo B. Stewart v 

Photo 10 Sedgeland and mangrove forest, Marshalls Creek. Photo D. Milledge v 

Photo 11 Ball Nut Floydia praealta, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo H. Nicholson vi 

Photo 12 Spiny Gardenia Randia moorei, Endangered (TSC Act, 1995). Photo H. Nicholson vi 

Photo 13 Durobby Syzygium moorei, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo D. Milledge vi 

Photo 14 Isoglossa Isoglossa eranthemoides, Endangered (TSC Act, 1995). Photo H. Nicholson vii 

Photo 15 Red Boppel Nut Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo H. Nicholson vii 

Photo 16 Smooth Davidsonia Davidsonia sp. A, Endangered (TSC Act, 1995). Photo H. Nicholson vii 

Photo 17 Wallum Tree Frog Litoria olongburensis, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo D. Milledge viii 

Photo 18 Loveridge’s Frog Philoria loveridgei, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo D. Milledge viii 

Photo 19 Blue Speckled Forest Skink Eulamprus murrayi, rainforest skink. Photo D. Milledge ix 

Photo 20 Southern Forest Dragon Hypsilurus spinopes. Photo H. Bower ix 

Photo 21 Stephen’s Banded Snake Hoplocephalus stephensii, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo P. 

German 

x 

Photo 22 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus, protected by international treaties for migratory birds. Photo 

D. Milledge x 

Photo 23 Rose-crowned Fruit-dove Ptilinopus regina, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo G. Threlfo xi 

Photo 24 Albert’s Lyrebird Menura alberti, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo G. Threlfo xi 

Photo 25 Wompoo Fruit-dove Ptilinopus magnificus, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo G. Threlfo xii 

Photo 26 Marbled Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo D. Milledge xii 

Photo 27 Golden-tipped Bat Kerivoula papuensis, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo P. German xii 

Photo 28 Common Planigale Planigale maculatus, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo D. Milledge xiii 

Photo 29 Koala Phascolarctos cinereus, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo H. Bower xiii 

Photo 30 Eastern Tube-nosed Bat Nyctimene robinsoni, Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995). Photo P. German xiii 

Photo 31 Large-leaved Privet Ligustrum lucidum, environmental weed. Photo H. Nicholson xiv 

Photo 32 Mickey Mouse Plant Ochna serrulata, environmental weed. Photo H. Nicholson xiv 

Photo 33 Ground Asparagus Protasparagus aethiopicus and Fish-bone Fern Nephrolepis cordifolia, 

environmental weeds. Photo A. McKinley. xv 

Photo 34 Madeira Vine Anredera cordifolia, environmental weed, in flower, vine smothering a rainforest 

tree and (inset) aerial tubers. Photo H. Nicholson. xv 

Photo 35 Booyong Flora and Fauna Reserve, internally fragmented rainforest remnant. Photo D. 

Milledge 

xvi 

Photo 36 Riparian vegetation fringing Mullumbimby Creek, with Mt Chincogan in background. Photo B. 

Stewart 

xvi


The project team 

The project was managed by Landmark Ecological Services Pty Ltd (Annette McKinley, David Milledge, 

Hugh Nicholson, Nan Nicholson and Barbara Stewart). 

The flora component of the study (including vegetation surveys, Threatened species searches, 

interpretation of vegetation mapping and description of vegetation units, Threatened flora profiles 

and database, ecological assessment and flora report) was undertaken by Barbara Stewart and Annette 

McKinley. The fauna component of the study (including fauna survey, fauna species profiles and fauna 

report) was managed by David Milledge. Harry Parnaby carried out bat surveys. Alistair Stewart and 

Tom Milledge assisted in the office and in the field. 

Peter Hall, Sunniva Boulton and Mark Kingston from Ecograph managed the GIS and data management 

component of the study including design of the GIS and vegetation survey databases, digitising, map 

production and reporting for Section 3. 

Marg East and Chris Carson from Terra Focus Pty Ltd undertook the aerial photo interpretation and groundtruthing 

and prepared Sections 4.4.1-4.4.3 of this report. 

Sue Walker co-ordinated the project and Hank Bower managed the final report production. 

9


Acknowledgments 

Many people contributed to this study, including an overwhelming majority of enthusiastic landholders who 

allowed access to their properties and provided information on local fauna and flora. 

Thanks are also due to the people who assisted with the project by providing information on Threatened 

flora and fauna species, including Andrew Benwell, Glenn Hoye, Andrew Murray, Brad McDonald, Charlie 

Ohle, Dave Stewart, Di Mackey, Glenn Holmes, Hank Bower, Harry Parnaby, Jack Willows, Jan Oliver, 

Jenny Holmes, Justin Miller, Mort Kaveney, Mark Fitzgerald, Rob Doolan, Rob Kooyman, Bob Oehlman, 

Peter Parker, Sandy Gilmore, Stan Scanlon, Bob Gray, Liz Gray, Gary Opit, Steve Phillips, Sue Bower, Val 

Scanlon, Merv Whicker and other residents of Byron Shire who responded to the Threatened Species 

Questionnaire. Andrew Murray, Andrew Benwell, Sandy Gilmore and Peter Parker provided information 

on previously mapped areas of Byron Shire (in particular Broken Head, Jones Rd, Cape Byron and Ewingsdale). 

Andrew Benwell, Andrew Murray, Hank Bower and Sue Bower contributed site data. 

10


Mayor’s foreword 

The Byron Flora and Fauna Study was initiated in response to a strong community desire to preserve flora 

and fauna through the promotion of ecologically sustainable land use planning and decision making. The 

Study provides detailed ecological information, including the occurrence and distribution of the Shire’s 

vegetation associations and flora and fauna species (with particular regard to Threatened and significant 

species). The Study relied on the involvement of the community, environmental consultants and government 

agencies. Landowners were particularly helpful in providing access to their properties for the collection and 

verification of field and mapping data. I am grateful to everyone who was involved in its preparation. 

The Study shows that much of the Shire’s vegetation has been heavily impacted by rural and urban development 

over the past 100 years. This has resulted in a matrix of fragmented patches of remnant vegetation and the 

establishment of large areas of regrowth forests, many of which are dominated by environmental weeds, 

particularly the exotic tree Camphor Laurel. Despite this the Shire remains an area of extremely high 

biodiversity, with amongst the highest number of Threatened flora and fauna species in NSW. The sort of 

knowledge gained through this Study places a great obligation on the Council, landholders and the community 

to protect remaining habitats outside of conservation reserves and develop appropriate strategies and priorities 

for the restoration and enhancement of degraded lands and species habitats. 

If the ‘green image’ of the Shire is to survive actions are needed to incorporate specific ecological requirements 

for species, populations and ecological communities into land management and development processes. 

The challenge ahead is to protect, restore and manage our biodiversity in a manner that enhances the social, 

economic and ecological attributes of our community and the lifestyles it supports. The Study provides a 

benchmark by which future generations can measure how well today’s generation met this challenge. 

Tom Wilson, 

Mayor 

February 2000 

11


Director’s comments 

The Byron Flora and Fauna Study provides the foundation for preparing the Byron Biodiversity Conservation 

Strategy, the Wildlife Corridor and Environmental Repair and Enhancement Local Environmental Plan 

Amendment, a Shire-wide Vegetation Plan and a Shire-wide Koala Management Plan. I also hope this Study 

will prove useful for landholders, community groups, private consultants, students, government agencies 

and Council staff in assessing the conservation significance of areas and in the implementation of restoration 

actions throughout the Shire. The Flora and Fauna Study is your Study so please use it to help the community 

develop its pathway to an ecologically sustainable future. 

David Kanaley, 

Director 

Environmental Planning Services 

12


Executive summary 

STUDY OUTCOMES 

4 Major outcomes from the study include: 

• Vegetation mapping 

• Senescent old growth eucalypt mapping 

• Flora and fauna species records 

• Camphor Laurel mapping 

• Location of native fig trees 

• Vegetation communities and associations descriptions 

• Area of each vegetation association 

• Level of verification/field assessment 

• Percentage and description of Camphor Laurel 

• Percentage and description of weed and pasture 

• GIS databases 

• Field Survey Database 

• Rare or Threatened Flora Species Database 

• Threatened Fauna Species Database 

The Study provides excellent information for Shire-wide planning. However, at the property level further 

field validation by expert practitioners is required to validate vegetation mapping and to undertake targeted 

flora and fauna surveys. Information from such assessments should be provided for inclusion into Council’s 

database. Minimum standards for survey methodology will be set by Council to ensure data is acceptable for 

inclusion into Council’s database. 

OVERALL 

4 Byron Shire is an area of extremely high biodiversity (ecosystems, species and genetic diversity). 

4 Many plant and animal species with origins in the tropics and temperate zones occur in the Shire. 

That is, many species are at their southern limit of distribution (tropical species) while others are 

at their northern limit (temperate species). Additionally, the Shire provides important relictual 

habitat for subtropical rainforest species. 

4 Several primitive rainforest plant species which are related to ancient families are found here. 

4 The Shire has one of the highest numbers of Threatened flora and fauna species in NSW. 

VEGETATION 

4 17,720 ha, representing 34% of the Shire study area, is vegetated with native or introduced trees 

and shrubs and wetland plants. The native vegetation has been extensively depleted, fragmented, 

largely disturbed and degraded and in some localities is dominated by exotic species. 

13


4 Some types of native vegetation have been more heavily impacted than others. Vegetation growing 

on prime agricultural land, and land favoured for settlement and coastal development, has been 

targeted for development to a greater extent than vegetation on soils of low fertility, on steep slopes 

and in the less accessible hinterland. As a result, vegetation types such as lowland rainforest are 

now scarce in the Shire and in the Northern Rivers region when compared to their previous 

distribution. 

4 The remaining native vegetation is distributed unevenly, with the hinterland and the less fertile 

coastal areas containing the most extensive cover and the coastal plains and ridges being 

predominantly cleared. 

4 The coastal plain is severely denuded of tree cover, and the remaining native vegetation is present 

as small fragments. 

4 The most abundant vegetation association involves the introduced tree, Camphor Laurel Cinnamomum 

camphora, which occupies more than one quarter of the vegetated area of the Shire. Blackbutt 

Eucalyptus pilularis and rainforest are the next most abundant, while only tiny amounts of other 

vegetation types such as Pink Bloodwood Corymbia intermedia, Scribbly Gum Eucalyptus signata-Red 

Bloodwood Corymbia gummifera and Black She-oak Allocasuarina littoralis occur. 

4 Camphor Laurel dominated forests now cover 4,696 ha. Of these 1,532 ha are forest with Camphor 

Laurel comprising more than 81% of the canopy cover. Camphor Laurel was mainly recorded on 

basalt derived soils. 

4 Big Scrub rainforest remnants are located in small fragments on the Shire’s basalt plateau. 

4 Rainforest provides habitat for a high number of Threatened plant species. 

4 A number of the vegetation associations are of high conservation significance. Most exist as small 

percentages of their estimated pre-1750 areas in north-east NSW. Many are poorly reserved, 

e.g. Forest Red Gum Eucalyptus tereticornis, Scribbly Gum, Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca and Black 

She-oak. 

4 Most of the Shire’s eucalypt-dominated forest has little or no old growth component, reflecting a 

history of logging, clearing or inappropriate fire regimes. Old growth eucalypt is important habitat 

for Threatened fauna species. 

4 Only 510 ha (1% of the study area) has a high proportion of old (senescing) eucalypt trees and 

these areas are located only in the forested hinterland of the Shire. No areas with a high proportion 

of old eucalypts were found on the coastal plains. A further 772 ha (1.5% of study area) has an 

intermediate proportion of old trees and these areas are also found in the forested hinterland. 

However, importantly, small coastal areas of eucalypt old growth are found at North Ocean Shores, 

near the Brunswick River west of Mullumbimby, Tyagarah, Skinners Shoot, south of Suffolk Park 

and south of the Broken Head Beach Road. A further 2,547 ha has a low proportion of old (senescing) 

eucalypt trees. 

FLORA 

4 Important timber and bush food species are native to the Shire, as well as many other species with 

actual and potential economic value. 

4 38 plant species recognised as Threatened (listed as Endangered or Vulnerable under the TSC Act, 

1995) have been recorded in the Shire. 

4 With two exceptions, all the Shire’s Threatened plant species are considered to be inadequately 

reserved in formal conservation reserves. Adequate reservation for many of the Shire’s Threatened 

species is often not possible, due to the extensive clearing of their habitat on the coastal lowlands. 

14


4 Some Threatened plant species are actually locally common in some areas in the Shire; however, 

their distribution outside the Shire is extremely limited. That is, the Shire provides the core habitat 

for these plants and it is essential that their populations are maintained in the Shire. 

4 Environmental weeds are a major threat to Threatened plant species. 

4 Some of the listed Threatened plant species are ‘ecologically extinct’; meaning that they have 

regeneration failure and an inability to disperse seeds effectively. This will lead to the decline of the 

species as existing plants senesce. Smooth Davidsonia Davidsonia sp. A and Hairy Quandong Elaeocarpus 

williamsianus are species that never or rarely reproduce by seed and they rely on root suckers. The 

future survival of such species is in jeopardy, as they cannot disperse to new sites. Habitat 

rehabilitation and active management is required to conserve these species effectively in the long term. 

FAUNA 

4 The Shire is part of a region which is one of the richest and most diverse in Australia. Habitats are 

diverse and there is a particularly wide variety of niches for animals. The ranges of many tropical 

and temperate species overlap here. 

4 420 terrestrial vertebrate species (30 amphibians, 45 reptiles, 283 birds and 62 mammals) are 

known from the Shire. One amphibian, five birds and six mammals are naturalised exotic species. 

70 species or 17% are regarded as Threatened (listed as Endangered or Vulnerable under the TSC 

Act, 1995). 

4 Targeted surveys were carried out for poorly known Threatened species (Loveridge’s Frog Philoria 

loveridgei, Stephen’s Banded Snake Holocephalus stephensii, Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura, 

Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea, Powerful Owl Ninox strenua, Masked Owl Tyto 

novaehollandiae, Marbled Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus, Rufous Scrub-bird Atrichornis rufescens, Barred 

Cuckoo-shrike Coracina lineata). 

4 Bats are widely distributed in the Shire. Significant bat assemblages are present and Vulnerable 

species (e.g. Eastern Tube-nosed Bat Nyctimene robinsoni, Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat Saccolaimus 

flaviventris, Golden-tipped Bat Kerivoula papuensis, Large-eared Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri, Greater 

Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii) were detected during the surveys. 

4 Surveys were carried out for microchiropteran bats, using ultrasonic detection methods, and 

targeting nine Vulnerable species at 52 sites. 

4 Distribution maps were generated for all 70 Threatened fauna species from the database and are 

stored on Council’s GIS. 

HABITAT BLOCKS 

4 Core areas of native vegetation with major importance as fauna habitat blocks are located mainly in 

the north and north-west of the Shire and along the coastal strip. These areas should be given 

priority for revegetation and rehabilitation. 

WILDLIFE CORRIDORS 

4 A severance of the hinterland forests from the coastal vegetation systems has resulted from large 

scale clearing of the coastal plain and the basalt plateau. A tenuous connection remains in the 

Marshalls Ridge area in the north of the Shire linking Billinudgel Nature Reserve at North Ocean 

Shores to Inner Pocket Nature Reserve and through Tweed Shire to Mt Warning National Park. 

Other connections consist of a series of ‘islands’ of vegetation. 

4 A narrow coastal corridor exists but it is interrupted by settlements and clearings. 

15


4 Corridors do not necessarily consist of continuous vegetation as some animals (particularly the 

more mobile species) are capable of ‘island hopping’ between patches of vegetation and isolated 

trees. It should be a priority to establish links between vegetation patches within a functioning 

wildlife corridor. 

4 Consolidation and expansion of habitat patches may sometimes be a better use of resources than 

the creation of a corridor. However, this needs to be considered on a site by site basis and landscape 

context needs to be taken into consideration. 

WEEDS AND REHABILITATION 

4 Environmental weeds seriously threaten the Shire’s biodiversity. A large number of environmental 

weeds are known in the Shire. To guide management, further ground-based surveys are required 

to determine their distribution and abundance. 

4 Education of the community and the horticultural industry is needed to prevent planting of 

ecologically damaging species, and to prevent dumping of garden refuse. 

4 Some weed species, which are problematic in the region, are absent or in small localised infestations 

within the Shire. An opportunity exists to eliminate or contain them. 

4 Integrated rehabilitation techniques that aim to restore important ecosystem functions are 

recommended as they will improve an ecosystem’s ability to naturally regenerate and promote 

conditions that will disadvantage the establishment of exotic species. Weed removal strategies that 

target single species are only recommended where early intervention of a serious weed will prevent 

the spread or establishment of a more serious infestation. In these instances the removal of seed 

sources (propagules) is a primary aim. 

4 The value of some weeds for fauna food resources and shelter must be considered in any strategy. 

THE FUTURE 

4 Despite some areas of the Shire’s vegetation being in a degraded condition, they still possess high 

conservation values for fauna habitat attributes and the presence of Rare or Threatened plant 

species, and excellent potential for consolidation and rehabilitation. 

4 As native vegetation cover is already severely depleted in the Shire, it is now essential to retain and 

enhance the remaining native vegetation and revegetate to the extent that other land uses and 

available resources will allow. Measures required include: 

16 

• protection of remaining vegetation 

• rehabilitation of degraded vegetation 

• enrichment of species-poor regrowth 

• natural regeneration, with management where necessary 

• direct seeding 

• planting 

4 There is a strong need to protect and manage the rainforest remnants and small forested areas with 

old trees, particularly those remnant areas on the coastal plain. 

4 Protection and enhancement of vegetation, flora and fauna on private land is a special responsibility 

for landowners and managers in this biologically important region. Conservation agreements and 

co-operative local strategies, coupled with liaison with NSW NPWS where management of 

Threatened species and their habitats is involved, are suggested. 

4 Existing GIS and databases are in a form which can readily be built on to assist management on 

Shire-wide or local scales.


1 

Introduction 

1.1 BACKGROUND 

Landmark Ecological Services Pty Ltd were engaged by Byron Shire Council to conduct a study of the flora 

and fauna of the Shire. Terrafocus Pty Ltd was sub-contracted to undertake Aerial Photo Interpretation and 

Ecograph Pty Ltd was sub-contracted to design and construct a field survey database and GIS databases, 

digitise mapping and undertake tasks associated with map layout and production. 

The aim of the study was: 

to provide Council with information on the distribution of plant communities and associations, and 

Threatened and significant flora and fauna species throughout the Shire. 

This information is important to enable Council to be appropriately advised in its decision making and to 

ensure it achieves its goal of ecologically sustainable development, particularly the principle of the conservation 

of biological diversity. 

The Study Brief states: 

The Flora and Fauna Study entails the systematic collation of existing records, vegetation mapping 

and flora and fauna surveys. The Study places an emphasis on Threatened species of flora and fauna 

and significant plant associations. The results will be collected in a format suitable for analysis in 

Council’s Geographical Information System. 

The outcomes of the Study are intended to provide comprehensive information on species 

distributions and biodiversity management issues. This information is essential to achieve ecological 

sustainability, a cornerstone of which is biodiversity conservation and management. Ecologically 

sustainable use of natural resources can only be achieved by incorporating detailed biological resource 

information and sound ecological principles into land use planning. 

The study was carried out by Landmark Ecological Services Pty Ltd, Ecograph and Terrafocus Pty Ltd over 

two years from January 1997 to December 1999. Data collection and compilation essentially ceased in 

August 1998, though some modifications and additions were made during the draft preparation, public 

exhibition period and finalisation of the report (see also Section 1.3). 

Subsequent to public exhibition Council in collaboration with Landmark Ecological Services Pty Ltd made 

further amendments to the Study in response to the public submissions. Council made these amendments 

in recognition of the planning process currently underway on the proposed Wildlife Corridor and 

Environmental Repair and Enhancement Zone and the proposed Biodiversity Conservation Strategy. 

1.2 STUDY AREA 

The study area defined for the purposes of this document includes all private land, Crown land and Councilowned 

land within Byron Shire (as at August 1998). The study area occupied 51,453 ha of the Byron Shire’s 

total area of 56, 642 ha. Information about the flora and fauna of lands outside the study area (State Forests, 

17


National Parks, Nature Reserves and other reserves) was usually held by the relevant land managers, and 

vegetation mapping for State Forests and the National Parks estate was in progress during the study period. 

Therefore, these public lands were not included in the study area. However, these additional lands provide 

context for the study of biodiversity elsewhere in the Shire, and inevitably required consideration. Generally, 

public lands were considered during the study but were usually treated differently from the study area 

(described in each relevant section). 

At the commencement of the study, terrestrial vascular flora and terrestrial vertebrate fauna were the only 

groups of species occurring within Byron Shire that were represented on the Schedules of the TSC Act, 

1995. Consultation with Byron Shire Council resulted in a decision to restrict the study to these groups. 

1.3 ON-GOING PROCESSES 

Changes to land tenure and assessment of conservation status are on-going and have taken place during the 

study period. Major changes to land tenure, involving the transfer of the bulk of the Shire’s State Forests and 

Crown Land to the National Parks estate took place at the end of the study period. These changes will alter 

the areas of some vegetation mapping units, the reservation status of some species, vegetation communities 

and associations, and will decrease some threats to some species. 

Schedules of the TSC Act, 1995 have been modified and extended during the study period. The status of 

two Threatened flora species that occur in the Shire has changed whilst an invertebrate fauna species (the 

land snail Thersites mitchelliae, known from the Cumbebin Swamp area) has been listed as Endangered. Two 

new Key Threatening Processes have been declared, being the Invasion of Native Plant Communities by 

Bitou Bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera and Predation by the Plague Minnow (or Mosquito Fish) Gambusia 

holbrooki. In addition Lowland Rainforest on Floodplain has been declared an Endangered Ecological 

Community and aquatic vertebrate species have been listed as Threatened under the Fisheries Management 

Act, 1994. 

These changes have been incompletely incorporated into this report and associated databases and maps, as 

noted in the relevant sections. 

18


2 

The environment of 

Byron Shire 

2.1 LOCATION AND PHYSIOGRAPHY 

Byron Shire is located in the far north-eastern corner of NSW between Tweed Shire in the north, City of 

Lismore to the west and Ballina Shire to the south (Map 1). The north-eastern corner of the Shire is located 

approximately 2 km south of Wooyung and the north-western corner extends into the upper catchment of 

the Brunswick River. The western boundary runs through Mount Jerusalem and Nightcap National Parks, 

follows Coopers Creek and then continues south to, but not including the village of Clunes, and then to the 

Wilson River. The southern boundary follows the Wilson River upstream to Skinners Creek, to the headwaters 

of Skinners Creek across to Piccadilly Hill, Newrybar, Broken Head and the coast. 

The Shire comprises five land form units - coastline, coastal lowlands, coastal ridges, the undulating volcanic 

plateau and mountain ridges and valleys (Planning Workshop 1983). 

2.1.1 Coastline 

The coastline north of Cape Byron has been formed by the dominant south-easterly swell conditions, which 

refract around Cape Byron and Julian Rocks producing a hooked region in the south which smooths out to 

the north (Planning Workshop 1983). 

Between Cape Byron and Brunswick Heads lies an extensive system of shoreline parallel ridges spaced from 

150 metres to 180 metres apart. These were formed during a rise in sea level when barrier-building sands 

were moved onshore (Planning Workshop 1983). To the north of Brunswick Heads, the ridge system 

becomes narrow and discontinuous, generally varying in height from 3 metres to 9 metres above sea level. 

An eroded dune scarp 2 metres to 6 metres high backs the present-day beach. At Brunswick Heads, a low 

but well-developed fore-dune extends 2 kilometres to the south. This dune is the result of localised accretion 

behind the breakwater (Planning Workshop 1983). 

2.1.2 Coastal plain 

The coastal plain is a low-lying area situated between the base of the escarpment, coastal ridges and the 

coastal dune system. The plain has an upper elevation of 10 to 20 metres and slopes varying from 0 - 5% 

and is comprised of stream alluvium and sand deposited over time from offshore. The land is low lying with 

several areas of surface water, e.g. Cumbebin Swamp and Belongil Swamp. An extensive heathland lies north 

from the Belongil Swamp to the Brunswick River. This heathland, which is incorporated into Tyagarah 

Nature Reserve, grows largely on an extensive hind-dune system, the dunal swales strongly aligned in a 

north-south direction parallel to the coastline. 

2.1.3 Coastal ridges 

Most of the coastal ridges run east-west. These ridges may attain a height of 100 metres inland and drop to 

around 50 metres above sea level as they approach the coastal dune system. They are predominantly higher 

in the north of the Shire. 

19


Ridges in the far north of the Shire still contain areas of eucalypt and Brush Box forests, but the ridges 

further south have been largely cleared for dairying and grazing. 

2.1.4 Undulating volcanic plateau 

An undulating volcanic plateau (altitude 100-250 m above sea level) covers the majority of the southwestern 

portion of the Shire. The plateau has resulted from long term erosion of the massive volcanic lava 

flows from Mt Warning. The eastern boundary is sharply defined by the coastal escarpment (Planning 

Workshop 1983). 

2.1.5 Mountain ranges and valleys 

Mountains and valleys comprise the north-west of the Shire. The mountain ranges constitute the easterly 

portion of the Nightcap Range, the dominant peaks being Mt Jerusalem (800 m), Mt Boogarem (640 m) 

and Mt Peak (600 m). Mt Chincogan (307 m) stands isolated, to the north of Mullumbimby. 

The Shire includes the catchment of the Brunswick River and its tributaries (Kings Creek, Mullumbimby 

Creek, Yankee Creek, Blindmouth Creek, Lacks Creek, Yelgun Creek) and the catchments of the large 

coastal creeks, Marshalls Creek, Simpsons Creek, Belongil Creek and Tallow Creek. Coopers Creek and 

Wilsons Creek flow out of the Shire and drain into the Richmond River system. 

2.2 CLIMATE, TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL AND SEASONALITY 

The Shire’s climate is warm subtropical with heavy summer rainfall (January to March) and a dry winter 

and spring. Rainfall is high – a result of mountainous topography close to the coast (Forestry Commission 

of NSW 1996). The average annual rainfall tends to decrease from east to west across the Shire from 1,868 

mm at Cape Byron, 1,856 mm at Newrybar, 1,880 mm at Bangalow, 1,773 mm at Mullumbimby, 1,763 

mm at Federal and 1,429 mm at Dunoon. The Nightcap and Koonyum Ranges in the northwestern and 

western parts of the Shire experience higher rainfall (Planning Workshop 1983). During the wet season, 

heavy mists frequently cover the higher peaks and ranges and in the warmer summer-autumn months, 

tropical cyclones often move down the Queensland coast from the Coral Sea and affect Byron Shire, bringing 

flood rains and strong winds (Forestry Commission of NSW 1996). 

The only weather station that collects systematic temperature readings for Byron Shire is located at Cape 

Byron. The mean maximum temperature recorded at Cape Byron in July is 19.3° Celsius and in January 

27.5°. The mean minimum temperature recorded at Cape Byron in July is 11.5° and in January 20.8°. 

2.3 LAND TENURE, PROTECTED AREAS 

National Parks (NP) (which combine conservation with recreational opportunities) and Nature Reserves 

(NR) (which are reserved primarily for conservation and research) occupied 2,637.9 ha and made up 4.7% 

of the Shire at the commencement of this study. Reserved areas in the hinterland are Nightcap NP (part), 

Mt Jerusalem NP and Inner Pocket NR. Small rainforest remnant reserves are Snows Gully NR, Andrew 

Johnston Big Scrub NR and Hayters Hill NR. Coastal reserves are Billinudgel NR (part), Brunswick Heads 

NR, Tyagarah NR and Broken Head NR. The proclamation of the proposed Arakwal National Park at Byron 

Bay had not been finalised at the time of this study. In addition, a small rainforest reserve at Booyong is 

administered by a trust. 

Up until November 1998 when the State Government legislated its Regional Forest Agreement, State 

Forests (SF) occupied 2,551.7 ha and made up 4.5% of the Shire. The Shire’s State Forests were in the 

hinterland at higher altitudes and included Whian Whian SF (part), Nullum SF and Goonengerry SF. State 

Forests are dedicated for timber production but are also managed for conservation and recreation, and 

include specific conservation reserves (Minyon Falls Flora Reserve in Whian Whian SF and Boogarem Falls 

Flora Reserve in Nullum SF). 

20


In November 1998 the State Government revoked the State Forests in Byron Shire and gazetted them as 

National Parks. This resulted in part Whian Whian SF (excluding Rummery Park area) being added to 

Nightcap NP, Nullum SF being added to Mt Jerusalem NP and Goonengerry SF becoming Goonengerry 

NP. Further to this in March 1999, the State Government declared some Crown land as Nature Reserves. 

This resulted in Marshalls Creek NR (112 ha), Cumbebin Swamp NR (40 ha), additions to Tyagarah NR 

(12 ha) and additions to Brunswick Heads NR (115 ha). 

The recent additions to National Parks and Nature Reserves in Byron Shire include approximately 2,830 

ha. These additions were made at the conclusion of this study. There is now a need to update the information 

on conservation status (Section 4.8). Overall, it has resulted in a doubling of the area protected in National 

Parks and Nature Reserves, with approximately 10% of the Shire being protected for conservation. 

Reserved areas are concentrated in the hinterland and along the coastal strip. The coastal plains and basalt 

plateau are poorly represented in the reserve system. 

2.4 GEOLOGY AND SOILS 

Existing geological mapping is coarse in relation to the scale desirable for the purposes of this study. Excellent 

soil landscape mapping has been carried out recently (Morand 1994, 1996). The soil landscape units have 

been grouped into categories relevant to flora and fauna distribution (mainly based on geological parent 

material) to produce a geology/soils map (Map 2). Descriptions of the soil landscape mapping units, groupings 

used for this study, and areal occurrence of each category are appended (Appendix 1). 

The oldest or basement rocks of Byron Shire are comprised of Neranleigh-Fernvale metasediments from 

the Brisbane Metamorphic Series. These rocks are of palaeozoic age (500-250 million years ago) and consist 

of siltstones and mudstones with sandstones and conglomerates. The basement metasediments are exposed 

in a number of localities along the coast including Cape Byron and Broken Head, and can also be seen at the 

base of the coastal escarpment (Planning Workshop 1983). 

The basement rocks are overlain in part by mesozoic sediments formed by erosion during the Triassic, 

Jurassic and Cretaceous periods (210-135 million years ago) (Richmond Valley Naturalists Club 1975). 

These sediments consisting of conglomerates, sandstones, silt-stones, shale and carboniferous shale can be 

seen in the cliffs behind Byron Hills Estate to the west of Suffolk Park. 

The mesozoic sediments are in turn overlain by Mt Warning volcanics. These volcanics consist of a sequence 

of lava flows from Mt Warning. It is estimated that the first flow occurred about 23-21 million years ago and 

comprised an olivine-rich, low viscosity basalt now known as the ‘Lismore basalt’ (Planning Workshop 

1983). Most of the basalt has eroded from the ranges to the north of Mullumbimby but some areas of 

Lismore basalt still remain in the northern ranges (Chinamans Hill and Chincogan). The volcanic plateau to 

the west of Byron is comprised of Lismore basalt. A second major flow occurred, consisting of a highly 

viscous acid flow, which solidified to form rhyolite. To the north of Mullumbimby on Mt Chincogan, a small 

area of this rhyolite still remains overlying the Lismore basalt. Goonengerry, Mount Jerusalem and Nightcap 

National Parks are located on rhyolite-based soils. Volcanic activity from Mt Warning ended about 20 

million years ago with the ‘Blue Knob’ basalt forming the last flow. Mt Jerusalem National Park still contains 

areas of Blue Knob basalt overlying the rhyolite and Lismore basalt layers which in turn cover the Neranleigh- 

Fernvale metasediments (Forestry Commission of NSW 1996, Figure 8-1). 

Following the cessation of volcanic activity, differential uplift and erosion occurred, causing faster water 

movement and increased erosion in creek and river systems. Fluctuations in sea levels during the Quaternary 

period caused alluvial deposition of sequences of fluvial and marine sediments. When sea levels dropped, 

streams carried down eroded material, which was deposited, partly filling valleys. In turn, high sea levels 

brought marine sediments into the valley embayments. As sea levels dropped again, further stream material 

was deposited over the marine sediments, forming the coastal plain (Planning Workshop 1983). 

21


2.5 FLORA 

Byron Shire lies within an area of extremely high biodiversity, the biogeographic province known as the 

McPherson-Macleay overlap zone. Botanist Nancy Burbidge first described this zone in 1960 when she was 

mapping the biogeographical provinces of Australia (Burbidge 1960). As a result of both climatic and 

geographic conditions within this zone, many species with tropical or temperate origins reach their southern 

and northern limits respectively. 

Within Byron Shire the range of environmental factors such as topography, altitude, aspect, geology and 

climate have produced a diversity of available habitats, which support a high diversity of plants at both the 

species and community level. More than half the 6,363 vascular plant species identified in NSW occur in 

north-eastern NSW. In comparison Tasmania is twice the size of north-eastern NSW but has less than half 

the number of vascular plants (Resource and Conservation Assessment Council 1996). Many of the plant 

species occurring in the region are of particular significance for their endemism, rarity, degree of threat, 

distributional limits and disjunctions and attributes of other scientific interest such as primitiveness. 

148 plant species are currently recognised as being endemic to north-eastern New South Wales and southern 

Queensland (Resource and Conservation Assessment Council 1996). These species include Threatened 

species (TSC Act, 1995) such as the Minyon Quandong Elaeocarpus sp. 2 ‘Minyon’, Hairy Quandong Elaeocarpus 

williamsianus, Davidson’s Plum Davidsonia pruriens var. jerseyana, Smooth Davidson’s Plum Davidsonia sp. A. 

(Photo 16), Corokia Corokia whiteana, Spiny Gardenia Randia moorei (Photo 12), Isoglossa Isoglossa eranthemoides 

(Photo 14), Lismore Muttonwood Rapanea sp. 1 and Peach Myrtle Uromyrtus australis. 

The North Coast of NSW (coastal areas east of the Dividing Range between the Hunter River in the south 

to the Queensland border in the north) has the highest number of Rare or Threatened plant species in the 

State. Using nation-wide conservation assessment and coding, 28 species are classed as Endangered, 55 as 

Vulnerable and 122 as Rare (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

The Upper North East NSW region (the Tweed, Brunswick, Richmond and Clarence River catchments) 

contains high numbers of species that have been identified as ‘significant’ according to criteria developed by 

Sheringham and Westaway (1995) (Section 5.2 and Table 5.3). 

Several primitive genera are found in Upper North East NSW. Most of these members of ancient Gondwanan 

families are restricted to rainforests. Such genera include Tasmannia from the Winteraceae family, Wilkiea 

from Monimiaceae and Hicksbeachia from Proteaceae. Hibbertia from the Dilleniaceae family is an example 

of a primitive genus not restricted to rainforests (Resource and Conservation Assessment Council 1996). 

Representatives of these families also occur in Africa and in South America, attesting to their Gondwanan 

origins. 

2.6 FAUNA 

Byron Shire is at the centre of one of the richest and most diverse regions for vertebrate fauna in Australia. 

On a unit/area basis, the NSW North Coast region (north-eastern NSW-south-eastern Queensland, Thackway 

and Cresswell 1995) has the highest frog, non-Ctenotus skink, snake and marsupial species diversity in 

Australia (Pianka and Schall 1981) and the bird species diversity is exceeded only by the Queensland wet 

tropics (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 1995). The reason for this diversity is predominantly due 

to palaeogeographical and neogeographical factors (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996). 

At a palaeogeographic level, all five of the biotas which currently comprise the Australian terrestrial fauna 

(Schodde and Calaby 1972, Schodde and Faith 1991, Schodde 1991) are represented in the region. However, 

most species are contributed by three of these – the Torresian, Bassian and Tumbunan. The Torresian and 

Bassian biotas merge in the area, recognised as the McPherson-Macleay overlap zone (Burbidge 1960), but 

probably the most important of the three from a regional perspective is the Tumbunan. This comprises the 

subtropical rainforest biota which was formerly distributed continuously across the continent during wetter 

periods (Schodde and Calaby 1972, Schodde and Faith 1991, Schodde 1991). The Tumbunan fauna is now 

22


essentially relictual, having contracted to two main cores centred on the NSW North Coast and the Herbert- 

Daintree uplands of North East Queensland, and is characterised by species with restricted distributions 

and specialised ecological requirements. Examples occurring in Byron Shire are the Pouched Frog Assa 

darlingtoni, Fletcher’s Frog Lechriodus fletcheri, Great Barred Frog Mixophys fasciolatus, Loveridge’s Frog Philoria 

loveridgei (Photo 18), Southern Forest Dragon Hypsilurus spinopes (Photo 20), Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink 

Coeranoscincus reticulatus, Blue-speckled Forest-skink Eulamprus murrayi (Photo 19), Stephen’s Banded Snake 

Holocephalus stephensii (Photo 21), Rose-crowned Fruit-dove Ptilinopus regina (Photo 23), Topknot Pigeon 

Lopholaimus antarcticus, Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa, Marbled Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus (Photo 26), Albert’s 

Lyrebird Menura alberti (Photo 24), Rufous Scrub-bird Atrichornis rufescens, Brown Gerygone Gerygone mouki, 

Pale-yellow Robin Tregellasia capito, Logrunner Orthonyx temminckii, Paradise Riflebird Ptilorus paradiseus, Green 

Catbird Ailuroedus crassirostris, Regent Bowerbird Sericulus chrysocephalus, Red-legged Pademelon Thylogale thetis 

and Parma Wallaby Macropus parma. 

The Torresian fauna of the tropical, grassy savanna woodlands of northern Australia is represented in the 

Shire by species such as the Rocket Frog Litoria nasuta, Northern Banjo Frog Limnodynastes terraereginae, 

Robust Ctenotus Ctenotus robustus, Major Skink Egernia frerei, Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis, Freshwater 

Snake Tropidonophis mairii, Bar-shouldered Dove Geopelia humeralis, Grass Owl Tyto capensis, Forest Kingfisher 

Todirhamphus macleayi, Red-backed Fairy-wren Malura melanocephalus, Little Friarbird Philemon citreogularis, 

Blue-faced Honeyeater Entomyzon cyanotis, White-throated Honeyeater Melithreptus albogularis, White-bellied 

Cuckoo-shrike Coracina papuensis, White-breasted Woodswallow Artamus leucorhynchus, Chestnut-breasted 

Mannikin Lonchura castaneothorax, Common Planigale Planigale maculatus (Photo 28), Northern Brown 

Bandicoot Isoodon macrourus, Hoary Wattled Bat Chalinolobus nigrogriseus and Grassland Melomys Melomys 

burtoni. 

Examples of the Bassian fauna of the eucalypt-dominated sclerophyll forests of southern Australia present 

in Byron Shire are the Common Eastern Froglet Crinia signifera, Brown-striped Frog Limnodynastes peronii, 

Lace Monitor Varanus varius, Dark-flecked Garden Sunskink Lampropholis delicata, Eastern Blue-tongued 

Lizard Tiliqua scincoides, Red-bellied Black Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus, Wonga Pigeon Leucosarcia melanoleuca, 

Yellow-tailed Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus, Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans, Red-browed 

Treecreeper Climacteris erythrops, Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus, Striated Thornbill Acanthiza lineata, Eastern 

Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris, Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca, Bassian Thrush Zoothera lunulata, 

Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus, Koala Phascolarctos cinereus (Photo 29)Eastern Pygmy-possum Cercartetus 

nanus, Greater Glider Petauroides volans, Eastern Falsistrelle Falsistrellus tasmaniensis and Bush Rat Rattus fuscipes. 

The two other biota present, the Irian and Eyrean, comprise a much smaller complement of species. The 

Irian biota, extending from the lowland rainforests and savanna woodlands of New Guinea, is represented 

in the Shire by the Green Tree Frog Litoria caerulea, Superb Fruit-dove Ptilinopus superbus, Rainbow Lorikeet 

Trichoglossus haematodus, Little Bronze-cuckoo Chrysococcyx minutillus, White-eared Monarch Monarcha leucotis, 

Scarlet Honeyeater Myzomela sanguinolenta, Common Blossom-bat Syconycteris australis, Eastern Tube-nosed 

Bat Nyctimene robinsoni (Photo 30) and Black Flying-fox Pteropus alecto. Members of the Eyrean fauna of arid 

central Australia are mainly recent colonists which have taken advantage of habitats associated with human 

settlement. Species present include Burton’s Snake-lizard Lialis burtonis, the Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes, 

Galah Cacatua roseicapilla, Striped Honeyeater Plectorhyncha lanceolata and Pied Butcherbird Cracticus nigrogularis. 

In addition to the major biota, a narrow section of the Shire’s coastal plain constitutes part of a smaller 

biogeographic region known as the Wallum (Coaldrake 1961). Wallum supports fire-prone sclerophyllous 

vegetation on low-nutrient sands and is characterised by a small group of vertebrate species represented in 

the Shire by the Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula, Freycinet’s Frog Litoria freycineti, Wallum Tree Frog Litoria 

olongburensis (Photo 17) and Southern Emu-wren Stipiturus malachurus. 

Neogeographically, Byron Shire’s combination of coastal location, wide elevational and topographic variation, 

fertile soils interspersed with infertile soils, high rainfall and mild climatic regime provide conditions resulting 

in a mosaic of vegetation communities and promoting plant growth throughout the year (Nix 1976), in turn 

maximising niches for fauna (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996). 

23


3 

24 

Databases and GIS as 

basis for data management 

3.1 INTRODUCTION 

In a time of rapid change it is important to be able to track changes in the environment so that policy too 

can adapt. Also, given the large and complex nature of the datasets involved in environmental management 

it is important that this information can be readily accessed, visualized, summarized and updated. 

Due to their ability to meet these requirements Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are increasingly 

being utilized as a major tool for planning and management. 

3.2 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) 

GIS are simply extensions of more traditional data management systems such as relational databases, or in 

simplified form, spreadsheets. Unlike these systems however, GIS utilise a graphical interface whereby 

database attributes are attached to point, line, or polygon graphical elements. Apart from the benefits of 

visualization, and a mechanism for advanced data storage and retrieval, this functionality also permits 

cartographic map production, detailed data interrogation and query, and spatial modelling. 

The spatial nature of GIS facilitates the integration of many disparate datasets. For example, for any single 

location there may exist information related to tenure, ownership, slope, soil type, land use, agricultural 

suitability, zoning, vegetation type, ecological attributes, rare plants and animals. Where resources are limited 

and potential planning and management constraints are significant, it is important to achieve optimal 

outcomes. The ability to perform spatial modelling tasks is a unique feature of GIS, which can be used to 

optimize land use, or examine the effects of different environmental management scenarios. 

This study established comprehensive database layers from existing and new survey result information. 

Existing data 

Existing data layers used were: 

• Contours 

• Cadastre 

• Council zoning 

• Soil landscapes 

Major derived layers 

In the course of this study, new data layers derived were: 

• Vegetation mapping (Section 4) 

• Reserved areas (National Parks, Nature Reserves, State Forests) 

• Records of significant flora (Section 5) 

• Records of significant fauna (Section 6) 

• Ecological attributes (Section 8) 

• Locations of native fig trees in cleared areas


3.3 FIELD SURVEY DATABASE 

This study also established a field survey database (Section 4.4.3) recording new survey results and 

incorporating existing information of appropriate quality and format. The database is designed for on-going 

use, providing a means of rapid assessment yet permitting the storage and retrieval of detailed information 

e.g. full flora and fauna species lists. 

The database consists of a series of related tables, many with fixed categories to facilitate interpretation. 

Data is entry-assisted by a ‘user friendly’ front end, which ensures referential integrity. Data entry therefore 

requires minimal knowledge of the database itself. The data entry interface can also be used to restrict 

access on the basis of user permissions. 

3.4 STUDY OUTCOMES 

Major outcomes from the study include: 

• Map products – Vegetation mapping and derivatives, ecological attributes. Maps e.g. for LAMP 

(Local Area Management Planning) areas, as required. Threatened species distribution maps 

• Location of native fig trees 

• GIS databases 

• Field Survey Database 

• Rare or Threatened Flora Species Database 

• Threatened Fauna Species Database 

• Statistical data generated as required (areas with specified attributes, single criteria or intersection 

of data sets – vegetation by soil type, vegetation by zoning etc.) 

3.5 DATABASE MANAGEMENT 

The present and continuing usefulness, and future development of the databases, will require attention to 

its administrative requirements. Council will be responsible for the following: 

• periodic update (entry of new field survey database records, flora and fauna of conservation 

significance) 

• validation of data (data to be validated by experts, or clearly coded as unvalidated) 

• security and access issues (including data to be secured to prevent unauthorised alteration to 

data or restriction of access to data such as location of rare orchid species) 

• compliance with license or confidentiality conditions associated with the supply of datasets 

Ecological information collected in surveys, environmental assessments and by enthusiastic amateurs is 

inconsistent in its quality. It is extremely important that the value of the existing data is not 

degraded by the incorporation of unvalidated data, or data for which the origin is untraceable. 

3.6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 

The study to date has produced mapping and survey data on clearly stated scales and accuracies. The 

limitations and confidence levels of any particular data set or data record will be apparent from scrutiny of 

the methodology in conjunction with databases. The level of detail in the data will be appropriate for broad 

planning and many other purposes. It is unlikely that resources will be available for unlimited additions to 

all data sets Shire-wide. Prioritisation of data sets for augmentation, and targeting of geographical areas 

(catchment, areas of high biodiversity, those to which particular threats apply or those identified for 

coordinated environmental rehabilitation strategies) will be more effective. Some individual Local Management 

Areas (or Property Management Planning), for instance, may require mapping on a finer scale and more 

detailed systematic survey effort. A targeted approach combined with opportunistic additions to all databases 

will result in a steady improvement in the level of ecological understanding Shire-wide and very good 

knowledge in sections of the Shire with special needs or intrinsic interest. 

25


There are a number of areas for which significant enhancements can be made to the databases associated 

with the Flora and Fauna Study. Extensions and integration can be made to the existing field survey database, 

by means of construction and linkage of additional database modules: 

• Flora – to include more detail for common species as well as those of conservation significance, 

detailed information for weed species 

• Fauna – to include more detail for common species as well as those of conservation significance, 

feral animals 

• References to site-specific and general literature 

• Additional field survey data 

• Additional GIS mapping and layers (including sand mining history, recently available) 

• General species lists (e.g. incorporation of information from EISs etc, subject to data validation) 

and 

• Implementation strategies for proposed management on LAMP, catchment or ecological land 

unit 

In the future, full geo-referencing of all records will be desirable. For ease of use and maintenance, it is 

suggested that records be referenced by all or any of the following: Australian Map Grid (AMG) coordinates, 

Real Property Description (RPD) numbers (ie Digital Cadastral Database), grid cells, or mapped polygons, 

lines, or points. GIS mechanisms to transfer between these locational features would also be beneficial. At 

present, the locations of all field survey plots and records of significant flora and fauna are incorporated into 

GIS layers. The associated databases are currently independent of the GIS though linked by site numbers 

and grid references. Direct linking of survey site data and records to points/polygons on a GIS layer will be 

possible in the future. 

The spatial modelling capabilities of the GIS make possible a variety of analytical approaches to the 

interpretation of the data. Ultimately, the results must be assessed by experts with scientific ecological 

background, excellent local knowledge and an appreciation of the strengths and limitations of the 

underlying data. 

To be most effective, ecological assessments need to remain independent of local planning considerations, 

and focus rather on issues affecting the ecological viability of the Shire’s environment. Planning issues can 

be addressed within a subsequent conservation assessment, as is proposed in the Byron Biodiversity 

Conservation Strategy. 

Further developments can also facilitate community and user access to the data. The GIS databases, in 

Arcview format, could be available at venues such as the Council front desk and local libraries. Council can 

interrogate the databases or print maps to the community’s or individual requirements. Confidentiality 

requirements need to be met, and clear statements of the limitations of the data must be supplied along 

with such an arrangement. 

26


4 

Vegetation mapping 

Note: All areal statistics presented in this section refer to the study area defined in Section 1.2 and National Parks, Nature 

Reserves and State Forests as at August 1998. The results of the vegetation mapping are reported in Maps 1-5 and 7. 

Maps 1-5 show land tenure as at August 1998; land tenures have been updated on Map 7. 

Table 4.1 Vegetation mapping in Byron Shire prior to current study 

Reference 

Firth, D. 1979 

Gilmore, A.M. 1983 

Milledge, D., Parker, P., Bekker, R., Mackey, D, 

Probert, S. and Stoddart, C. 1986 

Parker, P. 1989 

Murray, A. and Baverstock, P. 1991 

Milledge, D. and McKinley, A. 1992 

Parker, P. 1992a, 1992b 

Lott, R. H. and Duggin, J. A., 1993 

Parker, P. 1993a 

Parker, P. 1993b 

Milledge, D., McKinley, A., Nicholson, H. 

and Nicholson, N. 1995 

Forestry Commission of NSW 1996 

Milledge, D. and McKinley, A. 1996a 

Parker, P. 1996a 

Parker, P. 1997 

Area mapped 

Byron Shire – mapping of Camphor Laurel 

distribution 

Cape Byron 

Coastal Byron Shire 

Cape Byron 

Broken Head 

Brunswick Heads 

Belongil – Club Med site 

Big Scrub rainforest remnants 

Broken Head 

Ewingsdale, Skinners Shoot areas 

Skinners Shoot 

Hinterland, adjacent to State Forest areas 

Skinners Shoot, Ewingsdale wetlands, 

Cumbebin, Old Bangalow Rd, Cape Byron 

to South Byron Sewage Treatment Works 

Belongil Sporting Fields 

Ewingsdale 


Assessment of the flora and fauna values of Byron Shire required knowledge of the extent, composition and 

intactness of vegetation cover in the Shire. The vegetation of the Shire had not previously been mapped 

(Section 4.2) and was therefore given priority. Vegetation mapping commenced immediately after the project 

was approved. The mapping assisted other aspects of the study, which were being undertaken simultaneously 

27


(e.g. identifying areas considered likely to provide habitat for Threatened flora and fauna species, such as 

remnant rainforest and old growth eucalypt forest). The mapping component provided data on extent of 

remnant and regrowth native vegetation, extent of Camphor Laurel cover and an indication of the areal 

extent of different vegetation associations present in the Shire. 

4.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES 

The vegetation of Byron Shire had not previously been mapped, although parts had been treated in studies 

using differing methodologies (Table 4.1). As some aspects of vegetation cover change relatively quickly, 

often it is only the most recent studies which are useful as an indication of current vegetation. 

In June 1996 Landmark Ecological Services Pty Ltd was engaged by Byron Shire Council to carry out a pilot 

vegetation mapping project as part of the planning for the major flora and fauna study of the Shire (Milledge 

and McKinley 1996). The principal objective was to design a vegetation mapping system incorporating 

structural and floristic attributes at a scale of 1:25,000 which would provide sufficient detail to be useful for 

land use planning purposes. The area selected for the pilot project comprised the coast and hinterland 

about Cape Byron and Byron Bay. 

4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BYRON FLORA AND FAUNA STUDY 

(based on Milledge and McKinley 1996) 

A multi-attribute approach with vegetation structure (following Walker and Hopkins 1990) as the primary 

classification variable was initially used for vegetation mapping but this resulted in an extremely complex 

map, difficult to interpret and of limited use for land-use planning. The complexity was primarily due to the 

highly disturbed nature of the pilot project area, which has resulted in a mosaic of regrowth communities 

with rapidly changing structural attributes. For example, major differences were apparent in the height and 

density of some stands as depicted in the 1991 aerial photographs and as they presently exist. Even if 

mapped in current form, it is likely that these stands would be structurally different again in a few years. 

While structure may change rapidly, floristic changes tend to be slower. Mapping based on floristics produced 

a more homogeneous map, which allowed easier interpretation and provided useful information more 

readily. 

The Pilot Study was intended as a multi-attribute approach with structure as the primary classifying variable 

but the method proved to be impractical and was abandoned in favour of a mapping system using floristics 

as the primary classification variable (Milledge and McKinley 1996). The latter method adopted floristic 

communities and associations as mapping units identified by dominant species in the upper stratum, although 

structural attributes were also included in the classification as a secondary variable, identified by a coding 

system. 

4.4 METHODS 

4.4.1 Aerial Photographic Interpretation (API) 

Interpretation of aerial photographs for the purpose of vegetation identification is a cost effective and 

proven method for mapping large areas of vegetation. 

Identification of various vegetation types is undertaken in the field and identified via the use of a stereoscope, 

with the corresponding features on the photo. Field observations are then extrapolated and marked onto 

plastic overlays on the photo. 

Accuracy in API is dependent on several factors. These include the age and quality of photographs, the 

accessibility of areas for fieldwork, and the amount of resources and therefore time available for both the 

fieldwork and the mapping. 

28


Photography 

The photography available for use at the beginning of the project was July 1991 1:25000 scale colour 

photographs produced by the NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation. 1997 photography became 

available late in the course of the study and was used to a limited extent for checking areas for which 1991 

photography was of poor quality. The blue/green colour balance of the 1991 photography varied between 

and within runs. Poor and inconsistent colour balance inhibits photo interpretation. 

1991 Photographs used were: 

Tweed Heads Run 10 Nos 2-3 

Murwillumbah Run 10 Nos 4-10 

Ballina Run 1 Nos 57-59 

Lismore Run 1 Nos 60-65 

Ballina Run 2 No 54 












The mapping of the Shire’s vegetation is therefore representative of the vegetation types and boundaries 

present in 1991 and does not reflect changes in vegetation types or boundaries that have occurred since the 

date of the photography. These changes may include clearance of vegetation due to roadworks and by 

landholders, although land clearing is limited through tree removal restrictions imposed by the Shire’s Tree 

Preservation Order. Increases in vegetation due to the spread of Camphor Laurel or the regeneration of 

native species in previously cleared areas may have also occurred to modify boundaries since 1991. 

Photo preparation 

The photographs (example, Fig. 4.1) were prepared by attaching three clear overlays to each photograph. 

These were marked with fiducial points, 1:25,000 photo name, run number, photo number and north 

point to enable identification and accurate replacement of overlays should they need to be removed. The 

overlays are used for field notes, fig tree locations and the vegetation boundaries (example, Fig. 4.2). 

API pathway 

The API pathway developed for the project (Fig. 4.3) has built upon the methodology developed in the 

1996 Pilot Vegetation Mapping Project (Milledge and McKinley 1996). 

Initially, areas which were excluded from the vegetation classification were delineated. These areas included 

grazing or agricultural land with less than 10% tree cover and/or native vegetation, water bodies and urban 

areas. 

The mapping of large native fig trees however was an exception to this rule. The locations of individual fig 

trees were mapped throughout the Shire including those areas that were exempt from the general vegetation 

classification. 

Vegetation mapping units and vegetation associations (Section 4.6.1) were delineated as polygons. These 

polygons were assigned a code for crown cover percentage (CCP) and (soft) weed/pasture percentage. 

Eucalypt communities were examined for the presence of senescent crowns and assigned to a percentage 

senescence category. Each polygon was also assigned a verification code based on the level of field assessment. 

29


Minimum polygon size 

An area depicted by an enclosed boundary line is called a polygon. In determining a minimum polygon size 

for this survey, the following factors were taken into account: 

• scale of photography 

• the ability to accurately transfer detailed information to the GIS 

• the fragmented and highly disturbed nature of much of the vegetation in the Shire 

• the amount of time available for the project 

• obtaining the maximum amount of detail given the above factors 

This survey has used a minimum polygon size of 5 ha in areas with contiguous vegetation. In order to 

capture remnant or regrowth patches of native vegetation in largely cleared areas a minimum size of 

approximately 1 ha has been used. Individual fig trees were mapped as point locations (Map 7). Fig trees 

included in the mapping were identifiable by API and were generally of a medium to large size. 

Vegetation communities and associations 

(see Section 4.6.1) 

Crown Cover Percentage 

Crown Cover Percentage (CCP) is a measure of woody plant cover developed by Walker and Hopkins 

(1990). The area covered by the vertical projection of the periphery of the tree crowns is estimated as a 

percentage of the polygon area. The tree crowns are treated as opaque. CCP can be applied to other growth 

forms in this way. It is used here to indicate the CCP of the vegetation community to which the polygon is 

assigned. 

Percentage of (soft) weed and pasture 

This assessment provides a basic indication of the level of soft weeds and pasture present within a polygon 

as observed from aerial photography. The percentage of soft weeds or pasture within each polygon can be 

used as an indication of disturbance. ‘Soft weeds’ include herbaceous pasture weeds and shrubs such as 

Lantana Lantana camara and significant cover of pasture or introduced vine species but excludes tree weeds 

such as Camphor Laurel Cinnamomum camphora and privet species Ligustrum spp. 

This assessment however, is not intended to indicate the level of weed/pasture which exists under the 

canopy and is therefore not assessable by API. 

Senescence in eucalypt species 

Late-mature and senescent eucalypt trees as defined by Jacobs (1955) are generally considered to be of 

significant habitat value for fauna. 

Eucalypt trees in these growth stages often display distinctive crown characteristics that make them 

distinguishable by API. A code indicating the percentage of senescent crowns has been applied to the 

eucalypt polygons. 

The use of the codes is illustrated in Fig. 4.2 and Fig. 4.3. 

Verification 

Each polygon was also assigned a code to indicate how the polygon was assessed. 

30 

1 – Walk through (field assessment within the polygon) 

2 - Assessment from the edge of the polygon 

3 – Assessment from a distance (e.g. from a vantage point with/without the aid of binoculars) 

4 – API only (extrapolation of information from other field sources) 

5 – Verification from other sources


Figs 

There is a high degree of difficulty in distinguishing fig trees from large Camphor Laurels in disturbed 

environments. Both species exhibit a very similar aerial photo appearance and due to the isolated nature of 

many specimens in agricultural lands there is little or no contextual information to enlighten the interpretation. 

In contiguous areas of rainforest however, there is sometimes enough contextual information (such as the 

emergent nature of figs) to provide reasonable surety on the location of large figs. Therefore, in highly 

disturbed areas, only figs that have been field checked have been mapped. These figs represent the majority 

of the figs that were mapped. In areas of largely contiguous rainforest, figs that display emergent characteristics 

have been mapped either by API and by field checking. Figs were not identified to species level due to the 

amount of time that would be needed. Exotic species (such as those at the Byron Bay turnoff) have not been 

included in the mapping. 

Fig. 4.1 Aerial photo with overlay marked with polygon boundaries and vegetation classification codes 

Source: © The Land Information Centre, Panorama Avenue Bathurst 2795. www.lic.gov.au 

31


Fig. 4.2 Example of aerial photo overlay. The numerical vegetation association codes shown on the overlay 

were later converted to the alphabetical codes shown on map legends 

32


33


4.4.2 Ground-truthing 

Ground-truthing involved driving and walking throughout the project area validating and checking boundaries 

of polygons mapped from the API (Section 4.4.1). Basic structural (crown cover) and floristic (dominant 

species of the upper stratum) attributes of polygons were recorded. 

In addition, the previous studies carried out in the Shire (Table 4.1) were used to validate the interpretation 

of some polygons. The use of previous work was limited to cases where the methodologies could be adapted 

to the requirements of this study, and when the studies were recent enough to be reliable for the vegetation type. 

Plot-based vegetation surveys (Section 4.4.4) also provided validation for a number of polygons. 

The location of native fig trees was recorded throughout the ground-truthing process. 

4.4.3 Incorporation into GIS databases 

Polygon boundaries from aerial photo overlays were digitised, and identifiable ground control points were 

used to compensate for distortion in the aerial photography and allow incorporation as a layer into the GIS 

mapping system. Codes (Fig. 4.3) linked to each polygon were entered into a database. 

4.4.4 Plot-based vegetation survey 

Site selection 

Survey sites were located to illustrate the major vegetation associations identified by API, and were chosen 

to sample sites that capture a broad representation of the environmental variability found across the Shire. 

Many environmental attributes are useful predictors of the distribution of floral and faunal groups. A suite 

of environmental domains (synthesized by numerical classification techniques from a broad spectrum of 

environmental information) developed by CSIRO was the basis of initial site selection. 

Other considerations were: 

34 

• the inclusion of areas identified during API ground-truthing as having particular significance (e.g. 

areas of old-growth) 

• the inclusion of at least one, and usually two, sites in each vegetation association with low to 

substantial representation in the Shire (some associations with very low occurrence remained 

unsurveyed) 

• a good geographical spread of sites across the Shire 

• the limitations of available survey effort 

Survey methods 

Sites were located within relatively homogeneous vegetation patches and comprised an area of 0.283 ha 

(circle of 30 m radius). Species composition and abundance (semi-quantitative) was recorded for each 

vegetation stratum. Where time permitted, comprehensive species lists were recorded, otherwise the lists 

were confined to the dominant species in each stratum. Environmental weeds were listed separately. 

Physical details of the site (altitude, slope, aspect, morphology and geology), flora and fauna habitat attributes 

(old-growth characteristics, epiphytes, the density of the leaf litter and the presence of rocks and surface 

water), disturbance history (evidence of fire, logging, clearing and/or grazing) were recorded. The conservation 

significance was assessed (direct or indirect evidence of Threatened flora and fauna species, relationship to 

reserved land and other vegetated areas, and need/potential for rehabilitation). 

In the field, data were recorded onto the Field Survey Data Form (Appendix 2), and later entered into the 

computer Database Record Form (Appendix 3). 

Data from other studies: In addition, data from additional reliable sources were incorporated into the 

database. As methodologies differed slightly in other studies, the site numbers were coded to distinguish 

between data sources.


Table 4.2 

Data sources used to complement the plot-based vegetation survey 

Site code Data source Fields Methodology notes 

P Current Study, Pottsville mapsheet all as detailed in this report 

BH Current Study, Brunswick Heads all as detailed in this report 

mapsheet 

BB Current Study, Byron Bay mapsheet all as detailed in this report 

BU Current Study, Burringbar mapsheet all as detailed in this report 

H Current Study, Huonbrook mapsheet all as detailed in this report 

D Current Study, Dunoon mapsheet all as detailed in this report 

PS Byron Shire Flora Survey Pilot Study general additional data available 

(Milledge and McKinley 1996) site data in Pilot Study database 

AB Private survey data all 

(A. Benwell pers. comm.) 

Z1, 14 Holmes (1987) general site species list refers to 

data and vegetation polygon 

species list 

only 

Z15, 16 Floyd, A.G. (undated a; 1990b) “ “ 

Z2, 4, 6, 7, H. & S. Bower (unpubl. data) “ “ 

9, 12, 17 

Z3 S. Bower (unpubl. data) “ “ 

Z5 H. & S. Bower (unpubl. data with “ “ 

additions from Holmes 1987) 

Z8 H. & S. Bower (unpubl. data with “ “ 

additions from Biosis 1990) 

Z10, 11 H. Bower (unpubl. data) “ “ 

Nomenclature used normally followed Harden (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993). Where older nomenclature has 

been used in species lists incorporated from other sources, the original names have been retained except 

where they can unambiguously be converted to current nomenclature. 

4.5 LIMITATIONS 

Only a selected set of sites was sampled across the mapped vegetation units (Section 4.7) and these cannot 

be regarded as providing comprehensive coverage of the Shire. Because of the intrinsic variation inherent in 

larger patches of vegetation and between scattered patches of vegetation, the relative abundance of canopy 

species described for some sites may not precisely reflect the canopy species composition across all occurrences 

of the one mapping unit. 

4.6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

4.6.1 Representation of vegetation mapping units 

Thirteen vegetation mapping units were recognized (Table 4.3). Vegetation dominated by the introduced 

Camphor Laurel was the most abundant vegetation type, occupying more than one quarter of the vegetated 

area of the Shire. Moist to dry sclerophyll forest and rainforest were the next most abundant vegetation 

categories, while only tiny amounts of the coastal vegetation types (Scribbly Gum Eucalyptus signata-Red 

Bloodwood Corymbia gummifera, Wallum Banksia Banksia aemula-Scribbly Gum, Cypress Pine Callitris columellaris, 

Mangrove forest and Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland) were recorded. 

35


Table 4.3 Areal extent of vegetation mapping units (incl. plantations and unassessed) 

Vegetation mapping unit area (ha) % of vegetated % of Shire 

land (including (minus NP 

plantations and and SF) 

unassessed) 

Rainforest (minimal Camphor Laurel presence) 2122.31 11.98 4.12 

Rainforest (low to moderate Camphor 1563.79 8.82 3.04 

Laurel presence) 

Camphor Laurel +/- naturalized exotic 4658.68 26.29 9.06 

tree species 

Brush Box forest 949.05 5.36 1.84 

Wet to moist sclerophyll forest 1897.90 10.71 3.69 

Moist to dry sclerophyll forest 2780.55 15.69 5.41 

Wattle/Mixed regrowth forest and shrubland 1039.10 5.86 2.02 

Swamp sclerophyll forest 1754.78 9.90 3.42 

Heathland/Shrubland 533.70 3.01 1.04 

Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland 98.67 0.56 0.19 

Mangrove forest 96.24 0.54 0.19 

Unassessed 153.63 0.87 0.30 

Plantation 72.33 0.41 0.14 

TOTAL 17720.72 100.00 34.46 

Thirty-eight vegetation associations were recognised (Table 4.4). 

Areal occurrence of vegetation mapping units and associations by geology/soil type were calculated (Table 4.5). 

36


Table 4.4 Areal extent of vegetation associations (excl. plantations and unassessed) 

Vegetation mapping unit and association area (ha) % of vegetated % of Shire 

land (excluding (minus NP 

plantations and and SF) 

unassessed) 

Rainforest (min. Camphor Laurel presence) 4.12 

Rainforest 51% 10.19 0.06 0.02 

Brush Box forest 1.84 

Brush Box 949.05 5.42 1.84 

Wet to moist sclerophyll forest 3.69 

Eucalypt spp. (not specified) 842.45 4.81 1.64 

Eucalypt spp. and/or Brush Box + Camphor Laurel 601.31 3.44 1.17 

Flooded Gum 426.28 2.44 0.83 

Tallowwood 27.85 0.16 0.05 

Moist to dry sclerophyll forest 5.41 

Blackbutt 2325.44 13.29 4.52 

Black She-oak 37.15 0.21 0.07 

Coast Banksia 150.74 0.86 0.29 

Cypress Pine 23.40 0.13 0.05 

Eucalypt spp. not specified 15.70 0.09 0.03 

Forest Red Gum 64.87 0.37 0.13 

Grey Ironbark-Pink Bloodwood 19.56 0.11 0.04 

Mixed eucalypt spp. 53.45 0.30 0.10 

Pink Bloodwood 5.53 0.03 0.01 

Scribbly Gum 84.18 0.48 0.16 

Scribbly Gum-Red Bloodwood 2.74 0.02 0.01 

Wattle/Mixed regrowth forest and shrubland 2.02 

Mixed regrowth 1024.67 5.86 1.99 

Wattle spp. > 60% +/- other species 14.43 0.08 0.03 

Swamp sclerophyll forest 3.42 

Swamp sclerophyll forest 126.54 0.72 0.25 

Mixed eucalypt spp. 199.15 1.14 0.39 

Paperbark 1115.05 6.37 2.17 

Swamp Mahogany/Swamp Box 132.30 0.76 0.26 

Swamp Oak +/- Paperbark 181.73 1.04 0.35 

Heathland/Shrubland 1.04 

Wallum Banksia/Dwarf Banksia/Coast Banksia 305.18 1.74 0.59 

Wallum Banksia-Scribbly Gum 67.16 0.38 0.13 

Bitou Bush-Coastal Wattle-Coast Banksia 23.46 0.13 0.05 

Coast Banksia 30.46 0.17 0.06 

Horsetail She-oak-Coast Banksia-Bitou Bush 61.34 0.35 0.12 

Teatree 46.10 0.26 0.09 

Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland 0.19 

Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland 98.67 0.56 0.19 

Mangrove forest 0.19 

Grey Mangrove/River Mangrove 60.24 0.34 0.12 

Grey Mangrove-River Mangrove-Swamp Oak 36.00 0.21 0.07 

TOTAL 17496.9 100 34.02 

37


Table 4.5 Areal occurrence of vegetation mapping units and associations by geology/soil type 

basalt metamorphic rhyolite aeolian rhyolite/bas alluvial sediments swamp beach sand water estuarine disturbed (blank) TOTAL 

Rainforest (min Camphor Laurel presence) 2122.31 

Rainforest 51% 8.02 0.00 1.04 0.00 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.19 

Brush Box forest 949.05 

Brush Box 162.20 468.34 182.07 5.28 59.25 9.51 59.14 0.11 0.00 0.00 1.44 1.33 0.39 949.05 

Wet to moist sclerophyll forest 1897.90 

Eucalyptus spp. not specified 223.53 366.18 214.16 1.54 7.69 6.42 20.02 0.63 0.00 1.87 0.00 0.26 0.16 842.45 

Eucalypt spp. and/or Brush Box + Camphor Laurel 86.96 456.45 4.94 3.27 20.45 28.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 601.31 

Flooded Gum 121.97 77.50 163.93 4.25 42.88 4.79 10.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 426.28 

Tallowwood 0.00 21.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.18 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.85 

Moist to dry sclerophyll forest 2782.75 

Blackbutt 446.53 906.57 744.78 33.32 3.82 27.33 154.18 1.10 0.00 0.08 0.00 7.60 0.12 2325.44 

Black She-oak 0.00 0.53 36.43 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.15 

Coast Banksia 0.00 123.35 0.00 7.71 0.00 0.14 12.95 0.00 6.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 150.74 

Cypress Pine 0.00 1.31 0.00 20.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.29 0.79 0.00 23.40 

Eucalyptus spp. not specified 0.00 0.00 15.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.70 

Forest Red Gum 0.33 14.71 0.00 49.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.39 0.33 0.00 64.87 

Grey Ironbark-Pink Bloodwood 0.00 17.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.56 

Mixed eucalypt spp. 2.20 16.95 0.00 0.63 0.00 1.05 32.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.44 

Pink Bloodwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.53 

Scribbly Gum 14.52 9.89 57.53 2.07 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 84.18 

Scribbly Gum-Red Bloodwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 

Wattle/Mixed regrowth forest and shrubland 1039.10 

Mixed regrowth 317.96 289.05 195.02 11.90 167.66 5.28 37.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 1024.67 

Wattle spp. > 60% +/- other species 5.54 4.75 4.12 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.43 

Swamp sclerophyll forest 1754.78 

Swamp sclerophyll forest 0.92 5.15 0.00 101.36 0.00 14.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.09 0.00 1.47 0.00 126.54 

Mixed eucalypt spp. 1.64 0.00 0.00 106.86 0.00 70.11 6.73 0.00 0.00 10.82 2.36 0.63 0.00 199.15 

Paperbark 18.65 56.17 0.00 680.63 0.00 108.28 17.30 212.43 1.07 2.86 2.56 14.97 0.13 1115.06 

Swamp Mahogany/Swamp Box 0.00 18.18 0.00 84.81 0.00 24.36 3.55 0.01 0.00 1.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 132.30 

Swamp Oak +/- Paperbark 0.00 8.62 0.00 84.72 0.00 60.09 0.00 10.62 0.00 5.28 7.58 4.81 0.00 181.73 

Heathland/Shrubland 533.70 

Wallum Banksia/Dwarf Banksia/Coast Banksia 0.04 68.56 0.00 204.05 0.00 0.44 5.06 0.00 20.72 0.10 0.00 6.23 0.00 305.18 

Wallum Banksia-Scribbly Gum 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.82 0.00 0.00 3.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.16 

Bitou Bush-Coastal Wattle-Coast Banksia 0.00 1.25 0.00 19.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.46 

Coast Banksia 0.00 0.65 0.00 22.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.15 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.46 

Horsetail She-oak-Coast Banksia-Bitou Bush 0.00 0.26 0.00 9.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.92 1.52 0.49 0.00 0.01 61.34 

Teatree 0.00 0.55 1.76 39.84 0.00 0.00 3.48 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 46.10 

Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland 98.67 

Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland 0.00 5.70 0.00 85.54 0.00 0.00 1.49 2.86 0.33 2.67 0.00 0.00 0.08 98.67 

Mangrove forest 96.24 

Grey Mangrove/River Mangrove 0.01 0.00 0.00 8.19 0.00 11.01 0.00 0.68 0.00 13.50 26.21 0.65 0.00 60.24 

Grey Mangrove-River Mangrove-Swamp Oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.60 0.00 6.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.97 7.39 1.00 0.00 36.00 

TOTAL 6290.81 4521.87 2261.88 1697.00 957.83 715.36 531.66 228.44 100.10 67.76 50.43 41.62 32.21 17496.97 

38


4.6.2 Distribution of vegetated land 

As described in Section 4.4 the areas mapped excluded polygons of grazing or agricultural land with less 

than 10% tree cover (or native vegetation), water bodies and urban areas. 

A vegetation map of Byron Shire (Map 3) was produced from the results of the API/ground truthing/site 

survey. 

A total of 1749.96 ha of land in the study area was found to be vegetated (excluding plantations and 

unassessed lands). The vegetated areas of National Parks, Nature Reserves and State Forests must be added 

to obtain a figure for the total vegetated area in the Shire. The mapped vegetated area in the study area 

represents 34.02% of the Shire. 

The mapped area underestimates the total vegetation cover since only vegetation patches greater than 1 ha 

in area were included. Small vegetation patches, isolated trees and thin roadside, creekside and fenceline 

strips have been excluded. On the other hand, some small cleared areas are included within the mapped 

polygons and at their edges where boundaries have been smoothed. The Crown Cover Percentage (Section 

4.4.1) which has been estimated for each polygon is indicative, and can be retrieved from the GIS database. 

The vegetation cover is distributed unevenly across the Shire. In the north-west of the Shire, the rainforest 

valleys of the Brunswick River, Wilsons Creek and Coopers Creek have good vegetation cover, though 

typically the valley floors are cleared. The Burringbar Range and ridges in the Goonengerry area are also 

well vegetated. 

A very narrow coastal strip of vegetation has been partly retained, interrupted by urban development at 

New Brighton, Ocean Shores, Brunswick Heads, Byron Bay and Suffolk Park. 

That part of the former Big Scrub rainforest which is located within the Shire’s basalt plateau area now 

consists of small fragments of remnant rainforest and regrowth of exotic species. The coastal plain is severely 

denuded of tree cover, and the remaining vegetation is present as tiny fragments. 

An overall picture of extreme depletion and fragmentation of vegetation cover is evident from the vegetation 

map. Closer examination during ground-truthing of API and representative site surveys in each vegetation 

association shows that the existing vegetation is largely disturbed and degraded, and in some localities in 

particular, is dominated by exotic species. Despite its degraded condition, such vegetation frequently has 

high conservation value for its fauna habitat attributes and presence of Rare or Threatened plant species, 

and excellent potential for consolidation and rehabilitation (Section 7.2). 

4.6.3 Abundance and distribution of Camphor Laurel 

More than one quarter of the vegetated area of the Shire consists of Camphor Laurel-dominated vegetation. 

Camphor Laurel also commonly co-occurs as smaller (< 50% canopy cover) components of rainforest and 

moist sclerophyll vegetation (Table 4.4). As the large numbers of isolated trees, thin vegetation strips and 

small (


establishment conditions and land use practices. Shade and ornamental plantings, particularly in school 

grounds, have acted as centres for dispersal, with greatest concentration of the species within 2 km of these 

centres at the time of his study. Firth found that red krasnozem soils were the preferred substrate, and 

abandoned banana plantations were frequently seen to be ready colonisation sites. Localities with the greatest 

cover were centred in old banana plantations at Upper Coopers Creek, The Pocket, Possum Creek and 

Wilsons Creek, mostly on valley sides adjacent to meandering creeks. Each of these areas had their source in 

old planted trees in school grounds. 

These general patterns can be discerned again in the results of this study, but differences in the methodologies 

between the two mapping exercises do not permit detailed or quantitative comparisons. 

Firth (1979) noted that the lowland areas of Byron Shire were colonised widely, perhaps because the red 

krasnozem alluvium may be more suited to establishment of Camphor Laurel than the yellow earth and 

chocolate soil alluvium in similar environments elsewhere. 

Firth also found that no Camphor Laurel had invaded the eucalypt wet sclerophyll forest vegetation on the 

Nightcap, Gibbergunyah and Koonyum Ranges. Most of these forests were outside the study area, but the 

mapping of 601 ha of eucalypt spp. and/or Brush Box Lophostemon confertus + Camphor Laurel (Table 4.4) 

in this study may be indicative of increasing invasion of Camphor Laurel into sclerophyll forests. Recent 

observations suggest that in the hinterland Camphor Laurel is readily establishing in wet sclerophyll forest 

with a sparse understorey. This is particularly evident beneath roost sites of the Topknot Pigeon and/or Pied 

Currawong (Hank Bower, pers. comm). 

4.6.4 Abundance and distribution of old growth eucalypt forest 

Old growth eucalypt forests have significant habitat value for hollow-dependent Threatened fauna species. 

These include Stephen’s Banded Snake, the large forest owls and a number of arboreal marsupials and 

microchiropteran bats (Section 6). 

The extent of senescence in crowns of eucalypts, as assessed from API, shows that most of the Shire’s 

eucalypt-dominated forest has little or no old growth component (Table 4.6), reflecting a history of logging, 

clearing or inappropriate fire regimes. 

Table 4.6 Old growth eucalypt forest - % of eucalypt crowns showing senescence 

% of eucalypt crowns showing area (ha) % of % of Shire 

senescence eucalypt (NP, NR 

dominated and SF) 

vegetation 

30% 510.27 13.32 0.99 

TOTAL 3829.92 100.00 7.44 

A map of eucalypt old growth (Map 5) shows areas with high old growth values bordering Mount Jerusalem 

National Park. Small areas with intermediate old growth values include the Taylors Lake-Broken Head area, 

bordering Tyagarah Nature Reserve, Brunswick Heads, Marshalls Creek and around Goonengerry. 

40


4.6.5 Figs 

A total of 808 fig trees were identified and mapped (Map 6). As the trees were mapped only when their 

identity was certain (Section 4.4.2) this figure is an underestimate of the number of medium to large native 

fig trees in the study area. 

4.6.6 Other vegetation attributes 

Vegetation attributes described (Section 4.4.1) are held for each polygon in the GIS database and can be 

retrieved and represented in map form if required. 

4.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION UNITS 

The vegetation units are described below. Association headings include alphabetical symbols used to designate 

the association in the database, and site codes for plot-based vegetation locations (Appendix 4). 

4.7.1 Rainforest (minimal Camphor Laurel presence) 

Rainforest


Subtropical rainforest on basalt soils 

(Sites H1, BB6, BU3, H8; PS4, H12, H13, H14, BB17, BB26, Z2, Z4, Z3, 

Z16, Z5, Z6, Z7, Z15, Z9, Z14, Z17, BB27, BH13) 

Subtropical rainforest on basalt soils commonly included Red Cedar Toona ciliata, figs Ficus spp., White 

Booyong Heritiera trifoliolata, Native Tamarind Diploglottis australis, White Beech Gmelina leichhardtii, Maiden’s 

Blush Sloanea australis, Bangalow Palm Archontophoenix cunninghamiana and Silver Quandong Elaeocarpus kirtonii. 

Along creek-lines on basaltic alluvium (e.g. Upper Coopers Creek in the Wanganui Gorge) Blue Quandong 

Elaeocarpus grandis, Water Gum Tristaniopsis laurina, Red Cedar and Maiden’s Blush were common species in 

the overstorey. The Rare Stream Lily Helmholtzia glaberrima was a common groundcover species in this area. 

On deeper soils but in proximity to the creek, species such as Black Bean Castanospermum australe, Pepperberry 

Cryptocarya obovata and Red Bean Dysoxylum mollissimum were often present. 

Raine and Golding (1994) found that most sites in the Brunswick catchment on quaternary alluvium with 

basaltic influence were dominated by Weeping Lilly Pilly but on the Triassic Chillingham volcanics, Blue 

Quandong dominated. Blue Quandong was also found on quaternary alluvium. They found that along 

‘streams with small catchments, large-sized bed-material and relatively steep channel slopes’ Blue Quandong 

tended to be dominant or at least common whilst on the lower sections Water Gum and Weeping Lilly Pilly 

tended to dominate. Raine and Golding (1994) suggested that Blue Quandong (with its extensive root 

system) was better able to cope with the torrential floodwaters upstream. 

Site H1 on Mt Chincogan was dominated by Red Kamala. The upper stratum also included Twin-leaved 

Coogera Arytera distylis and Bauerella Sarcomelicope simplicifolia. The midstratum included Red Ash, Green 

Bolly Gum Neolitsea australiensis, Whalebone Tree Streblus brunonianus, Stinking Cryptocarya Cryptocarya foetida, 

Oliver’s Sassafras Cinnamomum oliveri and Staghorn Platycerium superbum. 

Site BH13 was located north of Quarry Lane adjacent to an area of swamp sclerophyll forest. Moreton Bay 

Fig Ficus macrophylla was emergent. The upper stratum included Native Tamarind, Bangalow Palm, Red 

Bean, Brush Box and Ribbonwood Euroschinus falcata var. falcata. Hairy Walnut Endiandra pubens, Bangalow 

Palm, Black Walnut, Native Tamarind, Maiden’s Blush, Whip Vine Flagellaria indica, Native Wisteria Millettia 

megasperma and Red Kamala were present in the mid and lower strata. The ground stratum included Giant 

Maidenhair Adiantum formosum, Gristle Fern and rainforest seedlings. 

Black Walnut, a Rare rainforest species (Briggs and Leigh 1996) is usually found on metasediments although 

it has been recorded on rhyolite in the Koonyum Range. This record, on basalt soil is probably the southern 

extremity of its range. 

Subtropical rainforest on alluvial soils 

(Sites H9, Z1) 

90% of the original floodplain subtropical rainforest has been cleared for agriculture with remnant areas 

being largely confined to the edges of watercourses. 

A relatively large (13 ha) remnant is conserved in the Booyong Flora and Fauna Reserve. Its diversity is 

highlighted by the recording of 90 tree species (Floyd 1990b) with White Booyong dominant. Threatened 

species present include one of the largest known populations of the herb Isoglossa. 

Other tiny patches include one at Azalea Ave, Mullumbimby, where the Threatened species Fragrant Myrtle 

Austromyrtus fragrantissima and Ball Nut Floydia praealta (Photo 11) are recorded. 

Site H9 was situated on the creek flat at Wanganui. The upper stratum was dominated by Bangalow Palm. 

Red Carabeen Geissois benthamii and Black Bean were also present. The midstratum included Black Bean, 

Bangalow Palm, Sandpaper Fig Ficus coronata, Giant Pepper Vine Piper novaehollandiae and Climbing Fishbone 

Fern Arthropteris tenella. The introduced Wandering Dew Tradescantia albiflora dominated the ground stratum. 

42


Subtropical rainforest near the coast – littoral rainforest 

(Sites BB5, BB7, BB16, BB17, BB30, BB36) 

Littoral rainforest contains species that are also found in dry rainforest sub-formations and are able to 

withstand high levels of airborne salt (Floyd 1990b). 

In Byron Shire, littoral rainforest (Beach Acronychia Acronychia imperforata-Tuckeroo Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides -Three-veined Cryptocarya Cryptocarya triplinervis-Beach Alectryon Alectryon coriaceus associations) 

occurred in sheltered, fire-protected sites on siliceous sands with Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia common 

in the canopy where there was an increase in fire frequency. At Cape Byron, littoral rainforest occurred on 

metasediments with Brush Box often present in the canopy. 

Site BB36 was located on coastal sand south of Broken Head. The upper stratum was dominated by Brush 

Box and Broad-leaved Lilly Pilly. Other species present in the upper stratum included Hard Corkwood 

Endiandra sieberi, Pink Bloodwood Corymbia intermedia, Strangling Fig Ficus watkinsiana and Hoop Pine. The 

midstratum included Red Pear-fruit Mischocarpus australis, Stinking Cryptocarya, Scented Acronychia Acronychia 

littoralis, Saffron Heart Halfordia kendack, Bennett’s Ash and Tuckeroo. Sessile Burrawang Lepidozamia 

peroffskyana, Crow’s Nest Fern Asplenium australasicum, Stinking Cryptocarya, Hoop Pine and Prickly Alyxia 

Alyxia ruscifolia were present in the lower stratum. The ground stratum comprised Kreysigia Tripladenia 

cunninghamii, Midgen Berry Austromyrtus dulcis, Cabbage Palm Livistona australis and Blue Flax Lily Dianella 

caerulea. 

Below the escarpment and to the west of Byron Hills, a suburb of Byron Bay, the substrate consisted of sand 

enriched with basalt (washed down from the soils on the plateau above the escarpment). At Site BB16 the 

upper stratum comprised Brush Box with rainforest species such as Bennett’s Ash, Australian Teak, Crow’s 

Ash Pentaceras australe, Cudgerie, Firewheel Tree Stenocarpus sinuatus and Brown Bolly Gum Litsea australis in 

the overstorey. The midstratum included Veiny Lace-flower Archidendron muellerianum, White Lace-flower 

Archidendron hendersonii, Saffron Heart, Hoop Pine, Crystal Creek Walnut and Three-veined Laurel. The 

lower stratum included Guioa Guioa semiglauca, Stinking Cryptocarya, Lantana and Brush Caper Berry 

Capparis arborea. The ground stratum was dominated by rainforest seedlings. 

Rainforest


Such areas tend to be regarded as being of low conservation significance but often provide habitat for 

Threatened species. The Endangered Davidson’s Plum was recorded in several areas which fell into this 

category. This association was mapped mainly on basaltic soils but was also recorded on rhyolite, 

metasediments, sediments, alluvium and aeolian sands. 

Rainforest regrowth typically included (in addition to Camphor Laurel), pioneer and midstage species such 

as Umbrella Cheese Tree Glochidion sumatranum, Cheese Tree Glochidion ferdinandi, Guioa, Red Ash, Blackwood, 

Brown Kurrajong Commersonia bartramia, Red Cedar, Crow’s Ash and Cudgerie. The mid and lower strata 

included a high diversity of rainforest species in addition to weed species, e.g. Lantana). The ground stratum 

included species such as Blue Flax Lily, Native Ginger and Common Ground Fern Calochlaena dubia. 

Most areas of rainforest regrowth included a significant proportion of exotic plants (e.g. Small-leaved Privet 

Ligustrum sinense, Large-leaved Privet L. lucidum (Photo 31), Crofton Weed Ageratina adenophora, Mistweed, 

Mickey Mouse Plant and White Passionflower Passiflora subpeltata). 

4.7.3 Camphor Laurel +/- naturalised exotic tree species 

Camphor Laurel forest and woodland and other naturalised exotic tree species 

Camphor Laurel was recorded mainly on basalt-derived soils and to a lesser extent on metamorphic soils. 

Small areas were mapped on alluvium, rhyolitic-basaltic soils, rhyolite, sediments and aeolian substrates. 

Although Camphor Laurel dominated the canopy, the mid and lower strata varied considerably. At some 

sites the mid and lower strata were sparse with few species present, in other areas the Camphor Laurel 

forest contained a structurally and floristically diverse rainforest understorey. 

Camphor Laurel 51-80% (cL1) 

Camphor Laurel (51-80%) +/- subtropical rainforest spp. +/- Eucalyptus spp. +/- 

Brush Box +/- Acacia spp. 

(Sites PS11, H26) 

On Pleistocene sands (Site PS11) Camphor Laurel was recorded as the dominant species in the upper 

stratum with Brush Box, Paperbark and Flooded Gum Eucalyptus grandis subdominant. The mid and lower 

strata were dominated by Callicoma Callicoma serratifolia, Umbrella Cheese Tree, Bangalow Palm and Paperbark 

and Tall Saw Sedge, Eared Swamp Fern Blechnum camfieldii and Spreading Shield Fern Sticherus lobatus. 

At Wilsons Creek Road on basalt soils (Site H26, Photo 8) Camphor Laurel dominated forest included 

Flooded Gum and Tallowwood Eucalyptus microcorys in the upper stratum. The midstratum was dominated by 

Camphor Laurel with rainforest species present including Crow’s Ash, Guioa and Sweet Pittosporum 

Pittosporum undulatum. The lower strata included Lantana and Bracken Fern and the ground stratum was 

dominated by Mistweed. 

Camphor Laurel 81-100% (cL2) 

Camphor Laurel (81-100%) +/- subtropical rainforest spp. 

(Sites PS3, BB23) 

Site P3 at McGettigan’s Lane was located in Camphor Laurel forest on basaltic soils. Camphor Laurel was 

the only species present in the upper stratum. The midstratum was sparse but dominated by Camphor 

Laurel. The introduced Loquat Eriobotrya japonica was also common in the midstratum and White Bolly 

Gum Neolitsea dealbata was present but not common. The ground stratum was dominated by Camphor 

Laurel. Guioa seedlings were present in the ground stratum but were uncommon. 

On metasediments at Broken Head (BB23), Camphor Laurel was the only species present in the upper 

stratum. The mid and lower strata were dominated by Camphor Laurel with Sweet Pittosporum, Guioa and 

Lantana also present. The ground stratum comprised rainforest seedlings, Harsh Ground Fern Hypolepis 

muelleri and Camphor Laurel seedlings. 

44


Privet >51% (P) 

Privet +/- Camphor Laurel +/- subtropical rainforest spp. 

(Site H6) 

A dense forest of Large-leaved Privet was recorded on basalt soils on western Mt Chincogan. Camphor 

Laurel was sub-dominant and a few rainforest species, ie Red Kamala and Sweet Pittosporum were recorded 

in the mid and lower strata. There were no species present in the ground stratum at the site. 

4.7.4 Brush Box forest 

Brush Box (Bb) 

(Sites BH1, P1, H4, H2, H11, P4, BB9, LE758, H15, P9, H24, H19, BB43) 

Brush Box occurred on well-drained, medium to high fertility soils in sheltered, less fire-prone areas (Photo 

2). On moist soils, rainforest species were often present in the canopy and in these situations if the forest 

remains undisturbed, rainforest may eventually replace the Brush Box forest. Eucalyptus species were often 

emergent in the canopy suggesting a transition stage from eucalypt forest to rainforest with Brush Box 

providing the intermediate stage in the transition. This transition was probably taking place due to changes 

in land practices, ie burning less frequently. 

Brush Box was recorded mainly on metasediments in Byron Shire, with smaller areas mapped on rhyolite, 

basalt, sediments, alluvium and sand. 

Site P4 was located on metasediments at Marshalls Ridges. Brush Box dominated the upper stratum but 

Small-fruited Grey Gum Eucalyptus propinqua, Forest Red Gum Eucalyptus tereticornis and Broad-leaved White 

Mahogany Eucalyptus carnea were also present. Brush Box and Sweet Pittosporum comprised the sparse 

midstratum. The lower stratum was dominated by Lantana with Brush Ironbark Wattle Acacia aulacocarpa, 

Tuckeroo, Large-leaved Privet and Guioa also present. Blady Grass Imperata cylindrica and Kangaroo Grass 

Themeda australis were present in the ground stratum. 

Site H2 was located on Mt Chincogan on rhyolitic soils. Brush Box, Forest Oak Allocasuarina torulosa and 

Tree Bitter Pea Daviesia arborea dominated the upper stratum. The midstratum included a grass tree Xanthorrhoea 

sp., Sweet Pittosporum and Lantana. The ground stratum included Kangaroo Grass, an orchid Dendrobium 

kingianum and a mat-rush Lomandra sp. 

Site H15 was located on basaltic soils near Wilsons Creek, Goonengerry. Brush Box dominated the higher 

stratum and rainforest species such as Bennett’s Ash, Rose Walnut Endiandra discolor, Yellow Pear-fruit 

Mischocarpus pyriformis, Guioa, Blunt-leaved Steelwood Toechima dasyrrache and Brown Bolly Gum were present 

in the midstratum. Scaly Myrtle Austromyrtus hillii dominated the lower stratum with Blue Lilly Pilly Syzygium 

oleosum and Quassia Quassia sp. A also present. The sparse ground stratum included Blue Flax Lily and 

Wonga Vine Pandorea pandorana. 

On sand substrates at Cosy Corner and on the hind-dunes along Byron Bay beach Brush Box was recorded 

with Coast Banksia, Pink Bloodwood and Tuckeroo. 

4.7.5 Wet to moist sclerophyll forest 

Eucalyptus spp. (not specified) (El) 

These areas were identified as eucalypt forest during aerial photo interpretation but were not ground-truthed. 

Eucalyptus spp. and/or Brush Box + Camphor Laurel (EBc) 

(Site BB41) 

Eucalyptus spp./Brush Box/Camphor Laurel was mapped mainly on metasediments with small areas also 

recorded on basalt, rhyolite, sediments and alluvium. 

Grey Ironbark, Wattle spp., Camphor Laurel and Brush Box were co-dominant canopy species in tall open 

forest at Site BB41 on metasediments at Hilan’s Corner, north-east of Mt Chincogan. The midstratum was 

comprised of rainforest species, the lower stratum was dominated by Lantana and the ground stratum was 

dominated by Mistweed. 

45


Flooded Gum (fG) 

(Sites BH3, H3, BU1, BH9, H27) 

Flooded Gum generally occurred on lower, sheltered slopes with an increase in soil fertility and was recorded 

mainly on rhyolitic and basaltic-derived soils and on metasediments. Smaller areas were mapped on sediments, 

alluvium and aeolian substrates. 

At site H27 Flooded Gum was located on a ridgeline at Wilsons Creek, Goonengerry on rhyolitic soils with 

Brush Box, Thin-leaved Stringybark Eucalyptus eugenioides, Cudgerie and Tallowwood. The midstratum was 

dominated by Stringybark Pine Callitris macleayana, Brush Box, and Turpentine Syncarpia glomulifera. Camphor 

Laurel and Sweet Pittosporum were also present. The ground stratum included Sandfly Zieria, Manyflowered 

Mat-rush, Spiny-headed Mat-rush, Blue Flax Lily and Bracken Fern. 

On Pleistocene sands at Tyagarah Creek, Flooded Gum dominated the upper stratum with Red Mahogany 

Eucalyptus resinifera and Wallum Banksia also present (Site BH9). The mid and lower strata included Wallum 

Banksia, Hard Corkwood and Blue Lilly Pilly. The ground stratum comprised Spiny-headed Mat-rush, 

Midgen Berry, Bracken Fern and rainforest seedlings. 

Flooded Gum was recorded with Pink Bloodwood on alluvial soils on the Brunswick River. The dense 

rainforest midstratum was dominated by Cabbage Palm and Hoop Pine (Site BH3). Cabbage Palm and 

Hoop Pine seedlings were present in the sparse ground stratum. 

Site H3 was located on metasediments. Flooded Gum was the only species present in the upper stratum. 

The midstratum was dominated by Camphor Laurel and Brush Box. The Rare Black Walnut and Veiny 

Lace-flower were present in the lower stratum. Rough Maidenhair Adiantum hispidulum and Mistweed 

dominated the ground stratum. 

At Main Arm, Flooded Gum was recorded on basalt soils with Brush Box and rainforest species dominating 

the midstratum (Site BU1). Camphor Laurel and Lantana dominated the lower and ground strata. 

Tallowwood (TW) 

(Sites P7, LE756, H21) 

The area mapped does not reflect the true extent of this association in Byron Shire. An accurate assessment 

would require further survey work and substantial ground-truthing. Tallowwood was commonly recorded 

as a sub-dominant in other Eucalyptus associations, e.g. Flooded Gum, Blackbutt, Mixed eucalypt and Pink 

Bloodwood. Tallowwood was recorded mainly on metasediments with smaller areas recorded on alluvium, 

sediments and basalt. This species is also found on rhyolitic soils although Tallowwood-dominated forest on 

rhyolite was not mapped during the survey. 

At Yelgun (Site P7), Tallowwood occurred on metasediments with Brush Box and Flooded Gum sub-dominant 

in the upper stratum and Brush Box and rainforest species dominating the midstratum. The ground stratum 

was dominated by Gristle Fern. Approximately 17 ha of Tallowwood forest was also mapped on metasediments 

in the Broken Head area 

At Wilsons Creek, Goonengerry (Site H21), Tallowwood was recorded on rhyolite with Pink Bloodwood 

present in the canopy and a midstratum dominated by Brush Box, Turpentine, Forest Oak and Pink 

Bloodwood. The sparse ground stratum was dominated by Spiny-headed Mat-rush. 

At Byrangery Travelling Stock Reserve (Site LE756), Tallowwood was recorded on basalt soils, on a ridge 

with Pink Bloodwood and Brush Box sub-dominant in the upper stratum. The midstratum was dominated 

by Brush Box and Forest Oak. The ground stratum was dominated by Kangaroo Grass. This area, less than 

1 ha, was not included in the mapping. 

4.7.6 Moist to dry sclerophyll forest 

Blackbutt (BB) 

Blackbutt +/- other Eucalyptus spp. 

(Sites BH6, BU2, PS18, PS19, BB14, BB18, BB25, P10, H17) 

Blackbutt was recorded mainly on metasediments during the survey. Large areas of Blackbutt also occurred 

on rhyolite and basalt although most of the rhyolite area is within National Parks and Nature Reserves in 

46


Byron Shire. Smaller areas were mapped on sediments, aeolian substrates, alluvium, on rhyolite-basalt and 

on disturbed soils. 

Blackbutt was widespread on the coastal ridges and on the mountainous areas to the north-west of the 

Shire. Blackbutt tended to dominate the drier ridge-tops but was also found on old coastal sands. On drier 

ridgetops, Blackbutt formed a dry sclerophyll forest with xerophytic plants in the mid and lower strata and 

grasses such as Kangaroo Grass dominating the ground cover. 

On metasediments at Upper Main Arm (Site BU2), Blackbutt dominated the upper stratum. The mid and 

lower strata were comprised of Blackbutt, Pink Bloodwood, Tallowwood, Forest Oak, Blueberry Ash, 

Turpentine and Forest Maple Cryptocarya rigida. The ground stratum included Native Ginger, Blue Flax Lily, 

a grass-tree Xanthorrhoea sp. and the ground herb Goodenia hederacea. 

At Yelgun (Site P10), Blackbutt was recorded on metasediments with Brush Box and Pink Bloodwood also 

present in the canopy. The midstratum comprised Forest Oak, Pink Bloodwood, Camphor Laurel, the Rare 

Veiny Lace-flower and Black Walnut, Riberry and Hoop Pine. The lower stratum included Tree Heath 

Trochocarpa laurina, Guioa and Long-leaved Tuckeroo Cupaniopsis newmannii. Common Ground Fern dominated 

the ground stratum with Gristle Fern also present. 

On rhyolite in the Koonyum Range (Site H17), Blackbutt occurred with Forest Oak and Callicoma codominant 

in the upper stratum. Bangalow Palm and Callicoma dominated the midstratum. The ground 

stratum was dominated by juvenile rainforest species and included Walking Stick Palm Linospadix monostachya, 

Brush Pepper Bush, Black Walnut, Gristle Fern, Kreysigia and Tall Sword Sedge Lepidosperma elatius. 

Blackbutt was recorded on aeolian substrates (coastal sands) at Broken Head. No other species were recorded 

in the upper stratum at this site. The mid and lower strata included Turpentine, Hard Corkwood, Saffron 

Heart, Prickly Alyxia and Narrow-leaf Wattle Acacia longissima. 

West of Taylors Lake on coastal sands near Batson’s quarry (Site BB14, Photo 4), Blackbutt was the only 

species recorded in the upper stratum. Turpentine dominated the upper midstratum with Wallum Banksia 

sub-dominant and Red Bloodwood present but not common. The mid and lower strata included Sweet 

Wattle Acacia suaveolens, Large-leaf Hop-bush Dodonaea triquetra, Yellow Tea-tree Leptospermum polygalifolium 

and Midgen Berry. The ground stratum was dominated by Bracken Fern Pteridium esculentum and Blady 

Grass. 

Site BH6 on coastal sands at Brunswick River was located in Blackbutt tall open forest. Blackbutt dominated 

the upper stratum and upper midstratum. Other midstratum species included Brush Ironbark Wattle, 

Beach Acronychia and Plum Myrtle Pilidiostigma glabrum. The ground stratum was dominated by Tall Saw 

Sedge Gahnia clarkei, Spiny-headed Mat-rush and Blue Flax Lily. 

Black She-oak (bO) 

(Sites PS2, BB40) 

Only small areas of Black She-oak Allocasuarina littoralis were mapped during the survey and are probably a 

conservative estimate of the actual extent of this association in Byron Shire. The largest areas were mapped 

on rhyolite soils. 

At Broken Head on metasediments Black She-oak was dominant with Brush Box also present in the upper 

stratum (Site BB40). The mid and lower strata included Brush Box, Umbrella Cheese Tree, Large-leaf 

Hop-bush, Coast Banksia, Sessile Burrawang and Midgen Berry. The ground stratum was comprised of 

Many-flowered Mat-rush Lomandra multiflora, Spiny-headed Mat-rush and Bracken Fern. 

Black She-oak was recorded on alluvial soils in the Ewingsdale wetlands (Site PS2). This area, less than 1 ha, 

was not included in the mapping. Black She-oak was dominant with Paperbark and Umbrella Cheese Tree also 

present in the upper stratum. The mid and lower strata were comprised of Umbrella Cheese Tree, Camphor 

Laurel and Lantana. Harsh Ground Fern, Bracken Fern and Lantana dominated the ground stratum. 

Black She-oak on rhyolite was not sampled. 

47


Coast Banksia (CB1) 

Coast Banksia +/- Acacia spp., Pink Bloodwood, Black She-oak, Brush Box, Cypress Pine, 

Pink-tipped Bottlebrush Callistemon salignus. 

(Sites PS21, PS24, PS29, BB20, BB22, BB33) 

Coast Banksia commonly occurred with any or all of the following species - Pink Bloodwood, Black Sheoak, 

Brush Box, Cypress Pine and Pink-tipped Bottlebrush. The association was most common on 

metasediments with smaller areas being mapped on beach sand, aeolian sands and sediments. 

At Cibum Margil on metasediments (Site PS21) Coast Banksia dominated the upper stratum with Pink 

Bloodwood and Paperbark in the upper stratum. The midstratum was dominated by Coast Banksia and Pink 

Bloodwood. The lower stratum included Lantana, Sweet Pittosporum, Bitou Bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera 

subsp. rotundata and Winter Senna Senna pendula var. glabrata. Blady Grass, Winter Senna and Small-leaved 

Privet dominated the ground stratum. 

On aeolian sands at Cooper St, Beachcomber Drive (PS29) a small remnant of Coast Banksia woodland was 

recorded. Coast Banksia, Cypress Pine, Paperbark, Swamp Box Lophostemon suaveolens and Blueberry Ash 

were present in the upper stratum. The midstratum comprised Wallum Banksia, Black She-oak and Blueberry 

Ash. The lower stratum included a grass-tree Xanthorrhoea sp., Prickly Broom-heath Monotoca scoparia and 

Bitou Bush. The ground stratum included a mat-rush, Bracken Fern and Blue Flax Lily. 

On metasediments at Broken Head (Site BB33), Coast Banksia was dominant with Pink-tipped Bottlebrush, 

Umbrella Cheese Tree, Rose Myrtle and Blackwood also present in the upper stratum. Midstratum species 

included Coast Banksia, Rose Myrtle, Bennett’s Ash. Spiny-headed Mat-rush was the only species present 

in the sparse ground stratum. 

Cypress Pine (CP) 

(Sites P2, BB31) 

Cypress Pine was generally found on aeolian sands. It was also recorded, away from coastal influence, on 

metasediments at Yelgun. 

A site was located at the ‘Everglades’ in Suffolk Park on aeolian-estuarine alluvium (BB31). Blackbutt was 

emergent. Cypress Pine dominated the upper stratum. Paperbark was present but not common in the upper 

stratum. The midstratum included Satinwood Phebalium squameum subsp. squameum, Lantana, Umbrella 

Tree, Strangling Fig and Byron Bay Acronychia Acronychia baeuerlenii. The ground stratum was dominated by 

Swamp Water Fern Blechnum indicum and Bracken Fern. 

An unusual occurrence of Cypress Pine on metasediments was recorded at Yelgun (Site P2). Brush Box was 

emergent. Cypress Pine dominated the upper stratum and Brush Box and Swamp Box were also present. 

The midstratum included Red Ash and Camphor Laurel. The lower stratum was dominated by Cheese Tree 

and Rose Myrtle. Gristle Fern dominated the ground stratum. 

Forest Red Gum (frG) 

(Sites P3, BH7, BH12) 

Forest Red Gum was mapped mainly on aeolian sands and on metasediments. 

Forest Red Gum dominated the canopy at Grays Lane on mixed aeolian/estuarine-alluvial soils (Site BH12). 

The midstratum included Brown Kurrajong, Pink-tipped Bottlebrush, Common Acronychia Acronychia 

oblongifolia and Lilly Pilly Acmena smithii. The lower and ground strata were dominated by Small-leaved 

Privet. 

At Marshall’s Creek on swampy alluvium (Site BH7), Forest Red Gum dominated the upper stratum with 

Tallowwood subdominant. The midstratum comprised Brush Box, Pink Bloodwood and Tallowwood. The 

lower stratum included Guioa, Tree Heath, Brush Ironbark Wattle, Lantana and Umbrella Cheese Tree. 

Blue Flax Lily, Breynia Breynia oblongifolia and Gristle Fern were recorded in the ground stratum. 

48


Forest Red Gum was located at Marshalls Ridges on metasediments (Site P3). The upper stratum was 

dominated by Forest Red Gum with Grey Ironbark Eucalyptus siderophloia, Brush Box and Small-fruited Grey 

Gum also present. The midstratum comprised Forest Red Gum, Grey Ironbark and Brush Ironbark Wattle. 

The ground stratum included Kangaroo Grass, Windmill Grass Chloris sp., a kidney weed Dichondra repens, 

Mistweed and Crofton Weed. 

Grey Ironbark-Pink Bloodwood (gIB) 

(Sites PS17, PS25) 

The small areas of Grey Ironbark-Pink Bloodwood mapped during the survey are probably a conservative 

estimate of the actual extent of this association in Byron Shire. Most of the area mapped was on metasediments 

with a small area recorded on sediments. 

A site was located in Grey Ironbark forest on metasediments at Old Bangalow Rd (PS17). Brush Box was 

also present in the upper stratum. The midstratum comprised Brush Box and Forest Oak. Umbrella Cheese 

Tree and Sessile Burrawang were present in the lower stratum and the ground stratum was dominated by 

Harsh Ground Fern and a grass tree Xanthorrhoea macronema. 

Grey Ironbark was also recorded with Pink Bloodwood on metasediments at Cape Byron (PS25). Brush 

Box, Pink Bloodwood and Broad-leaved Lilly Pilly dominated the midstratum. Tuckeroo, Sweet Pittosporum 

and Umbrella Tree dominated the lower stratum and the ground stratum included Spiny-headed Mat-rush, 

Cabbage Palm and Lantana. 

Mixed eucalypt spp. (mE1) 

(Site P5) 

Mixed eucalypt forest included various combinations of the following species as co-dominants – Forest Red 

Gum, White Mahogany, Tallowwood, Pink Bloodwood, Grey Ironbark, Red Mahogany, Small-fruited Grey 

Gum and Blackbutt. Most of the area mapped was on sediments with smaller areas mapped on metasediments, 

basalt, alluvium and aeolian influenced soils. 

Site P5 was located at Yelgun on metasediments. White Mahogany, Blackbutt, Red Mahogany, Pink Bloodwood 

and Tallowwood were present in the upper stratum. The midstratum was dominated by Turpentine with Pink 

Bloodwood and Paperbark present but not common. Sweet Pittosporum dominated the lower stratum and the 

ground stratum included Many-flowered Mat-rush, an unidentified grass tree Xanthorrhoea sp. and Blue Flax Lily. 

Pink Bloodwood (pBW) 

(Sites H7, PS27, P12, H19, H20, P13) 

The area mapped is unlikely to reflect the true extent of this association in Byron Shire. A small area of Pink 

Bloodwood was mapped on sediments. Small areas on rhyolite and on metasediments were recorded but 

were too small (less than 1ha) to be identified during mapping. Pink Bloodwood commonly occurs as a subdominant 

canopy species in most other eucalyptus associations in Byron Shire. 

At Old Bangalow Rd on sediments Pink Bloodwood dominated the upper stratum with Brush Box, Flooded 

Gum, Tallowwood and Forest Oak also present (Site PS27). The midstratum was dominated by Pink-tipped 

Bottlebrush, Brown Kurrajong and Camphor Laurel. Rainforest species in the lower stratum included Rose 

Myrtle, Steelwood Sarcopteryx stipata and Guioa. The ground stratum was dominated by Gristle Fern. 

Pink Bloodwood was recorded on the summit of the western spur of Mt Chincogan on rhyolitic soils (Site 

H7). Pink Bloodwood dominated the upper stratum with Forest Red Gum and Brush Box sub-dominant. 

A grass-tree Xanthorrhoea malacophylla, Broad-leaved Palm Lily Cordyline petiolaris and Tree Bitter Pea were 

present in the midstratum. The ground stratum was dominated by the introduced Molasses Grass Melinis 

minutiflora. 

Site H19 at Mullumbimby Creek was located on rhyolitic soils. Pink Bloodwood was dominant with Brush 

Box also present. The midstratum was dominated by Brush Box, Sweet Pittosporum and Tree Heath. The 

49


sparse lower stratum included a grass tree Xanthorrhoea sp. and Sandfly Zieria. The ground stratum included 

a grass Entolasia sp., a mat-rush, Native Ginger and Climbing Guinea Flower. 

At Coorabell, Site H20 was on rhyolitic soils with basaltic influence. Pink Bloodwood was the only species in the 

upper stratum. The mid and lower strata included Brush Box, Forest Oak, and rainforest species including 

Eumundi Quandong, Mango Bark Canarium australasicum, Jackwood Cryptocarya glaucescens, Bangalow Palm, 

Walking Stick Palm and Crabapple. Gristle Fern and Spiny-headed Mat-rush comprised the ground stratum. 

Scribbly Gum (sG) 

(Site PS8) 

Scribbly Gum was recorded mainly on rhyolitic soils with small areas recorded on basalt, metasediments 

and on aeolian influenced soils (Photo 3). 

At Skinners Shoot, Site PS8 on Pleistocene sands comprised Scribbly Gum with Turpentine sub-dominant. The 

midstratum included Turpentine and Hard Corkwood. The lower stratum included Baeckea stenophylla, 

Leucopogon lanceolatus and Sandfly Zieria. Spiny-headed Mat-rush and Midgen Berry dominated the ground stratum. 

Scribbly Gum-Bloodwood (sGB) 

(Sites LE770, BB13) 

Scribbly Gum-Red Bloodwood was recorded on aeolian sands and on sediments at Broken Head. 

Only 2.74 ha of this association were recorded in Byron Shire. It is likely that other areas exist (some 

smaller than 1 ha and not included in the mapping) and other small areas not identified during mapping. 

Nevertheless, it is probable that only small areas exist in Byron Shire. 

West of Taylors Lake, Scribbly Gum-Red Bloodwood forest was recorded on coastal sand. Wallum Banksia 

and Leptospermum polygalifolium dominated the midstratum. The ground stratum was comprised of Xanthorrhoea 

johnsonii and Leucopogon leptospermoides. 

At Wanganui, Scribbly Gum-Pink Bloodwood was recorded on rhyolitic soils (Site H10). The midstratum 

was dominated by Forest Oak with Forest Maple and Tree Heath also present. The ground stratum was 

dominated by Spiny-headed Mat-rush and a grass Entolasia sp. Scribbly Gum-Pink Bloodwood were not 

mapped during the survey. 

4.7.7 Wattle/Mixed regrowth forest and shrubland 

Mixed regrowth (mr)/Wattle (W) 

(Sites H25, BB39, BB42, PS6, H18, H22) 

Blackwood was common throughout all regrowth vegetation on most soil types (Photo 9). Brush Ironbark 

Wattle formed dense stands in the north of the Shire on metasediments, e.g. at Marshalls Ridges. 

Site PS6 comprised Blackwood with Paperbark on sand at the Ewingsdale wetlands. Blackwood and Paperbark 

were co-dominant in the upper stratum. Blackwood, Paperbark and Heath-leaved Banksia Banksia ericifolia 

were present in the midstratum. Blackwood, Paperbark and Tree Shaggy Pea Oxylobium robustum dominated 

the lower stratum. The ground stratum included Swamp Water Fern Blechnum indicum, Feather Plant Restio 

tetraphyllus and Bracken Fern. 

Blackwood was recorded on rhyolite at Wilsons Creek with Red Ash and Brush Box also present in the 

upper stratum (H25). Rainforest species in the mid and lower strata included Brown Kurrajong, Bangalow 

Palm, Five-leaf Water Vine Cissus hypoglauca, Small-leaved Privet, Corky Prickle-vine Caesalpinia subtropica, 

Cudgerie, Guioa and the Vulnerable Red Boppel Nut. The ground stratum comprised Mistweed and Harsh 

Ground Fern. 

Blackwood (Site H22) was located on basalt soils at Upper Coopers Creek. Guioa and Blue Quandong were 

also present in upper stratum. Cudgerie, Bangalow Palm, Pencil Cedar Polyscias murrayi, Twin-leaved Coogera, 

Small-leaved Privet and Red Boppel Nut were recorded in the mid and lower strata. The ground stratum 

50


included Blue Flax Lily, Climbing Guinea Flower and Breynia. 

Site BB42 was located on metasediments at Broken Head. Brush Box, Blackwood, Umbrella Cheese Tree, 

Camphor Laurel and Blueberry Ash were all present in the upper stratum. Guioa, Common Silkpod Parsonsia 

straminea, Celerywood Polyscias elegans and Brown Bolly Gum comprised the midstratum. The lower stratum 

included Lantana, Coast Banksia, Native Olive, Tuckeroo, Beach Acronychia and the introduced Red Cherry 

Guava Psidium cattleianum. The ground stratum was dominated by a grass Oplismenus undulatifolius. 

4.7.8 Swamp sclerophyll forest 

Mixed eucalypt spp.(mE2) 

(Sites PS10, P8, BB34) 

Mixed eucalypt described forest with various combinations of the following species as co-dominants – 

Forest Red Gum, Red Mahogany, Swamp Mahogany, Swamp Box, Flooded Gum, Tallowwood, Blackbutt, 

Pink Bloodwood +/- Paperbark. 

This forest usually contained species associated with swamp communities (Paperbark, Swamp Mahogany, 

Swamp Box). Most mixed eucalypt forests were mapped on aeolian and alluvial soils with smaller areas 

recorded on sediments, estuarine soils and basalt. 

At Marshalls Creek, Site P8 was located on sediments of mixed aeolian/estuarine-alluvial origin. The upper 

stratum comprised Eucalyptus robusta x tereticornis, Swamp Mahogany Eucalyptus robusta, Forest Red Gum, 

Tallowwood, Flooded Gum, Pink Bloodwood and Swamp Box. The midstratum included Swamp Box, 

Brush Box, Umbrella Cheese Tree, Camphor Laurel and Paperbark. The ground stratum comprised Swamp 

Water Fern and Tall Saw Sedge, Settler’s Flax Gymnostachys anceps, Harsh Ground Fern and the introduced 

Whisky Grass Andropogon virginicus. 

At Broken Head, Mixed eucalypt forest was recorded on Pleistocene sands (BB34). The upper stratum 

comprised Blackbutt, Tallowwood, Pink Bloodwood and Swamp Box. Coast Banksia, Paperbark, Blueberry 

Ash and Hard Corkwood were present in the midstratum. The ground stratum included Bracken Fern, 

Corky Milk-vine Marsdenia lloydii, Blue Flax Lily and Spiny-headed Mat-rush. 

Paperbark (PB) 

Paperbark +/- Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca /Pink-flowered Doughwood-Bangalow Palm- 

Umbrella Cheese Tree 

(Sites BB3, BB1, BB4, H6, PS1, PS5, PS7, PS13, PS12, PS14, PS16, PS26, P6, BB10, 

BB11, LE759, LE771, BB21, P14) 

The low-lying, regularly inundated acid peat areas of the region contained remnant and regrowth Paperbark 

(Photo 7). Paperbark was mainly recorded on aeolian sands, swamp and alluvium. Smaller areas were mapped 

on metasediments, sediments and on disturbed soils. Swamp Oak was occasional to co-dominant where 

salinity increased. With build up of soil levels above regular inundation levels or where alluvial soils graded 

in, Bangalow Palm, Umbrella Cheese Tree and Pink-flowered Doughwood Melicope elleryana occurred. 

Paperbark was recorded on aeolian sands at Ewingsdale wetlands (Site PS1). Paperbark, Umbrella Cheese 

Tree and Brown Kurrajong were present in the upper stratum. The midstratum included Bangalow Palm 

and Umbrella Cheese tree and the ground stratum comprised Mistweed, Bangalow Palm and Cunjevoi 

Alocasia brisbanensis. 

Another site at Ewingsdale wetlands on Pleistocene sands (PS5) comprised Paperbark with Blackwood in 

the upper and mid strata. The ground stratum included Swamp Water Fern and Climbing Maidenhair Fern 

Lygodium microphyllum. 

At Taylors Lake, Site LE771 was located on coastal (Holocene) sands. Paperbark dominated the upper 

stratum. The mid and lower strata were absent. Bare Twig-rush Baumea juncea, Shield Fern Cyclosorus interruptus 

and Common Reed Phragmites australis were present in the ground stratum. 

51


Paperbark was recorded on alluvial soils at Skinners Shoot (Site BB1). Paperbark formed a canopy over a 

mid and lower stratum dominated by Pink-flowered Doughwood, Bangalow Palm and Umbrella Cheese 

Tree. Camphor Laurel was also present. The ground stratum was dominated by Eared Swamp Fern and 

Cunjevoi. 

Swamp Mahogany/Swamp Box (SMB) 

Swamp Mahogany +/- Paperbark +/- Scribbly Gum +/- Swamp Box 

Swamp Box +/- Paperbark +/- Swamp Mahogany 

(Sites BB2, PS9, PS15, PS32, PS34, PS35, LE761, BB15, BH8) 

Swamp Mahogany and Swamp Box were recorded mainly on aeolian sands with smaller areas mapped on 

metasediments and on alluvial soils. 

Swamp Mahogany was recorded on aeolian sands to the west of the Caravan Park on Ewingsdale Road 

(PS32). Swamp Mahogany dominated the upper stratum with Pink Bloodwood sub-dominant. The 

midstratum comprised Swamp Mahogany, Blueberry Ash and a teatree Leptospermum speciosum. The lower 

stratum included Soft Corkwood Duboisia myoporoides, Red Kennedy Pea Kennedia rubicunda and Blueberry 

Ash. Tall Saw Sedge, Tree Shaggy Pea and Feather Plant dominated the ground stratum. 

Swamp Box was found on metasediments at Honeysuckle Hill (PS15) with Camphor Laurel and Coast 

Banksia also present in the upper stratum. The midstratum included Coast Banksia, Camphor Laurel, Bitou 

Bush and Coast Canthium Canthium coprosmoides and the ground stratum comprised Bracken, Spiny-headed 

Mat-rush and Blady Grass. 

Site BH8 was located at Marshalls Creek on mixed aeolian-alluvium soils. Swamp Mahogany and Eucalyptus 

robusta x tereticornis were co-dominant in the upper stratum. The mid and lower strata included Paperbark, 

Umbrella Cheese Tree, Swamp Box, Pink-tipped Bottlebrush, Winter Senna, Small-leaved Fig Ficus obliqua 

and Blueberry Ash. The ground stratum was dominated by Swamp Water Fern and Tall Saw Sedge. 

At Broken Head, Site BB15 was located on sediments. Swamp Mahogany dominated the upper stratum. 

The mid and lower strata comprised Paperbark, Umbrella Cheese Tree, Bangalow Palm and Callicoma. The 

ground stratum included Pouched Coral Fern Gleichenia dicarpa, Eared Swamp Water Fern, Swamp Water 

Fern, Frogmouth Philydrum lanuginosum, a palm-lily Cordyline rubra and Climbing Maidenhair Fern. 

At New Brighton, near Marshalls Creek Site LE761 was located on aeolian sands. Swamp Box dominated 

the upper stratum with Umbrella Cheese Tree and Pink Bloodwood also present. The mid and lower stratum 

included Brush Ironbark Wattle, Scentless Rosewood and Lantana. Spiky-headed Mat-rush and Austral 

Sarsaparilla Smilax australis dominated the ground stratum. 

Swamp Oak +/- Paperbark (sOP) 

(Sites BB38, PS31, LE762, LE763) 

Swamp Oak was mapped mainly on aeolian sands and on alluvial soils derived from metasediments and 

rhyolite. 

Areas of Swamp Oak occurred in areas where tidal inundation had increased ground water salinity. As 

salinity decreased Paperbark graded in. 

Site BB38 was located at southern Broken Head on coastal sands (possibly Holocene). Swamp Oak dominated 

the upper stratum with Paperbark and Blackwood also present. The midstratum was absent. Harsh Ground 

Fern dominated the ground stratum. 

At New Brighton Site LE762 was located on aeolian sands. Swamp Oak dominated the upper stratum. The 

midstratum included Beach Acronychia, Paperbark and Native Cottonwood Hibiscus tiliaceus. The ground 

stratum included Bare Twig-rush and Native Violet Viola hederacea. 

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4.7.9 Heathland/Shrubland 

Wallum Banksia/Dwarf Banksia/Coast Banksia (BK) 

Wallum Banksia/Dwarf Banksia/Coast Banksia +/- Cypress Pine +/- Brush Box 

(Sites PS20, PS22, PS30, BB32) 

Banksia associations were mapped mainly on sand substrates, on coastal (Holocene) sands and on Pleistocene 

sands that were generally aeolian having originated from the adjacent beach ridge systems. The associations 

were also mapped on metasediments with smaller areas recorded on sandstone and alluvium. 

In the Cibum Margil area, Wallum Banksia heathland was found in exposed areas on the hind-dunes on sand 

underlain by metasediments (Site PS22, Photo 6). Wallum Banksia, Prickly Broom-heath, Pink Bloodwood, 

Coast Banksia and Coastal Wattle Acacia sophorae were present in the upper stratum. Wallum Banksia, Devil’s 

Twine Cassytha sp. and Bracken Fern comprised the lower stratum. There were no species present in the 

ground stratum. 

Dwarf Banksia Banksia oblongifolia-Hairy Guinea Flower Hibbertia vestita-Broad Sword Sedge Lepidosperma 

laterale-Zig-Zag Bog-rush Schoenus brevifolius heathland occurred where drainage was impeded – on the clay 

soils to the west of Cibum Margil swamp (Site PS20) and in a small area on the eastern corner of the turnoff 

to Clarks Beach Caravan Park. The Dwarf Clay Heathland at Cibum Margil (Photo 5) is of particular interest, 

the area having been nominated as an Endangered Ecological Community as ‘the majority of other coastal 

heaths of NSW are on soils derived from aeolian sands or directly from sandstone or similar bedrock’ 

(Baker 1998). 

Site PS30 was located on coastal sand near Tallow Beach. One structural layer was present. Species present 

included Wallum Banksia, Twisted Parrot-pea Dillwynia retorta, a sedge Caustis recurvata, Wonga Vine, Kangaroo 

Grass, Daphne Heath Brachyloma daphnoides and Smoke-bush Conospermum taxifolium. 

Wallum Banksia-Scribbly Gum (BsG) 

(Sites BH10, BB28) 

The Wallum Banksia-Scribbly Gum association was mapped mainly on sand substrates, on coastal (Holocene) 

sands and on Pleistocene sands which were generally aeolian having originated from the adjacent beach 

ridge systems. 

Broadbent and Stewart (1986) suggested that this association appeared to represent a marginal situation 

where both species were found on a sand deposit, possibly overlaying alluvial clay. The sand was not too 

deep and the water-table was high enough to support Scribbly Gum but the sand was deep enough to 

support Wallum Banksia. 

Adjacent to the Tyagarah Nature Reserve, south-east of the airstrip, Site BH10 was located on Pleistocene 

sands. Scribbly Gum dominated the upper stratum with Wallum Banksia subdominant. The midstratum 

was dominated by White’s Teatree Leptospermum whitei, Red Ash, Satinwood and Blueberry Ash. The ground 

stratum included a grass tree Xanthorrhoea sp., Feather Plant, Bundled Baeckea Baeckea stenophylla, Tall Saw 

Sedge and Red-fruited Saw Sedge Gahnia sieberiana. 

Site BB28 at Taylors Lake was located on coastal sand. Scribbly Gum and Wallum Banksia were co-dominant 

in the upper stratum. The midstratum was absent. The lower stratum was dominated by Square-leaved 

Grass Tree Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Coast Honey Myrtle Homoranthus virgatus, Caustis recurvata, Coast Teatree 

Leptospermum laevigatum and included Large-leaf Hop-bush, Tetratheca thymifolia and Styphelia viridis. The ground 

stratum included Bracken Fern and Square-leaved Grass Tree. 

Bitou Bush-Coastal Wattle-Coast Banksia (BWB) 

(Site BB45) 

An association resulting from past disturbance, Bitou Bush-Coastal Wattle-Coast Banksia shrubland was 

recorded mainly on sand substrates, on coastal (Holocene) sands and on Pleistocene sands which were 

generally aeolian having originated from the adjacent beach ridge systems. 

53


Site BB45 was located west of Tallow Beach. The vegetation comprised only one stratum. Bitou Bush was 

the dominant species with Lantana, Coast Wattle, the introduced Setaria Setaria sphacelata, Five-leaved Morning 

Glory Ipomoea cairica, Common Morning Glory Ipomoea purpurea, and Molasses Grass also present. Coast 

Banksia and Tuckeroo were emergent. 

Coast Banksia (cB2) 

Coast Banksia +/- subtropical rainforest spp. +/- Bitou Bush 

(Site BB35) 

This association was recorded on Holocene sands generally on the hind-dune. However, Site BB35 was 

located on the crest of a dune at Suffolk Park. Coast Banksia dominated the canopy with Tuckeroo 

subdominant. The midstratum was dominated by Bitou Bush with Blackwood and Lantana also present. 

The ground stratum was dominated by the introduced Ground Asparagus Protasparagus aethiopicus and Blady 

Grass with Blue Wandering Dew Commelina cyanea and Mullumbimby Couch Cynodon dactylon also present. 

Horsetail She-oak-Coast Banksia-Bitou Bush (OcB) 

(Site BB8) 

Horsetail She-oak Casuarina equisetifolia was mapped mainly on coastal sands in close proximity to the beach. 

Most of these areas were sand-mined and Horsetail Sheoak was used in post-mining rehabilitation plantings. 

Site BB8 was located on the crest of the foredune at Suffolk Park. Coast Banksia was dominant in the upper 

stratum with Horsetail She-oak subdominant. Horsetail She-oak dominated the midstratum with Screw 

Pine Pandanus tectorius also present. Coast Wattle and Coast Banksia were present in the lower stratum. The 

ground stratum included Prickly Couch Zoysia macrantha and Blady Grass. 

Teatree (TT) 

Teatree Leptospermum spp. +/- Baeckea Baeckea spp. 

(Sites BB12, BH11, PS33) 

Teatree was recorded mainly on mixed aeolian/estuarine-alluvium soils with smaller areas being mapped on 

sand, rhyolite/basalt, sediments and metasediments. 

An area of White’s Teatree tall shrubland was recorded on metasediments at Skinners Shoot (Site PS33). 

Old-growth White’s Teatree dominated the canopy with Swamp Mahogany and Satinwood subdominant. 

The midstratum included Swamp Lemon-scented Teatree Leptospermum liversidgei, Satinwood and White’s 

Teatree. The lower and ground strata included Gahnia sp., Pouched Coral Fern and Feather Plant. 

On Pleistocene sands adjacent to Tyagarah Nature Reserve (BH11), Swamp Lemon-scented Teatree dominated 

the upper stratum of a tall shrubland with Red-fruited Saw Sedge and Heath-leaved Banksia sub-dominant. 

The ground stratum included Knotted Scale-rush Lepyrodia interrupta and Sickle-leaved Boronia Boronia 

falcifolia. 

At Taylors Lake near Batson’s Quarry (BB12) on metasediments Swamp Lemon-scented Teatree and White’s 

Teatree were co-dominant in the upper stratum of a tall shrubland. The midstratum included Dwarf Banksia, 

Sickle-leaved Boronia and Red-fruited Saw Sedge. A grass tree Xanthorrhoea malacophylla, Christmas Bells 

Blandfordia grandiflora, Haemodorum tenuifolium and Downy Devil’s Twine Cassytha pubescens were present in 

the ground stratum. 

4.7.10 Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland (SFG) 

Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland (SFG) 

(Sites BB29, BB37, BB46) 

Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland was largely recorded on aeolian sands. 

This association is usually maintained by regular firing. When fire is absent, sedgeland and fernland in 

Byron Shire tend to develop into Paperbark forest. There are few areas of native grassland in 

Byron Shire with the exception of some areas of Kangaroo Grass on coastal headlands and of Sand Couch 

54


Sporobolus virginicus in the Marshalls Creek, Brunswick Heads area. Most of these areas are too small to have 

been mapped during the current study. Perennial native grasses are disadvantaged by grazing with introduced 

livestock which trample the native tussocks (e.g. Kangaroo Grass) and allow invasion by annual exotic 

grasses. 

Site BB29 Tall Saw Sedge sedgeland was located on aeolian sands at Taylors Lake. The upper stratum was 

dominated by Tall Saw Sedge with Paperbark emergent. Swamp Lemon-scented Teatree was subdominant. 

The mid, lower and ground strata included Swamp Lemon-scented Teatree, Hairy Bush-pea Pultenaea villosa, 

Downy Devil’s Twine and Leucopogon lanceolatus. 

At Broken Head near the Ballina Shire boundary, Baumea articulata-Lepironia articulata sedgeland with emergent 

Paperbark and Swamp Oak (BB37) was recorded on coastal sands. Five-leaved Morning Glory, Groundsel 

Baccharis halimifolia, Swamp Water Fern, Swamp Rice-grass Leersia hexandra, and Climbing Maidenhair Fern 

were also present. 

Site BB46 in Quarry Lane wetlands on coastal sand comprised a mix of Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland with 

the following species present – Common Reed Phragmites australis, Whisky Grass, Swamp Water Fern, 

Harsh Ground Fern, Blady Grass, Feather Plant, Setaria, Tall Saw Sedge and Tobacco Bush Solanum mauritianum. 

4.7.11 Mangrove forest 

Grey Mangrove/River Mangrove (M) 

Grey Mangrove Avicennia marina var australasica /River Mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum 

(Sites BH14, BH15) 

This association was recorded mainly on estuarine soils with smaller areas mapped on aeolian and alluvial 

soils. Saltmarsh communities were often intermixed with Mangrove forest (e.g. along the Brunswick River, 

Photo 10). 

At Site BH14 on alluvial sands Grey Mangrove dominated the upper and mid strata and Black Mangrove 

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza was the only species present in the lower stratum. No species were recorded in the 


Site BH15 on alluvial sands was dominated by Grey Mangrove in the upper stratum. The midstratum 

included Grey Mangrove, River Mangrove and Black Mangrove as co-dominants. The sparse lower stratum 

was dominated by Grey Mangrove, River Mangrove and Black Mangrove. No species were present in the 


Grey Mangrove-River Mangrove-Swamp Oak (MSO) 

(Site BH16) 

This association was recorded mainly on estuarine, alluvial and aeolian influenced soils. 

Site BH16 was located at New Brighton on estuarine-alluvial soils. Swamp Oak and Grey Mangrove dominated 

the upper stratum. Brush Ironbark Wattle was also present. Pink-tipped Bottlebrush, Black Mangrove, 

Grey Mangrove, Common Silkpod, Austral Sarsaparilla, Red Ash, Milky Mangrove Excoecaria agallocha, and 

Whip Vine were present in the midstratum. The lower stratum included Winter Senna, Lantana and Fiveleaved 

Morning Glory. Molasses Grass dominated the sparse ground stratum. 

4.7.12 Unassessed 

This category included urban areas, and patches which were covered with cloud or topographic shadow on 

aerial photos. 

4.8 CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE VEGETATION 

The conservation status of vegetation associations/mapping units identified in the study area was determined 

from available literature, and considered reservation adequacy and representation across the range of the 

vegetation, and the present areal extent of the vegetation in relation to estimates of its past (pre-1750) 

55


extent (Table 4.7). Hager and Benson (1994) provide an assessment of the conservation status of forest 

communities of north-eastern NSW and Griffith (1993) has identified coastal communities in northern 

New South Wales which are either unreserved or else not well reserved across their geographic range. Some 

communities were identified as being of limited extent in existing reserves. 

During the NSW CRA/RFA process, ecological modelling undertaken by NSW NPWS established 

relationships between forest ecosystems and their abiotic environments for areas where fine-scale mapping 

was available. Each forest ecosystem was modelled across unmapped areas to estimate its past extent in 

Upper North East (UNE) NSW (NSW NPWS 1999). Not all forest ecosystems were modelled successfully. 

For instance, pre-1750 extent of rainforest has not been modelled as it is “generally not possible to derive 

robust models for types with such wide environmental characteristics” (NSW NPWS 1999). 

All assessments are limited by incomplete understanding of former and present areal extent of individual 

plant communities. Assessments of reservation adequacy require updating to reflect recent land tenure 

changes (Section 1.3). Vegetation mapping is sometimes not available for reserves. In addition, the associations, 

communities or other mapping units vary in their definitions and are frequently different from those adopted 

for this study. Vegetation classification schemes also differ between studies. In particular, Floyd’s (1990a) 

assessments of conservation status of rainforest suballiances, which are based on floristic association, cannot 

readily be applied to the rainforest mapping units used in this study (based on substrate). Rainforest 

communities are therefore dealt with separately. Floyd (1990a) assessed the overall conservation status of 

subtropical and warm temperate rainforest suballiances in NSW as ranging from excellent to adequate. 

However, most of the conserved areas of rainforest are found in the less accessible, mountainous areas of 

north east NSW. 

Rainforests on the immediate coastal strip are also considered to be well-conserved regionally, though only 

small areas are present locally (mostly reserved). Floyd (1990a) identifies three suballiances within coastal 

(littoral) rainforest. The conservation status of each has been assessed as follows: 

Suballiance 16 (Syzygium luehmannii-Acmena hemilampra) – adequate (Floyd 1990a, Hager & Benson 1994). 

Suballiance 17 (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) – excellent (Floyd 1990a), adequate (Hager & Benson 1994). 

Suballiance 18 (Lophostemon confertus) – adequate (Floyd 1990a, Hager & Benson 1994). 

Only small remnants of rainforest remain on the coastal ranges and plains of north east NSW and were 

examined in this study according to substrate. In the Byron Shire, only three Big Scrub remnants are 

reserved - Hayters Hill NR (lowland krasnozem), Andrew Johnston Big Scrub NR (lowland krasnozem and 

alluvial) and Booyong Flora and Fauna Reserve (alluvial). Small areas of alluvial rainforest are reserved in 

Brunswick Heads NR and Andrew Johnston Big Scrub NR. Most of the remnant alluvial rainforest exists as 

unreserved riparian strips along the Brunswick River. Rainforest on rhyolitic soil (warm temperate rainforest) 

is reserved in Nightcap NP and Mt Jerusalem NP, but small very important areas remain unreserved on 

private lands around Goonengerry and along Wilsons Creek in the Federal area. Rainforest on metasediments 

is reserved at Inner Pocket NR and as small areas in Billinudgel NR and Brunswick Heads NR. Important 

remnant areas remain unreserved on Mt Chincogan, at Tunnel Rd, Billinudgel and scattered throughout the 

Shire. 

The conservation status assessment summarised in Table 4.7 must be interpreted cautiously but indicates 

that many of the vegetation types found in Byron Shire are significantly reduced in area and are poorly 

conserved. 

4.9 PLOT-BASED VEGETATION SURVEYS 

Survey data from 175 sites throughout the Shire were entered into the field survey database. 

Location and basic site characteristics data are summarized for the sites in Appendix 4. The locations of the 

sites are shown on Map 3. 

56


Table 4.7 Conservation status of vegetation associations 

Vegetation Area Percentage Regional reservation Local reservation 

association/mapping unit remaining of pre-1750 adequacy adequacy 

in Byron area remaining 

Shire (ha) in UNE NSW 

(NSW NPWS 

1996) 

Rainforest 3,706.1 See above See above 

(minimal and low to moderate 

Camphor Laurel presence) 

Brush Box 949.05 45% Adequately conserved Reserved at Inner Pocket 

Lophostemon confertus (Hager & Benson 1994). 1 NR, Billinudgel NR and 

Snows Gully NR. 2 

Flooded Gum 426.28 47% Inadequately conserved over Small areas reserved in 

Eucalyptus grandis all its range (Hager and Inner Pocket NR, Nightcap 

Benson 1994). 

NP*, Mt Jerusalem NP* and 

Goonengerry NP*. 

Tallowwood 27.85 50% Poorly conserved (Hager Small areas reserved in 

Eucalyptus microcorys and Benson 1994) Inner Pocket NR, Nightcap 

NP*, Mt Jerusalem NP* and 

Goonengerry NP*. 3 

Blackbutt 2325.44 55% ‘Moist Blackbutt’ Reserved in Nightcap NP*, 

Eucalyptus pilularis is inadequately conserved Mt Jerusalem NP* and 

(Hager and Benson 1994). Goonengerry NP*. 4 

Black She-oak 37.15 Only reserved as limited Small areas reserved in 

Allocasuarina littoralis areas over much of its Billinudgel NR, Tyagarah NR, 

range (Griffith 1993). Nightcap NP*, Mt Jerusalem 

NP* and Goonengerry NP*. 

Coast Banksia 150.74 48% Adequately conserved Small areas reserved at 

Banksia integrifolia (Hager and Benson 1994). Billinudgel NR, Tyagarah NR 

and Broken Head NR. 

Cypress Pine 23.4 13% Inadequately conserved over Reserved in Billinudgel NR 

Callitris columellaris all its range (Hager and and in extensions to Benson 

1994); unusual occurrence Brunswick Heads NR*. 

when on metasediments 

(S. Griffiths pers comm). 

Forest Red Gum 64.87 33% Inadequately conserved over A very small area is reserved 

Eucalyptus tereticornis all its range (Hager and in Billinudgel NR but little 

Benson 1994). 

remains in Byron Shire. 

Grey Ironbark 19.56 No data is available on the Only small areas are 

Eucalyptus siderophloia conservation status reserved in Broken 

-Pink Bloodwood of Grey Ironbark-Pink Head NR. 

Corymbia intermedia 

Bloodwood. 

Pink Bloodwood 5.53 Only minor areas reserved Small areas reserved at 

Corymbia intermedia over a limited area of its Billinudgel NR and in range 

(Griffith 1993). 

extensions to Brunswick 

Heads NR*. 

57


Table 4.7 continued Conservation status of vegetation associations 





(NSW NPWS 

1996) 

Scribbly Gum 84.18 66% remains Well represented over parts Reserved in the hinterland 

Eucalyptus signata of pre-1750 of its range but not in far in Mt Jerusalem NP* and on 

extent (east of north east NSW the coast as small areas in 

escarpment) areas. (Griffith 1993). Tyagarah NR and in 

extensions to the Brunswick 

NR*. 

Scribbly Gum E. signata 2.74 Scribbly Gum-Red Locally rare. Only recorded 

-Red Bloodwood Bloodwood – uncommon during Byron Study from the 

Corymbia gummifera association in upper north- Taylors Lake-Batson’s Quarry 

east (S. Griffith pers comm.). area. Not reserved. 

Wattle Acacia spp. 1039.10 85% Locally common. Occurs in 

many reserves as a pioneer 

species. 

Paperbark 1115.06 36% Adequately conserved Reserved in Billinudgel NR, 

Melaleuca quinquenervia (Hager and Benson 1994). Tyagarah NR and Cumbebin 

NR*. 5 

Paperbark Melaleuca Mapped with Of local and regional Reserved in Billinudgel NR 

quinquenervia-Umbrella Paperbark. 6 significance (Broadbent and and new extensions to 

Cheese-tree Glochidion Stewart 1976), limited in Brunswick Head NR*. 7 

sumatranum-Pink-flowered 

distribution to far north- 

Doughwood Melicope 

eastern NSW 

elleryana-Bangalow Palm (Harden 1991, 1993). 

Archontophoenix cunninghamiana 

Swamp Mahogany Mapped with 35% Inadequately reserved Small area reserved in 

Eucalyptus robusta Swamp Box 6 north of the Evans River Billinudgel NR. 8 


Swamp Box Mapped with Only reserved as minor areas Small areas reserved in 

Lophostemon suaveolens Swamp (e.g. 1 ha in Broadwater NP), Billinudgel NR. 

Mahogany 6 (Griffith 1993). 

Swamp Oak 181.73 26% Although Swamp Oak is a Reserved in association with 

Casuarina glauca common associate of Paperbark in Billinudgel NR 

Paperbark, monospecific and Cumbebin NR*. 9 

stands are considered to be 

inadequately reserved 


Wallum Banksia Mapped with Widespread on the North Reserved in Billinudgel NR 

Banksia aemula Dwarf and Coastand reserved in and Tyagarah NR. Areas of 

Coast Banksia 6 Tyagarah NR, Broadwater, unreserved Wallum Banksia 

Bundjalung and Yuraygir exist at Cibum Margil (Cape 

NP’s (Griffith 1993). Byron). 

Dwarf Banksia Mapped with Wallum On clay soils Dwarf Banksia The Dwarf Clay Heathland 

Banksia oblongifolia and Coast Banksia 11 is only known to be reserved at Cibum Margil has been 

in Yuraygir NP (Griffith 1993). nominated as an 

Endangered Ecological 

Community (Section 4.7) 

58


Table 4.7 continued Conservation status of vegetation associations 





(NSW NPWS 

1996) 

Wallum Banksia- 67.16 Regional conservation Wallum Banksia-Scribbly 

Scribbly Gum status unknown. Gum is reserved in 

Billinudgel NR and in 

extensions to Brunswick 

Heads NR*. 10 

Teatree Leptospermum spp. 46.10 The regional conservation Reserved in Billinudgel NR 

status of Teatree is unknown. Tyagarah NR and extensions 

to Brunswick Heads NR*. 

Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland 98.67 The conservation status of Sedgeland associations are 

the Tall Saw Sedge reserved in Billinudgel NR, 

Sedgeland association is unknown. Tyagarah NR and extensions 

Tall Saw Sedge Gahnia clarkei- In north-east NSW the to Brunswick Heads NR*. 

Jointed Twig-rush- Baumea Baumea articulata- Specific information on the 

articulata-Giant Sedge Lepironia articulata associations is not available 

Lepironia articulata 

associations are only known 

to be reserved as limited 

areas in Yuraygir NP 


Grassland, Fernland 

Grey Mangrove 60.24 Only limited areas are reserved Small areas of Grey 

Avicennia marina var but Mangrove forest is Mangrove-River Mangrove 

australasica /River Mangrove protected under SEPP 14 are reserved in Brunswick 

Aegiceras corniculatum – Coastal Wetlands River NR. 


Grey Mangrove-River 36.0 

Mangrove-Swamp Oak 

Saltmarsh not mapped Small areas of saltmarsh are 

reserved in the Brunswick 

Heads NR 11 . 

Sand Couch 

Sporobolus virginicus 

Very little of the Sand 

Couch association is 

reserved (Griffith 1993). 

* Additions to the National Parks and Nature Reserves were made at the conclusion to this study. 

Footnotes 

1. Floristic composition of Brush Box forest varies substantially according to soil type and other 

environmental factors. Hager and Benson refer to Forest Type 53 (Baur 1965) which includes all 

Brush Box associations. 

2. Brush Box on metasediments on the lower slopes of the coastal ranges appears to have affinities 

with Floyd’s (1990a) Suballiance 18. This type is apparently restricted to Byron and Tweed Shires 

and only small areas are reserved. 

3. Largest areas mapped during the Byron Study were unreserved lands at Broken Head. 

4. Areas of coastal Blackbutt at Broken Head are unreserved. 

59


5. An extensive area still remains outside the NR at Cumbebin and north-west of Skinners Shoot. 

Usually protected by SEPP 14 wetlands legislation. 

6. See Table 4.5. 

7. Other important areas are on private lands at Batson’s Quarry, south of Taylors Lake, Suffolk Park, 

Skinners Shoot and north-west of Skinners Shoot. 

8. Many areas have been cleared around Byron Bay township or integrated into subdivisions. Small 

areas remain on private lands at Marshalls Creek, Sunrise Beach, north-west Skinners Shoot, Skinners 

Shoot and Suffolk Park. 

9. Unreserved monospecific stands are present at Brunswick Heads and in the Cumbebin area. Often 

protected by SEPP 14 wetlands legislation. 

10. Important areas remain on private lands to the west of Tyagarah NR and at Taylors Lake. 

11. Small areas (


5 


Note: Changes to public land tenure following the August 1998 CRA for NE NSW have not been taken into account in the 

treatments of reservation status and threats to species of conservation significance. 


It has not been possible to compile an exhaustive list of flora species occurring in the Shire during the 

course of this study. Such a list would be very extensive, and would require intensive surveys and seasonal 

observations to detect many terrestrial orchids and cryptic species. An incomplete list, consisting of all 

species referred to in this report and databases, is appended (Appendix 5) and includes 753 locally native 

species. Exotic species and synonyms are additional. Annotations include conservation codes and distributional 

limits. 

5.2 FLORA VALUES 

All native plant species of the Byron Shire have intrinsic value, and a right to continuing existence regardless 

of values perceived by humans. In addition, some values have direct and indirect economic benefits to the 

community, and provide compelling reasons for effective plant conservation. Plants, and the communities 

of which they are part, provide ecosystem services – soil stabilisation, catchment protection and carbon 

fixation. Their aesthetic and educational values are important to local people and contribute to the attraction 

of the area to tourists. As ecotourism develops, well-informed visitors will be appreciative of the opportunity 

to visit a diverse and scientifically important environment. 

Many flora species can be harvested for direct use. As a result of population pressure and past depletion of 

vegetation, restrictions on the harvest of plants from the wild are usually necessary. Though in some 

circumstances sustainable use of wild plants may be possible, it is preferable for locally native plants to be 

included in plantings which are planned and managed for harvesting. Selection of varieties with desirable 

characteristics and lower harvesting effort will usually make plantations the more attractive option. 

Useful plants include: 

Timber species. Big Scrub Rainforest Landcare Group (1998a) lists 58 species as suitable for 

rainforest cabinet timber plantings and 57 of these are native to the Byron Shire. In addition, important 

hardwood species such as Blackbutt, Tallowwood and Turpentine are components of the Shire’s 

forests. 

Bush food. Important species found in the Shire include Davidson’s Plum and Small-leaved Tamarind 

Diploglottis campbellii. Genetic material from the local Rough-leaved Bush Nut is an important part of 

the valuable Macadamia industry (most of the commercial plantations are of hybrids with the 

Queensland Smooth-leaved Bush Nut). 

Medicinal species. Corkwood, found commonly in the Shire’s rainforests, is a source of scopolamine 

which prevents travel sickness, and together with hyoscamine, is used in eyedrops (Cribb and 

Cribb 1981). 

61


62 

Honey. The honey industry is of high economic value (honey and beeswax) and is heavily dependent 

on wild populations of flowering plants (though accompanied by controversy since honey bees are 

believed to be inefficient pollinators of local native plants (Pyke 1990). 

Fibre, fodder, resin, essential oils. A number of the plants listed by Cribb and Cribb (1982) are 

found in the Shire. 

Plant species have traditional importance to the Aboriginal people, for their everyday sustenance, shelter 

and survival, and for ceremonial and ritual purposes. Frequently individual plants in particular environmental 

contexts have significance as markers or meeting places. There is a responsibility to ensure that plant resources 

remain available for the continuity of Aboriginal association with the environment, and for the reintroduction 

of practices which have been lost. 

Local species may also have cultural significance for non-Aboriginal people. The Coolamon (Durobby) is 

identified with the Mullumbimby area, as is reflected in the names of the Coolamon Villa and the Coolamon 

Scenic Drive. For many people, the Red Cedar is symbolic of the history and culture of the timber industry 

and of present day concern for rainforest conservation. 

To preserve these values now and for the future, the Shire’s flora species must be conserved, in their 

ecological context. Plants such as Rough-shelled Bush Nut and Davidsons Plum may not be in danger of 

extinction as a species as they are well-established in cultivation. However, they are at risk of extinction in 

the wild. The maintenance of wild populations is essential to conserve genetic diversity and to maintain 

interactions between each species and its biotic and abiotic environments. 

5.3 FLORA SPECIES OF CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE – DEFINITIONS 

The conservation of biodiversity is traditionally approached at the ecosystem, species and genetic levels, 

with priority and specific protection normally assigned on the basis of rarity and threat. Conservation at the 

species level is the focus of this section. The preservation of the complete range of genetic variation within 

each species is a desirable objective, since it is likely to reflect adaptation to local environmental conditions, 

and will potentially allow the species to survive e.g. climate change. There may also be genetically-controlled 

variation in characters relevant to economic uses of the plants (oil yield, timber quality etc.). Little is known 

about the extent and spatial variation of genetic variation in most species, so it must generally be assumed 

that conservation of each species over its total geographic range, together with obviously different forms 

and any populations adapted to conditions atypical for the species in general, should capture a significant 

proportion of variation. Listing taxa at the sub-specific level and protecting Endangered populations are 

both possible under the TSC Act, 1995. 

While it is desirable to protect and manage all native species for their conservation values, management 

tasks require significant input of resources, and priorities must be set. Conservation codes have been developed 

reflecting abundance, range, degree of threat and reservation adequacy to guide assessment of conservation 

values and allocation of resources. 

Three levels of definition for conservation significance apply in New South Wales: 

a) Specific legal protection is accorded to plants that are listed on one of three schedules of the 

TSC Act, 1995 (Table 5.1). Abundance, range and degree of threat are considered in assigning 

species to schedules. 

b) More comprehensive information about the conservation status of plant species is included in 

the ROTAP (Rare or Threatened Australian Plants) codes (Table 5.2). These species do not have 

legal protection, except where they are also scheduled under the TSC Act. 

c) Numerical regional (Upper North East NSW) significance codes have been developed by 

Sheringham and Westaway (1995) (Table 5.3). Their coding system incorporates the ROTAP 

code (category 1), and categories indicating other aspects of rarity, endemism or distribution.


Table 5.1 Definitions – TSC Act status 

(Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995). 

X Presumed extinct (X) Schedule 1 Part 4 Species not recorded in NSW for at least 

50 years 

E Endangered (E) Schedule 1 Part 1 Species that are likely to become extinct in 

NSW unless action is taken to stop their decline 

V Vulnerable Schedule 2 Species that are likely to become Endangered in 

NSW unless action is taken to stop their decline 

Table 5.2 Definitions – ROTAP status (Rare or Threatened Australian Plants), 

after Briggs and Leigh (1996) 

1, 2 Distribution (1, 2 or 3) (1) The taxon is known from only one collection; 

or 3 

(2) The geographic range of the taxon in Australia is less than 

100 km; (3) The geographic range of the taxon in Australia is 

greater than 100 km; 

X (X) Presumed extinct Taxon not collected or otherwise verified over the past 50 

years despite thorough searching in all known likely habitats, 

or of which all known wild populations have been destroyed 

more recently; 

E (E) Endangered Taxon in serious risk of disappearing from the wild within 10- 

20 years if present land use and other threats continue to 

operate. This category includes taxa with populations possibly 

too small (usually less than 100 individuals) to ensure survival 

even if present in proclaimed reserves; 

V (V) Vulnerable Taxon not presently Endangered, but at risk over a longer period 

(20-50 years) of disappearing from the wild through continued 

depletion, or which occurs on land whose future use is likely 

to change and threaten its survival; 

R (R) Rare Taxon which is rare in Australia (and hence usually in the 

world) but which currently does not have any identifiable threat. 

Such species may be represented by a relatively large 

population in a very restricted area or by smaller populations 

spread over a wide range or some intermediate combination 

of distribution pattern; 

K (K) Poorly known Taxon that is suspected, but not definitely known, to belong 

to one of the other threat categories (Presumed Extinct, 

Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare). At present, accurate field 

distribution data information is inadequate; 

C Reservation status and (C) Reserved: indicates taxon has at least one population (a, 

i size class of all within a National Park, other proclaimed conservation reserve 

or -) reserved populations or in an area otherwise dedicated for the protection of flora. 

(C, a, i or -) 

The taxon may or may not be considered adequately conserved 

within the reserve(s), as reflected by the conservation status 

assigned to it. Where applicable, the ‘C’ symbol immediately 

follows the conservation status symbol in the written code; 

(a) 1000 plants or more are known to occur within a 

conservation reserve(s); (i) less than 1000 plants are known 

to occur within a conservation reserve(s); (-) reserved 

population size is not accurately known; (t) total known 

population reserved; Overseas occurrence (+) - included if 

the taxon has a natural occurrence overseas). 

63


Table 5.3 Definitions – Regionally significant species, after Sheringham and 

Westaway (1995) (ranked in order of level of rarity where possible. 

Categories 7-9 equal ranking) 

1 Nationally Rare or Taxa included on the current working list of Rare or Threatened 

Threatened 

Australian Plants (ROTAP) (Briggs and Leigh 1988, September 

1994 in prep). Note: The ROTAP working list has now been 

updated (Briggs and Leigh 1996). See Table 5.2 

2 Uncommon throughout Taxa which occur in Upper North East NSW that have small 

distribution 

populations and/or are sparsely distributed over their known 

Australian range and that may be inadequately reserved. 

Criteria for selection: Few confirmed locality records for 

the taxon throughout its recorded distribution. May include 

taxa worthy of consideration for ROTAP listing, or previously 

listed species which have subsequently been removed. 

3 Rare in NSW Taxa which occur in Upper North East NSW with small 

populations and sparse distributions within this state. 

Criteria for selection: Fewer than five known localities for 

the taxon in NSW; the taxon may be more common elsewhere 

in its distribution. 

4 Regionally Uncommon Taxa that are uncommon in Upper North East NSW, but are 

common or widespread elsewhere; taxa not listed in 1-3 

above. Criteria for selection: Fewer than five known localities 

for the taxon in the region, with restricted distributions and 

small population sizes. 

5 Depleted habitat /Sparse Sparse taxa not falling into categories 1-4 but which occur in 

habitats that have been extensively cleared or modified. These 

taxa are not well-recorded in plot-based surveys in the region 

and may be under-represented in conservation planning 

exercises based on coarse filter sampling. Criteria for 

selection: Fewer than twenty records in Upper North East 

NSW, and restricted to habitats that are threatened with 

ongoing depletion and degradation. 

6 Endemic Taxa with presently known distribution entirely within Upper 

North East NSW. Criteria for selection: All records for species 

confined to Upper North East NSW Audit region. 

7 Disjunct Taxa either with population(s) remote from other populations 

within Upper North East NSW or taxa whose distributional 

stronghold is remote from the population(s) within the Audit 

region. Criteria for selection: Nearest populations are more 

than 100 km away. 

8 Distributional limit Taxa reaching the limit of their natural geographic distribution 

in Upper North East NSW (8N northern limit; 8S southern 

limit). 

9 Atypical habitat Taxa which include populations occurring in habitats not 

normally recorded for that species. 

64


5.4 METHODS 

Records within Byron Shire of flora species scheduled in the TSC Act, 1995 and/or in the NSW list of Rare 

or Threatened Australian plants (Briggs and Leigh 1996) were obtained from NSW NPWS Wildlife Atlas 

database, Quinn et al. (1995), Sheringham and Westaway (1995) and numerous reports. As the former 

source in particular includes numerous inaccuracies, all records were validated before incorporation into the 

database. Validation was achieved by personal communication with the original observer, through local knowledge 

of the authors, or if necessary by field inspection. As a result, the accuracy of the location reported in the secondary 

sources was frequently improved, and inaccurate records discarded. In addition, a number of botanists contributed 

their unpublished records. As the study was focused on private lands, Crown land and council-owned land, the 

occurrence of target species in National Parks, Nature Reserves and State Forests was recorded on a presence/ 

absence basis for context and to establish Shire-level reservation status. Multiple records for public lands 

were not solicited, although when readily available were incorporated in to the database. 

Regionally significant species (Sheringham and Westaway 1995) other than those also listed as Threatened 

or ROTAP species were not targeted. 

From the available information about the habitat of each species, other possible locations within the Shire 

were predicted. Limited targeted surveys were carried out and further locations were recorded during API 

ground truthing and plot-based vegetation surveys. 

In addition, the survey was advertised in the local press, and residents invited to apply for a data record form 

(Appendix 6) listing target species and requesting details of records of Threatened species. A large number 

of forms was distributed. Records returned were validated and incorporated into the database. 

Each record was assigned a data type code (point location = X, mapped polygon = P, public land polygon 

ie National Park, Nature Reserve or State Forest = R, general locality = L). The latter were frequently 

historical herbarium records for which the location was given as a general locality such as Mullumbimby. 

Records in this category were not mapped but are held in the database. Point locations by their nature are 

associated with an AMG grid reference. Records relating to polygons were assigned a grid reference of a 

convenient point for mapping purposes. 

In addition, each record was assigned an accuracy code (grid reference of point representing location to 

nearest 100 m = 1, grid reference of point representing location to nearest 1000 m = 2, grid reference of 

point representing location to less than 1000 m accuracy = 3). 

Dates, observers and sources of data were recorded. Part of the database table is shown to illustrate (Table 5.4). 

Modifications were made to some records for the genus Phaius. Some database records for P. tankervilliae are 

likely to represent P. australis (Sheringham and Westaway 1995), while others, having been recorded outside 

the flowering season, are designated as Phaius sp. (Stewart and McKinley 1997). In addition, some taxonomists 

are of the opinion that the two taxa will prove to be conspecific (P. Bostock, Queensland Herbarium, pers. 

com.). Accordingly, all records for Phaius spp. were entered as P. australis. 

Changes in TSC Act, 1995 status to two Threatened species occurring in Byron Shire were gazetted during 

the study period. The Basket Fern Drynaria rigidula was presumed to be extinct in NSW (TSC Act, 1995) 

and was formerly listed on Schedule 3 (Extinct). The Basket Fern was recorded at Anderson’s Ridges in 

Byron Shire several years ago (Kinhill 1997) and has also been recorded recently from Cape Byron (S. 

Bower pers. comm.) and at Broken Head during current surveys. It is now listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered). 

The listing of Phaius australis has been altered from Schedule 2 (Vulnerable ) to Schedule 1 (Endangered). 

These listings have been updated in the database and throughout the report. 

Changes to land tenure during the study period have affected the reservation status of some species. The 

Threatened species database requires updating where the names of record locations have changed. Forestryrelated 

threats have been removed from species which occur in those State Forests converted to National 

Parks (requiring updating in Table 5.7). 

65


Table 5.4 Example page from Byron Shire Threatened flora database 

CAPS FAMILY SPECIES LOCATION EASTING NORTHING EASTING NORTHING ACCURACY TYPE RECORDER DATE 

CODE (original) (final) 

7012 ACANTHACEAE Calophanoides hygrophiloides Brunswick Heads 553600 6842600 3 L NSWHER 1969 

7310 ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa eranthemoides Inner Pocket NR 543500 6849500 2 R NRAC 

7310 ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa eranthemoides ‘Morton’s Scrub’, Eureka 539900 6825700 2 P H. Bower 

7310 ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa eranthemoides Booyong 543000 6819000 2 P H. Bower 

7310 ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa eranthemoides Hilans Corner 549350 6844700 549350 6844700 1 X A. Benwell 1998 

1176 APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei Snows Gully NR 537600 6836900 537700 6836700 2 R D. Milledge 1985 

1176 APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei Johnston’s Scrub 541348 6825356 541300 6825400 2 R R. J. Hunter 1991 

1176 APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei Emery’s Scrub 546600 6819600 546600 6819600 2 P R.J. Hunter 1991 

1176 APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei Booyong 543000 6819000 543000 6819000 2 R L.A. Johnson 1957 

1176 APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei Minyon Falls FR 538300 6834300 537000 6838000 3 R 

1176 APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei Booyong 543000 6819000 2 P J. Holmes 4-11-85 

1176 APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei Emery’s Scrub 546600 6819500 546800 6819500 2 P J. Holmes 28-11-85 

1176 APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei ‘Zalmonah’, 542000 6824900 542000 6824900 2 P H. & S. Bower 

Little Benny’s Creek 

1176 APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei Emery’s Scrub 546600 6819500 546600 6819500 2 P H. & S. Bower 

1176 APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei Wanganui Gorge 538950 6837400 538950 6837400 3 L R. Kooyman 

8437 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia deltantha Jerusalem Mt 536000 6844000 3 R J. Holmes 25-4-86 

var. laheyana (Wild Dog Rd) 

8437 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia deltantha Whian Whian SF 537000 6838000 3 R R. Kooyman 

var. laheyana 

ASCLEPIADACEAE Cynanchum elegans Brunswick Heads NR 552800 6843800 3 R S. Horton 1998 

8662 ASCLEPIADACEAE Marsdenia liisae Whian Whian SF 537000 6838000 3 R 

Key 

CAPS: Census of Australian Plants code 

Original eastings and northings are as supplied from original source. Final eastings and northings are validated, or standard grid references used for mapping purpose (applies to NP, NR and SF) 

Accuracy: 1 = to nearest 100 m, 2 = to nearest 1000 m, 3 = less accurate than category 2, usually a general locality or reserve polygon 

Type: X = point, P = polygon, R = reserve (National Park, Nature Reserve or State Forest) 

66



5.5.1 Threatened and ROTAP species 

In total, 858 records for 68 species (Threatened species and non-scheduled ROTAP species) were entered 

into the database (summarised in Table 5.5). 

Most records are recent, but historical records such as that of Knoxia sumatrensis (1897), now presumed 

extinct in NSW, are included in the database. One of two records for Red-fruited Ebony is historical. 

Summary information, including conservation codes, life form, habitat and distribution was compiled for 

all species recorded (Table 5.6). Detailed ecological information, including mapped distributions, assessment 

of threats and recommended amelioration, was compiled for the species scheduled under the TSC Act, 

1995 and appended as species outlines (Appendix 7), and summarised in Table 5.7. No detailed information 

was collected for ROTAP species not TSC Act, 1995 scheduled, but records are summarised with those of 

Threatened species in Table 5.5. 

This study has added substantially to the body of knowledge about species of conservation significance in 

the study area. The Shire contains some of the most important populations of Rare and Threatened species, 

and their documentation will be of value for their conservation at regional and state levels. 

The authors have found 66 new locations for 13 Threatened species (TSC Act, 1995 scheduled) during the 

study, despite the limited resources available for survey work. In addition, many more records that were 

previously undocumented have been compiled and will be forwarded to NSW NPWS to assist in conservation 

and recovery action. 

The high number of records of Threatened species in Byron Shire is a reflection of the high species 

biodiversity in the Shire. Although the database already contains high numbers it is likely that these 

records only comprise a small proportion of the actual numbers. Further surveys will inevitably produce 

new locations of Threatened species. 

Table 5.5 Summary of records of Rare or Threatened flora species 

Number of species 

Number of records 

TSC Act Schedule 3 (Extinct in NSW) 1 1 

TSC Act Schedule 1(Endangered) 21 192 

TSC Act Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) 17 389 

ROTAP species not listed by TSC Act 29 276 

TOTAL 68 858 

5.5.2 Regionally significant species 

Species listed as regionally significant (i.e. in Upper North East NSW by Sheringham and Westaway (1995) 

were not included in the database except where they were also scheduled under the TSC Act, 1995 or listed 

by Briggs and Leigh (1996). Many species listed as regionally significant are locally common in the Shire and 

the surrounding area and will be adequately conserved by measures which protect native vegetation generally. 

Species such as Pink-flowered Doughwood, Umbrella Cheese Tree and Bennett’s Ash illustrate the point. 

The distribution and abundance of many species of regional significance has not been documented in 

sufficient detail to fully understand the implications of regional significance listing in the context of the 

study area. 

67


However, examples of listed species occurring in Byron Shire are provided. 

Species classified as ‘depleted habitat/sparse’ (Sheringham and Westaway 1995, Table 5.3) occurring in 

Byron Shire include Leafy Twig-rush Cladium procerum, Spider Lily Crinum pedunculatum, Burny Bean Mucuna 

gigantea, Myoporum boninense subsp. australe, Milkbush Neisosperma poweri, a grass Panicum paludosum and the 

epiphytic orchid Peristanthus hillii. 

Taxa presumed to be regionally extinct include the perennial herb Knoxia sumatrensis (recorded only once 

near Mullumbimby in 1897), Plinanthesis urvillei (a grass recorded from Billinudgel in 1922) and Caladenia 

quadrifaria (an orchid that occurs in sclerophyll forest and was recorded from Brunswick Heads in 1942) 

(Sheringham and Westaway 1995). Sometimes plants presumed to be extinct have been overlooked or their 

presence, although known to local naturalists, has not been reported to the relevant authorities (NSW 

NPWS or the NSW Herbarium). Chiloglottis diphylla was presumed to be regionally extinct although local 

orchid experts were aware of the plant’s continued presence in Byron Shire and, in fact, now consider the 

species to be relatively common (John Moye, pers. comm). 

Disjunct taxa (Sheringham and Westaway 1995, Table 5.3) occurring in Byron Shire are Large-leaved Banksia 

Banksia robur, Christmas Bells Blandfordia grandiflora and Leptomeria drupacea. 

Taxa occurring in Byron Shire and that reach their northern or southern geographical limits in Upper 

North East NSW (e.g. White Ash Alphitonia petriei, Austromyrtus sp. A, Ferny-leaved Bosistoa Bosistoa pentacocca 

and Thick-leaved Croton Croton acronychioides) are considered ‘regionally significant’ (Sheringham and 

Westaway 1995). 

Species that reach their northern or southern geographical limits within Byron Shire are of local and regional 

significance. Such species include Marblewood Acacia bakeri (southern limit at Federal), Blush Coondoo 

Planchonella laurifolia (southern limit at the Orara Bridge on the Brunswick River), Comesperma sphaerocarpum 

(northern limit at Koonyum Range Rd, Mt Jerusalem N.P), Smooth Parrot-pea Dillwynia glaberrima (northern 

limit at Taylor’s Lake south of Byron Bay) and Slender Yellow-eye Xyris gracilis subsp. gracilis (northern limit 

south of Broken Head). 

Many of the plants listed as Threatened species or ROTAP species (e.g. Hairy Quandong, Red-fruited 

Ebony, Crystal Creek Walnut) also reach their southern limits within upper north-eastern NSW and are 

therefore of regional significance in addition to having Threatened species status. 

5.5.3 Reservation adequacy 

Table 5.7 indicates the occurrence of Threatened species in the Shire’s National Parks and Nature Reserves. 

However, except where populations of 1000 plants are known to be reserved, reservation is considered 

inadequate or unknown (Table 5.2). The declaration of new National Parks and Nature Reserves in Byron 

Shire may strengthen the reservation status of some Threatened species. Information on current reservation 

status of Threatened species is available from NSW NPWS. 

With two exceptions, all the Shire’s Threatened species are considered to be inadequately reserved within 

formal conservation reserves (ROTAP codes Table 5.6). Inadequate representation in reserves is a major 

criterion for listing as ‘Endangered’ (Briggs and Leigh 1996) since threatening processes are more frequently 

unmanaged on non-reserved land. 

Adequate reservation of habitat for many of the Shire’s Threatened species is often not possible since so 

much of the coastal lowlands has been cleared. To avoid local, regional or national extinction of these 

species, it is therefore essential that they are conserved effectively wherever they occur in the study area. 

Protection measures such as fencing, fire management and weed control can be put in place and will allow 

other land uses to proceed along with effective conservation. 

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Table 5.6 Summary of characteristics of Rare and Threatened flora species of Byron Shire 

Conservation codes (TSCA and ROTAP) are defined in Section 5.3. Habitat codes: scler = sclerophyll, rf = rainforest, strf = subtropical rainforest, wtrf = warm temperate rainforest, drf = dry rainforest, lrf = littoral rainforest. 

FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME TSCA ROTAP LIFEFORM HABITAT LOCATION (Byron Shire) LOCATIONS (other) 

CODE 

MIMOSACEAE Acacia orites Nightcap Wattle 2RC- tree margins of north from Whian Whian SF north from Whian Whian SF, Q 

wet scler and rf 

ORCHIDACEAE Acianthus amplexicaulis 3RC- terrestrial orchid coastal scrub, lrf north from Coffs Harbour north from Coffs Harbour, Q 

ASTERACEAE Acomis acoma 3RC- herb rf north from Nambucca district Q 

RUTACEAE Acronychia baeuerlenii Byron Bay Acronychia 3RC- tree strf, wtrf Lismore to Byron Bay to the Lismore to Byron Bay to the 

McPherson Ra McPherson Ra, also Iluka, Q 

RUTACEAE Acronychia littoralis Scented Acronychia E 3ECi tree lrf coast Iluka to Kingscliff 

SAPOTACEAE Amorphospermum whitei Rusty Plum V 3RCa tree lrf, wtrf north from Macleay R north from Macleay R, 

Port Macquarie, Q 

MIMOSACEAE Archidendron muellerianum Veiny Lacebark 3RCa tree strf and lrf north from Alstonville north from Alstonville, Q 

ESCALLONIACEAE Argophyllum nullumense Silver Leaf 3RCa shrub, small tree rf Nightcap Ra Nightcap, Tweed and McPherson 

Ra, Q 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia deltantha Mountain Aristolochia 2RC-+ vine highland rf north from the Nightcap Ra north from the Nightcap Ra, Q 

var. laheyana 

EUPHORBIACEAE Austrobuxus swainii Pink Cherry 3RCa tree rf n from Bellinger R Bellinger R to Springbrook (Q) 

MYRTACEAE Austromyrtus fragrantissima Fragrant Myrtle E 3EC- tree strf coastal districts north from Lismore coastal districts north from 

Lismore, Q 

RUTACEAE Bosistoa selwynii Heart-leaved Bosistoa V tree rf Inner Pocket NR north of Nightcap Ra., Q 

RUTACEAE Bosistoa transversa Three-leaved Bosistoa V tree rf north of Mullumbimby north of Mullumbimby, Q 

ACANTHACEAE Calophanoides Calophanpoides E shrub rf, wet scler Brunswick Heads, Hortons Creek Q 

hygrophiloides 

MYRTACEAE Choricarpia subargentea Giant Ironwood E 3RC- tree drf near Mullumbimby Q 

ASTELIACEAE Cordyline congesta Coast Palm Lily 2RC- shrub rf north of Clarence R north of Clarence R, Q 

COROKIACEAE Corokia whiteana Corokia V 2VCi shrub wtrf Nightcap Ra 

CORYNOCARPACEAE Corynocarpus rupestris Southern Corynocarpus 3RC- shrub dry rf north from Glenugie Peak north from Glenugie Peak, Q 

ssp. arborescens 

LAURACEAE Cryptocarya foetida Stinking Cyrptocarya V 3VCi tree lrf north from Iluka north from Iluka, Q 

SAPINDACEAE Cupaniopsis newmanii Long-leaved Tuckeroo 2RC- shrub, small tree warmer rf and margins north from Mullumbimby north from Mullumbimby, Q 

ASCLEPIADACEAE Cynanchum elegans Cynanchum E vine rf, scler Brunswick Heads central and north coasts 

DAVIDSONIACEAE Davidsonia pruriens Davidson’s Plum E 2ECi tree strf coastal areas from Brunswick R coastal areas from Brunswick R. 

var. jerseyana to the Tweed Valley to the Tweed Valley 

DAVIDSONIACEAE Davidsonia sp. A Smooth Davidson’s Plum E 2ECi tree strf, wet scler Broken Head north 

FABACEAE Desmodium Thorny Pea V 2VC- shrub rivers plateau and hinterland Lismore to Grafton 

acanthocladum 

EBENACEAE Diospyros mabacea Red-fruited Ebony E 2ECi tree lowland strf Brunswick R Tweed Valley 

SAPINDACEAE Diploglottis campbellii Small-leaved Tamarind E 2E tree rf Tintenbar to Tweed Tintenbar to Tweed, Q 

POLYPODIACAE Drynaria rigidula Basket Fern E epiphyte/ rf coast north from the Clarence R, Q, 

lithophyte Pac Is, Malesia 

ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus Minyon Quandong E 2E tree rf, wet scler Koonyum Range, Snows Creek Rocky Creek 

sp. 2 ‘Minyon’ 

ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus williamsianus Hairy Quandong E 2ECi tree rf Burringbar Range Burringbar Range 

LAURACEAE Endiandra floydii Crystal Creek Walnut E 2VC- tree strf Brunswick Heads Tweed district 

LAURACEAE Endiandra globosa Black Walnut 2RC- tree strf north from Federal Tweed. Q 

LAURACEAE Endiandra hayesii Rusty Rose Walnut V 3VC- tree strf north from the Clarence north from the Clarence, Q 

LAURACEAE Endiandra introrsa Dorrigo Plum 3RCa tree wtrf Nightcap Ra.Dorrigo area Nightcap Ra, Dorrigo area 

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Table 5.6 continued Summary of characteristics of Rare and Threatened flora species of Byron Shire 

FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME TSCA ROTAP LIFEFORM HABITAT LOCATION (Byron Shire) LOCATIONS (other) 

CODE 

LAURACEAE Endiandra muelleri Green-leaved Rose Walnut E tree strf north from Maclean north from Maclean, Q 

subsp. bracteata 

PROTEACEAE Floydia praealta Ball Nut V 3VC- tree rf Wilsons Creek, The Pocket, north from the Clarence R, Q 

Johnstons Scrub 

EUPHORBIACEAE Fontainea australis Southern Fontainea V 3VCi shrub, small tree rf Wanganui, Goonengerry Tyalgum, Nightcap Ra 

CYPERACEAE Gahnia insignus 3RCa sedge forest, heath near Lismore north from near Lismore, Q 

PHILYDRACEAE Helmholtzia glaberrima Stream Lily 2RCa large herb rf gullies, rocky north from the Nightcap Ra north from the Nightcap Ra, Q 

streams 

PROTEACEAE Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia Red Boppel Nut V 3RC- tree strf north from the Nambucca Valley north from the Nambucca Valley, Q 

ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa eranthemoides Isoglossa E 2E herb rf Inner Pocket NR Inner Pocket NR, Mt Warning NP 

Eureka, Booyong Malesia 

RUBIACEAE Knoxia sumatrensis Knoxia X herb Mullumbimby Q, NT 

ORCHIDACEAE Liparis simmondsii Liparis 3KC- terrestrial orchid strf upper Brunswick R Q 

PROTEACEAE Macadamia tetraphylla Rough-leaved Queensland Nut V 2VC- tree strf north of Clarence R north of Clarence R, Q 

ASCLEPIADACEAE Marsdenia liisae 3RC- vine wet scler, rf Hastings R to Nightcap 

ASCLEPIADACEAE Marsdenia longiloba Slender Marsdenia E 3RC- vine rf North from Coffs Harbour North from Coffs Harbour, Q 

FABACEAE Millettia australis Blunt-leaved Wisteria 3RC-+ vine woody climber north from Port Macquarie north from Port Macquarie, Q 

APOCYNACEAE Ochrosia moorei Southern Ochrosia E 2ECi shrub, small tree strf Richmond River Tweed River, Q 

ASTERACEAE Olearia heterocarpa Olearia 2RCa shrub wet scler, scrub Nightcap and Gibberagunyah Ranges 

MELIACEAE Owenia cepiodora Onion Cedar V 2VCi tree strf, drf north from Bangalow Bangalow to McPherson Ra 

ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus whitei Ozothamnus 3RC- shrub forest Nightcap Ra Gibraltar, Tweed, McPherson Ra 

ORCHIDACEAE Phaius australis Swamp Orchid E 3VCa terrestrial orchid swamp, scler forest north from Evans Head north from Evans Head, Q 

RUTACEAE Phebalium elatius 3K 

subsp. elatius 

LAMIACEAE Plectranthus cremnus 3K herb coastal headlands Wategos Beach Lennox Head to Kendall district 

LAMIACEAE Plectranthus nitidus 2KCi herb Nightcap NP Lamington NP 

SIMAROUBACEAE Quassia sp 2 Southern Quassia 3RC- shrub strf &wtrf Nightcap Ra Alstonville area 

RUBIACEAE Randia moorei Spiny Gardenia E 3ECi shrub, tree strf Broken Head, Mullumbimby, north from Lismore, NC,Q 

Brunswick Heads, Inner Pocket NR 

MYRTACEAE Rhodamnia maideniana Smooth Scrub Turpentine 2RC- shrub strf north from the Richmond R north from the Richmond R, Q 

ORCHIDACEAE Sarcochilus fitzgeraldii Ravine Orchid V 3VC- epiphyte strf Inner Pocket NR north from Macleay R, 

alt 500-700 m, Q 

ORCHIDACEAE Sarcochilus hartmannii Ravine Orchid 3VC- terrestrial scler forest Nightcap NP, Wanganui, north from the Richmond Ra, Q 

Upper Coopers Creek 

EUPHORBIACEAE Sauropus albiflorus E shrub rf Mullumbimby Creek, north from Grafton, Q 

subsp microcladus Brunswick R 

SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocus bauerlenii Small-leaved Hazelwood V 2VC- shrub, tree strf, wtrf north from the Nightcap Ra, Q north from the Nightcap Ra 

MYRTACEAE Syzygium hodgkinsoniae Red Lilly Pilly V 3VC- tree strf north from Richmond R north from Richmond R, Q 

MYRTACEAE Syzygium moorei Coolamon, Durobby V 2VCi tree strf north from Richmond R north from Richmond R, Q 

MENISPERMACEAE Tinospora tinosporoides Arrow-head vine V 3RC- vine strf north from Richmond R north from Richmond R, Q 

CUCURBITACEAE Trichosanthes subvelutina Silky Cucumber 3RC- vine rf, wet scler north from Richmond R north from Richmond R, Q 

MYRTACEAE Uromyrtus australis Peach Myrtle E 3ECi tree wtrf Nightcap Range Q 

LAMIACEAE Westringia blakeana 2RCa shrub wet scler, near north from Lismore district north from Lismore district, Q 

creeks on edge of rf 

RUTACEAE Zieria sp. J 2R 

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Table 5.7 Summary of records of TSC Act scheduled flora species 

Species 

Conservation Representation 

codes in the Shire Threats 

Other/comments 

Knoxia sumatrensis X 1 • Historical record, presumed extinct 

Acronychia littoralis E 3ECi 9 BROK, •• • ••• 

BH,B 

Austromyrtus fragrantissima E 3EC- 3EC- 9 •• ••• • 

Calophanoides hygrophiloides E 1 BH • 

Choricarpia subargentea E 3RC- 3RC- 6 •• •• 

Cynanchum elegans E 3ECi 3ECi 0 BH • 

Davidsonia pruriens E 2ECi 2ECi 50 BH, •• ••••• • 

var. jerseyana 

TSCA 

ROTAP (NSW) 

ROTAP (National) 

No. records in study area 

BROK 

Davidsonia sp. A E 2ECi 2ECi 9 SG •• •••• • 

Diospyros mabacea E 2ECi 2ECi 2 •• • 

Diploglottis campbellii E 2E 2EC 2 •• ••• • 

Drynaria rigidula E 3 •• • 

Elaeocarpus sp. 2 ‘Minyon’ E 2E 2E 0 SG N •••• • 

Elaeocarpus williamsianus E 2ECi 2ECi 3 IP • • • • • • • 

Endiandra floydii E 2VC- 2VC- 14 BH • • • • • • • 

Endiandra muelleri E 20 •• • 


Isoglossa eranthemoides E 2E 2E 5 IP •• limited survey effort 

Marsdenia longiloba E 3RC- 1 WW ••• 

Ochrosia moorei E 2ECi 6 SG,JS, WW •• • 

Phaius australis E 3VCa 3VCa 5 •• ••••• 

Randia moorei E 3ECi 8 BH,BROK •• 

Sauropus albiflorus E 7 •• •• 

subsp. microcladus 

Uromyrtus australis E 2ECi 2ECi 0 MJ,NC N,WW •• 

Amorphospermum whitei V 3RCa 3RCa 14 SG,BH, WW •••••• • 

BROK,MJ 

Bosistoa selwynii V 0 IP WW •• • 

Bosistoa transversa V 1 IP •• • 

Nati. Parks, Nature Res. 

Corokia whiteana V 2VCi 2 MJ,T, N •••• • 

NC 

Cryptocarya foetida V 3VCi 3VCi 28 IP,BH, •• • ••• 

T, BROK 

Desmodium acanthocladum V 2VC- 2VC- 9 JS •• •• flooding, streambank erosion 

Endiandra hayesii V 3VC- 3VC- 16 SG, BROK, N, •••••• • 

IP 

WW,G 

Floydia praealta V 3VC- 3VC- 15 HH, • • • • • • • 

BROK,JS 

Fontainea australis V 3VCi 3VCi 2 •• 

Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia E 3RC- 3RC- 33 SG,IP WW • • • • • • • 

Macadamia tetraphylla V 2VC- 2VC- 26 IP,HH WW,G •• ••••• • genetic mixing with plantations 

Owenia cepiodora V 2VCi 2VCi 3 HH • • • • 

Sarcochilus fitzgeraldii V 3VC- 3VC- 1 IP • • • • 

Symplocos baeuerlenii V 2VC- 2VC- 1 MJ,SG N,WW •••• • 

Syzygium hodgkinsoniae V 3VC- 3VC- 44 SG,BH, N,WW, • • • • • stream bank erosion 

BROK,JS, 

State Forests 

G 

past habitat clearing & frag. 

low numbers 

forestry 

fire 

grazing 

weeds 

collection 

development/roads 

cyclones, storms 

poor dispersal/regen. failure 

IP,MJ 

• • • • • • stream bank erosion 

Syzygium moorei V 2VCi 2VCi 75 IP,BH,T, 

Tinospora tinosporoides V 3RC- 3RC- 31 JS,NC, N,WW, 

BROK 

• • • • 

HH,MJ 

Key 

National Parks/Nature Reserve codes: B: Billinudgel NR, BH: Brunswick Heads NR, BROK: Broken Head NR, HH: Hayters Hill 

NR, IP: Inner Pocket NR, JS: Andrew Johnston Big Scrub NR, MJ: Mt Jerusalem NP, NC: Nightcap NP, SG: Snows Gully NR, T: Tyagarah NR 

State Forest codes: G: Goonengerry SF (now Goonengerry NP), N: Nullum SF (now Mt Jerusalem NP), WW: Whian Whian SF (most 

now Nightcap NP) 

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5.5.4 Threats 

Threats to Threatened species are summarised in Table 5.7. Almost all species have been affected by past 

habitat clearing and fragmentation. Any further clearing or habitat dissection will increase the extent of 

threats. The number of individual plants is reduced, interactions between isolated patches alter or cease, 

and the likelihood of colonisation of new habitat is reduced. The trend should be reversed by revegetation, 

habitat expansion and reconnection (Section 7.2). 

When population numbers are low, the risk that chance events will reduce numbers to a critical level is high. 

Sparse distribution makes interaction such as pollination less effective. In addition, the loss of genetic 

variation through stochastic events and the deleterious effects of inbreeding in small populations are major 

threats to the maintenance of long-term viability of small populations. 

A small number of species are locally common yet are regarded as Threatened because their distribution is 

so restricted (Red Lilly Pilly, Durobby, Red Boppel Nut). It is essential that good populations are maintained 

here in the core of their distribution. Most others are present in very low numbers, and hence are especially 

vulnerable to the effects of chance events as well as other more predictable threats. 

Many individuals of Threatened species are damaged by grazing, and require fencing for protection from 

stock. Environmental weeds are a major threat affecting almost all Threatened species. Plants growing in 

fragmented and regrowth habitat and riparian zones are especially vulnerable. Weed management and habitat 

rehabilitation is required (Section 7.3). 

A further group of plants is threatened by regeneration failure coupled with an inability to disperse seeds 

effectively. Species that do not regenerate may persist for many years, especially in the case of long-lived 

rainforest trees, before senescence results in a sudden drop in population numbers. Janzen (1986) has 

termed these species ‘ecologically extinct’. Smothering weeds and isolation from regeneration sites can be 

causes of regeneration failure, but other causes are intrinsic to the ecology of the species. Smooth Davidsonia 

and Hairy Quandong are species that never or rarely reproduce by seed and rely on root suckers. Species 

with large seeds (Crystal Creek Walnut, Red Boppel Nut and others) are inefficiently dispersed and are 

unlikely to reach suitable regeneration sites from isolated trees, or to colonize new areas. Habitat rehabilitation 

and active management is required to effectively conserve these species in the long term. 

5.5.5 Conclusion 

Byron Shire shares with other neighbouring Shires in the region a particularly diverse flora (Section 2.5). 

Effective protection and management of the large number of species of conservation significance which are 

found in the study area is essential if local, regional and perhaps national extinction of a section of the flora 

is to be prevented. Landowners and land managers in the Shire thus have a much greater responsibility than 

their counterparts in less biologically important parts of the State. 

Responsibility for the recovery of Threatened flora species rests with the NSW NPWS who are required to prepare Recovery 

Plans for each species. At present, Recovery Plans have been prepared for only a small number of species, though many more 

are in preparation. Recovery actions should be carried out in accordance with those Plans, and supervised by NSW NPWS 

or their agents. The recommendations made in this study are not intended to pre-empt official recovery action, and are for 

general rehabilitation and re-planting measures. Landowners who do not have specific skills in habitat rehabilitation are 

asked to seek advice before working in the vicinity of Threatened flora species. 

A licence from NPWS is required in order to ‘pick’ a Threatened flora species, and this includes the collection of fruit and 

seed for bush food or for propagation. When purchasing plants, it is essential to check that the plants have been legally 

propagated and are from local genetic stock. 

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6 

Fauna 

Note: Changes to public land tenure following the August 1998 CRA for NE NSW have not been taken into account in 

the listing of records of threatened fauna in National Parks, Nature Reserves and State Forest in the Shire. 


The distribution of the vertebrate fauna of Byron Shire is primarily influenced by the distribution of habitats 

and patterns of disturbance associated with human settlement. Although a number of species are habitat 

generalists, overall species richness has resulted in a relatively high level of habitat specialisation with different 

suites of species characteristic of one or a small number of habitat types. 

6.1.1 Rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest species 

The occurrence of rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest determines the distribution of species such as the 

Pouched Frog, Fletcher’s Frog, Loveridge’s Frog, Blue-speckled Forest-skink, Short-limbed Snake-skink 

Ophioscincus truncatus, Stephen’s Banded Snake, Australian Brush-turkey Alectura lathami, Grey Goshawk 

Accipiter novaehollandiae, Brown Cuckoo-dove Macropygia amboinensis, Wompoo Fruit-dove Ptilinopus magnificus 

(Photo 25), Topknot Pigeon, Australian King-parrot Alisterus scapularis, Sooty Owl, Marbled Frogmouth, 

Albert’s Lyrebird, Brown Gerygone, Rose Robin Petroica rosea, Pale-yellow Robin, Logrunner, White-eared 

Monarch, Paradise Riflebird, Regent Bowerbird Sericulus chrysocephalus, Red-legged Pademelon, Eastern Tubenosed 

Bat and Golden-tipped Bat Kerivoula papuensis (Photo 27). The strongholds of these species are in the 

Shire’s hinterland where the major tracts of wet forest are now confined, although a subset of species occurs 

through the foothills to the coast in small remnant or regenerated patches of wet forest. The phenomenon 

of ecological truncation is clearly evident in these islands, which have lost the largest or most specialised 

species such as Stephen’s Banded Snake, the Sooty Owl, Marbled Frogmouth, Albert’s Lyrebird, Red-legged 

Pademelon and Eastern Tube-nosed Bat (Holmes 1987, D. Milledge unpubl. data). However, others such as 

the Wompoo Fruit-dove and Paradise Riflebird are in the process of recolonising the larger patches as they 

mature and regeneration increases their size and re-establishes links. 

6.1.2 Dry sclerophyll forest species 

Species characteristic of dry sclerophyll forest in Byron Shire include the Dusky Toadlet Uperoleia fusca, 

Ornate Burrowing Frog Limnodynastes ornatus, Scute-snouted Calyptotis Calyptotis scutirostrum, Martin’s Forest 

Skink Eulamprus martini, Common Death Adder Acanthophis antarcticus, Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata, Glossy 

Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami, Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae, White-throated Nightjar Eurostopodus 

mystacalis, Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus, Varied Sittella Daphnoesitta chrysoptera, Rufous Whistler 

Pachycephala rufiventris, White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike, Common Dunnart Sminthopsis leucopus and Red-necked 

Wallaby. Consequently, the distributions of these species correspond with the scattered, patchy occurrence 

of dry forests in the Shire and although differences in vertebrate assemblages are apparent between hinterland 

and coastal stands, overall they do not provide substantial habitats for fauna at a local level. 

73


6.1.3 Swamp sclerophyll forest, woodland and coastal scrub species 

The distributions of species associated with swamp sclerophyll forest and woodland and coastal scrub such 

as the Wallum Tree Frog, Freshwater Snake, Little Bronze-cuckoo, Forest Kingfisher, Yellow Thornbill 

Acanthiza nana, Little Friarbird, Brown Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta, Striped Honeyeater, White-breasted 

Woodswallow, Common Planigale, Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus and Common Blossom-bat reflect 

the narrow coastal distribution of these vegetation types in the Shire. A similar pattern is evident with 

vertebrates representative of heathland and sedgeland, including the Wallum Froglet, Freycinet’s Frog, the 

Common Scaly-foot Pygopus lepidopodus, Swamp Harrier Circus approximans, Horsfield’s Bronze-cuckoo 

Chrysococcyx basalis, Southern Emu-wren, White-cheeked Honeyeater Phylidonyris nigra and Grassland Melomys. 

6.1.4 Freshwater species 

Most of the suite of species dependent on riparian habitats, which include the Red-eyed Tree Frog Litoria 

chloris, Pearson’s Tree Frog Litoria pearsoniana, Eastern Water Dragon Physignathis leseurii, Eastern Water 

Skink Eulamprus quoyii, Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis, Azure Kingfisher Alcedo azurea, Platypus Ornithorhynchus 

anatinus, Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus and Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster, occur along drainage lines 

throughout the Shire. However, some such as the Red-eyed Tree Frog and Pearson’s Tree Frog are restricted 

to the upper sections of catchments and are absent from low elevations and the coast. 

Species dependent on freshwater habitats provided by rivers, creeks, swamps and lagoons include the Pacific 

Black Duck Anas superciliosa, Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae, White-faced Heron Egretta 

novaehollandiae, Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia, Lewin’s Rail Rallus pectoralis, Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis, 

Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa, Latham’s Snipe Gallinago hardwickii, Black-fronted Dotterel Elseyornis 

melanops, Clamorous Reed-warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus and Little Grassbird Megalurus gramineus. These 

species are distributed throughout the Shire although most reach their highest densities at lower elevations 

on floodplains and the coastal plain, where their habitats are best developed. 

6.1.5 Ephemeral habitat species 

Another suite of species found throughout Byron Shire are those characteristic of ephemeral habitats 

dominated by introduced grasses and weeds, which usually result from land clearing. Examples of these 

species are the Common Eastern Froglet , introduced Cane Toad Bufo marinus, Robust Ctenotus, Eastern 

Brown Snake, Brown Quail Coturnix ypsilophora, Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis, Black-shouldered 

Kite Elanus axillaris, Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis, Crested Pigeon, Galah, Pheasant Coucal Centropus 

phasianinus, Grass Owl, Red-backed Fairy-wren, Chestnut-breasted Mannikin, Tawny Grassbird Megalurus 

timoriensis and the introduced Fox Vulpes vulpes and Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus. They are most abundant at 

mid to low elevations where clearing for agricultural development and settlement are concentrated. 

6.1.6 Saltmarsh, mangrove, estuaries and marine shore species 

Saltmarshes, mangroves, estuaries and sandy and rocky marine shores define the occurrence of a particular 

group of birds in the Shire, resulting in narrow coastal distributions for species such as the Great Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax carbo, Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Eastern Reef Egret 

Egretta sacra, Striated Heron Butoroides striatus, Osprey Pandion haliaetus, Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus, Bartailed 

Godwit Limosa lapponica, Whimbrel Numenius madagascariensis (Photo 22), Red Knot Calidrus canutus, 

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata, Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris, Sooty Oystercatcher 

Haematopus fuliginosus, Red-capped Plover Charadrius ruficapillus, Silver Gull Larus novaehollandiae, Crested 

Tern Sterna bergii, Common Tern Sterna hirundo, Little Tern Sterna albifrons and Mangrove Gerygone Gerygone 

levigaster. 

6.1.7 Ecological guilds 

The ecological guilds among vertebrates in Byron Shire are also influenced by the extent of habitats present. 

Wet forests, particularly rainforests, are responsible for the large components of frugivores and leaf litter 

foragers, represented by species such as the White-headed Pigeon Columba leucomela, Brown Cuckoo-dove, 

Australian King-parrot, Common Koel Eudynamys scolopacea, Barred Cuckoo-shrike Coracina lineata, Figbird 

74


Sphecotheres viridus, Green Catbird Ailuroedus crassirostris, Silvereye Zosterops lateralis, Eastern Tube-nosed Bat 

and Black Flying-fox, and the Pouched Frog, Fletcher’s Frog, Short-limbed Snake-skink, Australian Brushturkey, 

Noisy Pitta Pitta versicolor, Albert’s Lyrebird, Yellow-throated Scrubwren Sericornis citreogularis, Logrunner 

and Russet-tailed Thrush Zoothera heinei respectively. Epiphyte foragers such as the Large-billed Scrubwren 

Sericornis magnirostris, Eastern Whipbird Psophodes olivaceus, Little Shrike-thrush Colluricincla megarhyncha and 

Paradise Riflebird are also prominent in the wet forests. 

The vertebrates of the Shire’s sclerophyllous plant communities, particularly swamp sclerophyll forests, 

coastal scrubs and heathlands, support a large nectarivorous component. This is composed mostly of birds 

and fruit-bats because of the high mobility required to exploit a resource of such irregular and patchy 

availability (Gravatt 1974, Gilmore et al. 1986, Milledge 1991). Examples of these ‘blossom-nomads’ (Cannon 

1984) are the Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus, Little Lorikeet Glossopsitta pusilla, Noisy 

Friarbird Philemon corniculatus, Yellow-faced Honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysops, Eastern Spinebill, Scarlet 

Honeyeater, Eastern Blossom-bat and Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus. 

6.1.8 Migration 

In addition to the sporadic occurrences of the nomads, more regular movements affect the composition of 

bird assemblages throughout the Shire on an annual basis. Northern Hemisphere-breeding species such as 

Latham’s Snipe, the Whimbrel, Eastern Curlew, Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia, Common Sandpiper 

Actitis hypoleucos, Grey-tailed Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes, Red Knot, Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea, Pacific 

Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva, Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus, Common Tern and White-throated 

Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus escape the northern winter to spend the southern summer in the region. 

Other species including the Common Koel, Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae, Brush Cuckoo 

Cacomantis variolosus, Dollarbird Eurostomus orientalis, Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis, Spectacled 

Monarch Monarcha trivirgatus, Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons, Cicadabird Coracina tenuirostris and Clamorous 

Reed-warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus return to the Shire to breed in summer after over-wintering to the 

north in the New Guinea and North Queensland regions. The Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus 

undertakes an east-west migration from its breeding grounds in New Zealand, occurring on the Shire’s 

beaches and mudflats in winter. A different group of species which includes the Swamp Harrier, Fantailed 

Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis, Shining Bronze-cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus, Golden Whistler Pachycephala 

pectoralis, Grey Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa, Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae, Dusky 

Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus, Tree Martin Hirundo nigricans and Silvereye, migrates north from southern 

States, including Tasmania, to forage during winter in the Shire’s hinterland and coastal forests. 

Yet another group of birds undertakes altitudinal migration during winter from the New England Tablelands 

and tops of the ranges to the more equitable climate of Byron Shire’s coastal habitats. Examples of these 

species are the White-headed Pigeon, Topknot Pigeon, Noisy Pitta, Little Friarbird, Yellow-faced Honeyeater, 

Eastern Spinebill, Rose Robin, Golden Whistler and Grey Fantail. 

6.2 METHODS 

6.2.1 Collection and verification of existing information 

Information on the occurrence of terrestrial vertebrate species in the Shire was initially collected by examining 

all available existing sources, comprising: 

• the published literature; 

• unpublished reports, lists, etc held by Government agencies, universities, private companies and 

individuals; 

• the National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas of New South Wales Wildlife database (ANSWW 

database); and 

• private databases and data sets held by resident observers. 

75


Terrestrial vertebrates were considered to include aquatic, estuarine and ocean shore species but not those 

which are predominantly marine. 

From this information, a list was derived of species included in Schedules 1 and 2 of the TSC Act, 1995 

known to occur in the Shire. A detailed database was then developed - the Byron Shire Threatened Fauna 

Database, to include records of Threatened species from all land tenures within the Shire with the exception 

of public reserved land or National Parks, Nature Reserves and State Forests. Records were limited to the 

period 1970 to the present to maintain relevance and only those for which a date and AMG co-ordinates (to 

the nearest 100 m) were available were included. Additional information collected for each record was a 

description of the location, the observer/recorder and source (whether published or unpublished). The 

references and other sources of information used to compile the database are given in Appendix 8. 

All records entered in the database were checked for accuracy, either by referring to original documented 

material or contacting the observer. Records were not included if the observer was equivocal about 

identification, if the record could not be dated to the year or if AMG co-ordinates could not be assigned to 

an accuracy to 100 m. 

Records not in documented form were solicited by a direct approach to known local observers, including 

amateurs, students and professionals, and by public advertisement of a request for records and then circulation 

of a questionnaire. A copy of the questionnaire is included as Appendix 6. 

6.2.2 Field surveys 

The collation of existing information showed that a relatively extensive amount of location data was available 

for some Threatened species as the result of past systematic surveys and from the data sets of a number of 

resident observers. Examples of such species with location sources were: 

76 

• Wallum Froglet – Australian Museum Business Services 1995, Fanning 1994, Greenloaning 

Biostudies 1997, Milledge 1991, NPWS 1995, Parker 1994; 

• Osprey – Australian Museum Business Services 1995, Milledge 1991, NSW NPWS 1995; D. 

Milledge, D. Stewart unpubl. data; 

• Bush-hen Amaurornis olivaceus – Biosis Research 1990, Milledge 1991, Milledge et al. 1995, 

NSW NPWS 1995, Parker 1993c; H. Bower, D. Milledge, D. Stewart, unpubl. data; 

• Wompoo Fruit-dove – Biosis Research 1990, Milledge 1991, Murray and Baverstock 1991; M. 

Fitzgerald, D. Milledge, D. Stewart unpubl. data; 

• Rose-crowned Fruit-dove – Ptilinopus regina – Biosis Research 1990, Gilmore et al. 1986, 

Milledge 1991, Milledge et al. 1995, Murray and Baverstock 1991; H. Bower, D. Milledge, D. 

Stewart unpubl. data; 

• White-eared Monarch – Biosis Research 1990, Gilmore et al. 1986, Greenloaning Biostudies 

1997, Milledge 1991, Milledge et al. 1995, Murray and Baverstock 1991; H. Bower, D. Milledge, 

D. Stewart, unpubl. data; 

• Common Planigale – Australian Museum Business Services 1995, Baker and Miller 1998, 

Biosis Research 1990, Milledge 1991, Murray and Baverstock 1991, Parker 1996b; 

• Koala Phascolarctos cinereus – Biosis Research 1990, Gilmore et al. 1986, Milledge and McKinley 

1992, Phillips 1995; H. Bower, M. Fitzgerald, D. Milledge unpubl. data; 

• Common Blossom-bat – Australian Museum Business Services 1995, Biosis Research 1990, 

Fanning 1994, Gilmore et al. 1986, Greenloaning Biostudies 1997, Milledge 1991, Milledge 

and McKinley 1992, Milledge et al. 1995, Murray and Baverstock 1991, NSW NPWS 1995; M. 

Fitzgerald, D. Milledge unpubl. data. 

Consequently, it was decided that field investigations should target the most poorly known Threatened 

species in the Shire rather than attempting a more general Threatened species survey. Concentration on the


latter would most likely have produced further records of the species for which there were already substantial 

data without a significant addition to the information on the poorly known species. 

One group of Threatened species selected for particular survey attention was the microchiropteran bats, 

some species of which were known from only one or two records in Byron Shire. This group was surveyed 

using ultrasonic detection methods by H. Parnaby at locations throughout the Shire during April and May 

1998. A full description of the sites surveyed and methods used is contained in the report included as 

Appendix 9. 

Other poorly known Threatened species were surveyed using targeted methods in suitable habitats across 

the Shire during the period April 1997 to September 1998. The species targeted, methods used and areas 

searched comprised: 

• Loveridge’s Frog – spring-summer searches (aural) of drainage line headwaters, cliff-line soakages 

on wet or moist, overcast days and nights in the Mt Boogarem and Snows Gully-Wanganui Gorge 

areas; 

• Stephen’s Banded Snake – summer-autumn searches of roads and tracks on warm, moist 

nights in the Upper Main Arm, Mt Boogarem, Goonengerry and Snows Gully-Wanganui Gorge areas; 

• Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura – spring-early summer elevated lookout watches for soaring 

individuals during early mornings, and summer-autumn searches of coastal plain and coastal 

ridge forests in the Marshalls Ridges, Lower Brunswick River, Tyagarah, Ewingsdale, Suffolk Park 

and Broken Head areas; 

• Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea – spring-summer-autumn searches of coastal water 

bodies supporting waterlilies in early mornings in the Marshalls Ridges, Ocean Shores, Belongil 

Creek, and Suffolk Park areas; 

• Powerful Owl Ninox strenua – autumn and winter recorded call playing in coastal and hinterland 

eucalypt forests after dusk in the Upper Main Arm, Marshalls Ridges, Montecollum, Goonengerry 

and Broken Head areas; 

• Masked Owl – autumn-winter-spring recorded call playing in coastal eucalypt forests, particularly 

old-growth forests, after dusk in the Tyagarah, Goonengerry and Broken Head areas; 

• Marbled Frogmouth – spring-summer recorded call playing in the Upper Main Arm, Mt Boogarem, 

Goonengerry and Snows Gully-Wanganui areas; 

• Rufous Scrub-bird – spring-summer recorded call playing in the Doon Doon Saddle area; 

• Barred Cuckoo-shrike – summer-autumn searches of paddock and remnant rainforest fig trees 

on the coastal plain in the Tyagarah, Ewingsdale and Skinners Shoot areas. 

Incidental Threatened fauna records were collected during other investigations throughout the Shire and 

during the plot-based vegetation survey, which also recorded a suite of micro-habitat attributes significant 

to Threatened fauna. 

All records of Threatened species collected during field surveys were entered in the Byron Shire Threatened 

Fauna Database. 

6.3 RESULTS 

6.3.1 Vertebrate species occurring in Byron Shire 

The review of existing information produced a total of 420 terrestrial vertebrate species known to occur in 

Byron Shire. These comprised 30 species of amphibians, 45 species of reptiles, 283 species of birds and 62 

species of mammals. Seventy species or 17% are included on Schedules 1 (Endangered) and 2 (Vulnerable) 

of the TSC Act, 1995. One amphibian, five birds and six mammals are introduced species which have 

established wild populations. All species and the principal references or other sources used to determine 

their occurrence in the Shire are listed in Appendix 10. 

77


The field surveys did not add any new species to the total although a number of records of species which had 

previously been known from only one or two records were obtained. The results of the bat call survey are 

included as Appendix 9 and additional records of Threatened species are included in the Byron Shire 

Threatened Fauna Database. 

A number of species which had previously been listed for the Shire were considered to have been erroneously 

recorded, were likely to have been escapees from captivity or could not be confirmed and were excluded 

from the total list. These species, with the sources referring to their occurrences, are as follows: 

• Giant Barred Frog Mixophyes iteratus Biosis Research 1990 

• Green-thighed Frog Litoria brevipalmata ANSWW 

• Brisbane Short-necked Turtle Emydura signata Milledge 1991 

• Little Curlew Numenius minutus Milledge 1991 

• Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Milledge 1991 

• Sanderling Calidris alba Milledge 1991 

• Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus Milledge 1991 

• White-fronted Tern Sterna striata Milledge 1991 

• Red-tailed Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii ANSWW, NSW NPWS 1995 

• Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus Milledge 1991 

• Buff-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza reguloides Biosis Research 1990 

• Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura punctulata Milledge 1991 

• Dusky Antechinus Antechinus swainsonii Biosis Research 1990 

6.3.2 Byron Shire Threatened Fauna Species Database 

Records of the 70 Threatened fauna species comprising the Byron Shire Threatened Fauna Species Database 

are summarised in Table 6.1. This provides the total number of records included to date for each species in 

the study area from 1970 to the present, the number of locations (100 m grid cells) where each species has 

been recorded in the study area over this period, and the National Parks, Nature Reserves, State Forests and 

Flora Reserves where each species is also known to occur. 

Distribution maps were generated for all 70 species from the database and will be available from Council. 

Examples of the distribution maps are presented in Appendix 11. An example page from the Threatened 

Fauna Database is shown below in Table 6.2. Each map shows the locations (but not numbers of records) 

where a species has been recorded in the Shire since 1970 and also indicates its known occurrence in the 

public reserves (National Parks, Nature Reserves, State Forests and Flora Reserves). 

Information was collected to prepare species profiles for each Threatened species. This information was 

compiled for a selection of seven species and is given in Appendix 11. The profiles provide information on: 

• regional distribution and abundance 

• general ecology including habitat, shelter, diet, territory, breeding and movements 

• conservation status and threatening processes 

• local distribution and abundance 

• local ecology and conservation significance of the study area 

78


Table 6.1 Threatened fauna species recorded in Byron Shire and analysis of records from the 

Byron Shire Threatened Fauna Database. 

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Schedule no. no. no. of NP’s, National Park, State Forest 

records locations in NR’s, FR’s, Nature Reserve, 

study area SF’s where Flora Reserve 

recorded 

Amphibians 

Pouched Frog Assa darlingtoni 2 83 19 6 MF,SG,MJ WW,G,N 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula 2 27 25 2 T,B 

Loveridge’s Frog Philoria loveridgei 2 3 3 2 SG WW 

Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea 1 0 0 1 T 

Wallum Tree Frog Litoria olongburensis 2 8 8 2 BROK,T 

Reptiles 

Three-toed Snake-tooth Coeranoscincus 2 0 0 1 NC 

Skink 

reticulatus 

Stephen’s Banded Snake Hoplocephalus 2 6 5 2 MJ WW 

stephensii 

Birds 

Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata 2 1 1 

Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa 2 4 1 

Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis 2 52 14 

Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus 2 1 1 1 B 

Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus 2 9 9 

asiaticus 

Osprey Pandion haliaetus 2 183 173 3 BROK,BH,B 

Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura 2 5 5 1 B 

Red Goshawk Erythrotriorchis radiatus 1 0 0 2 B WW 

Brolga Grus rubicunda 1 3 3 1 BH 

Bush-hen Amaurornis olivaceus 2 201 25 5 SG,T,BH,B,IP 

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa 2 1 1 

Great Knot Calidris tenuirosris 2 2 1 

Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea 2 6 3 

Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius 1 0 0 1 BH 

Beach Stone-curlew Esacus neglectus 1 2 1 

Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris 2 17 13 1 T 

Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus 2 7 6 1 T 

Lesser Sand-plover Charadrius mongolus 2 1 1 

Little Tern Sterna albifrons 1 25 8 1 T 

Wompoo Fruit-dove Ptilinopus magnificus 2 143 21 10 BROK,JS,MF,SG, WW,G,N 

MJ,B,IP 

Superb Fruit-dove Ptilinopus superbus 2 9 4 5 JS,MF,SG,IP G 

Rose-crowned Fruit-dove Ptilinopus regina 2 158 32 10 BROK,JS,HH,MF, WW,G 

SG,MJ,B,IP 

Glossy Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus 2 37 11 6 SG,MJ,B WW,G,N 

lathami 

Double-eyed Fig-parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma 1 1 1 

Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor 2 1 1 

Ground Parrot Pezoporus wallicus 2 1 1 

Powerful Owl Ninox strenua 2 5 2 2 SG,MJ 

Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa 2 132 15 6 MF,SG,MJ WW,G,N 

Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae 2 5 5 4 MJ,B WW,N 

Grass Owl Tyto capensis 2 8 6 2 T,B 

Marbled Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus 2 101 8 4 MF,SG,MJ WW 

Collared Kingfisher Todirhamphus chloris 2 1 1 1 BH 

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Table 6.1 continued Threatened fauna species recorded in Byron Shire and analysis of records 

from the Byron Shire Threatened Fauna Database. 

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Schedule no. no. no. of NP’s, National Park, State Forest 

records locations in NR’s, FR’s, Nature Reserve, 

study area SF’s where Flora Reserve 

recorded 

Albert’s Lyrebird Menura alberti 2 193 18 6 MF,SG,MJ WW,G,N 

Rufous Scrub-bird Atrichornis rufescens 2 1 1 1 MJ 

Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus 1 0 0 1 WW 

Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia 1 1 1 

Mangrove Honeyeater Lichenostomus fasciogularis 2 2 2 

White-eared Monarch Monarcha leucotis 2 333 27 9 BROK,HH,MF,SG, WW 

BH,MJ,B,IP 

Barred Cuckoo-shrike Coracina lineata 2 12 6 2 SG N 

Mammals 

Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus 2 2 2 1 WW 

Common Planigale Planigale maculatus 2 21 17 4 BROK,T,MJ,B 

Koala Phascolarctos cinereus 2 203 157 9 BROK,MF,SG, WW,G,N 

BH,B,IP 

Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis 2 1 1 1 WW 

Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis 2 1 1 2 IP G 

Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus 2 4 4 3 T,B G 

Parma Wallaby Macropus parma 2 0 0 1 WW 

Red-legged Pademelon Thylogale stigmatica 2 23 10 4 MF,SG,MJ WW 

Common Blossom-bat Syconycteris australis 2 27 22 5 SG,T,BH,B,BROK 

Eastern Tube-nosed Bat Nyctimene robinsoni 2 146 8 2 SG WW 

Black Flying-fox Pteropus alecto 2 24 12 2 B WW 

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Saccolaimus flaviventris 2 3 3 1 G 

Eastern Freetail-bat Mormopterus 2 0 0 3 MJ G,N 

norfolkensis 

Golden-tipped Bat Kerivoula papuensis 2 2 2 2 SG WW 

Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus australis 2 55 47 7 BH,SG,BROK,MJ WW,G,N 

Common Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii 2 12 12 2 BROK G 

Eastern Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus bifax 2 33 23 5 BROK,SG,BH,B WW 

Large-eared Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri 2 3 3 1 N 

Hoary Wattled Bat Chalinolobus nigrogriseus 2 1 1 

Eastern Falsistrelle Falsistrellus tasmaniensis 2 0 0 1 G 

Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus 2 12 11 2 BH N 

Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii 2 10 10 2 T N 

Eastern Cave Bat Vespadelus troughtoni 2 0 0 1 MJ 

Eastern Chestnut Mouse Pseudomys gracilicaudatus 2 1 1 

Key 

Schedule 

1 - Endangered (TSC Act, 1995) 

2 - Vulnerable (TSC Act, 1995) 

no. records 

Total number of records for 100m grid cells in study area 

no. locations 

Total number of 100m grid cells in which species were recorded in study area 

National Parks (NP), Nature Reserves (NR), Flora Reserves (FR) 

B: Billinudgel NR, BH: Brunswick Heads NR, BROK: Broken Head NR, HH: Hayters Hill NR, IP: Inner Pocket NR, JS: Andrew 

Johnston Big Scrub NR, MF: Minyon Falls FR, MJ: Mt Jerusalem NP, NC: Nightcap NP, SG: Snows Gully NR, T: Tyagarah NR 

State Forest (SF): 

G: Goonengerry SF (now Goonengerry NP), N: Nullum SF (now Mt Jerusalem NP), WW: Whian Whian SF (now mostly Nightcap NP) 

80


Table 6.2 Example from Byron Shire Threatened Fauna Database used to produce maps of Threatened fauna distribution in Byron Shire 

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCATION EASTING NORTHING RECORDER DATE REFERENCE 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula Billinudgel NR 552000 6849000 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula Tyagarah NR 553800 6841800 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula Newrybar Swamp, Broken Head 558400 6820100 D. Milledge 22.3.85 BEACON 1986, Milledge 1991 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula track off Gray’s Lane, Tyagarah 555100 6834500 D. Milledge 4.4.85 BEACON 1986, Milledge 1991 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula track off Gray’s Lane, Tyagarah 555100 6834300 D. Milledge 4.4.85 BEACON 1986, Milledge 1991 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula Old Broken Head Road, Taylor’s Lake 559100 6825000 D. Milledge 30.5.85 BEACON 1986, Milledge 1991 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula Tallow Creek, Suffolk Park 558800 6825800 P. Parker 31.8.93 ANSWW, Parker 1998 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula Old Broken Head Rd, Taylor’s Lake, Suffolk Park 559000 6825000 P. Parker 31.8.93 ANSWW, Parker 1998 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula Cibum Margil Swamp, Byron Bay 560700 6830300 May-94 Fanning 1994 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula track to Taylor’s Lake, Suffolk Park 559500 6825100 G. Clancy 30.5-4.6.94 ANSWW 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula track to Taylor’s Lake, Suffolk Park 559100 6825100 G. Clancy 2.6.94 ANSWW 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula track to Taylor’s Lake, Suffolk Park 559300 6825100 G. Clancy 2-4.6.94 ANSWW 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula Cibum Margil Swamp, Byron Bay 560800 6830100 G. Clancy 2-4.6.94 ANSWW 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula Belongil Fields, Belongil Creek, Byron Bay 557600 6831600 P. Parker 27.8-3.10.94 ANSWW, Parker 1994a 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula Cibum Margil Swamp, Byron Bay 560800 6830100 K. Kendall 24-29.10.94 ANSWW 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula West Byron Sewage Works, Belongil Creek 556000 6832400 D. Milledge 28.9.97 Milledge 1997a 




81


7 

Threats and amelioration 

7.1 VEGETATION CLEARING 

This study has indicated the extent of past vegetation clearance in the Shire (Section 4.6.1), although the 

current vegetation cover includes substantial areas of regrowth and so underestimates the extent of past 

clearing. Some kinds of vegetation have been cleared more than others, because vegetation growing on 

prime agricultural land, and land favoured for settlement and coastal development, has been targeted to a 

greater extent than soils of low fertility, slopes and hinterland situations. As a result, vegetation types such as 

lowland rainforest are now scarce in the Shire and regionally. 

Land clearing has obvious consequences for the biomass and area of vegetation. The number of individual 

plants and animals present is directly reduced. As a result, threshold densities necessary for demographic 

processes to operate may be reached, and the effectiveness and operation of other biotic and abiotic 

interactions may be reduced. Some animals require large home ranges or territories (Terborgh 1992). 

Longer term losses may occur as a result of inbreeding depression (Ralls et al. 1986). Whenever plant and 

animal numbers and the area they occupy is reduced, there is an increased probability that chance events 

will further reduce numbers below critical levels, and local extinction will result. The impact of removal of 

any vegetation may thus be substantial, though it will always be difficult to predict precisely. Some of the 

indirect effects of land clearing take place over long time frames, so that degradation resulting from historical 

clearing may still be in progress. 

As vegetation cover is already severely depleted in the Shire, it is now essential to retain and restore the 

remaining vegetation, and revegetate to the extent that other land uses and available resources will allow. 

Measures required, individually or in combination, will include: 

82 

• Protection of remaining vegetation 

• Rehabilitation of degraded vegetation 

• Enrichment of species-poor regrowth 

• Natural regeneration, with management where necessary 

• Direct seeding 

• Planting 

A body of expertise in the planting and rehabilitation of local rainforest communities has accumulated 

particularly over the last decade. The principles and techniques are embodied in two recent publications 

(Kooyman 1996, Big Scrub Rainforest Landcare Group 1998a). Further detail about the identification and 

control of environmental weeds is given by the Big Scrub Rainforest Landcare Group (1998b). Comprehensive 

horticultural advice at the level of the individual species is also available (Nicholson and Nicholson 1985, 

1988, 1991, 1994). Much material from these sources will be also be relevant to wet sclerophyll communities.


Buchanan (1989) advises on the rehabilitation of Australian landscapes generally and is a useful reference 

for heaths and sclerophyll and other coastal communities. 

7.2 VEGETATION CONNECTIVITY AND FRAGMENTATION 

The vegetation map (Map 3) demonstrates the severance of vegetation connections and fragmentation of 

vegetation patches in Byron Shire at a number of scales. A pattern of dissection of large vegetation blocks in 

formerly heavily vegetated areas is apparent with the reduction of already isolated patches in other areas to 

widely scattered smaller patches of remnant and regrowth vegetation. Corridors and linkages which previously 

allowed fauna movements and plant gene flow have been severed. 

A general severance of the hinterland forests from the coastal vegetation systems has resulted from largescale 

clearing of the coastal plain, basalt plateau and foothill forests. Some connections remain although 

most are tenuous with the most substantial existing in the Marshalls Ridges area. Other connections consist 

of a series of ‘islands’ of vegetation. The narrow coastal corridor is interrupted by settlements and clearings 

for agriculture and development. Much riparian vegetation in the Shire is cleared completely or partially, or 

remains as narrow degraded strips. These riparian zones frequently provide important strips of vegetation 

that facilitate fauna movement and plant gene flow. 

The process of fragmentation sets in train a series of ecological processes which change the structure and 

species composition of the vegetation and ultimately result in degradation and the loss of species from an 

ecosystem. Fragmentation of vegetation results in an overall reduction in area (Section 7.1), an increase in 

the edge/unit area value, and indirect effects on species composition, such as losses of species diversity, 

resulting from disruption of biotic interactions. The extent of the effects varies with remnant size and 

distance from neighbouring forest, time since isolation and the nature of the matrix environment (Laurance 

1991a). 

Edges of forest remnants are subject to physical damage and the effects of increased temperature and drying 

or salt-laden winds. Alteration to the physical environment leads in turn to changes in species composition 

and vegetation structure. Early successional vegetation which invariably includes weed species replaces 

species of later successional stages. The new edges increase predation pressures generally and nest parasitism 

among birds and are favoured habitat for species such as the aggressive Noisy Miner. Non-forest species are 

able to exploit the habitat (Janzen 1983). Edge effects may penetrate so far into smaller remnants that little 

or no core forest remains (Laurance 1991b). 

The disruption of faunal movement corridors can adversely affect individual species directly, and can have 

indirect effects on plant species which depend on fauna for pollination and seed dispersal, resulting in 

modifications to whole ecosystems. A pre-existing habitat matrix may be truncated so that species which 

require missing adjacent habitats on a seasonal basis will be unable to persist. Many fauna species are 

nomadic or migratory and the disruption of movements may have significant local effects. For example in 

Byron Shire the movement of hinterland species to the coast to exploit winter food resources is a common 

pattern. In the long term, genetic problems can be expected in isolated populations. 

The disruption of pollination and seed dispersal will affect the regeneration of plant species. Indirect effects 

of fragmentation may flow through one or more trophic levels in the system, so that a perturbation may 

affect organisms which seem far removed, both ecologically and taxonomically, from the subject of the 

perturbation. For instance, the removal of seed predators from some of the Big Scrub remnants has resulted 

in excessive regeneration of the Black Bean (Lott and Duggin 1993), which may eliminate other plant 

species through competition. 

Species loss resulting from fragmentation has been best documented for fauna species, particularly specialists 

and those requiring large home ranges or territories. Rainforest mammals and birds are no longer fully 

represented in all the Big Scrub remnants (Lott and Duggin 1993). Loss of plant species is also likely, but 

83


has rarely been documented and may take place over time spans encompassing several generations of longlived 

tree species. At Hayters Hill and some other Big Scrub remnants, the Vulnerable Onion Cedar (Owenia 

cepiodora) is no longer regenerating (McKinley et al. 1995). 

Fragmentation effects are also modified by the nature of the land use between the fragments. Bisection of 

forest patches by clearing for agriculture will have a different effect from bisection by roadworks (Photo 35). 

In an area such as Byron Shire, where most vegetation is close to human habitation, dissection and edge 

creation increase the penetration by humans into the forests. Human visitation is characteristically 

accompanied by physical damage, dumping of rubbish and garden refuse including environmental weeds, 

fire risks and incursions by domestic and feral animals. Human presence alone can disrupt lifecycles for 

many fauna species, effectively reducing the extent of available habitat. This is particularly relevant for shy 

and easily disturbed species. Community education is required. 

To ameliorate the effects of severance of habitat connections and fragmentation of vegetation patches, steps 

must be taken to protect, enhance or recreate important corridors and to coalesce small vegetation patches 

into larger habitat blocks. The revegetation and rehabilitation techniques identified in Section 7.1 will apply. 

The following considerations may determine priorities: 

84 

• The design of a corridor should depend on the habitat and behaviour of the relevant fauna 

species 

• Corridors will not necessarily consist of continuous vegetation – many vertebrates are capable of 

‘island hopping’ between patches of vegetation and isolated trees; and the reduction of gaps 

below threshold distances may be all that is necessary to facilitate the movements of some 

species 

• Long narrow corridors will have a large edge/unit area ratio and will be vulnerable to weed 

invasion among many detrimental effects 

• Poorly designed corridors may facilitate the movements of exotic species as well as natives 

• Inappropriately designed corridors may encourage individuals of the target species away from 

core habitat into areas where they are more vulnerable to predation or contact with human 

activities 

• Expansion of habitat patches may sometimes be a better use of resources than the construction 

of a corridor 

• Attempting to achieve full vegetation cover, with the design addressing potential threats from 

impacts such as road kills, will enhance the conservation effectiveness of habitat patches and 

corridors 

Many areas can be identified as desirable targets for future revegetation to consolidate habitat blocks and 

provide links. Resources will not be available to carry out all required works in the short term, and priorities 

must be established. It is important that options for future revegetation are left open in areas of strategic 

habitat and linkage importance. 

7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS 

Environmental weeds have been defined as those species that invade native plant communities or ecosystems. 

They are undesirable from an environmental perspective, but not necessarily an economic one. Serious 

environmental weeds are those which cause major modification to species richness, abundance or ecosystem 

function. Very serious environmental weeds are those that can totally and permanently destroy an ecosystem 

(Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service 1991). They represent a serious and under-recognised 

threat to biodiversity. 

The Big Scrub Rainforest Landcare Group (1998b) regards major rainforest weeds as those environmental 

weeds that:


• frequently occur in remnant, regrowth or planted rainforest in northern NSW 

• have a detrimental effect on indigenous rainforest vegetation 

• disrupt the ability of rainforest to regenerate and expand unaided 

• are difficult to control 

• are able to spread rapidly 

The common weeds of northern NSW rainforests are described and illustrated, and control methods described 

by The Big Scrub Rainforest Landcare Group (1998b). Buchanan (1989) is a useful reference for weeds of 

other communities. 

Environmental weeds such as Camphor Laurel, Bitou Bush, Lantana, Large-leaved Privet and Small-leaved 

Privet are well recognised in the Shire. Many others are known to occur, but may not be recognised as such 

by the general community. They include common garden plants such as the Asparagus Fern’s Protasparagus 

spp., Glory Lily Gloriosa superba, Mother-in-Law’s Tongue Sansevieria trifasciata, Cherry Guava, Coffee Coffea 

arabica, Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica, Cocos Palm Syagrus romanzoffiana, Broad-leaved Pepper Tree 

Schinus terebinthifolia and Umbrella Tree Schefflera actinophylla. 

Exotic creepers are particularly invasive and amongst a range of other weeds pose a significant threat to high 

quality vegetation communities in the Shire. Species of concern include; Madeira Vine Anredera cordifolia 

(Photo 34), Dutchmen’s Pipe Aristolochia elegans, Balloon Vine Cardiospermum grandiflorum, Cape Ivy Delairea 

odorata, Five-leaved Morning Glory Ipomoea cairica, Blue Morning Glory Ipomoea indica, Cats Claw vine 

Macfadyena unguis-cati, Corky Passionfruit Passiflora suberosa, Ground Asparagus Protasparagus aethiopicus (Photo 

33), Climbing Asparagus Fern Protasparagus africanus, Asparagus Fern Protasparagus plumosus, Kudzu Pueraria 

lobata and Wandering Dew. 

This study has demonstrated the extent of occurrence of Camphor Laurel in the study area (Section 4.6.3). 

A large area of Large-leaved Privet at Mt Chincogan was also mapped. Many other species of environmental 

weeds were recorded at sites surveyed during the plot-based vegetation survey. However, most environmental 

weeds cannot be detected using API, and systematic ground-based surveys are required. Hence this study 

provides only limited information about the distribution and abundance of environmental weeds, and further 

work is recommended. For instance the area mapped for Large-leaved Privet does not reflect the true 

extent of its distribution in Byron Shire. Both Large-leaved Privet and Small-leaved Privet are considered to 

be much more widespread in Byron Shire, and commonly occupy the mid to lower strata and edges of 

remnant and regrowth forest. 

Fortunately, there are a number of serious environmental weeds that are notable for their absence, or 

presence only in small localized infestations in the Shire. Where areas are currently free of problematic 

weeds, there is an excellent opportunity to keep those areas free of weed problems by early detection and 

eradication of any infestation. 

In controlling environmental weeds, due consideration for their positive characteristics is required. Some 

weeds like Tobacco Bush may act as colonizers, providing suitable nurse conditions for the introduction of 

native species of later successional stages, but unless these areas are managed and/or suitable seed sources 

are close by, it is likely that other weed species will move in and permanently dominate the site. Weeds may 

stabilize soil and build soil fertility and biomass in degraded sites. However there is, without exception, 

always a native species that can fulfil the same role without the disadvantage of acting as an undesirable seed 

source. 

Environmental weeds can provide valuable fauna habitat. Camphor Laurel, and to a lesser extent Largeleaved 

and Small-leaved Privet, are important food sources for frugivorous birds. Lantana provides shelter 

for ground-dwelling fauna species. A general strategy of gradual removal and replacement with appropriate 

native species is suggested. 

85


The management of Camphor Laurel in particular has been controversial in the Shire and the region. Its 

abundance, apparent site dominance, ability to invade disturbed native vegetation and the fact that it is 

presently in the early stages of an expansion phase suggest that control is necessary. The tree’s lifecycle is 

relatively long, and it is therefore difficult to predict the long term future of sites that are currently dominated 

by Camphor Laurel. The sites may eventually revert to rainforest, or Camphor Laurel may replace itself and 

permanently dominate the site. Variability in site characteristics and native seed sources as well as the 

inherent characteristics of Camphor Laurel may determine the outcome. Research is required to approach 

this question indirectly, since the processes are too long to rely on observation for the information needed 

to guide management. 

A great deal of useful work is currently being carried out by Landcare Groups, landholders as individuals, 

land management agencies and through labour market training programs. However, the threat posed to the 

Shire’s ecosystems from invasion of environmental weeds is severe. The following actions are required to 

prevent continuing degradation: 

86 

• Comprehensive surveys to identify the abundance and distribution of environmental weeds - 

required to ensure that scarce resources are allocated where they will have the greatest benefit. 

Surveys should be carried out on a local basis (LAMP areas, by Landcare Groups or on a catchment 

basis) and coordinated at Shire or regional level. 

• Development of species-specific management strategies with Camphor Laurel, Bitou Bush, Kudzu, 

the Asparagus Ferns, Madeira Vine, Cats Claw Vine, Wandering Dew, Large-leaved Privet and 

Small-leaved Privet as priorities. If regeneration of a native community is the desired outcome 

following removal of the target species, it is essential to take a whole system approach in developing 

management strategies. Removal of a target species frequently creates conditions conducive to 

the invasion of other weeds (R. Joseph unpublished reports). 

• Community education to prevent dumping of garden refuse and to avoid planting of environmental 

weeds. The list of undesirable species supplied with this study (Appendix 12), should be rated 

according to degree of threat and made available to the public. 

• Education of nurseries and landscapers. Nurseries should be invited to voluntarily participate in 

a certification scheme to not supply species with weed potential. 

• Advice to be available for landholders. 

• Untrained workers should seek advice before undertaking rehabilitation works. It may be appropriate 

to seek funding to employ trained teams of bush regenerators. 

7.4 FIRE 

Fire is a regular and widespread source of disturbance in most Australian ecosystems (Fox and Fox 1986), 

though it rarely penetrates far into rainforests. Many communities and species are specifically adapted to 

withstand and recover from burning. Some plant species require fire at specific intervals to achieve 

reproduction or regeneration. Before the presence of humans, fires were caused by lightning strikes. Aboriginal 

people used fire as a tool to modify their living and hunting environment, though the extent to which this 

resulted in large-scale and long term vegetation change is a controversial subject. 

Although fire kills or damages some Australian plants, it promotes regeneration in other species, typically 

components of drier vegetation types. Fire can stimulate germination of hard-coated seeds such as acacias, 

while smoke stimulates germination of species including some grevilleas. Seed is held in capsules or cones 

in the canopy to be released following the heat of a fire in some species of eucalypt and banksia. Plants such 

as sedges resprout from underground rhizomes, some woody species have epicormic buds or a basal lignotuber 

from which new growth can arise. Fire promotes flowering in grass trees (Xanthorrhoea spp.). Generally 

speaking, rainforest plants have little fire tolerance. 

Fire impacts can vary according to the frequency, intensity and seasonality of the fire. 

An alteration to an existing fire regime will modify native vegetation in a manner predictable from the life


histories of the component species. Species which are killed by fire and which reproduce by seed require a 

fire frequency in excess of the time taken to reach reproductive maturity. Species requiring fire to stimulate 

seed germination need a fire frequency less than the length of time that the seeds remain viable. 

Fire can play a major role in causing what are often irreversible and self-perpetuating changes to ecosystems. 

For example, weed species often establish following disturbance by fire and may alter the fuel load and 

distribution, engendering favourable conditions for more fires. 

Modifications to vegetation by fire have flow-on effects on fauna species in relation to their requirements 

for food resources, shelter and breeding sites. Too frequent burning removes ground cover vegetation and 

the litter layer destroying the food of many terrestrial species and exposing some to increased levels of 

predation. The incidence of collapse of senescent trees is increased, removing breeding sites for hollowdependent 

species and the loss of large logs is also increased, destroying shelter sites for other vertebrates. 

There is little documentation of fire effects on the ecology of Byron Shire. Natural ignition (lightning) is 

believed to be rare in the region; most fires are started by arson or the escape of deliberately lit fires. 

For Whian Whian State Forest, Turner (1984) provided an indication of the fire regime in pre-European 

times, though not for pre-Aboriginal times. Using carbon dating techniques, he estimated that the most 

frequent fires in a Blackbutt stand were approximately every 280 years. He also estimated on average a fire 

frequency of every 300 to 400 years for Brush Box. The last single fire in the rainforest was around 1100 

years ago; this was the only evidence of fire. 

Something of the fire history can be deduced from an examination of present day vegetation. For instance, 

in the upper Brunswick Valley, where soil and climatic conditions would other-wise favour rainforest, the 

vegetation is dominated by eucalypt and Brush Box forest. This may be a legacy of Aboriginal burning, 

carried on in similar fashion by farmers until quite recently. In the Brunswick-Tweed area, high rainfall, the 

short dry season and the rarity of dry lightning storms, even during El Nino years, all suggest that natural 

ignition would not have been frequent enough to maintain the extensive areas of wet sclerophyll forest and 

prevent its succession to rainforest. The only explanation for vegetation patterns is the operation of humanlit 

fires – Aboriginal followed by European. In pre-European times, the pattern of landscape burning (given 

Aboriginal ignition) would also have been determined by variations in weather patterns, which probably 

followed the cycle of El Nino/La Nina. In dry El Nino years uncontrolled fires were probably more frequent, 

with wild fires burning deeply into rainforests (A. Benwell pers. comm.). 

The longevity of Brush Box (up to 1340 years, Turner (1984)), indicates that the succession of Brush Box 

forest to rainforest probably requires a few thousand years. The long fire-free period needed for this succession 

would have been unlikely after human ignition became established in the landscape. Exceptionally dry 

conditions during the last glacial maxima, may have seen very destructive fires in rainforests and the expansion 

of sclerophyll vegetation including Brush Box. Once established, sclerophyll communities can be perpetuated 

by human burning and prevented from returning to rainforest (A. Benwell pers. comm.). 

The presence of coastal heathland dominated by the fire-requiring Heath-leaved Banksia in the humid 

climatic environment of Byron Shire can only be explained by the operation of human-lit fires for a long 

period of time. Natural fires are most unlikely in coastal Byron Shire because of the climate and the nonflammable 

rainforest communities behind the heath. Heath-leaved Banksia lives for 25-30 years and to 

persist in the landscape fires have to burn the heath in which it occurs every 5-25 years. The abundance of 

this species in coastal heaths indicates that such a fire regime has prevailed for a long time (A. Benwell 

pers. comm.). 

Benwell (1986, undated) has studied fire history and floristics in Tyagarah Nature Reserve, and identified a 

mosaic of vegetation types with differing fire responses. In particular, he compared burnt and unburnt 

heath, and estimated that nine species disappeared between 1984 and the penultimate fire, 10 years previously. 

87


Further monitoring showed that several more species disappeared 10-20 yrs after fire including Leptomeria 

acida and Twisted Parrot-pea. All the shorter-lived species dropping out of the community were obligate 

seeders with soil seedbanks. By 30 years soil seedbanks would probably be starting to decline (perhaps 

significantly). Therefore, 25-30 years was suggested as a suitable threshold (maximum interval between 

fires) for the majority of heath species. Recommended fire thresholds were being exceeded for some vegetation 

types in some parts of the Reserve, resulting in a change from open heath communities to closed vegetation. 

With a general trend to greater fire control and fire suppression in rural farming lands, State Forest and 

National Park, society is probably causing a fundamental change in a fire regime which has existed for 

thousands of years. Overall, we are witnessing a reduction in fire frequency and intensity in the landscape. 

At the same time frequent fuel reduction burns particularly around human habitation now occur far too 

frequently to be compatible with the maintenance of biodiversity. These changes in fire regimes are occurring 

for pragmatic reasons, generally without consideration of the ecological consequences. A great deal more 

research is needed into fire and its effects on flora and fauna communities and biodiversity generally, to 

achieve scientifically informed fire management planning. 

7.5 GRAZING 

Ecological problems associated with pastoral activity may include increased nutrient run-off and contamination 

of surface water run-off from pastures, particularly improved pastures which are regularly fertilized. These 

problems are exacerbated when the riparian zone has been disturbed, degraded or destroyed by clearing 

and/or grazing. When stock are permitted access to river banks, riparian ecosystems may be further degraded. 

Long term native vegetation and fauna habitat loss may occur in paddocks where isolated trees or clumps of 

vegetation fail to regenerate because of grazing in the understorey (Christoff and Wishart 1994). 

Where stock have access to remnant vegetation, weed invasion may be severe as a result of the seeds of 

pasture weeds being carried into the forest by grazing animals, and because the disturbance created provides 

ideal conditions for weed establishment. Regeneration of native vegetation is reduced or prevented. Grazing 

removes the seedling bank in the understorey, and the soil is compacted. 

While there are no local quantitative data on the impact of grazing, the range of effects described is apparent 

wherever unrestricted grazing occurs throughout the Shire. Vegetation of high conservation significance 

requires fencing. Trees such as figs should be planted, and together with other regeneration sites in grazed 

areas should be fenced so that replacement occurs as trees in paddocks senesce. 

7.6 PREDATION BY INTRODUCED ANIMALS 

Predation by introduced animals has been identified as a major cause for declines in native fauna populations. 

In Byron Shire the Cane Toad, feral/domestic Cat Felis catus, the Fox Vulpes vulpes and the domestic Dog Canis 

familiaris have contributed in varying degrees to local population declines in many vertebrate species. Those 

which have suffered the greatest impact include the large snakes, terrestrial frogs, ground-foraging and 

nesting birds and small and medium-sized terrestrial mammals. 

The establishment of introduced and feral predators in an area is usually facilitated by human activities. 

These include roading through previously intact areas, patch clearing within stands of native vegetation and 

simplification of vegetation structure by removal of understorey, together with the removal of logs, rocks 

and vines. 

With respect to Threatened species Cats are known predators of the Common Planigale (Redhead 1995) 

and Common Blossom-bat (S. Phillips pers. comm.) and are also likely to be a threat to slow-flying, lowforaging 

microchiropteran bat species such as the Eastern Long-eared Bat (Hoye 1995). Domestic Dogs are 

considered one of the principal causes of Koala population decline in and adjacent to urban areas (Smith 

and Smith 1990) with more than 50% of Koalas attacked by domestic Dogs being fatally injured 

88


(Callaghan et al. 1994). The Long-nosed Potoroo is particularly susceptible to predation by Foxes once 

understorey shelter is removed or modified and a number of examples of localised extinctions as a result 

have been documented. 

A study on the diet of the Fox, Dog and Cat (Triggs et al 1984) found that the Common Ringtail Possum was 

the main prey for these predators. The Fox and Cat also took the Bush Rat, the Brown Antechinus and the 

Echidna. The Dog’s diet included larger mammals such as the Red-necked and Swamp Wallabies in addition 

to the Brown Antechinus and Echidna. The abundance of the Cat was the best predictor of decline in small 

native rodents such as Pseudomys and Melomys spp. (Smith and Quinn 1996). 

Mammal declines are less severe where the Dingo is abundant, possibly because the latter species actively 

excludes Foxes (Smith and Quinn 1996). Retaining natural shelters such as rockpiles and logs has been 

shown to allow the co-existence of small terrestrial fauna with the Fox (Kinnear et al. 1988). The maintenance 

of understorey and ground cover vegetation, is also important in providing shelter and refuge from these 

introduced predators for terrestrial frogs and reptiles, particularly the larger skinks, for small mammals and 

for ground-dwelling birds. 

Shallow ponds and dams, grassy swales with closely mown or grazed edges, lawns, roadways and cleared land 

create ideal breeding and foraging areas for the Cane Toad (Seabrook 1993). This species is known as a 

voracious predator of small terrestrial vertebrates including the Threatened Common Planigale (Covacevich 

and Archer 1975) and is also toxic to frog-eating snakes such as the Red-bellied Black Snake. Methods for 

controlling Cane Toad populations include the planting of dense vegetation such as sedges and rushes 

around dams to reduce their suitability as breeding habitat and restricting areas of mown lawns, particularly 

where electric lighting is installed, limits areas suitable for foraging. 

7.7 DEVELOPMENT 

Development can have obvious direct effects on native vegetation since clearing is frequently required to 

locate buildings and infrastructure. Changes to drainage and increased nutrient run-off may modify adjacent 

vegetation. Rubbish, which sometimes includes environmental weeds, may be dumped in neighbouring 

bushland. Trampling of vegetation is likely when informal walking tracks are created, and Dogs and Cats 

may have access to surrounding bush. 

These impacts can be minimized or compensated for by appropriate location of development sites and 

providing information that encourages interest in, and respect for, the surrounding vegetation. Minimum 

habitat buffers need to be developed for developments in areas adjacent to extant habitat. The planting of 

suitable native species should be encouraged or required, and the planting of species with environmental 

weed potential prohibited in all newly developed areas. 

89


8 

Ecological assessment 


An ecological assessment integrating the vegetation attributes identified during the mapping phase of the 

project, the occurrence of flora and fauna species of conservation significance, and other available information 

from previous studies was carried out to identify the values of the various areas of the Shire. 

The assessment was independent of planning considerations and current or potential land uses, but focused 

on the ecological values and viability of each area. Other constraints on the uses of the land must be considered 

in conjunction with the assessment presented here. The intention was that planning for future land use 

would be assisted by an understanding of the ecological values that have been identified in these areas. The 

assessment also points to opportunities for the creation, replacement or enhancement of ecological values. 

Future planning processes being undertaken by Byron Shire Council that incorporate the findings of this 

Study include the proposed Wildlife Corridor and Environmental Repair and Enhancement Zone and the 

proposed Biodiversity Conservation Strategy. 

8.2 METHODS 

The study area was divided into units for assessment purposes using subjective inspection of mapped vegetation 

in conjunction with natural topographic and landscape boundaries. 

Criteria used for assessment: 

• Extent of vegetation cover 

• Condition of vegetation 

• Conservation significance of vegetation 

• Habitat values 

• Connectivity 

• Presence of flora and fauna of conservation significance 


Fifty land units containing patches of native vegetation were delineated (Map 6). The ecological attributes 

on which the assessment is based are summarised in Table 8.1. Threatened fauna and flora species recorded 

in the land units are listed in Appendix 13. 

Twenty-eight of the 50 land units in the Shire have been identified as containing core areas of habitat 

(encompassing patches of native vegetation >50 ha in area). Most of these land units are in the mountainous 

north-western portion of the Shire and on marginal agricultural lands along the coastal strip. 

Six of the seven land units containing significant areas of native vegetation (encompassing patches of 25-50 

ha) are adjacent to core habitat areas on more accessible lands. These areas are not prime agricultural or 

90


pastoral lands but are moderately viable and have been partly cleared for agriculture, bananas, grazing etc. 

An exception is Land Unit 40 (Eureka west) which is in the south-western corner of the Shire. Eureka west 

is located on fertile basalt soils – prime agricultural land. Most of the subtropical rainforest (the Big Scrub) 

that covered this area has been cleared but Eureka west contains a number of Big Scrub remnants (including 

patches of 25-50 ha) and falls into the ‘significant areas of native vegetation’ category. 

There are six land units containing fragmented areas of native vegetation (encompassing patches of 10-25 

ha). These areas are mainly around the hilly Federal, Goonengerry areas on fertile basalt soils, in the lower 

Mullumbimby Creek area and to the east of Mt Chincogan. 

The 11 remaining land units (highly fragmented areas of native vegetation (encompassing patches


Table 8.1 Summary of Ecological Assessment 

No. of No. of 

Threatened Threatened 

spp. spp. of 

limited 

occurence 

Ecological Significance Attributes 

Ecological category/ 

Area number and name 


Fauna 

Flora< 4 

locations 

Fauna < 10 

locations 

Vegetation 

diversity 

Old growth 

eucalypt 

Number of Koala 

locations 

Under-surveyed, 

potential habitat 

Existing corridor 

Potential corridor 

Riparian vegetation 

present 

Big Scrub 

remnants 

Adjacent to 

Reserve 

Core area of native vegetation 

1 Upper Main Arm 7 10 1 1 y y 1 y y y 

1a Upper Main Arm Creek Flats 5 y 

2 The Pocket 3 1 1 y y y y 

3 Marshalls Ridges 4 6 2 y 19 y y 

4 New Brighton 1 y y 

5 Marshalls Creek 11 2 y y y y 

5a Marshalls Creek lower 1 1 y y 

6 Upper Wilsons Creek 2 2 y y y y y 

7 Settlement Rd - Coopers Lane 3 3 y y y y 

8 Durrumbul 3 y y y y 

10 Hilans Corner 9 y y y 

11 Smoky Valley 10 1 y y 1 y y 

12 Huonbrook 4 4 1 y y y y y 

16 Kings Creek - Mullumbimby east 3 y y y y 

17 Brunswick Heads 2 16 3 y y 5 y y y 

19 Wanganui 7 13 2 5 y y y 

20 Goonengerry ridge y y y 

21 Wilsons Creek 8 15 6 y y 35 y y 

25 Andersons Ridge 5 6 1 2 y y 1 y y y y 

26 Upper Coopers Creek 4 23 9 y y 10 y y 

27 Goonengerry - Tibian Valley 6 10 1 2 y y 35 y y 

28 Beatties Creek 2 7 1 y y 9 y 

29 Goonengerry - Wilson’s Creek 6 5 y y 3 y y 

30 Tyagarah 3 8 2 y y 2 y y y 

35 Quarry Lane wetlands 9 5 y y 

37 Ewingsdale wetlands 2 5 1 1 y y 

38 Cumbebin 1 2 1 y 

39 Cape Byron 3 13 1 y 2 y y 

50 Broken Head - Byron Hills 12 19 4 y y y y 

Significant areas (large native veg. patches) 

9 Chincogan Mountains 7 1 y y 

13 Mullumbimby Creek upper 5 5 1 1 y y 1 y y 

24 Myocum east 2 2 y y 2 y 

36 Belongil 1 5 2 y y y y 

40 Eureka 7 3 2 y y 

44 Skinners Shoot 3 8 y y 1 y 

45 Old Bangalow Road-Cemetery Road 1 2 y y y 

Fragmented areas (medium native veg. patches) 

13a Mullumbimby Creek lower 4 4 1 y y 

18 Midjimbil 2 7 1 y y 1 y 

22 Montecollum 1 1 y y 7 

31 Federal 1 13 1 y y y 

32 Coorabell 1 3 y y 

33 Opossum Creek 3 y y 

Highly fragmented (small native veg. patches) 

14 Main Arm - West Mullumbimby 4 1 1 y 

15 Mullumbimby township 6 1 y 

23 Myocum - Dingo Lane 3 y 

34 Tyagarah Creek - Kennedys Lane y y y y 

41 Eureka east y y 

42 Bangalow 2 2 1 y y 

43 Coopers Shoot north 5 1 1 y y y y 

46 Coopers Shoot south 4 1 y y y y y 

47 Booyong 5 6 1 y y 

48 Binna Burra 5 2 2 y y 

49 Midgen Flat y y 

92


9 

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100


Appendix 1 

Soil landscape mapping units, with definitions 

and areas 

(following Morand 1994,1996) 

Geology Map Description Area (ha) 

group 

code 

Basalt bg Bangalow - low rolling hills on basalt 5239.08 

cab Carool - steep forested basalt caps over ‘bu’ and ‘bi’ soil landscapes 54.80 

co Coolamon - very steep slopes on Lismore basalt 1131.61 

ew Ewingsdale - Lismore basalts, low to undulating hills 3892.03 

mb Mount Burrel - Lismore basalts, steep hills forming footslopes 769.82 

ni Nightcap - Blue Knob basalt - steep mountain tops 1084.24 

ro Rosebank - Lismore basalts - rolling low hills and hills 12424.82 

wo Wollongbar - Lismore basalt - low to gently undulating to rolling rises 

and hills on plateau surfaces 1516.11 

woa Wollongbar - Lismore basalt - moderately broad to broad crests 

and ridges 649.50 

Total basalt 26762.00 

Metamorphic bi Billinudgel - low rolling hills on metasediments 3944.24 

bia Billinudgel - metasediments forming footslopes 325.08 

bu Burringbar - metamorphics high rolling to steep slopes 4696.90 

bua Burringbar - metamorphics steep to very steep slopes 380.96 

Total metamorphic 9347.18 

Rhyolite fh Frogs Hollow - Chillingham volcanics, steep hills 695.82 

mi Minyon - rhyolite - plateau tops of rolling hills 1580.40 

mic Minyon - rhyolite, level to gently inclined undulating rises with 

depressions 165.11 

nr Nimbin Rhyolite - cliffs and scarps of Nimbin Rhyolite overlying rhyolite 

and Lismore basalt 1391.43 

nra Nimbin Rocks - Nimbin rhyolite, precipitous scarps 1219.46 

Total rhyolite 5052.21 

Aeolian bo Bogangar - very disturbed outer barrier dune 45.12 

br Black Rock - aeolian, low to gently undulating beach ridge plains 1049.60 

bra Black Rock - extensive sand sheet, possibly Holocene 218.97 

eba East Ballina - Pleistocene dunes - overlying barrier sands and 

deltaic alluvium 108.33 

kib Kingscliff - Pleistocene sands, sand sheets overlying peat and alluvium 103.12 

po Pottsville - Pleistocene sand sheets and dunes, poorly drained 

depressions 287.05 

ty Tyagarah - sediment basins of mixed estuarine and aeolian origin 

- level to gently undulating plains 3233.53 

wy Wooyung - Pleistocene sands - level to gently undulating 

transgressive dunes 27.58 

Total aeolian 5073.29 

Rhyolite/basalt nrc Nimbin Rocks - cliff footslopes and footslopes, incising Nimbin 

Rhyolite and underlying Lismore basalt 1664.72 

Total rhyolite/basalt 1664.72 

101


Geology Map Description Area (ha) 

group 

code 

Alluvial cr Crabbes Creek - level to gently undulating mid to upper alluvial plains, 

draining metasediments 69.46 

dp Disputed Plain - basalt derived valley in-fills and alluvial fans 318.56 

dpa Disputed Plain - fans derived from siliceous areas 125.22 

el Eltham - floodplains draining highly weathered basalt 680.63 

ela Eltham - narrow, more dissected floodplain 183.84 

mu Mullumbimby - alluvial - predom. metamorphic and rhyolitic derived 3426.79 

my Myocum - drainage plains of Lismore basalts 1299.92 

og Ophir Glen - sheet-flood fans, alluvial fans and valley in-fills 

- derived from metasediments 45.59 

te Terania - alluvial, draining basalt, rhyolite and sandstone - level to 

gently undulating plains 17.20 

tu Tuckean - Quaternary alluvium - level to gently concave swampy 

depress and infilled lagoon 50.87 

Total alluvial 6218.07 

Sediments ba Bagotville - Bundamba Group sediments, low rolling hills 549.52 

baa Bagotville - Bundamba Group sediments, cliffs and short steep 

cliff footslopes 330.40 

bab Bagotville - low to gently undulating rises 128.99 

ku Kunghur - Bundamba group sediments, undulating rolling hills 62.83 

Total sediments 1071.74 

Swamp tya Tyagarah - landscape variation of ‘ty’- wet areas that have not 

been drained 268.25 

Total swamp 268.25 

Beach sand ab Angel’s Beach - mainland, barrier beaches, associated fore and 

hind dunes on Holocene sands 399.58 

Total beach sand 399.58 

Water 377.13 

Total water 377.13 

Estuarine bp Burns Point - estuarine 98.30 

Total estuarine 98.30 

Disturbed xx disturbed - disturbed by human activity to a depth of at least 100cm. 

Original soil removed, greatly disturbed or buried. 309.75 

Total disturbed 309.75 

(blank) 33.29 

GRAND TOTAL 56675.52 

102


Appendix 2 

Plot-based vegetation survey – survey data form 

103


104


Appendix 3 

Plot-based vegetation survey – computer database record form 

105


Appendix 4 

Plot-based vegetation survey – summary of site data 

Site No Date Easting Northing Geology Vegetation description Canopy dominants 

AB1 1/11/97 551400 6845600 rainforest mixed rainforest species 

BB1 26/03/97 556850 6829000 Alluvial swamp sclerophyll Melaleuca quinquenervia 

BB2 26/03/97 557550 6829550 Alluvial swamp sclerophyll Eucalyptus robusta 

BB3 26/03/97 559550 6827450 Alluvial swamp sclerophyll Melaleuca quinquenervia 

BB4 6/05/97 556200 6829900 Alluvial palm swamp Melaleuca quinquenervia 

BB5 8/06/97 555350 6829650 Coastal Sand Araucarian vine forest Araucaria cunninghamii 

BB6 8/06/97 551350 6829000 Basic Volcanic subtropical rainforest Castanospermum 

australe 

BB7 1/03/98 559830 6826130 Coastal Sand rainforest Acronychia imperforata, 

Melaleuca quinquenervia 

BB8 1/03/98 559850 6826150 Coastal Sand dry open shrubland Banksia integrifolia, 

Casuarina equisetifolia 

BB9 20/01/98 558400 6826700 Basic Volcanic brush box forest Lophostemon confertus, 

Araucaria cunninghamii 

BB10 17/10/97 559350 6824750 Coastal Sand swamp sclerophyll forest Glochidion sumatranum 

BB11 17/10/97 559400 6824750 Metamorphic swamp sclerophyll forest Melaleuca quinquenervia 

BB12 1/08/98 559200 6825700 Sedimentary moist shrubland Leptospermum 

liversidgei - L. whitei 

BB13 1/08/98 559100 6825500 Coastal Sand dry sclerophyll woodland Eucalyptus signata - 

Corymbia gummifera 

BB14 1/08/98 559100 6825400 Coastal Sand moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus pilularis 

BB15 20/01/98 558850 6825800 Alluvial swamp sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus robusta 

BB16 20/01/98 558550 6826750 Coastal Sand rainforest mixed rainforest species 

BB17 23/01/98 558400 6825700 Basic Volcanic rainforest mixed rainforest species 

BB18 2/05/98 558300 6825050 Coastal Sand moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus pilularis 

BB19 2/04/98 558550 6827150 Metamorphic rainforest Pittosporum undulatum 

BB20 2/04/98 558350 6826550 Coastal Sand brush box forest Banksia integrifolia, 

Lophostemon confertus 

BB21 4/02/98 556750 6824680 Alluvial melalueca swamp Melaleuca quinquenervia 

BB22 4/02/98 556475 6824600 Metamorphic banksia forest Banksia integrifolia 

BB23 4/02/98 557050 6825000 Metamorphic camphor forest Cinnamomum camphora 

BB24 4/02/98 557800 6824900 Metamorphic hoop pine/littoral rainforest Araucaria cunninghamii 

BB25 4/02/98 558150 6825050 Coastal Sand wet sclerophyll Eucalyptus pilularis 



BB28 8/07/98 559400 6825800 Coastal Sand dry sclerophyll woodland Eucalyptus signata - 

Banksia aemula 

BB29 8/07/98 559300 6825850 Coastal Sand sedgeland Gahnia clarkei, 

Leptospermum 

liversidgei 

BB30 21/08/98 559950 6826400 Coastal Sand rainforest Banksia integrifolia- 

Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides 

BB31 20/08/98 559700 6827080 Coastal Sand moist sclerophyll woodland Callitris columnellaris 

BB32 21/08/98 559800 6826950 Coastal Sand shrubland Banksia integrifolia- 

Acacia spp. 

BB33 8/06/98 559200 6823700 Coastal Sand moist sclerophyll forest Banksia integrifolia, 

Callistemon salignus 

106



BB34 24/08/98 557600 6823200 Coastal Sand swamp sclerophyll forest mixed eucalypt species 

BB35 24/08/98 559961 6826429 Coastal Sand moist sclerophyll woodland Banksia integrifolia 

BB36 25/08/98 558600 6820180 Coastal Sand rainforest mixed rainforest species 

BB37 25/08/98 558900 6820350 Coastal Sand sedgeland Baumea rubiginosa 

BB38 25/08/98 558800 6820400 Coastal Sand swamp sclerophyll forest Casuarina glauca 

BB39 25/08/98 558350 6822000 Metamorphic acacia forest Acacia melanoxylon 

BB40 25/08/98 559000 6821200 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest Allocasuarina littoralis 

BB41 27/08/98 548810 6845100 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus siderophloia- 

Cinnamomum camphora 

BB42 30/08/98 558950 6823250 Metamorphic acacia open forest Acacia melanoxylon 

BB43 29/08/98 558900 6822950 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest Lophostemon confertus, 

Corymbia intermedia, 

Araucaria cunninghamii 

BB45 31/08/98 560950 6831050 Coastal Sand bitou/coast banksia shrubland Chrysanthemoides 

monilifera, Banksia 

integrifolia 

BB46 31/08/98 555400 6832050 Coastal Sand Sedgeland-Fernland/Grassland Phragmites australis, 

Blechnum indicum 

BH1 12/02/97 550600 6841400 Alluvial wet sclerophyll Lophostemon confertus/ 


BH3 6/04/97 551650 6841400 Alluvial E. grandis/cabbage palm forest Eucalyptus grandis 

BH5 6/04/97 550900 6841350 Alluvial swampy rainforest Araucaria cunninghamii 

BH6 6/04/97 550900 6843300 Coastal Sand wet sclerophyll 

BH7 22/01/98 552400 6846900 Alluvial moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus tereticornis, 

E. microcorys 

BH8 22/01/98 553300 6847000 Alluvial swamp sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus robusta 

BH9 25/02/98 554250 6836450 Coastal Sand moist sclerophyll forest E. grandis, E. resinifera, 

Banksia aemula 

BH10 25/02/98 554800 6836600 Coastal Sand moist sclerophyll woodland Eucalyptus signata, E. 

robusta 

BH11 25/02/98 554950 6836600 Coastal Sand moist sclerophyll shrubland Leptospermum 

liversidgei 

BH12 25/02/98 553400 6836150 Alluvial moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus tereticornis 

BH13 17/04/98 554800 6834000 Basic Volcanic rainforest mixed rainforest species 

BH14 21/08/98 553800 6844900 Alluvial mangrove Avicennia marina 

BH15 21/08/98 553700 6845450 Alluvial mangrove Avicennia marina 

BH16 21/08/98 552850 6846400 Alluvial swamp oak/mangrove Casuarina glauca, 

Avicennia marina 

BU1 25/04/97 541500 6847500 Basic Volcanic wet sclerophyll Eucalyptus grandis 

BU2 25/04/97 540420 6848980 Metamorphic dry sclerophyll forest E. pilularis 

BU3 24/04/97 539420 6849820 Basic Volcanic subtropical rainforest Mixed 

D1 21/08/98 542200 6832850 Basic Volcanic rainforest + camphor (50%) Cinnamomum camphor, 

mixed rainforest spp. 

D2 31/08/98 542650 6833200 Basic Volcanic rainforest mixed rainforest species 

D3 31/08/98 546450 6833150 Basic Volcanic camphor laurel forest Cinnamomum camphora 

H1 5/06/97 547650 6844300 Basic Volcanic dry rainforest mixed 

H2 5/06/97 547850 6843850 Acid Volcanic dry sclerophyll Daviesia arborea, 

Lophostemon confertus, 

Allocasuarina torulosa 

H3 9/06/97 547600 6843100 Metamorphic wet sclerophyll E. grandis 

H4 4/07/97 537450 6841800 Acid Volcanic wet sclerophyll Lophostemon confertus/ 

Eucalyptus signata 

H5 28/07/97 539500 6840700 Acid Volcanic subtropical rainforest mixed, Acacia 

melanoxylon 

107



H6 12/08/97 546800 6844600 Basic Volcanic privet/camphor closed forest Ligustrum lucidum 

H7 12/08/97 547300 6844550 Acid Volcanic dry sclerophyll forest Corymbia intermedia/E. 

tereticornis 

H8 23/07/97 533600 6843400 Basic Volcanic subtropical rainforest mixed 

H9 29/09/97 537200 6840400 Alluvial palm forest Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana 

H10 29/09/97 536900 6840400 Acid Volcanic dry sclerophyll E. signata/Corymbia 

intermedia 

H11 29/08/97 536800 6840600 Acid Volcanic wet sclerophyll Lophostemon confertus 

H12 1/08/94 539300 6835200 Basic Volcanic rainforest Tristaniopsis laurina, 

Sloanea woollsii 

H13 17/07/94 539050 6836800 Basic Volcanic rainforest Archontophoenix 


H14 17/07/98 539000 6836850 Basic Volcanic rainforest Elaeocarpus grandis, 

Tristaniopsis laurina 

H15 18/04/98 546600 6833700 Basic Volcanic brush box forest Lophostemon confertus 

H16 19/02/98 537700 6839600 Acid Volcanic gallery rainforest mixed 

H17 3/05/98 539900 6844400 Acid Volcanic wet sclerophyll Eucalyptus pilularis 

H18 15/08/98 539300 6840600 Acid Volcanic Acacia melanoxylon 

H19 18/06/98 543100 6841550 Acid Volcanic dry sclerophyll Corymbia intermedia/ 


H20 28/04/98 545200 6834400 Basic Volcanic moist sclerophyll forest Corymbia intermedia 

H21 28/04/98 545300 6834400 Acid Volcanic moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus microcorys 

H22 31/08/98 539210 6835960 Basic Volcanic acacia forest Acacia melanoxylon 

H23 31/08/98 540100 6834050 Basic Volcanic rainforest mixed rainforest species, 

Camphor Laurel 

H24 31/08/98 538250 6843400 Acid Volcanic brush box Lophostemon confertus 

H25 31/08/98 538200 6842600 Acid Volcanic 

H26 31/08/98 542400 6839150 Basic Volcanic camphor Cinnamomum camphora 

H27 18/04/98 544800 6835700 Acid Volcanic moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus grandis 

H28 19/04/98 545200 6835200 Acid Volcanic brush box forest Lophostemon confertus 

LE 760 22/11/94 553200 6845900 Coastal Sand swamp sclerophyll forest Casuarina glauca 

LE756 11/05/94 541700 6833200 Basic Volcanic moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus microcorys, 

C. intermedia, L. 

confertus 

LE758 22/11/94 552900 6846700 Coastal Sand brush box forest Lophostemon confertus, 

Casuarina glauca 

LE759 22/11/94 553000 6845850 Coastal Sand swamp sclerophyll forest Melaleuca 

quinquenervia, Corymbia 

intermedia 

LE761 26/11/94 552350 6847350 Coastal Sand swamp sclerophyll forest Lophostemon 

suaveolens 

LE762 26/11/94 553100 6846700 Coastal Sand swamp sclerophyll woodland Casuarina glauca 

LE763 26/11/94 553000 6846100 Alluvial swamp sclerophyll woodland Casuarina glauca, 


LE770 16/12/94 559000 6825100 Coastal Sand dry sclerophyll open woodland Eucalyptus signata, E. 

gummifera 

LE771 12/06/94 559550 6825200 Coastal Sand swamp sclerophyll woodland Melaleuca quinquenervia 

P1 23/04/97 549300 6849450 Sedimentary brush box Lophostemon confertus 

P2 21/01/98 550050 6849750 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest Callitris columellaris 

P3 21/01/98 550300 6850300 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus tereticornis, 

E. siderophloia 

P4 21/01/98 550400 6850300 Metamorphic brush box forest Lophostemon confertus 

P5 21/01/98 551000 6850700 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest E. acmenoides, mixed 

eucalypt 

108



P6 16/01/98 550500 6848400 Alluvial swamp sclerophyll forest Melaleuca quinquenervia 

P7 16/01/98 549800 6849750 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus microcorys - 

L. confertus 

P8 22/01/98 552400 6847300 Alluvial swamp sclerophyll forest mixed Eucalypt species 

P9 16/02/98 550300 6848500 Metamorphic wet sclerophyll forest Lophostemon confertus 

P10 16/02/98 550200 6849650 Metamorphic 

P11 16/02/98 549950 6849600 Metamorphic hoop pine/brush box Araucaria cunninghamii 

P12 21/02/98 550000 6849800 Metamorphic wet sclerophyll Corymbia intermedia, E. 

pilularis 

P13 21/02/98 550300 6849650 Metamorphic Allocasuarina forest Allocasuarina torulosa 

P14 21/02/98 550500 6848500 Alluvial swamp sclerophyll Melaleuca quinquenervia 

P15 27/02/98 549550 6850250 Metamorphic dry sclerophyll E. tereticornis, E. 

propinqua, E. pilularis 

PS1 6/07/96 555500 6830500 Coastal Sand swamp sclerophyll forest Melaleuca 

quinquenervia, 

Glochidion sumatranum, 

Commersonia bartramia 

PS2 6/07/96 555900 6830800 Coastal sand swamp sclerophyll forest Allocasuarina littoralis, 

Melaleuca 


Glochidion sumatranum 

PS3 6/07/96 555100 6831125 Basic volcanic camphor forest Cinnamomum camphora 

PS4 6/07/96 555100 6831580 Basic volcanic rainforest Ficus macrophylla, Ficus 

obliqua, F. watkinsiana 

PS5 8/07/96 555800 6831600 Alluvial swamp sclerophyll forest Melaleuca 

quinquenervia, Acacia 

melanoxylon 

PS6 8/07/96 557200 6831100 Coastal sand swamp sclerophyll forest Acacia melanoxylon, 


PS7 12/07/96 558600 6830700 Coastal sand swamp sclerophyll forest Melaleuca 


Casuarina glauca 

PS8 12/07/96 557400 6829800 Coastal sand moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus signata, 

Syncarpia glomulifera, 

PS9 12/07/96 557000 6829900 swamp sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus robusta, 


PS10 12/07/96 558150 6828800 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus robusta, 


PS11 12/07/96 558500 6829400 Coastal sand camphor laurel forest Cinnamomum 

camphora, Lophostemon 

confertus, Melaleuca 

quinquenervia 

PS12 12/07/96 559300 6829300 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest E. robusta, 


E. siderophloia 

PS13 13/07/96 558900 6829900 swamp sclerophyll forest Melaleuca 


Glochiodion 

sumatranum, Melicope 

elleryana 

PS14 13/07/96 560200 6828200 Coastal sand moist sclerophyll shrubland Melaleuca 

quinquenervia, Banksia 

integrifolia, Callitris 

columnellaris 

PS15 14/07/96 560700 6829900 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll woodland Lophostemon 

suaveolens, Banksia 

integrifolia, 


PS16 14/07/96 560850 6830025 Coastal sand swamp sclerophyll woodland Melaleuca 

quinquenervia, Corymbia 

intermedia, 

Lophostemon 

suaveolens 

109



PS17 8/07/96 558900 6828100 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest E. siderophloia, 


PS18 8/07/96 558800 6828100 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus pilularis, 


PS19 20/07/96 559100 6828500 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest E. pilularis, E. 

siderophloia, E. 

microcorys 

PS20 22/07/96 560660 6830200 Metamorphic heathland Banksia oblongifolia, 

Themeda australis, 

Hibbertia vestita 

PS21 29/07/96 560600 6830200 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll shrubland Banksia integrifolia, 



PS22 29/07/96 560900 6830100 Coastal sand dry sclerophyll shrubland Banksia aemula, 

Monotoca elliptica, 

Acacia sophorae 

PS23 29/07/96 561700 6831500 Metamorphic rainforest Cryptocarya triplinervis, 

Elaeocarpus obovatus, 

Ailanthus triphysa 

PS24 30/07/96 561300 6831200 Coastal sand moist sclerophyll woodland Banksia integrifolia, 


Endiandra sieberi 

PS25 30/07/96 561350 6831650 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus siderophloia, 


PS26 30/07/96 559700 6829000 swamp sclerophyll forest Melaleuca 


Glochidion sumatranum, 

Melastoma affine 

PS27 6/08/96 558100 6828600 Metamorphic moist sclerophyll forest Corymbia intermedia, 


Allocasuarina torulosa 

PS28 7/08/96 561700 6831800 Metamorphic rainforest Hibiscus tiliaceus, 

Livistona australis, 

Cryptocarya triplinervis 

PS29 8/08/96 560350 6829400 Coastal sand dry sclerophyll open woodland Banksia integrifolia, 

Callitris columellaris, 

Lophostemon 

suaveolens 

PS30 8/08/96 560400 6829100 Coastal sand heathland Banksia aemula, 

Dillwynia retorta, Caustis 

recurvata 

PS31 18/08/96 558000 6830500 Coastal sand swamp sclerophyll woodland Casuarina glauca, 

Melaleuca 

quinquenervia, Parsonsia 

straminea 

PS32 21/08/96 557600 6832000 Coastal sand swamp sclerophyll woodland Eucalyptus robusta, 


PS33 21/08/96 557700 6829850 swamp sclerophyll Eucalyptus robusta, 

open woodland 

Leptospermum whitei, 

Phebalium squameum 

PS34 21/08/96 557600 6829600 Coastal sand swamp sclerophyll woodland Eucalyptus robusta 

PS35 22/08/96 560400 6830200 Metamorphic swamp sclerophyll forest Lophostemon 

suaveolens 

Z1 543700 6820200 Alluvial subtropical rainforest mixed 

Z2 539900 6825700 Basic Volcanic subtropical rainforest mixed 

Z3 541900 6831500 subtropical rainforest mixed 

Z4 555300 6824100 Basic Volcanic subtropical/dry/littoral rainforest mixed 




110



Z8 541750 6833350 Rhyolite wet sclerophyll E. microcorys 


Z10 541000 6834000 

Z11 540500 6834100 

Z12 542200 6835200 Basic Volcanic 




Z17 549200 6838400 

Z18 541500 6825000 

111


Appendix 5 

List of plant species referred to in the Byron Flora and Fauna 

Study or in the database 

(common names x scientific names) 

Conservation Alphabetically by scientific name Alphabetically by common name 

Significance 

Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name 

Abrus precatorius Rosary Pea Eucalyptus umbra a bastard white 

mahogany 

Acacia aulacocarpa Brush Ironbark Wattle Oplismenus aemulus a beard grass 

8S Goonengerry Acacia bakeri Marblewood Oplismenus undulatifolius a beard grass 

var. mollis 

Acacia leucoclada Koreelah Silver Wattle Chiloglottis diphylla a bird orchid 

subsp. argentifolia 

Acacia longissima Narrow-leaf Wattle Haemodorum tenuifolium a bloodroot 

Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood, Sally Wattle Wahlenbergia scopulicola a bluebell 

2RC-, 8S Whian Whian Acacia orites Nightcap Wattle Myoporum boninense a boobialla 

ssp. australe 

Acacia sophorae Coastal Wattle Rubus sp. A a bramble 

Acacia suaveolens Sweet Wattle Rubus sp. nov. a bramble 

Acacia ulicifolia Prickly Moses Monotoca sp. a broom-heath 

Acalypha capillipes Acalypha Macrozamia moorei a burrawang 

3RC- Acianthus amplexicaulis a terrestrial orchid Plectranthus cremnus a cockspur flower 

3RC-, 8N Wardell Acianthus exigius a terrestrial orchid Plectranthus sp. a cockspur flower 

* Acmena brachyandra Red Apple Comesperma a comesperma 

sphaerocarpum 

Acmena hemilampra Broad-leaved Lilly Pilly Petrophile a conestick 

subsp. hemilampra 

Acmena ingens Red Apple Leptomeria drupacea a currant bush 

Acmena smithii Lilly Pilly Cassytha sp. a devil’s twine 

Acmena smithii Small-leaved Lilly Pilly Isopogon a drumstick 

rheotypic race 

3RC- Acomis acoma a herb Pyrrosia sp. a felt fern 

3RC-, 8S Lismore Acronychia baeuerlenii Byron Bay Acronychia Ottochloa gracillima a grass 

Acronychia imperforata Beach Acronychia Xanthorrhoea sp. a grass tree 

Acronychia laevis Glossy Acronychia Hibbertia hexandra a guinea flower 

E Acronychia littoralis Scented Acronychia Hibbertia obtusifolia a guinea flower 

Acronychia oblongifolia Common Acronychia Acomis acoma a herb 

Acronychia pauciflora Soft Acronychia Homoranthus virgatus a honey myrtle 

Acronychia pubescens Hairy Acronychia Eucalyptus robusta a hybrid eucalypt 

x tereticornis 

Acronychia suberosa Corky Acronychia Dichondra repens a kidney weed 

Acronychia wilcoxiana Silver Aspen Prostanthera lanceolata a mint-bush 

Acrostichum speciosum Mangrove Fern Muellerina myrtifolia a mistletoe 

Acrotriche aggregata Red Cluster Heath Austromyrtus sp. a myrtle 

* Actephila grandiflora Actephila Austromyrtus sp. A a myrtle 

Actephila lindleyi Actephila Alpinia arundelliana a native ginger 

Adiantum aethiopicum Common Maidenhair Entolasia sp. a panic grass 

Adiantum diaphanum Filmy Maidenhair Fern Juncus continuus a rush 

Adiantum formosum Giant Maidenhair Lindsaea brachypoda a screw fern 

Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair Lindsaea fraseri a screw fern 

Adiantum silvaticum Maidenhair Fern Cyperus procerus a sedge 

Aegiceras corniculatum River Mangrove Cyperus sp. a sedge 

Ageratina adenophora Crofton Weed Gahnia insignis a sedge 

# Ageratina riparia Mistweed Parsonsia sp. a silkpod 

# Ageratum houstonianum Blue Mistweed Daphnandra micrantha a socketwood 

# Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven Daphnandra sp. a socketwood 

112



Significance 


Ailanthus triphysa White Bean Daphnandra a socketwood 

sp. aff. micrantha 

Akania lucens Turnipwood Pellaea viridis a South African fern 

Alangium villosum Muskwood Caladenia quadrifaria a spider orchid 

subsp. polyosmoides 

Alchornea ilicifolia Native Holly Leptospermum speciosum a teatree 

Alectryon coriaceus Beach Alectryon Acianthus amplexicaulis a terrestrial orchid 

Alectryon subcinereus Wild Quince Acianthus exigius a terrestrial orchid 

Allocasuarina littoralis Black She-oak Liparis simmondsii a terrestrial orchid 

Allocasuarina torulosa Forest Oak Sarchochilus hartmannii a terrestrial orchid 

Alocasia brisbanensis Cunjevoi Plinanthesis urvillei a wallaby grass 

Alphitonia excelsa Red Ash Ricinocarpus pinifolius a wedding bush 

8S Lennox Head Alphitonia petriei White Ash Chloris sp. a windmill grass 

Alpinia arundelliana a native ginger Acalypha capillipes Acalypha 

Alpinia caerulea Native Ginger Actephila grandiflora Actephila 

Alpinia caerulea Native Ginger Actephila lindleyi Actephila 

var. producta 

Alstonia constricta Quinine Tree Spathodea campanulata African Tulip Tree 

subsp. rotundata 

Alyxia ruscifolia Prickly Alyxia Arthrochilus prolixus an elbow orchid 

V Amorphospermum whitei Rusty Plum Peristanthus hillii an epiphytic orchid 

Amyema conspicuum Woolly-flowered Mistletoe Cymbidium madidum an orchid 

Amylotheca dictyophleba Scrub Mistletoe Ancana stenopetala Ancana 

Ancana stenopetala Ancana Fissistigma stenopetala Ancana 

# Andropogon virginicus Whisky Grass Palmeria scandens Anchor Vine 

Aneilema biflorum Twin-flowered Angiopteris evecta Angiopteris 

Wandering Dew 

E Angiopteris evecta Angiopteris Ardisia bakeri Ardisia 

Anopterus macleayanus Macleay Laurel Aristolochia praevenosa Aristolochia 

# Anredera cordifolia Madeira Vine, Fawcettia tinosporoides Arrow-head vine 

Potato Vine 

Anthocarapa nitidula Incense Cedar Tinospora tinosporoides Arrow-head vine 

* Anthocarapa sp. nov. Incense Cedar Asterolasia correifolia Asterolasia 

Aotus ericoides Heathy Aotus Smilax australis Austral Sarsparilla 

Aphananthe philippinensis Rough-leaved Elm Flindersia australis Australian Teak 

Arachniodes aristata Prickly Shield Fern Floydia praealta Ball Nut 

Araucaria cunninghamii Hoop Pine Ervatamia angustisepala Banana Bush 

Archidendron grandiflorum Pink Lace Flower Tabernaemontana Banana Bush 

pandacaqui 

8S Wardell Archidendron hendersonii White Lace Flower Archontophoenix Bangalow Palm 


3RCa, 8S Alstonville Archidendron muellerianum Veiny Lace Flower Cymbopogon refractus Barbed Wire Grass 

Archirhodomyrtus beckleri Rose Myrtle Baumea juncea Bare Twig-rush 

Archontophoenix Bangalow Palm Drynaria rigidula Basket Fern 


Ardisia bakeri Ardisia Pentaceras australe Bastard Crow’s Ash 

# Ardisia crenata Coral Berry Erythrina vespertilio Bat’s Wing Coral Tree 

3RCa, 8S Argophyllum nullumense Silver Leaf Histiopteris incisa Bat’s Wing Fern 

Nightcap Rge 

* Argyrodendron trifoliolatum White Booyong Sarcomelicope simplicifolia Bauerella 

2RC-+, 8S Aristolochia deltantha Mountain Aristolochia Acronychia imperforata Beach Acronychia 

Nightcap Rge var. laheyana 

8S Wardell Aristolochia praevenosa Aristolochia Alectryon coriaceus Beach Alectryon 

4 Arthrochilus prolixus an elbow orchid Elattostachys nervosa Beetroot 

Arthropteris beckleri Hairy Climbing Fishbone Flindersia bennettiana Bennett’s Ash 

Fern 

Arthropteris tenella Climbing Fishbone Fern Christella dentata Binung 

Arytera distylis Twin-leaved Coogera Pisonia umbellifera Birdlime Tree 

Arytera divaricata Rose Tamarind Asplenium australasicum Bird’s Nest Fern 

113



Significance 


#* Asparagus densiflorus Fern Asparagus Chrysanthemoides Bitou Bush 

monilifera subsp. rotundata 

Asplenium attenuatum Simple Spleenwort Planchonella australis Black Apple 

Asplenium australasicum Bird’s Nest Fern Castanospermum australe Black Bean 

Asplenium obtusatum Shore Spleenwort Heritiera actinophylla Black Booyong 

Asplenium polyodon Sickle Spleenwort Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Black Mangrove 

Asterolasia correifolia Asterolasia Diospyros australis Black Plum 

Astrotricha latifolia Star-hair Allocasuarina littoralis Black She-oak 

Atalaya multiflora Broad-leaved Whitewood Endiandra globosa Black Walnut 

Atalaya salicifolia Brush Whitewood Eucalyptus pilularis Blackbutt 

3RCa Austrobuxus swainii Pink Cherry Tetratheca thymifolia Black-eyed Susan 

Austromyrtus acmenoides Scrub Ironwood Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood, Sally 

Wattle 

Austromyrtus bidwillii Python Tree Imperata cylindrica Blady Grass 

var. major 

Austromyrtus dulcis Midgenberry Omalanthus nutans Bleeding Heart 

E Austromyrtus Fragrant Myrtle Omalanthus populifolius Bleeding Heart 

fragrantissima 

Austromyrtus hillii Scaly Myrtle Austrosteenisia blackii Blood Vine 

Austromyrtus lasioclada Velvet Myrtle Kunstleria blackii Blood Vine 

Austromyrtus sp. a myrtle Elaeocarpus grandis Blue Fig 

8S Whian Whian SF Austromyrtus sp. A a myrtle Dianella caerulea Blue Flax Lily 

var. producta 

Austrosteenisia blackii Blood Vine Syzygium oleosum Blue Lilly Pilly 

Austrosteenisia glabristyla Giant Blood Vine Ageratum houstonianum Blue Mistweed 

* Austrosteenisia sp. nov. Giant Blood Vine Commelina cyanea Blue Wandering Dew 

Avicennia marina Grey Mangrove Elaeocarpus reticulatus Blueberry Ash 

# Baccharis halimifolia Groundsel Epacris obtusifolia Blunt-leaf Heath 

Backhousia sciadophora Shatterwood Planchonella myrsinoides Blunt-leaved Coondoo 

Baeckea stenophylla Bundled Baeckea Millettia australis Blunt-leaved Native 

Wisteria 

Baloghia inophylla Brush Bloodwood Passiflora aurantia Blunt-leaved 

Passionfruit 

* Baloghia lucida Brush Bloodwood Toechima dasyrrhache Blunt-leaved 

Steelwood 

Banksia aemula Wallum Banksia Planchonella laurifolia Blush Coondoo 

8N Tyagarah Banksia ericifolia Heath-leaved Banksia Beilschmiedia obtusifolia Blush Walnut 

var. macrantha 

Banksia integrifolia Coast Banksia Litsea reticulata Bolly Gum 

Banksia oblongifolia Dwarf Banksia Eupomatia laurina Bolwarra 

7 Banksia robur Large-leaved Banksia Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia Boppel Nut 

Baumea articulata Jointed Twig-rush Entolasia marginata Bordered Panic Grass 

Baumea juncea Bare Twig-rush Lastreopsis marginans Bordered Shield Fern 

Baumea rubiginosa Soft Twig-rush Xanthorrhoea macronema Bottlebrush Grass Tree 

Beilschmiedia elliptica Grey Walnut Pandorea jasminoides Bower Vine 

Beilschmiedia obtusifolia Blush Walnut Pteridium esculentum Bracken Fern 

Bidens pilosa Farmer’s Friend Schizaea dichotoma Branched Comb Fern 

Billardiera scandens Common Apple-berry Erechtites valerianifolia Brazilian Fireweed 

Blandfordia grandiflora Christmas Bells Cheilanthes distans Bristly Cloak Fern 

Blechnum camfieldii Eared Swamp Water Fern Dicksonia youngiae Bristly Treefern 

Blechnum cartilagineum Gristle Fern Claoxylon australe Brittlewood 

Blechnum indicum Swamp Water Fern Polystichum formosum Broad Shield Fern 

Blechnum nudum Fishbone Water Fern Lepidosperma laterale Broad Sword Sedge 

Boronia falcifolia Sickle-leaved Boronia Typha orientalis Broad-leaved 

Cumbungi 

Bosistoa floydii Five-leaved Bosistoa Persoonia levis Broad-leaved 

Geebung 

8S Lismore Bosistoa pentacocca Ferny-leaved Bosistoa Acmena hemilampra Broad-leaved Lilly Pilly 

subsp. hemilampra 

114



Significance 


V, 8S Mullumbimby Bosistoa selwynii Heart-leaved Bosistoa Exocarpus latifolius Broad-leaved Native 

Cherry 

V Bosistoa transversa Three-leaved Bosistoa Cordyline petiolaris Broad-leaved Palm 

Lily 

Botrychium australe Parsley Fern Paspalum wettsteinii Broad-leaved 

Paspalum 

8S Lismore Bouchardatia neurococca Union Nut Eucalyptus carnea Broad-leaved White 

Mahogany 

Brachychiton acerifolius Flame Tree Atalaya multiflora Broad-leaved 

Whitewood 

Brachychiton discolor Lace-bark Tree Pennantia cunninghamii Brown Beech 

Brachyloma daphnoides Daphne Heath Litsea australis Brown Bolly Gum 

Breynia oblongifolia Coffee Bush Litsea leefeana Brown Bolly Gum 

Bridelia exaltata Brush Ironbark Commersonia bartramia Brown Kurrajong 

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Black Mangrove Choricarpia leptopetala Brown Myrtle 

Caesalpinia scortechinii Large Prickle-vine Helicia glabriflora Brown Oak 

8S Uralba Caesalpinia subtropica Corky Prickle-vine Castanospora alphandii Brown Tamarind 

3, 7, 8N Caladenia quadrifaria a spider orchid Baloghia inophylla Brush Bloodwood 

Brunswick Hds 

Calamus muelleri Wait-a-While Baloghia lucida Brush Bloodwood 

Calanthe triplicata Christmas Orchid Lophostemon confertus Brush Box 

E Calaphanoides Calaphanoides Capparis arborea Brush Caper Berry 

hygrophilioides 

Caldcluvia paniculosa Rose-leaf Marara Syzygium australe Brush Cherry 

Callicarpa pedunculata Callicarpa Bridelia exaltata Brush Ironbark 

Callicoma serratifolia Callicoma Acacia aulacocarpa Brush Ironbark Wattle 

Callistemon salignus Willow Bottlebrush Commersonia fraseri Brush Kurrajong 

Callitris columellaris Cypress Pine Rapanea howittiana Brush Muttonwood 

Callitris macleayana Stringybark Pine Tasmannia insipida Brush Pepperbush 

Calochlaena dubia Common Ground Fern Sauropus albiflorus Brush Sauropus 


Calystegia marginata Calystegia Atalaya salicifolia Brush Whitewood 

8S Buckombil Canarium australasicum Mangobark Symplocos thwaitesii Buff Hazelwood 

* Canarium baileyanum Mangobark Baeckea stenophylla Bundled Baeckea 

# Canna indica Canna Lily Mucuna gigantea Burny Bean 

Canthium buxifolium Stiff Canthium Malaisia scandens Burny Vine 

Canthium coprosmoides Coast Canthium Acronychia baeuerlenii Byron Bay Acronychia 

Capparis arborea Brush Caper Berry Livistona australis Cabbage Palm 

Carex appressa Tall Sedge Calaphanoides Calaphanoides 

hygrophilioides 

Carex breviculmis Short-stem Sedge Callicarpa pedunculata Callicarpa 

Carissa ovata Carissa Callicoma serratifolia Callicoma 

Carronia multisepala Carronia Calystegia marginata Calystegia 

* Cassia floribunda Smooth Cassia Cinnamomum camphora Camphor Laurel 

Cassine australis Cassine Canna indica Canna Lily 

Cassytha glabella Tangled Devil’s Twine Tecoma capensis Cape Honeysuckle 

Cassytha pubescens Downy Devil’s Twine Nymphaea capensis Cape Waterlily 

Cassytha sp. a devil’s twine Carissa ovata Carissa 

Castanospermum australe Black Bean Carronia multisepala Carronia 

Castanospora alphandii Brown Tamarind Cassine australis Cassine 

#+ Casuarina equisetifolia Horse-tail She-oak Ricinis communis Castor Oil Plant 

Casuarina glauca Swamp Oak Polyscias elegans Celerywood 

Caustis flexuosa Curly Wig Glochidion ferdinandi Cheese Tree 

Caustis recurvata Curly Sedge Pteris vittata Chinese Brake 

Cayratia acris Hairy Water Vine Blandfordia grandiflora Christmas Bells 

Cayratia clematidea Slender Grape Calanthe triplicata Christmas Orchid 

Cayratia eurynema Soft Water Vine Citronella moorei Churnwood 

Celastrus subspicata Large-leaf Staff Vine Cleistanthus cunninghamii Cleistanthus 

Celtis paniculata Native Celtis Protasparagus plumosus Climbing Asparagus 

115



Significance 


Ceratopetalum apetalum Coachwood Deeringia arborescens Climbing Deeringia 

Cheilanthes Rock Fern Arthropteris tenella Climbing Fishbone 

austrotenuifolia 

Fern 

Cheilanthes distans Bristly Cloak Fern Hibbertia scandens Climbing Guinea 

Flower 

Cheilanthes sieberi Mulga Fern Lygodium microphyllum Climbing Maidenhair 

Fern 

4 Chiloglottis diphylla a bird orchid Solanum seaforthianum Climbing Nightshade 

Chloris sp. a windmill grass Schoenoplectus Clubrush 

mucronatus 

Choricarpia leptopetala Brown Myrtle Ceratopetalum apetalum Coachwood 

E Choricarpia subargentea Giant Ironwood Banksia integrifolia Coast Banksia 

Christella dentata Binung Canthium coprosmoides Coast Canthium 

# Chrysanthemoides Bitou Bush Melicope vitiflora Coast Doughwood 

monilifera subsp. rotundata 

# Cinnamomum camphora Camphor Laurel Cordyline congesta Coast Palm Lily 

Cinnamomum oliveri Oliver’s Sassafras Streptothamnus moorei Coast Redberry Vine 

Cinnamomum virens Red-barked Sassafras Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Teatree 

Cissus antarctica Water Vine Acacia sophorae Coastal Wattle 

Cissus hypoglauca Five-leaf Water Vine Erythrina crista-galli Cockspur Coral Tree 

Cissus opaca Small-leaf Water Vine Maclura cochinchinensis Cockspur Thorn 

Cissus sterculiifolia Long-leaf Water Vine Syagrus romanzoffiana Cocos Palm 

Citriobatus pauciflorus Orange Thorn Breynia oblongifolia Coffee Bush 

Citronella moorei Churnwood Acronychia oblongifolia Common Acronychia 

8S Victoria Park Citrus australasica Finger Lime Billardiera scandens Common Apple-berry 

# Citrus limonia Lemon Tree Samolus valerandi Common Brookweed 

5 Cladium procerum Leafy Twig-rush Hymenophyllum Common Filmy Fern 

cupressiforme 

Claoxylon australe Brittlewood Calochlaena dubia Common Ground Fern 

Cleistanthus cunninghamii Cleistanthus Hovea linearis Common Hovea 

Clematis glycinoides Headache Vine Adiantum aethiopicum Common Maidenhair 

Clerodendrum floribundum Smooth Clerodendrum Marsdenia rostrata Common Milk Vine 

Clerodendrum tomentosum Hairy Clerodendrum Ipomoea purpurea Common Morning 

Glory 

8N Nullum SF Comesperma a comesperma Passiflora edulis Common Passionfruit 

sphaerocarpum 

Commelina cyanea Blue Wandering Dew Phragmites australis Common Reed 

Commersonia bartramia Brown Kurrajong Parsonsia straminea Common Silkpod 

Commersonia fraseri Brush Kurrajong Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow Thistle 

Conospermum taxifolium Yew-leaved Smoke-bush Syzygium moorei Coolamon, Durobby 

# Conyza bonariensis Fleabane Ardisia crenata Coral Berry 

E, 8S Lismore Corchorus cunninghamii Corchorus Erythrina x sykesii Coral Tree 

2RC- Cordyline congesta Coast Palm Lily Corchorus cunninghamii Corchorus 

Cordyline petiolaris Broad-leaved Palm Lily Passiflora suberosa Cork Passionflower 

8S Lismore Cordyline rubra Palm Lily Acronychia suberosa Corky Acronychia 

Cordyline stricta Narrow-leaved Palm Lily Marsdenia lloydi Corky Milk Vine 

* Cordyline terminalis Narrow-leaved Palm Lily Marsdenia suberosa Corky Milk-vine 

V, 8S Nightcap Rge Corokia whiteana Corokia Caesalpinia subtropica Corky Prickle-vine 

Corymbia gummifera Red Bloodwood Mezoneuron Corky Prickle-vine 

brachycarpum 

Corymbia intermedia Pink Bloodwood Corokia whiteana Corokia 

3RC-, 8S Lismore Corynocarpus Corynocarpus Corynocarpus Corynocarpus 

district rupestris subsp. arborescens rupestris subsp. arborescens 

V Corynocarpus Southern Corynocarpus, Cynodon dactylon Couch 

rupestris subsp. rupestris Glenugie Karaka 

5 Crinum pedunculatum Spider Lily Schizomeria ovata Crabapple 

8S Richmond R. Croton acronychioides Thick-leaved Croton Ficus coronata Creek Sandpaper Fig 

Croton insularis Silver Croton Oplismenus imbecillis Creeping Beard Grass 

Croton verreauxii Native Cascarilla Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed 

116



Significance 


Cryptocarya erythroxylon Pigeonberry Ash Lastreopsis microsora Creeping Shield Fern 

V Cryptocarya foetida Stinking Cryptocarya Lomatia silaifolia Crinkle Bush 

Cryptocarya glaucescens Jackwood Ageratina adenophora Crofton Weed 

8S Wardell Cryptocarya laevigata Red-fruited Laurel Endiandra floydii Crystal Creek Walnut 

Cryptocarya meissneriana Thick-leaved Laurel Flindersia schottiana Cudgerie 

Cryptocarya microneura Murrogun Alocasia brisbanensis Cunjevoi 

Cryptocarya obovata Pepperberry Caustis recurvata Curly Sedge 

Cryptocarya rigida Forest Maple Caustis flexuosa Curly Wig 

Cryptocarya triplinervis Three-veined Cryptocarya Cuttsia viburnea Cuttsia 

Cryptocarya triplinervis Three-veined Cryptocarya Cynanchum elegans Cynanchum 

var. pubens 

Culcita dubia False Bracken Callitris columellaris Cypress Pine 

Cupaniopsis anacardioides Tuckeroo Brachyloma daphnoides Daphne Heath 

Cupaniopsis flagelliformis Rusty Tuckeroo Davidsonia pruriens Davidson’s Plum 

var. australis 


Cupaniopsis foveolata White Tamarind Dawsonia superba Dawsonia 

2RC-, 8S Tyagarah sth Cupaniopsis newmannii Long-leaved Tuckeroo Ficus superba Deciduous Fig 

var. henneana 

Cupaniopsis parviflora Small-leaved Tuckeroo Rhodosphaera Deep Yellowwood 

rhodanthema 

3, 8S Tweed Valley Cupaniopsis serrata Smooth Tuckeroo Endiandra introrsa Dorrigo Plum 

Cuttsia viburnea Cuttsia Melicope octandra Doughwood 

Cyathea australis Rough Tree Fern Cassytha pubescens Downy Devil’s Twine 

Cyathea cooperi Straw Tree Fern Duranta repens Duranta 

Cyathea leichhardtiana Prickly Tree Fern Banksia oblongifolia Dwarf Banksia 

Cyclosorus interruptus Shield-fern Xyris juncea Dwarf Yellow-eye 

Cymbidium madidum an orchid Blechnum camfieldii Eared Swamp Water 

Fern 

Cymbopogon refractus Barbed Wire Grass Platycerium bifurcatum Elkhorn 

Cynanchum elegans Cynanchum Embelia australiana Embelia 

Cynodon dactylon Couch Elaeocarpus eumundii Eumundi Quandong 

Cyperus lucidus Leafy Flat Sedge Exocarya scleroides Exocarya 

Cyperus procerus a sedge Culcita dubia False Bracken 

Cyperus sp. a sedge Hardenbergia violacea False Sarsparilla 

Cyperus tetraphyllus Four-leaved Flat Sedge Bidens pilosa Farmer’s Friend 

Daphnandra micrantha a socketwood Restio tetraphyllus Feather Plant 

Daphnandra sp. a socketwood Polyosma cunninghamii Featherwood 

Daphnandra sp. a Socketwood Asparagus densiflorus Fern Asparagus 

Daphnandra a socketwood Protasparagus densiflorus Fern Asparagus 

sp. aff. micrantha 

Daphnandra tenuipes Red Flowered Socketwood Bosistoa pentacocca Ferny-leaved Bosistoa 

Davallia pyxidata Hare’s Foot Fern Zieria laxiflora Few-flowered Zieria 

E Davidsonia pruriens Davidson’s Plum Adiantum diaphanum Filmy Maidenhair Fern 


E Davidsonia sp. A Smooth Davidson’s Plum Citrus australasica Finger Lime 

Daviesia arborea Tree Bitter Pea Microcitrus australasica Finger Lime 

var. australasica 

Dawsonia superba Dawsonia Senecio madagascariensis Fireweed 

Decaspermum humile Silky Myrtle Stenocarpus sinuatus Firewheel Tree 

Deeringia arborescens Climbing Deeringia Nephrolepis cordifolia Fishbone Fern 

Dendrobium aemulum Ironbark Orchid Blechnum nudum Fishbone Water Fern 

Dendrobium gracilicaule Spotted Orchid Cissus hypoglauca Five-leaf Water Vine 

Dendrobium kingianum Pink Rock Orchid Bosistoa floydii Five-leaved Bosistoa 

Dendrobium tenuissimium Slender Pencil Orchid Ipomoea cairica Five-leaved Morning 

Glory 

Dendrocnide excelsa Giant Stinging Tree Brachychiton acerifolius Flame Tree 

Dendrocnide photinophylla Shiny-leaved Stinging Tree Pyrostegia ignea Flame Vine 

Denhamia celastroides Orange Boxwood Psilotum complanatum Flat Fork Fern 

Dennstaedtia davallioides Lacy Ground Fern Xyris complanata Flattened Yellow-eye 

Derris involuta Native Derris Conyza bonariensis Fleabane 

117



Significance 


V, 8S Tweed district Desmodium Thorny Pea Scolopia braunii Flintwood 

acanthocladum 

Dianella caerulea Blue Flax Lily Eucalyptus grandis Flooded Gum 

var. producta 

Dichondra repens a kidney weed Jagera pseudorhus Foambark 

var. pseudorhus forma 

pseudorhus 

Dicksonia youngiae Bristly Treefern Cryptocarya rigida Forest Maple 

8N Taylors Lake Dillwynia glaberrima Smooth Parrot-pea Allocasuarina torulosa Forest Oak 

Dillwynia retorta Twisted Parrot-pea Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest Red Gum 

Dioscorea transversa Native Yam Schizaea bifida Forked Comb Fern 

Diospyros australis Black Plum Cyperus tetraphyllus Four-leaved Flat 

Sedge 

Diospyros fasciculosa Grey Ebony Peperomia tetraphylla Four-leaved Pepper 

Plant 

E, Brunswick R - Tweed Diospyros mabacea Red-fruited Ebony Microsorum scandens Fragrant Fern 

Diospyros pentamera Myrtle Ebony Austromyrtus Fragrant Myrtle 

fragrantissima 

Diplocyclos palmatus Native Bryony Philydrum lanuginosum Frog Mouth 

Diploglottis australis Native Tamarind Parsonsia fulva Furry Silkpod 

E Diploglottis campbellii Small-leaved Tamarind Austrosteenisia glabristyla Giant Blood Vine 

Dodonaea triquetra Large-leaf Hop-bush Austrosteenisia sp. nov. Giant Blood Vine 

Doodia aspera Prickly Rasp Fern Choricarpia subargentea Giant Ironwood 

Doodia caudata Small Rasp Fern Adiantum formosum Giant Maidenhair 

Doodia maxima Giant Rasp Fern Piper novae-hollandiae Giant Pepper Vine 

Doodia media Small Rasp Fern Doodia maxima Giant Rasp Fern 

subsp. australis 

Doodia media Small Rasp Fern Lepironia articulata Giant Sedge 

subsp. media 

3, 8S Wanganui Doryanthes palmeri Spear Lily Dendrocnide excelsa Giant Stinging Tree 

Doryphora sassafras Sassafras Syzygium francisii Giant Water Gum 

# Drymaria cordata Tropical Chickweed Nymphaea gigantea Giant Waterlily 

subsp. diandra 

E +, 8S Broken Head Drynaria rigidula Basket Fern Acronychia laevis Glossy Acronychia 

Drypetes australasica Yellow Tulipwood Rhynchospora corymbosa Grass Beak-rush 

* Drypetes lasiogyna Yellow Tulipwood Neolitsea australiensis Green Bolly Gum 

Duboisia myoporoides Soft Corkwood Styphelia viridis Green Five-corners 

subsp. breviflora 

# Duranta repens Duranta Rubus sp. aff. moorei Greenleaf Bramble 

Dysoxylum fraserianum Rosewood Endiandra muelleri Green-leaved Rose 

subsp. bracteata Walnut 

Dysoxylum mollissimum Red Bean Endiandra muelleri Green-leaved Rose 

subsp. muelleri 

Walnut 

* Dysoxylum muelleri Red Bean Parsonsia latifolia Green-leaved Silkpod 

Dysoxylum rufum Hairy Rosewood Diospyros fasciculosa Grey Ebony 

Ehretia acuminata Koda Eucalyptus siderophloia Grey Ironbark 

Elaeocarpus eumundii Eumundi Quandong Avicennia marina Grey Mangrove 

Elaeocarpus grandis Blue Fig Quintinia verdonii Grey Possumwood 

Elaeocarpus kirtonii Silver Quandong, Beilschmiedia elliptica Grey Walnut 

Elaeocarpus obovatus Hard Quandong Blechnum cartilagineum Gristle Fern 

Elaeocarpus reticulatus Blueberry Ash Baccharis halimifolia Groundsel 

E, 8S Rocky Ck Dam Elaeocarpus Minyon Quandong Psidium guajava Guava 


E, 8S Goonengerry Elaeocarpus williamsianus Hairy Quandong Guilfoylia monostylis Guilfoylia 

Elattostachys nervosa Beetroot Guioa semiglauca Guioa 

Embelia australiana Embelia Acronychia pubescens Hairy Acronychia 

Emmenosperma Yellow Ash Pultenaea villosa Hairy Bushpea 

alphitonioides 

Endiandra compressa White Bark Clerodendrum tomentosum Hairy Clerodendrum 

Endiandra discolor Rose Walnut, Arthropteris beckleri Hairy Climbing 

Domatia Tree 

Fishbone Fern 

118



Significance 


E, 8S Byron Hills Endiandra floydii Crystal Creek Walnut Hibbertia vestita Hairy Guinea Flower 

2RC-, 8S Tyagarah sth Endiandra globosa Black Walnut Persicaria subsessilis Hairy Knotweed 

V Endiandra hayesii Rusty Rose Walnut Melodinus acutiflorus Hairy Melodinus 

3RCa Endiandra introrsa Dorrigo Plum Marsdenia flavescens Hairy Milk Vine 

E Endiandra muelleri Green-leaved Rose Walnut Pittosporum revolutum Hairy Pittosporum 


Endiandra muelleri Green-leaved Rose Walnut Psychotria loniceroides Hairy Psychotria 

subsp. muelleri 

Endiandra pubens Hairy Walnut Elaeocarpus williamsianus Hairy Quandong 

Endiandra sieberi Hard Corkwood Dysoxylum rufum Hairy Rosewood 

Endiandra virens White Apple Parsonsia velutina Hairy Silkpod 

Entolasia marginata Bordered Panic Grass Ripogonum elseyanum Hairy Supplejack 

Entolasia sp. a panic grass Endiandra pubens Hairy Walnut 

Entolasia stricta Wiry Panic Grass Cayratia acris Hairy Water Vine 

Epacris obtusifolia Blunt-leaf Heath Melicope micrococca Hairy-leaved 

Doughwood 

# Erechtites valerianifolia Brazilian Fireweed Pimelea latifolia Hairy-leaved Tall 

Rice-flower 

Eriobotrya japonica Loquat Endiandra sieberi Hard Corkwood 

Eriochloa procera Spring Grass Elaeocarpus obovatus Hard Quandong 

* Ervatamia angustisepala Banana Bush Davallia pyxidata Hare’s Foot Fern 

# Erythrina crista-galli Cockspur Coral Tree Hypolepis muelleri Harsh Ground Fern 

Erythrina vespertilio Bat’s Wing Coral Tree Clematis glycinoides Headache Vine 

# Erythrina x sykesii Coral Tree Bosistoa selwynii Heart-leaved Bosistoa 

Eucalyptus acmenoides White Mahogany Banksia ericifolia Heath-leaved Banksia 

var. macrantha 

Eucalyptus carnea Broad-leaved White Aotus ericoides Heathy Aotus 

Mahogany 

Eucalyptus eugenioides Thin-leaved Stringybark Hedraianthera Hedraianthera 

poryphropetala 

Eucalyptus grandis Flooded Gum Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora Hodgkinsonia 

* Eucalyptus intermedia Pink Bloodwood Pittosporum rhombifolium Hollywood 

Eucalyptus microcorys Tallowwood Araucaria cunninghamii Hoop Pine 

Eucalyptus pilularis Blackbutt Pyrrosia confluens Horseshoe Felt Fern 

Eucalyptus propinqua Small-fruited Grey Gum Casuarina equisetifolia Horse-tail She-oak 

Eucalyptus resinifera Red Mahogany Hovea lanceolata Hovea 

Eucalyptus robusta Swamp Mahogany Hoya australis Hoya 

Eucalyptus robusta a hybrid Eucalypt Anthocarapa nitidula Incense Cedar 

x tereticornis 

Eucalyptus siderophloia Grey Ironbark Anthocarapa sp. nov. Incense Cedar 

Eucalyptus signata Scribbly Gum Phytolacca octandra Inkweed 

Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest Red Gum Dendrobium aemulum Ironbark Orchid 

Eucalyptus umbra a bastard white mahogany Isoglossa eranthemoides Isoglossa 

Euodia micrococca White Euodia Goodenia hederacea Ivy-leafed Goodenia 

Eupomatia bennettii Small Bolwarra Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda 

Eupomatia laurina Bolwarra Cryptocarya glaucescens Jackwood 

Euroschinus falcata Ribbonwood Baumea articulata Jointed Twig-rush 

Eustrephus latifolius Wombat Berry Pteris umbrosa Jungle Brake 

var. angustifolius 

Excoecaria agallocha Milky Mangrove Macroglena caudata Jungle Bristle-fern 

Exocarpus latifolius Broad-leaved Native Microsorum diversifolium Kangaroo Fern 

Cherry 

Exocarya scleroides Exocarya Microsorum pustulatum Kangaroo Fern 

V, * Fawcettia tinosporoides Arrow-head vine Themeda australis Kangaroo Grass 

Ficus coronata Creek Sandpaper Fig Todea barbara King Fern 

Ficus fraseri Sandpaper Fig Lepyrodia interrupta Knotted Scale-rush 

Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig Hippocratea barbata Knot-vine 

subsp. macrophylla 

Ficus obliqua Small-leaved Fig Loeseneriella barbata Knot-vine 

119



Significance 


Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson Fig Persicaria dichotoma Knotweed 

Ficus superba Deciduous Fig Knoxia sumatrensis Knoxia 

var. henneana 

Ficus virens White Fig Ehretia acuminata Koda 

var. sublanceolata 

Ficus watkinsiana Strangling Fig Acacia leucoclada Koreelah Silver Wattle 

subsp. argentifolia 

* Fissistigma stenopetala Ancana Tripladenia cunninghamii Kreysigia 

Flagellaria indica Whip Vine Brachychiton discolor Lace-bark Tree 

Flindersia australis Australian Teak Dennstaedtia davallioides Lacy Ground Fern 

Flindersia bennettiana Bennett’s Ash Lindsaea microphylla Lacy Wedge Fern 

Flindersia schottiana Cudgerie Leucopogon lanceolatus Lance Beard-heath 

Flindersia xanthoxyla Yellowwood Lantana camara Lantana 

V Floydia praealta Ball Nut Notelaea longifolia Large Mock Olive 

V, 8S Wanganui Fontainea australis Southern Fontainea Notelaea longifolia Large Mock Olive 

forma glabra 

Gahnia aspera Short Saw Sedge Caesalpinia scortechinii Large Prickle-vine 

Gahnia clarkei Tall Saw Sedge Lomandra hystrix Large Spiny-headed 

Mat-rush 

3RCa, 8S Lismore Gahnia insignis a sedge Dodonaea triquetra Large-leaf Hop-bush 

Gahnia sieberiana Red-fruit Saw Sedge Celastrus subspicata Large-leaf Staff Vine 

Geissois benthamiana Red Carabeen Banksia robur Large-leaved Banksia 

Geitonoplesium cymosum Scrambling Lily Ligustrum lucidum Large-leaved Privet 

Geranium solanderi Native Geranium Wilkiea macrophylla Large-leaved Wilkiea 

Gleichenia dicarpa Pouched Coral Fern Cyperus lucidus Leafy Flat Sedge 

Gleichenia microphylla Scrambling Coral Fern Cladium procerum Leafy Twig-rush 

Glochidion ferdinandi Cheese Tree Citrus limonia Lemon Tree 

Glochidion sumatranum Umbrella Cheese Tree Acmena smithii Lilly Pilly 

Glycine clandestina Twining Glycine Liparis reflexa Liparis 

Gmelina leichhardtii White Beech Rapanea sp. A Lismore Muttonwood 

# Gomphocarpus fructicosus Swan Plant Lissanthe sp. A Lissanthe 

Goodenia hederacea Ivy-leafed Goodenia Lissanthe sp. B Lissanthe 

Goodenia heterophylla Variable Goodenia Cissus sterculiifolia Long-leaf Water Vine 

8S Brunswick River Grevillea hilliana White Yiel Yiel Petalostigma triloculare Long-leaved Bitter 

Bark 

Grevillea robusta Silky Oak Cupaniopsis newmannii Long-leaved Tuckeroo 

Guilfoylia monostylis Guilfoylia Eriobotrya japonica Loquat 

Guioa semiglauca Guioa Macaranga tanarius Macaranga 

Gymnostachys anceps Settler’s Flax Anopterus macleayanus Macleay Laurel 

Haemodorum tenuifolium a bloodroot Anredera cordifolia Madeira Vine, Potato 

Vine 

Hakea salicifolia Willow-leaved Hakea Adiantum silvaticum Maidenhair Fern 

Halfordia kendack Saffron Heart Sloanea australis Maiden’s Blush 

Hardenbergia violacea False Sarsparilla Canarium australasicum Mangobark 

Harpullia alata Wing-leaved Tulip Canarium baileyanum Mangobark 

Harpullia hillii Oblong-leaved Tulip Acrostichum speciosum Mangrove Fern 

Harpullia pendula Tulipwood Lomandra multiflora Many-flowered 

Mat-rush 

Hedraianthera Hedraianthera Acacia bakeri Marblewood 

poryphropetala 

Hedycarya angustisepala Native Mulberry Melastoma affine Melastoma 

Helicia ferruginea Rusty Helicia Ochna serrulata Mickey Mouse Plant 

Helicia glabriflora Brown Oak Micromelum minutum Micromelum 

2RCa, 8S Nightcap Rge Helmholtzia glaberrima Stream Lily Austromyrtus dulcis Midgenberry 

Heritiera actinophylla Black Booyong Neisosperma poweri Milkbush 

Heritiera trifoliolata White Booyong Excoecaria agallocha Milky Mangrove 

Hibbertia dentata Twining Guinea Flower Elaeocarpus Minyon Quandong 


E Hibbertia hexandra a guinea flower Ageratina riparia Mistweed 

Hibbertia obtusifolia a guinea flower Melinis minutiflora Molasses Grass 

120



Significance 


Hibbertia scandens Climbing Guinea Flower Rubus hillii Molucca Bramble 

Hibbertia vestita Hairy Guinea Flower Monococcus echinophorus Monococcus 

Hibiscus diversifolius Swamp Hibiscus Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig 

subsp. macrophylla 

Hibiscus heterophyllus Native Rosella Morinda jasminoides Morinda 

subsp. heterophyllus 

Hibiscus tiliaceus Native Cottonwood Polystichum proliferum Mother Shield Fern 

V Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia Boppel Nut Aristolochia deltantha Mountain Aristolochia 

var. laheyana 

Hippocratea barbata Knot-vine Lomandra spicata Mountain Mat-rush 

Histiopteris incisa Bat’s Wing Fern Tristaniopsis collina Mountain Water Gum 

Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora Hodgkinsonia Cheilanthes sieberi Mulga Fern 

Homoranthus virgatus a honey myrtle Cryptocarya microneura Murrogun 

Hovea acutifolia Pointed-leaf Hovea Alangium villosum Muskwood 

subsp. polyosmoides 

Hovea lanceolata Hovea Rapanea variabilis Muttonwood 

Hovea linearis Common Hovea Diospyros pentamera Myrtle Ebony 

Hoya australis Hoya Lastreopsis munita Naked Shield Fern 

Hydrocotyle pedicellosa Scrub Pennywort Marsilea mutica Nardoo 

Hymenophyllum Common Filmy Fern Hymenophyllum rarum Narrow Filmy Fern 

cupressiforme 

Hymenophyllum Shiny Filmy Fern Acacia longissima Narrow-leaf Wattle 

flabellatum 

Hymenophyllum rarum Narrow Filmy Fern Persoonia linearis Narrow-leaved 

Geebung 

Hymenosporum flavum Native Frangipani Marsdenia fraseri Narrow-leaved Milk 

Vine 

Hypolaena fastigiata Tassel Rope Rush Cordyline stricta Narrow-leaved Palm 

Lily 

Hypolepis glandulifera Soft Ground Fern Cordyline terminalis Narrow-leaved Palm 

Lily 

Hypolepis muelleri Harsh Ground Fern Croton verreauxii Native Cascarilla 

Imperata cylindrica Blady Grass Celtis paniculata Native Celtis 

var. major 

Ipomoea cairica Five-leaved Morning Glory Hibiscus tiliaceus Native Cottonwood 

# Ipomoea purpurea Common Morning Glory Derris involuta Native Derris 

E, 8S Booyong Isoglossa eranthemoides Isoglossa Sambucus australasica Native Elder 

Isopogon a drumstick Hymenosporum flavum Native Frangipani 

Ixora beckleri Native Ixora Randia benthamiana Native Gardenia 

# Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda Geranium solanderi Native Geranium 

Jagera pseudorhus Foambark Alpinia caerulea Native Ginger 

var. pseudorhus 

forma pseudorhus 

Jasminum dallachi Soft Jasmine Alpinia caerulea Native Ginger 

var. producta 

* Jasminum singuliflorum Soft Jasmine Rhodomyrtus psidioides Native Guava 

Juncus continuus a rush Alchornea ilicifolia Native Holly 

Kennedia rubicunda Red Kennedy Pea Ixora beckleri Native Ixora 

3, x, 8S Mullumbimby Knoxia sumatrensis Knoxia Hedycarya angustisepala Native Mulberry 

* Kunstleria blackii Blood Vine Passiflora herbertiana Native Passionfruit 

# Lantana camara Lantana Rubus parvifolius Native Raspberry 

Lastreopsis acuminata Shiny Shield Fern Hibiscus heterophyllus Native Rosella 

subsp. heterophyllus 

Lastreopsis marginans Bordered Shield Fern Diploglottis australis Native Tamarind 

Lastreopsis microsora Creeping Shield Fern Viola hederacea Native Violet 

Lastreopsis munita Naked Shield Fern Millettia megasperma Native Wisteria 

Leersia hexandra Swamp Ricegrass Dioscorea transversa Native Yam 

Legnephora moorei Round-leaf Vine Diplocyclos palmatus Native Bryony 

Lepidosperma elatius Tall Sword Sedge Tetragonia tetragonoides New Zealand Spinach 

Lepidosperma laterale Broad Sword Sedge Acacia orites Nightcap Wattle 

Lepidozamia peroffskyana Sessile Burrawang Harpullia hillii Oblong-leaved Tulip 

121



Significance 


Lepironia articulata Giant Sedge Olearia heterocarpa Olearia 

Leptomeria drupacea a currant bush Cinnamomum oliveri Oliver’s Sassafras 

Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Teatree Owenia cepiodora Onion Cedar 

Leptospermum liversidgei Swamp Lemon-scented Denhamia celastroides Orange Boxwood 

Teatree 

Leptospermum Wallum Bottlebrush Citriobatus pauciflorus Orange Thorn 

pachyphyllus 

Leptospermum Yellow Teatree Ozothamnus whitei Ozothamnus 

polygalifolium 

Leptospermum Soft-fruited Teatree Sida rhombifolia Paddy’s Lucerne 

semibaccatum 

Leptospermum speciosum a teatree Setaria palmifolia Palm Grass 

Leptospermum whitei White’s Teatree Cordyline rubra Palm Lily 

Lepyrodia interrupta Knotted Scale-rush Melaleuca quinquenervia Paperbark 

Leucopogon ericoides Pink Beard-heath Botrychium australe Parsley Fern 

Leucopogon lanceolatus Lance Beard-heath Pseuderanthemum variabile Pastel Flower 

Leucopogon Ti-tree Beard-heath Uromyrtus australis Peach Myrtle 

leptospermoides 

# Ligustrum lucidum Large-leaved Privet Sterculia quadrifida Peanut Tree 

# Ligustrum sinense Small-leaved Privet Sarcopetalum harveyanum Pearl Vine 

8S Minyon Falls Lindsaea brachypoda a screw fern Polyscias murrayi Pencil Cedar 

E Lindsaea fraseri a screw fern Cryptocarya obovata Pepperberry 

Lindsaea linearis Screw Fern Petermannia cirrosa Petermannia 

Lindsaea microphylla Lacy Wedge Fern Cryptocarya erythroxylon Pigeonberry Ash 

Linospadix monostachya Walking Stick Palm Leucopogon ericoides Pink Beard-heath 

Liparis reflexa Liparis Corymbia intermedia Pink Bloodwood 

3KC- Liparis simmondsii a terrestrial orchid Eucalyptus intermedia Pink Bloodwood 

8S Lismore Lissanthe sp. A Lissanthe Austrobuxus swainii Pink Cherry 

Lissanthe sp. B Lissanthe Archidendron grandiflorum Pink Lace Flower 

Litsea australis Brown Bolly Gum Dendrobium kingianum Pink Rock Orchid 

* Litsea leefeana Brown Bolly Gum Melicope elleryana Pink-flowered 

Doughwood 

Litsea reticulata Bolly Gum Medicosma cunninghamii Pinkheart 

Livistona australis Cabbage Palm Pilidiostigma glabrum Plum Myrtle 

* Loeseneriella barbata Knot-vine Podocarpus elatus Plum Pine 

Lomandra confertifolia Slender Mat-rush Hovea acutifolia Pointed-leaf Hovea 

subsp. pallida 

Lomandra filiformis Wattle Mat-rush Trema aspera Poison Peach 

Lomandra hystrix Large Spiny-headed Pollia crispata Pollia 

Mat-rush 

Lomandra laxa Sprawling Mat-rush Pomax umbellata Pomax 

Lomandra longifolia Spiny-headed Mat-rush Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson Fig 

Lomandra multiflora Many-flowered Mat-rush Quintinia sieberi Possumwood 

Lomandra spicata Mountain Mat-rush Pothos longipes Pothos 

Lomatia silaifolia Crinkle Bush Gleichenia dicarpa Pouched Coral Fern 

Lophostemon confertus Brush Box Alyxia ruscifolia Prickly Alyxia 

Lophostemon suaveolens Swamp Turpentine Orites excelsa Prickly Ash 

Ludwigia peploides Water Primrose Monotoca scoparia Prickly Broom-heath 

Ludwigia peploides Water Primrose Zoysia macrantha Prickly Couch 

subsp. montevidensis 

Lygodium microphyllum Climbing Maidenhair Fern Acacia ulicifolia Prickly Moses 

V Macadamia tetraphylla Rough-shelled Bush Nut Doodia aspera Prickly Rasp Fern 

Macaranga tanarius Macaranga Oxylobium ilicifolium Prickly Shaggy Pea 

Maclura cochinchinensis Cockspur Thorn Arachniodes aristata Prickly Shield Fern 

Macroglena caudata Jungle Bristle-fern Stephania aculeata Prickly Snake Vine 

E Macrozamia moorei a burrawang Ripogonum discolor Prickly Supplejack 

Malaisia scandens Burny Vine Cyathea leichhardtiana Prickly Tree Fern 

Mallotus discolor White Kamala Melaleuca styphelioides Prickly-leaved Tea Tree 

Mallotus philippensis Red Kamala Syzygium crebrinerve Purple Cherry 

122



Significance 


Marsdenia flavescens Hairy Milk Vine Panicum pygmaeum Pygmy Panic 

Marsdenia fraseri Narrow-leaved Milk Vine Austromyrtus bidwillii Python Tree 

Marsdenia lloydi Corky Milk Vine Quassia sp. A Quassia 

E Marsdenia longiloba Slender Marsdenia Alstonia constricta Quinine Tree 

Marsdenia rostrata Common Milk Vine Sarchochilus fitzgeraldii Ravine Orchid 

* Marsdenia suberosa Corky Milk-vine Acmena brachyandra Red Apple 

Marsilea mutica Nardoo Acmena ingens Red Apple 

8S Richmond River Medicosma cunninghamii Pinkheart Alphitonia excelsa Red Ash 

Melaleuca quinquenervia Paperbark Dysoxylum mollissimum Red Bean 

Melaleuca styphelioides Prickly-leaved Tea Tree Dysoxylum muelleri Red Bean 

Melastoma affine Melastoma Corymbia gummifera Red Bloodwood 

Melia azedarach White Cedar Geissois benthamiana Red Carabeen 


Melicope elleryana Pink-flowered Doughwood Toona ciliata Red Cedar 

Melicope erythrococca Tingletongue Psidium cattleianum Red Cherry Guava 

Melicope hayesii Small-leaved Doughwood Acrotriche aggregata Red Cluster Heath 

Melicope micrococca Hairy-leaved Doughwood Daphnandra tenuipes Red Flowered 

Socketwood 

Melicope octandra Doughwood Mallotus philippensis Red Kamala 

Melicope vitiflora Coast Doughwood Kennedia rubicunda Red Kennedy Pea 

# Melinis minutiflora Molasses Grass Syzygium hodgkinsoniae Red Lilly Pilly 

# Melinis repens Red Natal Grass Eucalyptus resinifera Red Mahogany 

Melodinus acutiflorus Hairy Melodinus Rapanea subsessilis Red Muttonwood 

Melodinus australis Southern Melodinus Melinis repens Red Natal Grass 

Melodorum leichhardtii Zig-Zag Vine Mischocarpus australis Red Pear-fruit 

* Mezoneuron brachycarpum Corky Prickle-vine Cinnamomum virens Red-barked Sassafras 

* Microcitrus australasica Finger Lime Gahnia sieberiana Red-fruit Saw Sedge 


3, x, 8S Lismore Micromelum minutum Micromelum Diospyros mabacea Red-fruited Ebony 

* Microsorum diversifolium Kangaroo Fern Cryptocarya laevigata Red-fruited Laurel 

Microsorum pustulatum Kangaroo Fern Wikstroemia indica Red-fruited 

Rice-flower 

Microsorum scandens Fragrant Fern Ophioglossum pendulum Ribbon Fern 

Millettia australis Blunt-leaved Native Euroschinus falcata Ribbonwood 

Wisteria 

Millettia megasperma Native Wisteria Syzygium luehmannii Riberry 

Mischocarpus anodontus Veiny Pear-fruit Schoenoplectus validus River Clubrush 

Mischocarpus australis Red Pear-fruit Aegiceras corniculatum River Mangrove 

Mischocarpus Woolly Pear-fruit Pyrrosia rupestris Rock Felt Fern 

lachnocarpus 

Mischocarpus pyriformis Yellow Pear-fruit Cheilanthes Rock Fern 

austrotenuifolia 

uncommon Monococcus echinophorus Monococcus Abrus precatorius Rosary Pea 

Monotoca elliptica Tree Broom-heath Pseudoweinmannia Rose Marara 

lachnocarpa 

Monotoca scoparia Prickly Broom-heath Archirhodomyrtus beckleri Rose Myrtle 

Monotoca sp. a broom-heath Arytera divaricata Rose Tamarind 

Morinda jasminoides Morinda Endiandra discolor Rose Walnut, 

Domatia Tree 

5 Mucuna gigantea Burny Bean Rubus rosifolius Rose-leaf Bramble 

E Muellerina myrtifolia a mistletoe Caldcluvia paniculosa Rose-leaf Marara 

Myoporum boninense a boobialla Dysoxylum fraserianum Rosewood 

ssp. australe 

5, 8S Richmond River Neisosperma poweri Milkbush Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair 

Neolitsea australiensis Green Bolly Gum Cyathea australis Rough Tree Fern 

Neolitsea dealbata White Bolly Gum Aphananthe philippinensis Rough-leaved Elm 

# Nephrolepis cordifolia Fishbone Fern Macadamia tetraphylla Rough-shelled Bush 

Nut 

Notelaea johnsonii Veinless Mock Olive Legnephora moorei Round-leaf Vine 

123



Significance 


Notelaea longifolia Large Mock Olive Persoonia adenantha Round-leaved 

Geebung 

Notelaea longifolia Large Mock Olive Helicia ferruginea Rusty Helicia 

forma glabra 

# Nymphaea capensis Cape Waterlily Amorphospermum whitei Rusty Plum 

3 Nymphaea gigantea Giant Waterlily Endiandra hayesii Rusty Rose Walnut 

# Ochna serrulata Micky Mouse Plant Cupaniopsis flagelliformis Rusty Tuckeroo 

var. australis 

E, 8S Richmond River Ochrosia moorei Southern Ochrosia Halfordia kendack Saffron Heart 

2RCa Olearia heterocarpa Olearia Paspalum vaginatum Salt-water Couch 

Omalanthus nutans Bleeding Heart Sprengelia sprengelioides Sand Couch 

* Omalanthus populifolius Bleeding Heart Zieria smithii Sandfly Zieria 

Ophioglossum pendulum Ribbon Fern Ficus fraseri Sandpaper Fig 

Oplismenus aemulus a beard grass Doryphora sassafras Sassafras 

Oplismenus imbecillis Creeping Beard Grass Phebalium squameum Satinwood 

subsp. squameum 

Oplismenus a beard grass Austromyrtus hillii Scaly Myrtle 

undulatifolius var. mollis 

Orites excelsa Prickly Ash Phebalium squamulosum Scaly Phebalium 

Ottochloa gracillima a grass Acronychia littoralis Scented Acronychia 

V, 8S Binna Burra Owenia cepiodora Onion Cedar Synoum glandulosum Scentless Rosewood 

Oxylobium ilicifolium Prickly Shaggy Pea Gleichenia microphylla Scrambling Coral Fern 

Oxylobium robustum Tree Shaggy Pea Geitonoplesium cymosum Scrambling Lily 

3RC- Ozothamnus whitei Ozothamnus Lindsaea linearis Screw Fern 

Palmeria scandens Anchor Vine Pandanus tectorius Screw Pine 

var. australianus 

Pandanus tectorius Screw Pine Eucalyuptus signata Scribbly Gum 

var. australianus 

Pandorea jasminoides Bower Vine Stenocarpus salignus Scrub Beefwood 

Pandorea pandorana Wonga Vine Phaleria chermsideana Scrub Daphne 

Panicum paludosum Swamp Panic Persoonia attenuata Scrub Geebung 

Panicum pygmaeum Pygmy Panic Persoonia media Scrub Geebung 

Pararchidendron pruinosum Snow Wood Austromyrtus acmenoides Scrub Ironwood 

Parsonsia fulva Furry Silkpod Amylotheca dictyophleba Scrub Mistletoe 

Parsonsia latifolia Green-leaved Silkpod Hydroctyle pedicellosa Scrub Pennywort 

Parsonsia sp. a silkpod Rhodamnia rubescens Scrub Turpentine 

Parsonsia straminea Common Silkpod Lepidozamia peroffskyana Sessile Burrawang 

Parsonsia velutina Hairy Silkpod Setaria sphacelata Setaria 

Paspalum vaginatum Salt-water Couch Gymnostachys anceps Settler’s Flax 

# Paspalum wettsteinii Broad-leaved Paspalum Backhousia sciadophora Shatterwood 

Passiflora aurantia Blunt-leaved Passionfruit Cyclosorus interruptus Shield-fern 

# Passiflora edulis Common Passionfruit Hymenophyllum flabellatum Shiny Filmy Fern 

# Passiflora foetida Stinking Passionflower Lastreopsis acuminata Shiny Shield Fern 

var. hispida 

Passiflora herbertiana Native Passionfruit Dendrocnide photinophylla Shiny-leaved Stinging 

Tree 

# Passiflora suberosa Cork Passionflower Asplenium obtusatum Shore Spleenwort 

# Passiflora subpeltata White Passionflower Gahnia aspera Short Saw Sedge 

Patersonia sericea Silky Purple Flag Carex breviculmis Short-stem Sedge 

Pellaea falcata Sickle Fern Pellaea falcata Sickle Fern 

Pellaea falcata var. nana Small Sickle Fern Asplenium polyodon Sickle Spleenwort 

# Pellaea viridis a South African fern Boronia falcifolia Sickle-leaved Boronia 

Pennantia cunninghamii Brown Beech Rubus moorei Silky Bramble 

Pennisetum alopecuroides Swamp Foxtail Trichosanthes subvelutina Silky Cucumber 

8S Richmond River Pentaceras australe Bastard Crow’s Ash Decaspermum humile Silky Myrtle 

Peperomia leptostachya Slender Pepper Plant Grevillea robusta Silky Oak 

Peperomia tetraphylla Four-leaved Pepper Plant Patersonia sericea Silky Purple Flag 

5 Peristanthus hillii an epiphytic orchid Acronychia wilcoxiana Silver Aspen 

Persicaria decipiens Slender Knotweed Croton insularis Silver Croton 

124



Significance 


Persicaria dichotoma Knotweed Argophyllum nullumense Silver Leaf 

Persicaria strigosa Spotted Knotweed Elaeocarpus kirtonii Silver Quandong, 

Persicaria subsessilis Hairy Knotweed Asplenium attenuatum Simple Spleenwort 

Persoonia adenantha Round-leaved Geebung Psilotum nudum Skeleton Fork Fern 

* Persoonia attenuata Scrub Geebung Pinus elliottii Slash Pine 

Persoonia levis Broad-leaved Geebung Zehneria cunninghamii Slender Cucumber 

Persoonia linearis Narrow-leaved Geebung Cayratia clematidea Slender Grape 

Persoonia media Scrub Geebung Persicaria decipiens Slender Knotweed 

Petalostigma triloculare Long-leaved Bitter Bark Marsdenia longiloba Slender Marsdenia 

Petermannia cirrosa Petermannia Lomandra confertifolia Slender Mat-rush 

subsp. pallida 

Petrophile sp. a conestick Dendrobium tenuissimium Slender Pencil Orchid 

V Phaius australis Swamp Orchid Peperomia leptostachya Slender Pepper Plant 

E Phaius tankervilliae Swamp Orchid Xyris gracilis ssp. gracilis Slender Yellow-eye 

Phaleria chermsideana Scrub Daphne Eupomatia bennettii Small Bolwarra 

Phebalium squameum Satinwood Psychotria simmondsiana Small Psychotria 

subsp. squameum 

Phebalium squamulosum Scaly Phebalium Doodia caudata Small Rasp Fern 

Philydrum lanuginosum Frog Mouth Doodia media Small Rasp Fern 

subsp. australis 

Phragmites australis Common Reed Doodia media Small Rasp Fern 

subsp. media 

Phytolacca octandra Inkweed Pellaea falcata var. nana Small Sickle Fern 

Pilidiostigma glabrum Plum Myrtle Eucalyptus propinqua Small-fruited Grey 

Gum 

Pimelea latifolia Hairy-leaved Tall Cissus opaca Small-leaf Water Vine 

Rice-flower 

Pimelia ligustrina Tall Rice-flower Melicope hayesii Small-leaved 

Doughwood 

# Pinus elliottii Slash Pine Ficus obliqua Small-leaved Fig 

Piper novae-hollandiae Giant Pepper Vine Symplocos baeuerlenii Small-leaved 

Hazelwood 

Pipturus argenteus White Nettle Acmena smithii rheotypic Small-leaved Lilly Pilly 

race 

Pisonia aculeata Thorny Pisonia Ligustrum sinense Small-leaved Privet 

Pisonia umbellifera Birdlime Tree Diploglottis campbellii Small-leaved Tamarind 

Pittosporum revolutum Hairy Pittosporum Cupaniopsis parviflora Small-leaved Tuckeroo 

Pittosporum rhombifolium Hollywood Polygonum hydropiper Smart Water Weed 

Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Cassia floribunda Smooth Cassia 

Planchonella australis Black Apple Clerodendrum floribundum Smooth 

Clerodendrum 

8S Byron Bay Planchonella chartacea Thin-leaved Coondoo Davidsonia sp. A Smooth Davidson’s 

Plum 

Planchonella cotinifolia Yellow Lemon Dillwynia glaberrima Smooth Parrot-pea 

8S Brunswick River Planchonella laurifolia Blush Coondoo Psychotria daphnoides Smooth Psychotria 

Planchonella myrsinoides Blunt-leaved Coondoo Rhodamnia maideniana Smooth Scrub 

Turpentine 

Planchonella pohlmaniana Yellow Boxwood Senna floribunda Smooth Senna 

Platycerium bifurcatum Elkhorn Senna x floribunda Smooth Senna 

Platycerium superbum Staghorn Cupaniopsis serrata Smooth Tuckeroo 

3K Plectranthus cremnus a cockspur flower Wilkiea Smooth Wilkiea 

austroqueenslandica 

Plectranthus sp. a cockspur flower Stephania japonica Snake Vine 

var. discolor 

4, x, 7 Plinanthesis urvillei a wallaby grass Pararchidendron pruinosum Snow Wood 

Podocarpus elatus Plum Pine Daphnandra sp. a Socketwood 

Pollia crispata Pollia Acronychia pauciflora Soft Acronychia 

i Polygonum aviculare Variable Wire Weed Duboisia myoporoides Soft Corkwood 

Polygonum hydropiper Smart Water Weed Hypolepis glandulifera Soft Ground Fern 

Polyosma cunninghamii Featherwood Jasminum dallachi Soft Jasmine 

125



Significance 


Polyscias elegans Celerywood Jasminum singuliflorum Soft Jasmine 

Polyscias murrayi Pencil Cedar Baumea rubiginosa Soft Twig-rush 

Polystichum formosum Broad Shield Fern Cayratia eurynema Soft Water Vine 

Polystichum proliferum Mother Shield Fern Leptospermum Soft-fruited Teatree 

semibaccatum 

Pomax umbellata Pomax Sporobolus virginicus Sonchus 

Pothos longipes Pothos Syzygium corynanthum Sour Cherry 

Pratia purpurascens Whiteroot Corynocarpus rupestris Southern 

subsp. rupestris 

Corynocarpus, 

Glenugie Karaka 

Prostanthera lanceolata a mint-bush Fontainea australis Southern Fontainea 

Protasparagus densiflorus Fern Asparagus Melodinus australis Southern Melodinus 

# Protasparagus plumosus Climbing Asparagus Ochrosia moorei Southern Ochrosia 

Pseuderanthemum variabile Pastel Flower Doryanthes palmeri Spear Lily 

Pseudoweinmannia Rose Marara Triunia youngiae Spice Bush 

lachnocarpa 

# Psidium cattleianum Red Cherry Guava Crinum pedunculatum Spider Lily 

Psidium guajava Guava Randia moorei Spiny Gardenia 

E Psilotum complanatum Flat Fork Fern Lomandra longifolia Spiny-headed Mat-rush 

Psilotum nudum Skeleton Fork Fern Persicaria strigosa Spotted Knotweed 

Psychotria daphnoides Smooth Psychotria Dendrobium gracilicaule Spotted Orchid 

Psychotria loniceroides Hairy Psychotria Lomandra laxa Sprawling Mat-rush 

Psychotria simmondsiana Small Psychotria Sticherus lobatus Spreading Shield Fern 

Pteridium esculentum Bracken Fern Eriochloa procera Spring Grass 

Pteris tremula Tender Bracken Xanthorrhoea johnsonii Square-leaved Grass 

Tree 

Pteris umbrosa Jungle Brake Platycerium superbum Staghorn 

Pteris vittata Chinese Brake Sicyos australis Star Cucumber 

Pultenaea villosa Hairy Bushpea Astrotricha latifolia Star-hair 

# Pyrostegia ignea Flame Vine Sarcopteryx stipata Steelwood 

Pyrrosia confluens Horseshoe Felt Fern Canthium buxifolium Stiff Canthium 

Pyrrosia rupestris Rock Felt Fern Urtica incisa Stinging Nettle 

Pyrrosia sp. a felt fern Tragia novae-hollandiae Stinging Vine 

3RC-, 8S Alstonville Quassia sp. A Quassia Cryptocarya foetida Stinking Cryptocarya 

Quintinia sieberi Possumwood Passiflora foetida var. hispida Stinking Passionflower 

Quintinia verdonii Grey Possumwood Zieria arborescens Stinkwood 

Randia benthamiana Native Gardenia Strangea linearis Strangea 

8S Buckombil Randia chartacea Thin-leaved Gardenia Ficus watkinsiana Strangling Fig 

E, 8S Lismore Randia moorei Spiny Gardenia Cyathea cooperi Straw Tree Fern 

Rapanea howittiana Brush Muttonwood Helmholtzia glaberrima Stream Lily 

Rapanea sp. A Lismore Muttonwood Callitris macleayana Stringybark Pine 

Rapanea subsessilis Red Muttonwood Rumex brownii Swamp Dock 

Rapanea variabilis Muttonwood Pennisetum alopecuroides Swamp Foxtail 

* Rauwenhoffia leichhardtii Zig Zag Vine Hibiscus diversifolius Swamp Hibiscus 

Restio tetraphyllus Feather Plant Leptospermum liversidgei Swamp Lemon-scented 

Teatree 

Rhodamnia argentea White Myrtle Eucalyptus robusta Swamp Mahogany 

2RC-, 8S Richmond Rhodamnia maideniana Smooth Scrub Turpentine Casuarina glauca Swamp Oak 

River 

Rhodamnia rubescens Scrub Turpentine Phaius australis Swamp Orchid 

8S Uralba NR Rhodamnia whiteana White Malletwood Phaius tankervilliae Swamp Orchid 

Rhodomyrtus psidioides Native Guava Panicum paludosum Swamp Panic 

Rhodosphaera rhodanthemaDeep Yellowwood Leersia hexandra Swamp Ricegrass 

Rhynchospora corymbosa Grass Beak-rush Lophostemon suaveolens Swamp Turpentine 

Rhysotoechia bifoliolata Twin-leaved Tuckeroo Blechnum indicum Swamp Water Fern 

Ricinis communis Castor Oil Plant Gomphocarpus fructicosus Swan Plant 

Ricinocarpus pinifolius a wedding bush Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum 

Ripogonum album White Supplejack Smilax glyciphylla Sweet Sarsparilla 

Ripogonum discolor Prickly Supplejack Acacia suaveolens Sweet Wattle 

126



Significance 


Ripogonum elseyanum Hairy Supplejack Pimelia ligustrina Tall Rice-flower 

Rubus hillii Molucca Bramble Gahnia clarkei Tall Saw Sedge 

Rubus moorei Silky Bramble Carex appressa Tall Sedge 

Rubus parvifolius Native Raspberry Lepidosperma elatius Tall Sword Sedge 

Rubus rosifolius Rose-leaf Bramble Xyris operculata Tall Yellow-eye 

Rubus sp. A a bramble Eucalyptus microcorys Tallowwood 

Rubus sp. aff. moorei Greenleaf Bramble Cassytha glabella Tangled Devil’s Twine 

Rubus sp. nov. a bramble Tapeinosperma Tapeinosperma 

pseudojambosa 

Rumex brownii Swamp Dock Hypolaena fastigiata Tassel Rope Rush 

Sambucus australasica Native Elder Tecoma stans Tecoma 

Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed Pteris tremula Tender Bracken 

Samolus valerandi Common Brookweed Croton acronychioides Thick-leaved Croton 

V Sarchochilus fitzgeraldii Ravine Orchid Cryptocarya meissneriana Thick-leaved Laurel 

V, 8S Richmond River Sarchochilus hartmannii a terrestrial orchid Planchonella chartacea Thin-leaved Coondoo 

Sarcomelicope simplicifolia Bauerella Randia chartacea Thin-leaved Gardenia 

Sarcopetalum harveyanum Pearl Vine Xeromphis chartacea Thin-leaved Gardenia 

Sarcopteryx stipata Steelwood Eucalyptus eugenioides Thin-leaved Stringybark 

E, 8S Brunswick River Sauropus albiflorus Brush Sauropus Desmodium acanthocladum Thorny Pea 


# Schefflera actinophylla Umbrella Tree Pisonia aculeata Thorny Pisonia 

Schizaea bifida Forked Comb Fern Tetrastigma nitens Three-leaf Water Vine 

Schizaea dichotoma Branched Comb Fern Bosistoa transversa Three-leaved Bosistoa 

Schizomeria ovata Crabapple Cryptocarya triplinervis Three-veined 

Cryptocarya 

Schoenoplectus Clubrush Cryptocarya triplinervis Three-veined 

mucronatus var. pubens Cryptocarya 

Schoenoplectus validus River Clubrush Melicope erythrococca Tingletongue 

Schoenus brevifolius Zig Zag Bog-rush Leucopogon Ti-tree Beard-heath 

leptospermoides 

Scolopia braunii Flintwood Daviesia arborea Tree Bitter Pea 

# Senecio madagascariensis Fireweed Monotoca elliptica Tree Broom-heath 

# Senna floribunda Smooth Senna Trochocarpa laurina Tree Heath 

# Senna pendula var. glabrata Winter Senna Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven 

# Senna x floribunda Smooth Senna Oxylobium robustum Tree Shaggy Pea 

# Setaria palmifolia Palm Grass Triumfetta rhomboidea Triumfetta 

# Setaria sphacelata Setaria Drymaria cordata Tropical Chickweed 

subsp. diandra 

Sicyos australis Star Cucumber Cupaniopsis anacardioides Tuckeroo 

# Sida rhombifolia Paddy’s Lucerne Harpullia pendula Tulipwood 

Sloanea australis Maiden’s Blush Akania lucens Turnipwood 

Sloanea woollsii Yellow Carabeen Syncarpia glomulifera Turpentine 

Smilax australis Austral Sarsparilla Aneilema biflorum Twin-flowered 


Smilax glyciphylla Sweet Sarsparilla Glycine clandestina Twining Glycine 

# Solanum mauritianum Wild Tobacco Hibbertia dentata Twining Guinea Flower 

# Solanum seaforthianum Climbing Nightshade Arytera distylis Twin-leaved Coogera 

# Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow Thistle Rhysotoechia bifoliolata Twin-leaved Tuckeroo 

# Spathodea campanulata African Tulip Tree Dillwynia retorta Twisted Parrot-pea 


Sporobolus virginicus Sonchus Glochidion sumatranum Umbrella Cheese Tree 

Sprengelia sprengelioides Sand Couch Sticherus flabellatus Umbrella Fern 

Stenocarpus salignus Scrub Beefwood Schefflera actinophylla Umbrella Tree 

Stenocarpus sinuatus Firewheel Tree Bouchardatia neurococca Union Nut 

Stephania aculeata Prickly Snake Vine Goodenia heterophylla Variable Goodenia 

Stephania japonica Snake Vine Polygonum aviculare Variable Wire Weed 

var. discolor 

8S Wardell Sterculia quadrifida Peanut Tree Notelaea johnsonii Veinless Mock Olive 

Sticherus flabellatus Umbrella Fern Archidendron muellerianum Veiny Lace Flower 

127



Significance 


Sticherus lobatus Spreading Shield Fern Mischocarpus anodontus Veiny Pear-fruit 

8S Lennox Head Strangea linearis Strangea Wilkiea huegeliana Veiny Wilkiea 

Streblus brunonianus Whalebone Tree Austromyrtus lasioclada Velvet Myrtle 

Streptothamnus moorei Coast Redberry Vine Calamus muelleri Wait-a-While 

Styphelia viridis Green Five-corners Linospadix monostachya Walking Stick Palm 

subsp. breviflora 

# Syagrus romanzoffiana Cocos Palm Banksia aemula Wallum Banksia 

V, 8S Nightcap Rge Symplocos baeuerlenii Small-leaved Hazelwood Leptospermum pachyphyllus Wallum Bottlebrush 

Symplocos stawellii White Hazelwood Tradescantia albiflora Wandering Dew 

Symplocos thwaitesii Buff Hazelwood Tristaniopsis laurina Water Gum, Kanuka 

Syncarpia glomulifera Turpentine Ludwigia peploides Water Primrose 

Synoum glandulosum Scentless Rosewood Ludwigia peploides Water Primrose 

subsp. montevidensis 

Syzygium australe Brush Cherry Cissus antarctica Water Vine 

Syzygium corynanthum Sour Cherry Lomandra filiformis Wattle Mat-rush 

Syzygium crebrinerve Purple Cherry Waterhousea floribunda Weeping Lilly Pilly 

Syzygium francisii Giant Water Gum Streblus brunonianus Whalebone Tree 

V, 8S Richmond River Syzygium hodgkinsoniae Red Lilly Pilly Flagellaria indica Whip Vine 

Syzygium luehmannii Riberry Andropogon virginicus Whisky Grass 

V, 8S Richmond River Syzygium moorei Coolamon, Durobby Endiandra virens White Apple 

Syzygium oleosum Blue Lilly Pilly Alphitonia petriei White Ash 

Tabernaemontana Banana Bush Endiandra compressa White Bark 

pandacaqui 

Tapeinosperma Tapeinosperma Ailanthus triphysa White Bean 

pseudojambosa 

Tasmannia insipida Brush Pepperbush Gmelina leichhardtii White Beech 

# Tecoma capensis Cape Honeysuckle Neolitsea dealbata White Bolly Gum 

# Tecoma stans Tecoma Argyrodendron trifoliolatum White Booyong 

Tetragonia tetragonoides New Zealand Spinach Heritiera trifoliolata White Booyong 

Tetrastigma nitens Three-leaf Water Vine Melia azedarach White Cedar 


Tetratheca thymifolia Black-eyed Susan Euodia micrococca White Euodia 

Themeda australis Kangaroo Grass Ficus virens White Fig 

var. sublanceolata 

V, 8S Richmond River Tinospora tinosporoides Arrow-head vine Symplocos stawellii White Hazelwood 

Todea barbara King Fern Mallotus discolor White Kamala 

Toechima dasyrrhache Blunt-leaved Steelwood Archidendron hendersonii White Lace Flower 

Toona ciliata Red Cedar Eucalyptus acmenoides White Mahogany 

# Tradescantia albiflora Wandering Dew Rhodamnia whiteana White Malletwood 

Tragia novae-hollandiae Stinging Vine Rhodamnia argentea White Myrtle 

Trema aspera Poison Peach Pipturus argenteus White Nettle 

3RC- Trichosanthes subvelutina Silky Cucumber Passiflora subpeltata White Passionflower 

Tripladenia cunninghamii Kreysigia Ripogonum album White Supplejack 

Tristaniopsis collina Mountain Water Gum Cupaniopsis foveolata White Tamarind 

Tristaniopsis laurina Water Gum, Kanuka Grevillea hilliana White Yiel Yiel 

3, 8S Byron Bay Triumfetta rhomboidea Triumfetta Pratia purpurascens Whiteroot 

Triunia youngiae Spice Bush Leptospermum whitei White’s Teatree 

Trochocarpa laurina Tree Heath Alectryon subcinereus Wild Quince 

5 Typha orientalis Broad-leaved Cumbungi Solanum mauritianum Wild Tobacco 

E, 8S Nightcap Rge Uromyrtus australis Peach Myrtle Callistemon salignus Willow Bottlebrush 

Urtica incisa Stinging Nettle Hakea salicifolia Willow-leaved Hakea 

Viola hederacea Native Violet Harpullia alata Wing-leaved Tulip 

E Wahlenbergia scopulicola a bluebell Senna pendula var. glabrata Winter Senna 

Waterhousea floribunda Weeping Lilly Pilly Entolasia stricta Wiry Panic Grass 

Wikstroemia indica Red-fruited Rice-flower Eustrephus latifolius Wombat Berry 

var. angustifolius 

8S Buckombil Wilkiea austroqueenslandica Smooth Wilkiea Pandorea pandorana Wonga Vine 

Wilkiea huegeliana Veiny Wilkiea Mischocarpus lachnocarpus Woolly Pear-fruit 

128



Significance 


8S Buckombil Wilkiea macrophylla Large-leaved Wilkiea Amyema conspicuum Woolly-flowered 

Mistletoe 

Xanthorrhoea johnsonii Square-leaved Grass Tree Xylosma terrae-reginae Xylosma 

Xanthorrhoea macronema Bottlebrush Grass Tree Emmenosperma Yellow Ash 

alphitonioides 

Xanthorrhoea sp. a grass tree Planchonella pohlmaniana Yellow Boxwood 

* Xeromphis chartacea Thin-leaved Gardenia Sloanea woollsii Yellow Carabeen 

Xylosma terrae-reginae Xylosma Planchonella cotinifolia Yellow Lemon 

Xyris complanata Flattened Yellow-eye Mischocarpus pyriformis Yellow Pear-fruit 

8N Broken Hd Xyris gracilis ssp. gracilis Slender Yellow-eye Leptospermum polygalifolium Yellow Teatree 

Xyris juncea Dwarf Yellow-eye Drypetes australasica Yellow Tulipwood 

Xyris operculata Tall Yellow-eye Drypetes lasiogyna Yellow Tulipwood 

Zehneria cunninghamii Slender Cucumber Flindersia xanthoxyla Yellowwood 

Zieria arborescens Stinkwood Conospermum taxifolium Yew-leaved Smoke-bush 

Zieria laxiflora Few-flowered Zieria Schoenus brevifolius Zig Zag Bog-rush 

Zieria smithii Sandfly Zieria Rauwenhoffia leichhardtii Zig Zag Vine 

Zoysia macrantha Prickly Couch Melodorum leichhardtii Zig-Zag Vine 

Key 

# introduced plant 

#+ NSW native, introduced on the coastal dune 

Conservation codes (TSCA and ROTAP, defined in Section 5 of the main report) 

E Endangered (TSCA) 

V Vulnerable (TSCA) 

R Rare (ROTAP) 

Significance codes (Sheringham and Westaway 1995) 

8N Non-ROTAP regionally uncommon taxa that reach their northern distributional limit in Byron or Tweed Shire. 

8S Non-ROTAP regionally uncommon taxa that reach their southern distributional limit north of Grafton 

(Locality name after code indicates known distributional limit) 

3 Taxa rare in NSW 

4 Regionally uncommon taxa 

5 Depleted taxa 

7 Disjunct taxa 

x extinct 

K Poorly known taxa 

* name now changed (asterisk denotes the previous name) 

References 

Harden (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993) 

Williams, Harden and McDonald (1984) 

Floyd (1989) 

Floyd (undated b) 

Williams and Woodland (1990) 

Williams and Harden (1984) 

129


Appendix 6 

Questionnaire sent to public after media advertisement of Byron 

Flora and Fauna Study 

130


131


132


Appendix 7 

Threatened flora species profiles and maps showing locations of 

records within Byron Shire 

CONTENTS 

Scented Acronychia (Acronychia littoralis FAMILY RUTACEAE) xx 

Rusty Plum (Amorphospermum whitei FAMILY SAPOTACEAE) xx 

Fragrant Myrtle (Austromyrtus fragrantissima FAMILY MYRTACEAE) xx 

Heart-leaved Bonewood (Bosistoa selwynii FAMILY RUTACEAE) and Yellow Satinheart (B. transversa) xx 

Giant Ironwood (Choricarpia subargentea FAMILY MYRTACEAE) xx 

Corokia (Corokia whiteana FAMILY COROKIACEAE) xx 

Stinking Cryptocarya (Cryptocarya foetida FAMILY LAURACEAE) xx 

Davidson’s Plum (Davidsonia pruriens var. jerseyana FAMILY DAVIDSONIACEAE) xx 

Smooth Davidsonia (Davidsonia sp. A FAMILY DAVIDSONIACEAE) xx 

Thorny Pea (Desmodium acanthocladum FAMILY FABACEAE) xx 

Red-fruited Ebony (Diospyros mabacea FAMILY EBENACEAE) xx 

Small-leaved Tamarind (Diploglottis campbellii FAMILY SAPINDACAEAE) xx 

Basket Fern (Drynaria rigidula FAMILY POLYPODIACEAE) xx 

Hairy Quandong (Elaeocarpus williamsianus FAMILY ELAEOCARPACEAE) xx 

Crystal Creek Walnut (Endiandra floydii FAMILY LAURACEAE) xx 

Rusty Rose Walnut (Endiandra hayesii FAMILY LAURACEAE) xx 

Green-leaved Rose Walnut (subspecies) (Endiandra muelleri subsp. bracteata FAMILY LAURACEAE) xx 

Ball Nut (Floydia praealta FAMILY PROTEACEAE) xx 

Southern Fontainea (Fontainea australis FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE) xx 

Red Boppel Nut (Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia FAMILY PROTEACEAE) xx 

Isoglossa (Isoglossa eranthemoides FAMILY ACANTHACEAE) xx 

Rough-shelled Bush Nut (Macadamia tetraphylla FAMILY PROTEACEAE) xx 

Southern Ochrosia (Ochrosia moorei FAMILY APOCYNACEAE) xx 

Onion Cedar (Owenia cepiodora FAMILY MELIACEAE) xx 

Spiny Gardenia (Randia moorei FAMILY RUBIACEAE) xx 

Brush Sauropus (Sauropus albiflorus subsp. microcladus FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE) xx 

Small-leaved Hazelwood (Symplocos baeuerlenii FAMILY SYMPLOCAEAE) xx 

Red Lilly Pilly (Syzygium hodgkinsoniae FAMILY MYRTACEAE) xx 

Durobby (Syzygium moorei FAMILY MYRTACEAE) xx 

Arrow-head vine (Tinospora tinosporoides FAMILY MENISPERMACEAE) xx 

NOTES 

Land tenure, reservation status and threats have not been updated in the text to reflect changes to land 

tenure since August 1998. However, maps show updated land tenures. 

The study area is defined in Section 1. Conservation status codes are defined in Section 5. Threats are those 

which apply in the study area, unless otherwise stated. 

Responsibility for the recovery of Threatened flora species rests with the NSW NPWS who are required to 

prepare Recovery Plans for each species. At present, Recovery Plans have been prepared for only a small 

number of species, though many more are in preparation. Recovery actions should be carried out in 

accordance with those plans, and supervised by NSW NPWS or their agents. The recommendations made 

in this study are not intended to pre-empt official recovery action, and are for general rehabilitation 

and replanting measures. Landowners who do not have specific skills in habitat rehabilitation are asked to 

seek advice before working in the vicinity of Threatened flora species. 

A licence from NSW NPWS is required in order to ‘pick’ a Threatened flora species, and this includes the 

collection of fruit and seed for bush food or for propagation. When purchasing plants, check that the plants 

have been legally propagated and are from local genetic stock. 

133


Scented Acronychia (Acronychia littoralis FAMILY RUTACEAE) 

Introduction. Scented Acronychia is a littoral rainforest tree with, as its name suggests, leaves which are pleasantly 

aromatic when crushed. Assessment of its conservation status has been problematic since it is difficult to distinguish 

from the related A. imperforata. In addition its taxonomic status has been in doubt, with a suggestion of a hybrid origin for 

the taxon (Peakall and Sydes 1996). The suggestion has been discounted in more recent unpublished reports. A draft 

Recovery Plan has been prepared (Hunter et al. 1991), and a new version is in preparation. Detailed species outlines have 

been prepared for Scented Acronychia in New South Wales (Quinn et al. 1995) and in Queensland (Barry and Thomas 

1994). 

Conservation status. Scented Acronychia is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP 

code of 3ECi (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A small tree with dense rounded crown, up to 8 m tall (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Pale creamy-yellow in short cymes in the upper leaf axils. Flowering period January to February (Floyd 1989). 

Fruit. A fleshy drupe, cream and broadly ovate, 10-15 mm diameter. An inner horny mesocarp contains four cells each 

with a single seed (Floyd 1989). 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Scented Acronychia as occurring in littoral rainforest close to the sea or in wet sclerophyll 

forest on sandy coastal plains. 

Distribution. From the Clarence to the Tweed Rivers, NSW. Recorded from Esk River; Broken Head NR; Ocean Shores; 

Bogangar (Floyd 1989). More recent records extend the range of Scented Acronychia into Queensland, and a number of 

other locations in NSW are also known (Hunter et al. 1991, A. Murray pers. comm.). Details of other locations in the 

Byron Shire were compiled during this study. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Germination of seeds of Scented Acronychia is unreliable and slow, since seeds are enclosed 

in a hard mesocarp and seeds are not always present inside (Hunter et al. 1991 and C. Gross, unpublished 

reports). Growth from root suckers is common in natural populations (Hunter et al. 1991), and regeneration is apparently 

associated with disturbance. 

Economic and cultural significance. The eating qualities of the fruit make Scented Acronychia of potential interest to the 

bush food industry but the rarity of the plant and the difficulty of its propagation suggest that its potential is unlikely to 

be developed in the short term. Otherwise, no particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and 

ecological values of all native rainforest species. 

Abundance and reservation. Details of eight locations in the study area were compiled, and Scented Acronychia is 

reserved at three locations in the Shire. Briggs and Leigh (1996) consider Scented Acronychia to be inadequately 

conserved. 

Threats and amelioration. Habitat clearing and modification, roadworks, coastal storms. 

To improve the conservation status of Scented Acronychia, the health of the populations and their regeneration potential 

should be enhanced by weed management, fire protection and replanting of surrounding habitat. However, the littoral 

rainforest which is the preferred habitat of Scented Acronychia is depleted and fragmented in the Shire. 

134


Rusty Plum (Amorphospermum whitei FAMILY SAPOTACEAE) 

Introduction. Rusty Plum is an ornamental rainforest tree that varies in abundance throughout its range. It is sparse in 

the Byron Shire and the surrounding region, but is more abundant further south. No Recovery Plan has been prepared, 

but a detailed species outline has been prepared (Barry and Thomas 1994) (Queensland). 

Conservation status. Rusty Plum is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code of 

3RCa (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A small to medium tree up to 20 m tall. The crown has a rusty appearance below (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Rusty-brown with creamy green petals, in dense clusters in the leaf axils. Flowering period is from September to 

October (Floyd 1989). No information about pollination is available. 

Fruit. Drupe, red turning purple-black, globular, 2-5 cm diameter. Ripe September to October. One to two seeds per 

fruit (Floyd 1989). No information about dispersal is available, but frugivorous birds can be assumed to carry the seeds, 

and rodents may move fruit and seed around at ground level. 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Rusty Plum as occurring in gully, littoral or warm temperate rainforests generally below 

600 m altitude on the less fertile soils derived from rhyolite or metasediments, while Barry and Thomas (1994) describe 

a Queensland site at higher elevation (c. 700 m). Rusty Plum also occurs at similar altitude on Mt Jerusalem in the Byron 

Shire (B. Stewart pers. obs.). 

Distribution. From Macleay River, NSW, to Upper Tallebudgera Creek, southern Queensland. Recorded in NSW from 

Nulla Nulla Creek; Warrell Creek; Oakes SF; Bellinger River SF; Bellingen; Pine Creek SF; Bundagen FR; Tuckers Nob; 

Orara West SF; Bruxner Park FR; Coramba; Mt Coramba; Orara East SF; Lower Bucca SF; Woolgoolga Creek FR; 

Waihou FR; Sherwood NR; Copmanhurst; Whian Whian SF; Minyon Falls FR; Broken Head NR; Couchy Creek; Numinbah 

NR; Mt Cougal (Floyd 1989). In addition it is reserved in Brunswick Heads NR (Briggs and Leigh 1996) and Mt 

Jerusalem NP (this study). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Floyd (1989) recommends that the seed should be peeled and soaked for several days 

before sowing, and 100% germination can be achieved in 9-26 weeks. It is a mature phase species which is best planted 

in the shade (Big Scrub Rainforest Landcare Group 1998a). 

Economic and cultural significance. Rusty Plum has the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest trees. Floyd 

(1989) notes that the timber is light yellow, hard, fine-grained and tough, and could be used for bent work. 

Abundance and reservation. Briggs and Leigh (1996) consider Rusty Plum to be adequately conserved. However, the 

parks that include good populations of Rusty Plum are in the southern part of its range. In the Byron area, Rusty Plum is 

sparse both within and outside reserves. Details of twelve records in the study area were compiled, and include five new 

locations found by the authors. 

Threats and amelioration. Barry and Thomas (1994) note a pressing need to collate information about Rusty Plum 

across its range. Threats include clearing and modification of habitat, weeds, grazing and development. Some habitats are 

vulnerable to fire. Protection from fire, combined with weed management and habitat rehabilitation around the known 

plants is required. In addition, populations are known in unreserved State Forests. 

136


Fragrant Myrtle (Austromyrtus fragrantissima FAMILY MYRTACEAE) 

Introduction. Fragrant Myrtle is a small rainforest tree. The scientific name of this species refers to the numerous sweetsmelling 

flowers (Floyd 1989). There were until recently less than 20 records for NSW and only one record in southern 

Queensland (Quinn et al. 1995). In 1996 a number of individuals were recorded by the authors at Terranora in Tweed 

Shire. During the current study, important new populations were discovered on Mt Chincogan and in the Hilans Corner 

area. A Recovery Plan is in preparation and detailed species profiles have been prepared by Quinn et al. (1995) (NSW) 

and Barry and Thomas (1994) (Queensland). 

Conservation status. Fragrant Myrtle is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code 

of 3EC- (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A shrub or small tree up to 5 m tall (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. White, sweet-scented. Flowering period October to February (Floyd 1989). No information about pollination 

is available. 

Fruit. Berry, orange-red, globular, 4-6 mm diameter, crowned by a persistent calyx. Ripe January to February (Floyd 

1989). No information about dispersers is available, but the fruit is likely to be eaten by frugivorous birds. 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Fragrant Myrtle as occurring in lowland subtropical rainforest to 150 m altitude. 

Distribution. Woodburn, NSW to Currumbin Creek, southern Queensland. Recorded in NSW from Casino; 

Codrington;The Channon; Lismore; Boatharbour; Booyong; Bangalow; Ruthven; Bungawalbyn Creek; Swan Bay; Rileys 

Hill; Ballina; Mullumbimby; Limpinwood; Tomewin (Floyd 1989). More recent records are from the Tweed and Byron 

Shires. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Seedlings are small, weak and slow. Seed and seedlings are prone to predation by rodents 

(H. Bower pers. comm.). Cuttings are slow and difficult to strike (Floyd 1989). Seeds can be difficult to obtain as fruit is 

produced irregularly. Natural regeneration is absent in many of the known locations where the trees are isolated in 

paddocks. Sheltered situations are required. 

Economic and cultural significance. Fragrant Myrtle has the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest species, 

otherwise, no specific uses are known. 

Abundance and reservation. Fragrant Myrtle is regarded as inadequately reserved (Briggs and Leigh 1996). It is reserved 

only in small reserves in the Lismore region, where populations are small. Fragrant Myrtle is sparsely distributed throughout 

its range. 

Threats and amelioration. Clearing, forestry, weed competition (Quinn et al. 1995). The plants on Mt Chincogan and at 

Hilans Corner are clumps of coppice growth in previously cleared paddocks. They are in exposed situations with the 

leaves suffering sun-bleaching, and are distant from suitable regeneration sites. Protection from grazing, weed management, 

and habitat rehabilitation around the plants to provide shelter and an environment for continued regeneration is 

required. In addition, the plants at Mt Chincogan are close to recently planted eucalypt plantations, and require protection 

in case of fire. Roadside trees at Montecollum are endangered by roadside slashing. Other trees are protected by the 

landowner (Wilsons Creek), in a secure rainforest remnant (Dingo Lane, Myocum) and in vegetation undergoing rehabilitation 

(Mullumbimby Creek) or for which rehabilitation is planned (Mullumbimby). 

Most of the riverine rainforest (prime agricultural land) has been cleared. The Big Scrub comprised a mosaic of subtropical 

and dry rainforest but most of this has also been cleared. 

138


Heart-leaved Bonewood (Bosistoa selwynii FAMILY RUTACEAE) and 

Yellow Satinheart (B. transversa) 

Note: The following two species are now believed to be different developmental stages of the same species, with some geographical 

variation. They are treated together here, but with references to individual taxa where they are referred to separately in the literature. 

Introduction. Both taxa are rainforest trees. No Recovery Plans have been prepared. 

Conservation status. Both species are listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and are not listed by Briggs 

and Leigh (1996). 

Habit. Heart-leaved Bonewood is a crooked tree up to 22 m tall with a dark green crown, while Yellow Satinheart is a 

small to medium tree up to 15 m tall (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Flowers of both species are white, in panicles. Heart-leaved Bonewood flowers from January to March, and 

Yellow Satinheart flowers from March to May (Floyd 1989). 

Fruit. The fruit of Heart-leaved Bonewood consists of one or two woody carpels, grey-brown, truncated, egg-shaped, 

1 cm broad, velvety. Fruit ripe October to November. The fruit of Yellow Satinheart consists of one or two woody carpels, 

yellowish-brown, obliquely egg-shaped, 1-1.3 cm broad, densely downy and transversely wrinkled or ribbed. Single, 

kidney shaped seed about 1 cm long. Fruit ripe May to July (Floyd 1989). 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Heart-leaved Bonewood as occurring in lowland subtropical rainforest to 300 m altitude, 

of the White Booyong alliance and on deep moist alluvial soil. Prefers alluvial flats in NSW, particularly creek banks. 

Yellow Satinheart occurs in lowland subtropical rainforest to 150 m altitude. 

Distribution. Heart-leaved Bonewood occurs from Richmond River, NSW, to Maryborough, Queensland. Recorded in 

NSW from Whian Whian SF; Middle Pocket; North Pumpenbil; Tyalgum Creek and Oxley River adjoining Limpinwood. 

Yellow Satinheart occurs from Mullumbimby, NSW, to Maryborough, Queensland. Recorded in NSW from Tongoggin 

Mountain; Middle Pocket, Mullumbimby; Couchy and Crystal Creeks; Urliup; Terranora and Bilambil (Floyd 1989). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Germination of both species is erratic (Floyd 1989). 

Economic and cultural significance. Heart-leaved Bonewood and Yellow Satinheart have the ecological and aesthetic 

values of all native rainforest trees. 

Abundance and reservation. Both species are reserved in the Shire only at Inner Pocket, with an additional unreserved 

location in the study area at Yankee Creek, Mullumbimby. Reservation is inadequate in NSW, though no information is 

available about their reservation in Queensland, where their range is extensive. 

Threats and amelioration. Habitat clearing , fragmentation and modification threaten the taxa. Revegetation and rehabilitation 

measures are required. 

140


Giant Ironwood (Choricarpia subargentea FAMILY MYRTACEAE) 

Introduction. Giant Ironwood has a disjunct distribution, being found in NSW only on Mt Chincogan, and otherwise 

from Boonah to Imbil in Queensland (Floyd 1989). Its rarity, and isolated occurrence on one of the Shire’s best known 

landmarks, suggests a special significance for Giant Ironwood. No Recovery Plan has been prepared. 

Conservation status. Giant Ironwood is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code 

of 3RC- (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. Tree with smooth brown bark, usually forming dense thickets on the margin of dry rainforest. Leaves are opposite, 

glossy on the upper surface and silvery under (Harden 1991). 

Flowers. Cream with numerous stamens (Harden 1991). Flowering period is April (Floyd 1989). No information about 

its pollination is available. 

Fruit. The fruit are clustered in dry globular heads (Harden 1991). The fruit ripens possibly in October (Floyd 1989). 

Seeds are presumed to be wind-dispersed. 

Habitat. In marginal regrowth of dry rainforest forming dense thickets with Backhousia sciadophora and occasional Guioa 

semiglauca (Floyd 1989). Plants known on Mt Chincogan are clumps apparently grown from coppice shoots following 

clearing, and surrounded by pasture. 

Distribution. Found in NSW only on Mt Chincogan, and from Boonah to Imbil in Queensland (Floyd 1989). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Giant Ironwood can be propagated from the tiny seed which should be lightly covered 

with propagation mix, or cuttings (Jones 1986). Trees will grow in sun or shade, like an abundance of water, and are 

hardy to moderate frosts. They are moderately fast-growing. 

Economic and cultural significance. The tree is cut for timber (Jones1986), but is far too rare to be used in New South 

Wales. Otherwise, no particular uses or significance are known beyond the aesthetic and ecological values of all native 

rainforest trees. 

Abundance and reservation. Confined in NSW and the Shire to Mt Chincogan. Giant Ironwood was first located on the 

mid slope of the southern spur of the mountain in 1986. Further trees were recorded during the current surveys on the 

southwest facing slope. Most plants are clumped, arising from coppice shoots. The clumps occur isolated in cleared 

paddocks, or with remnant vegetation in gullies (southwest slope). 10-20 clumps of trees are known. No plants are 

reserved in New South Wales. Giant Ironwood is also rare in Queensland, and the adequacy of its representation in 

reserves is unknown (Briggs & Leigh 1996). 

Threats and amelioration. In NSW the number of individuals is so low that chance events could threaten Giant Ironwood. 

Natural expansion of the species is unlikely since the population is so small and isolated, and the regrowth in the immediate 

vicinity is weed infested and exposed. The general area where it grows is grazed and exposed to the risk of fire from 

flammable eucalypt plantations established downslope. To improve the conservation status of Giant Ironwood, the health 

of the population and its regeneration potential should be enhanced by weed management, grazing exclusion, fire protection 

and replanting of surrounding habitat. As Giant Ironwood grows in association with other threatened species 

(Austromyrtus fragrantissima and Randia moorei) on the southwestern slope of Mt Chincogan, there are pressing reasons to 

rehabilitate this area in particular. The dry rainforest which is apparently the preferred habitat of Giant Ironwood is rare 

in the Shire. 

142


Corokia (Corokia whiteana FAMILY COROKIACEAE) 

Introduction. Corokia is a small shrub of the rainforest understorey, with a restricted range which includes part of the 

study area. No Recovery Plan has been prepared but a detailed species outline has been prepared (Quinn et al. 1995). 

Conservation status. Corokia is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code of 2VCi 

(Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A shrub to 4 m high (Harden 1992). 

Flowers. Small, yellow flowers with a powerful scent, flowering in spring and summer (Nicholson and Nicholson 1994). 

Fruit. A red ovoid drupe, 8-12 mm x 3-5 mm (Harden 1992). 

Habitat. Corokia occurs most commonly in ecotones between wet sclerophyll forest and Ceratopetalum apetalum warmtemperate 

rainforest at altitudes from c. 10-800 m, usually on rhyolite, rarely on basalt. Also occurs in Lophostemon 

confertus open forest with a more or less littoral rainforest species understorey. Other common associates include Callicoma 

serratifolia and Tristaniopsis collina (Quinn et al. 1995 and personal communications quoted therein). 

Distribution. Nightcap Range north of Lismore; the Tweed Valley at Tumbulgum, and from Tyagarah near Brunswick 

Heads (Quinn et al. 1995). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Peeled seed germinates in a few months (Nicholson and Nicholson 1994). 

Economic and cultural significance. Corokia has the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest plants. 

Abundance and reservation. Corokia is locally abundant in the higher altitude forests which represent the core of its 

distribution. Two records in the study area are in coastal situations where Corokia is distributed more sparsely. 

Threats and amelioration. Logging, fire, urban development (Quinn et al. 1995). Habitat rehabilitation is required. 

144


Stinking Cryptocarya (Cryptocarya foetida FAMILY LAURACEAE) 

Introduction. The name of this species refers to the offensive odour of the flowers (Floyd 1989). Although originally 

common in littoral rainforest from Fraser Island (Q) to Iluka, it has now been mostly eliminated by burning and clearing 

(Floyd 1989). The number of recorded locations in the Shire has increased in recent years, reflecting an increase in 

informed observers, increasing scrutiny of sites proposed for coastal development, but also some regeneration. Stinking 

Cryptocarya is a rare species with restricted range and specialized habitat requirements, and the populations within the 

Shire are critical to its long term conservation. 

Conservation status. Stinking Cryptocarya is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP 

code of 3VCi (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A small to medium tree, leaves alternate, entire, with numerous minute oil dots. The midvein is prominent and 

yellowish. 

Flowers. Flowers small, cream and in panicles with an offensive odour (Harden 1990). Flowering December to February 

(Floyd 1989). No information about pollination is available. 

Fruit. Fruit globose, 1 cm diameter, purplish to black (Harden 1990). Fruit ripe June to August (Floyd 1989). The fruit 

are eaten by currawongs (Floyd 1989). 

Habitat. Stinking Cryptocarya occurs naturally in coastal rainforest environments on sand or alluvium, with two records 

inland on metasediments at Inner Pocket and Mt Chincogan. 

Distribution. In NSW Stinking Cryptocarya has been recorded at Iluka NR, Meerschaum Vale, Buckombil Mountain, 

Marshall Falls, Ballina, Lennox Head, Cabarita, Cudgen Lake, Farrants Hill, Pigabeen, Fingal and Tweed Heads and in SE 

Queensland to Fraser Island (Floyd 1989). Other locations in the study area have now been added as a result of this study. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Stinking Cryptocarya grows readily from seed (Floyd 1989 recommends removal of 

flesh), but no information about cuttings is available. It is little known in horticulture, and is relatively slow growing, but 

establishes readily away from the coast. In unmanaged inland situations where its salt and wind tolerances do not afford 

a competitive advantage, the species is likely to be outcompeted by more vigorous species. It probably requires welldrained, 

frost-free sites, with adequate water and nutrients at least in the establishment stage. No detailed studies of its 

natural regeneration have been carried out. 

Economic and cultural significance. No particular uses are known for Stinking Cryptocarya apart from the aesthetic and 

ecological values of all rainforest trees. 

Abundance and reservation In the Byron Shire, Stinking Cryptocarya is reserved in the Inner Pocket NR, Brunswick 

Heads NR, Tyagarah NR, Cape Byron and Broken Head NR. Details of twenty-five other locations in the study area were 

recorded. In total eight new locations for Stinking Cryptocarya were discovered by the authors, including mature trees at Byron 

Hills, and a sapling on Mt Chincogan. The number of records overstates the abundance of Stinking Cryptocarya, however, since 

some records represent seedlings and saplings growing in locations where they are unlikely to develop to maturity. 

The total number of mature trees in existence is estimated to be very small (


Davidson’s Plum (Davidsonia pruriens var. jerseyana FAMILY DAVIDSONIACEAE) 

Introduction. Davidson’s Plum is one of the best known edible native fruits and is widely used for jam, sauces and wine. 

It is common in cultivation, since its habit and size make it suitable for small gardens. Davidson’s Plum has a restricted 

distribution in north-east New South Wales, though another variety of the species occurs in north Queensland. Targeted 

surveys are in progress and a Recovery Plan will be drafted in the near future. A detailed species outline has been 

compiled by Quinn et al. (1995). 

Conservation status. Davidson’s Plum is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code 

of 2ECi (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A small to medium tree up to 10 m tall, with large ornamental leaves (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Pink-red, clustered in panicles in the upper leaf axils or on the leafless trunk. Flowering October to January 

(Floyd 1989). Pollinators of Davidson’s Plum are unknown. The cauliflorus flowers may be indicative of mammal pollination. 

Fruit. Drupe-like, black with a bluish bloom, up to 5 cm long with crimson juicy flesh (Floyd 1989). Each fruit has two 

large endocarps, which are fibrous on the outside and contain a large white seed (Quinn et al. 1995). Fruit ripe January 

to February (Floyd 1989). No information about seed dispersal vectors is reported by Floyd (1989). However, the fruit 

characteristics are consistent with adaptation for seed dispersal by birds (Floyd 1990a). King Parrots have been observed 

consuming seeds (F. Eliott pers. obs.) and may occasionally carry them from the tree. The seeds of Davidson’s Plum are 

likely to be particularly prone to predation by rodents, as indicated by nursery experience (Nicholson and Nicholson 

1985). Rodents eating seeds from fallen fruit may also occasionally drag seeds away from the tree and leave them undamaged. 

Dispersal of seeds to a significant distance from the parents must be a rare event, but is likely to increase the chance 

of successful regeneration by escaping from seed predators attracted to the tree. 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Davidson’s Plum as occurring on basaltic soils and riverine rainforest, while Quinn et al. (1995) 

describe the habitat as subtropical rainforest at low altitudes (usually less than 300 m), and usually on red and yellow soils 

of poor structure, over Silurian greywacke, slate, phyllite and quartzite. During the current survey Davidson’s Plum was 

recorded in subtropical rainforest with an overstorey including Brush Box, Hoop Pine and/or eucalypt species and in one 

instance in a sheltered gully in wet sclerophyll forest. In several localities Davidson’s Plum was found in regrowth rainforest 

with a high percentage of Camphor Laurel, Lantana and other exotic weeds. Other trees are isolated in paddocks. 

Distribution. Brunswick and Tweed Rivers, NSW. Var. pruriens occurs in North Queensland and Fiji. Var. jerseyana is 

recorded from Mullumbimby; Brunswick Heads NR; Billinudgel; Mooball; Couchy Creek; Chillingham; Murwillumbah 

(Floyd 1989, NPWS Atlas of NSW Wildlife). A number of additional sites in the same general areas are recorded by 

Quinn et al. (1995). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Seeds are quick to germinate (Nicholson and Nicholson 1985). Most subpopulations of 

Davidson’s Plum consist of isolated mature trees or small numbers of clumped stems with little regeneration. Some stems 

are damaged or senescing. Seedlings and saplings of Davidson’s Plum are shade-tolerant, and probably need the sheltered 

conditions under at least a light canopy to establish. 

Economic and cultural significance. Davidson’s Plum is an important bush food species, and the fruit has been used 

traditionally by locals. Its ornamental appearance, small size and compact habit make it an attractive horticultural subject. 

It also has the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest trees. 

Abundance and reservation. Davidson’s Plum is reasonably common locally, though the total number of mature trees is 

low overall. Details of 50 locations were compiled for the study area, including seven locations newly recorded by the 

authors during this study. Davidson’s Plum is reserved in the Shire only in Brunswick Heads NR and Broken Head NR, 

and is considered inadequately reserved (Briggs and Leigh 1996). The populations on the Shire’s private land thus have 

particular importance for the conservation of Davidson’s Plum. 

Threats and amelioration. Land clearing, roadworks, damage by stock and low population numbers are listed by Quinn 

et al. (1995) as threats to Davidson’s Plum. Many plants occur in vulnerable environments associated with farming, 

development and roadworks. Fire is an additional threat. Upgrading and duplication of the Pacific Highway between 

Brunswick Heads and Chinderah will result in the removal of a number of plants of Davidson’s Plum, including some 

within Byron Shire, and bisection and removal of suitable habitat. The low level of natural regeneration in fragmented 

habitat, and where trees are isolated in paddocks, suggests that Davidson’s Plums will slowly decline in their natural 

environment without active management. Over-collection of fruit for bush food is also a threat. 

To improve the conservation status of Davidson’s Plum, the health of the populations and their regeneration potential 

should be enhanced by weed management, grazing exclusion, fire protection and replanting of surrounding habitat. 

148


Smooth Davidsonia (Davidsonia sp. A FAMILY DAVIDSONIACEAE) 

Introduction. Smooth Davidsonia is an ornamental rainforest tree that is of particular botanical interest because it sets no 

fertile seed and reproduces only by suckers. Its plum-like fruit are in demand from the bush food industry. Smooth 

Davidsonia is named after J.E. Davidson, a pioneer sugar grower at Rockingham Bay in Queensland where the first 

specimen of this genus was collected (Floyd 1989). Most of the known populations are in Byron Shire so that long-term 

survival of the species depends to a large extent on adequate conservation within our local area. 

A Recovery Plan is in preparation. Detailed species outlines have been prepared (Quinn et al. 1995 (NSW) and Barry and 

Thomas (1994) (Queensland)). 

Conservation status. Smooth Davidsonia is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP 


Habit. Bushy well-branched suckering tree 5-18 m high. 

Flowers. Pink-red in panicles up to 15 cm long, towards the end of leafy shoots. Flowering October to November (Floyd 

1989). Pollinators of Smooth Davidsonia are unknown. The size and form of the flower suggest that the vectors are likely 

to be small insects. Bees, beetles and ants have been observed visiting the flowers (F. Eliott pers comm.) 

Fruit. A purplish-black, obloid to globose, c. 3-4 cm long, 3-5.5 cm diameter. Fruit with 2 or 3 small endocarps, which 

have never been found to contain seeds, endocarp surface very shortly fibrous. Fruiting between December and March 

(Floyd 1989. 

Habitat. Smooth Davidsonia grows in disturbed subtropical rainforest or rainforest margins from 15-260 m altitude. It 

has been recorded on metasediments and on basaltic and rhyolitic soils. 

Distribution. Richmond River NSW to Currumbin Creek, Queensland. Recorded in NSW from Tintenbar; Broken 

Head; Terania Creek; Whian Whian SF; Minyon; Snows Gully NR, Huonbrook; Burringbar; Mooball SF; Bilambil; 

North Tumbulgum (Floyd 1989). Details of 13 locations were compiled for the study area, including a previously unknown 

record for Blindmouth Road, Main Arm, discovered by the authors during this study. 

Regeneration and horticulture. As no fertile seed is known, propagation can only be from suckers (damaging to the 

plants) or stem or root cuttings. Cuttings can be struck only with difficulty (Costin 1993). 

Economic and cultural significance. The fruit of Smooth Davidsonia is sought after by the bush food industry for the 

eating qualities of its plum-like fruit. Otherwise, no particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and 

ecological values of all native rainforest species. 

Abundance and reservation. The populations known in Byron Shire range from large clumps with numerous mature 

stems to single stems, and include some of the most important populations known. Smooth Davidsonia is inadequately 

reserved (Briggs and Leigh 1996). Conservation measures for the plants that occur on private land are therefore of 

particular significance. In Byron Shire, one population is reserved at Snows Gully NR. All other populations in the Shire 

are on private land. 

Threats and amelioration. Clearing, lack of seed production, weeds and fire (Quinn et al. 1995). In addition, some sites 

are grazed. Collection of propagation material for bush food plantings is an additional threat. As Smooth Davidsonia does 

not set seed it has no capacity to colonize new sites. If, as seems likely, all individual stems within each population are 

vegetatively connected it follows that there is very low genetic diversity within each population. This poses a long-term 

threat to the viability of the species (Quinn et al. 1996). 

To improve the conservation status of Smooth Davidsonia, the health of the populations and their regeneration potential 


Controlled propagation of Smooth Davidsonia to make plants available for bush food plantings will reduce the likelihood 

of illegal and damaging collection of suckers. 

150


Thorny Pea (Desmodium acanthocladum FAMILY FABACEAE) 

Introduction. Thorny Pea is a small spiny shrub with ornamental pea-shaped flowers. No Recovery Plan has yet been 

prepared. 

Conservation status. Thorny Pea is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code of 

2VC- (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A shrub to c. 1 m high (Harden 1991). 

Flowers. Pink to purple, in clusters at the ends of axillary leafless spines. Flowering in summer (Harden 1991). 

Fruit. A pod about 50 mm long (Harden 1991). The pod is sticky and dispersal by adhesion to animal fur is assumed. 

Seeds may also be dispersed by flood water. 

Habitat. Thorny Pea grows mainly along rivers (Harden 1991), but NPWS Wildlife Atlas records include sites on hill 

sides. 

Distribution. The Lismore-Grafton region, NSW (Harden 1991). Thorny Pea is also known from the Mt Warning area 

in the Tweed (J. Hunter pers. comm.), and parts of the Byron Shire. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Seeds are hard-coated as is typical of seeds of many legume species. Scarification is 

required for germination. 

Economic and cultural significance. No particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological 

values of all native species. 

Abundance and reservation. In Byron Shire, Thorny Pea occurs in small patches on Coopers Creek, from Wanganui 

Gorge and a little downstream. It is also recorded for Tibian Valley and has been recorded on the Wilsons River at 

Federal. It occurs in Big Scrub remnants at Booyong and Mortons Scrub and is reserved at Johnstons Scrub NR. Details 

of nine records were compiled for the study area. It is inadequately reserved in the Shire, and the adequacy of its overall 

reservation is unknown (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Threats and amelioration. Threats to Thorny Pea include clearing of its riparian habitat and associated habitat modification, 

in particular the severe weed infestation characteristic of these environments. Flooding may damage plants and 

potential recolonisation sites (but also assist its dispersal). Grazing is a threat to Thorny Pea populations elsewhere in its 

range. 

To improve the conservation status of Thorny Pea, the health of the populations and their regeneration potential should 

be enhanced by weed management and replanting of surrounding habitat. General rehabilitation measures for riparian 

environments will benefit Thorny Pea. 

152


Red-fruited Ebony (Diospyros mabacea FAMILY EBENACEAE) 

Introduction. A very rare rainforest tree for which there is only one record for the Shire. A draft Recovery Plan has been 

prepared (Murray 1995), and was re-drafted in 1997. 

Conservation status. Red-fruited Ebony is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP 


Habit. A tree up to 25 m tall (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Small, silvery-fawn, in clusters in leaf axils. Flowering in September (Floyd 1989). No information about 

pollination is available. 

Fruit. A scarlet, globular-elliptic, pointed berry 2.5-4.5 cm long (Floyd 1989). Four-celled with up to two seeds per cell. 

Fruit ripe January to March. Dispersal agents are unknown, seed dispersal is inefficient, and probably effected only by 

gravity and water (Murray 1995). 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Red-fruited Ebony as occurring in lowland subtropical and riverine rainforests. 

Distribution. Floyd (1989) reported Red-fruited Ebony to be restricted to the Tweed River, NSW, and recorded from 

Oxley River at Tyalgum and upstream; Eungella; North Arm Road, Murwillumbah; Stotts Island NR. A recent record in 

the Byron Shire is from Main Arm on the Brunswick River (B. O’Donovan pers. comm.). It is also reserved at Limpinwood 

NR (Briggs and Leigh 1996). A historic herbarium record is labelled ‘Tweed River, Mullumbimby’ and is considered most 

likely to mean Murwillumbah. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Germination from fresh seed may take up to seven months (Floyd 1989). Seeds may 

remain viable for one to two years in suitably moist dark conditions (Murray 1995). In the nursery, seedlings are slow to 

establish and susceptible to fungal attack. Natural regeneration is limited to two of the known localities, where seedlings 

and saplings occur within a radius of 50 m of mature trees (Murray 1995). The seedlings are shade-tolerant. 

Economic and cultural significance. The timber of Red-fruited Ebony is reddish and suitable for cabinet work (Floyd 

1989). Otherwise, no particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological values of all native 

rainforest species. 

Abundance and reservation. Red-fruited Ebony is extremely rare, is not reserved in the Shire, and is regarded as inadequately 

conserved (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Threats and amelioration. Threats include habitat clearance and modification, combined with a limited ability to disperse 

seed effectively (Murray 1995). The very low number of plants in the Byron Shire (and elsewhere) suggests that active 

management will be necessary to ensure the survival of Red-fruited Ebony in the Shire. Lowland rainforest is scarce in 

the Shire and usually requires weed management and planting to expand small areas. Community awareness of Redfruited 

Ebony may bring other sites to light. 

154


Small-leaved Tamarind (Diploglottis campbellii FAMILY SAPINDACAEAE) 

Introduction. Small-leaved Tamarind is a very rare rainforest tree with edible ‘fruit’ of interest to the bush food industry. 

A draft Recovery Plan has been prepared (Hunter et al. 1992) and is currently being re-drafted. A detailed species outline 

has been prepared (Barry and Thomas 1994) (Queensland). 

Conservation status. Small-leaved Tamarind is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP 

code of 2E (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Flowers. Creamy-brown, crowded in panicles up to 10 cm long. Flowering November to March (Floyd 1989). No 

information about pollination is available. 

Fruit. A yellow-brown capsule, three-lobed, each lobe with a single seed covered in an orange-yellow succulent aril. Ripe 

February to March (Floyd 1989). Although the fruits of Small-leaved Tamarind would be expected to be attractive to 

frugivorous birds, Green (1993) noted no visitation during extensive observation of fruiting trees in south-east Queensland. 

Habit. A large straight tree 18-24 m tall (Floyd 1989). 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Small-leaved Tamarind as occurring in riverine rainforest. It also occurs on steep rocky 

slopes, usually on basalt-derived soils but also on soils derived from quartz monozite, and in Brush Box forest as well as 

rainforest (Hunter et al. 1995). 

Distribution. From Tintenbar, Richmond River to upper Tallebudgera Creek, Queensland. Recorded in New South 

Wales from Tintenbar; Rosebank; Crabbes Creek; Brummies Lookout; Mt Warning Road; Eungella; Farrants Hill; 

Terranora; Bilambil (Floyd 1989). The Rosebank record is apparently planted (Hunter et al. 1992) and is disregarded for 

the purposes of this survey. Recent records are from Mullumbimby Creek (G. Opit pers. comm.) and Inner Pocket NR 

(S. Bower pers. comm.). Small-leaved Tamarind is also known from Hogans Bluff (Hunter et al. 1992). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Fresh seed germinates in 15-20 days (Floyd 1989). Growth is slow when young, and 

Small-leaved Tamarind should be planted into sheltered sites with partial shade (Nicholson and Nicholson 1985). 

Economic and cultural significance. The ‘fruit’ of Small-leaved Tamarind is succulent and with a good flavour such that it 

can be eaten fresh or used for jams, jellies or juicing (Delaney 1994). Uses for its timber are not known because the tree 

is so rare (Floyd 1989). Otherwise, no particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological 

values of all native rainforest species. 

Abundance and reservation. Most sites include only one or two mature trees, and a small number of seedlings are present 

at some (Hunter et al. 1992). With the addition of the Queensland sites and some recent records, the total number of 

mature trees known is about thirty, a critically low figure. Details of two sites in the study area were compiled during this 

study. Inner Pocket Nature Reserve is the only location where Small-leaved Tamarind is reserved. 

Threats and amelioration. Threats include habitat clearance and modification, and weed competition (Hunter et al. 

1992). Slashing recently damaged a roadside tree in Byron Shire. Fruit and seed may be over-collected for bush food and 

propagation for bush food purposes. Seed dispersal is inefficient. The very low number of plants in the Byron Shire (and 

elsewhere) suggests that active management will be necessary to ensure the survival of Small-leaved Tamarind in its 

natural environment in the Shire. Suitable habitat is scarce in the Shire, and usually requires weed management and 

planting to expand small areas. 

156


Basket Fern (Drynaria rigidula FAMILY POLYPODIACEAE) 

Introduction. Basket Fern is an ornamental fern which has only recently been reconfirmed in New South Wales. The 

occurrences in the Shire represent the southern limit of its distribution. No Recovery Plan has been prepared. 

Conservation status. Basket Fern is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and is not listed by Briggs 

and Leigh (1996). 

Habit. Epiphytic or lithophytic fern, creeping or clump-forming (Harden 1990). Two recent local records have been for 

plants growing on cycad trunks (S. Bower, A. McKinley pers. obs.). 

Habitat. Occurs in rainforest (Harden 1990). 

Distribution. North from the Clarence River, also Queensland, Pacific Islands and Melanesia (Harden 1990). Basket 

Fern is known from three locations in the study area including one discovered during the current survey. Two other 

recent locations are in the Tweed (A. McKinley pers. comm.) and the Woodenbong area (R. Kooyman pers. comm.). 

Regeneration and horticulture. In cultivation, Basket Fern is easily grown in a basket or pot of coarse mixture (Jones and 

Clemesha 1976). Propagated by division or from spores (Elliot and Jones 1984). 

Economic and cultural significance. Basket Fern is widely used in horticulture, and a number of forms have been selected 

and named (Jones and Clemesha 1976). Otherwise, Basket Fern has the aesthetic and ecological values of all native 


Abundance and reservation. Very small numbers of plants are known in New South Wales. In Byron Shire, Basket Fern 

is reserved at Cape Byron. The occurrence of Basket Fern in the Shire at the southern limit of its range and in very small 

numbers suggests that the conservation of the known plants in the study area is of particular importance. Basket Fern is 

common in Queensland, but there is likely to be significant genetic variation across its wide range, and the conservation 

of Basket Fern at the extremity of its range is desirable. 

Threats and amelioration. Threats include habitat clearance, weeds, fire, development and coastal storms. The existing 

habitat requires rehabilitation and extension. 

158


Hairy Quandong (Elaeocarpus williamsianus FAMILY ELAEOCARPACEAE) 

Introduction. The generic name Elaeocarpus means ‘olive fruit’ (from the Greek ‘elaia’, the olive tree and ‘karpos’ a fruit) 

and the species name refers to J.B. Williams in recognition of his work on rainforest plants in NSW (Floyd 1989). The 

common name Hairy Quandong refers to the characteristic rusty hairy shoots and leaf venation. This species was discovered 

only recently (in 1980) and is still known only from a few locations, all in north-eastern NSW. Three of the five 

locations are in Byron Shire and only one of the sites is reserved (Inner Pocket Nature Reserve in Byron Shire). Hairy 

Quandong is very rare and is apparently restricted to a very small area of NSW with its stronghold in Byron Shire. 

A draft Recovery Plan has been prepared (Hunter et al. undated) and is currently being redrafted. 

Conservation status. Hairy Quandong is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code 


Habit. A small to medium tree up to 15 m tall (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Small, pale green, in axillary racemes. Flowering November to December (Floyd 1989). No information about 

pollination is available. 

Fruit. Drupe, shiny, blue, globular, 2 - 3 cm diameter. Ripe April to July but occasionally in November to December 

(Floyd 1989). No information about dispersal is available, but like the fruit of related species, the fruits may be eaten by 

larger frugivorous birds. Dispersal is likely to be inefficient. 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Hairy Quandong as occurring in regrowth subtropical/warm temperate rainforest on 

paleozoic metamorphics on old landslips on a steep hillside. Hunter et al. (undated) record a site on a creek bank and 

lower slope at Inner Pocket. Hairy Quandong occurs naturally on the coast ranges on metasediments on steep and 

eroding slopes at low altitude in ‘disturbed’ gully rainforest and in an open site above the road on a steep slope at 

Goonengerry. 

Distribution. Burringbar; Middle Pocket (Floyd 1989). Recent records have been near Brunswick Heads (J. Holmes, A. 

Benwell, pers. comm.), also at Goonengerry (S. Bower pers. comm.). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Hairy Quandong is little known in horticulture. Fruits rarely contain seed, but where it 

is present, regeneration from seed is likely to require abrasion in the soil or other conditions which break down the hard 

endocarp. No detailed studies of the regeneration of Hairy Quandong have been carried out, and its regeneration requirements 

are assumed to be similar those of related rainforest species. The seedlings will have some shade tolerance, 

and will require small light gaps for continuing development. Regeneration from coppice shoots following damage to the 

main stems of the trees has also been observed (Hunter et al. undated). 

Economic and cultural significance. Hairy Quandong is too rare to be used. No use and significance beyond the aesthetic 

and ecological values of all native rainforest species is known. 

Abundance and reservation. Hairy Quandong is known in small numbers only, and Inner Pocket NR is the only reserve 

in which it occurs. Briggs and Leigh (1996) consider Hairy Quandong to be inadequately conserved. The conservation of 

the plants that occur in the study area is thus of particular importance for the species. 

Threats and amelioration. Land clearance, development, agriculture, fire, roading, and weed invasion. The coastal rainforests 

are also vulnerable to natural disturbances including cyclones and fires. To improve the conservation status of 

Hairy Quandong, the health of the population and its regeneration potential should be enhanced by weed management, 

grazing exclusion, fire protection and replanting of surrounding habitat. 

160


Crystal Creek Walnut (Endiandra floydii FAMILY LAURACEAE) 

Introduction. This newly described species was formerly believed to be confined to the Tweed district, but has recently 

been recorded in the Byron Shire. Crystal Creek Walnut is an ornamental rainforest tree with large, poorly dispersed 

seeds. No Recovery Plan has been prepared for Crystal Creek Walnut. 

Conservation status. Crystal Creek Walnut is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP 

code of 2VC- (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A small tree with glossy alternate leaves (Harden 1990). 

Flowers. Tiny green to cream flowers (Harden 1990). Flowering period is April to May (Floyd 1989). No information 

about pollination is available. 

Fruit. Drupe, turning red then purplish black on ripening, shiny, oblong and resembling a passionfruit when green, 7-10 

cm long on a thick stalk 2-3 cm long. Seed single, globular to ovate, light brown with darker brown longitudinal network 

of broad and fine raised veins, 45-55 mm long. Ripe December to February (Floyd 1989). No information about seed 

dispersers is available. The seed is too large for ingestion by frugivorous birds, though seeds may be dropped under the 

tree if birds consume the flesh. Rodents are likely seed predators once the seeds are dropped, and may occasionally drag 

seeds a short distance from the tree. Gravity will assist downhill movement of seeds. 

Habitat. Warm temperate or subtropical rainforest with Lophostemon confertus overstorey. On paleozoics but with overlying 

basalt nearby. On moderately steep slopes below 430 m in altitude (Floyd 1989). Two specimens observed during this 

survey were located in a patch of disturbed (and recently burned) subtropical rainforest on the ecotone between the 

rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest. Another tree was located in an area of intact subtropical floodplain rainforest on a 

tributary of Christies Creek. 

Distribution. Confined to the Tweed-Brunswick areas including Couchy, Crystal and Nobbys Creeks, Urliup Road and 

Tomewin (Floyd 1989). Recently found in the Brunswick Heads and Byron Bay areas (A. Benwell, A. McKinley pers. 

obs.). A specimen was located at Alidenes Road, Mullumbimby. In total three new locations were found by the authors 

during this survey. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Grown from fresh seed with flesh removed (Floyd 1989), no information about cutting 

propagation is available. The tree is little known in horticulture, but could be promoted for the ornamental glossy foliage. 

Seedlings and saplings can be assumed to be shade-tolerant, and to respond favourably to small light gaps. 

Economic and cultural significance. The timber of Crystal Creek Walnut is too rare to be used (Floyd 1989). Otherwise, 

no particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest species. 

Abundance and reservation. Fifteen locations are known in the study area, one of which is reserved at Brunswick Heads 

NR. Overall, numbers are extremely low and reservation adequacy is unknown (Briggs and Leigh 1996) (inadequate 

reservation can be assumed). The low numbers, inadequate reservation and the occurrence of Crystal Creek Walnut at 

the southern-most limit of its range in Byron Shire makes the effective conservation of plants and populations in the 

study area of particular importance. 

Threats and amelioration. Threats to the Crystal Creek Walnut include land clearing and fragmentation of habitat, weed 

invasion, fire, grazing, and low population numbers. Its poor dispersal ability will make it difficult for new sites to be 

colonised. 

To improve the conservation status of Crystal Creek Walnut, the health of the populations and regeneration potential 


162


Rusty Rose Walnut (Endiandra hayesii FAMILY LAURACEAE) 

Introduction. Rusty Rose Walnut is an ornamental rainforest tree which is scattered in rainforest and wet sclerophyll 

habitats throughout the Shire. No Recovery Plan has been prepared for Rusty Rose Walnut. A detailed species outline has 

been compiled by Barry and Thomas (1994) for Rusty Rose Walnut as it occurs in Queensland. 

Conservation status. Rusty Rose Walnut is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code 

of 3VC- (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A small tree, but can reach 35 m (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Small, pale green. Flowering October to November (Floyd 1989). No information about pollination is available. 

Fruit. Drupe, purple-black, shiny, elliptical, 2.8 cm long on a swollen pedicel 1 cm long. Flesh 1 mm thick, seed cream. 

Ripe March to August (Floyd 1989). Fruiting is sparse and irregular. No information about seed dispersers is available, 

but the nature of the fruit suggests that frugivorous birds are probably the most important dispersers. 

Habitat. Lowland subtropical rainforest on alluvium, in cool moist sheltered gullies (Floyd 1989). Barry and Thomas 

(1994) refer also to locations on sedimentary soil. In the Byron Shire, Rusty Rose Walnut also occurs on basalt-derived 

soils, and soils of intermediate fertility on basalt/rhyolite boundaries. 

Distribution. Locally abundant from the Richmond River, NSW to Burleigh Heads, Queensland. Recorded in NSW from 

Mulgum Road, Mt Nardi, and Terania Creek in Nightcap NP, Rocky Creek in Whian Whian SF; Minyon Falls FR; Wanganui; 

Tuckean Swamp; Broken Head NR; Pottsville; Mebbin SF; Tyalgum; North Tumbulgum; Bilambil (Floyd 1989). Sixteen 

records for the study area were compiled, including five new locations found by the authors during this survey. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Grown from fresh seed with flesh removed (Floyd 1989). Rusty Rose Walnut fruits only 

at irregular intervals, and seed is hard to obtain. Tip cuttings grown with mist and bottom heat have proved successful 

(Barry and Thomas 1994). Seedlings and saplings can be expected to be shade-tolerant, and to respond favourably to 

small light gaps. Seedlings should be planted into a partially shaded site (Big Scrub Rainforest Landcare Group 1998a). 

Economic and cultural significance. The pink or pale red timber could be treated for borers and used for interior building 

construction (Floyd 1989). No other use or significance is known other than the aesthetic and ecological values of all 

native rainforest species. 

Abundance and reservation. Rusty Rose Walnut is scattered throughout its range, but most records represent individuals 

or small numbers of plants. It is locally fairly common in areas such as Whian Whian SF. There is insufficient documentation 

of population status at each of the recorded locations to make an estimate of its overall abundance. The adequacy 

of reservation of Rusty Rose Walnut is not known (Briggs and Leigh 1996), but at least a small number of plants are 

represented in reserves in the Byron Shire. 

Threats and amelioration. Threatening processes have not been documented in NSW, but can be assumed to include 

habitat clearing and modification. In Queensland, Barry and Thomas (1994) note that weed invasion threatens the few 

populations in that state. General rehabilitation measures including weed and fire management, and extension of habitat 

patches will improve the conservation status of Rusty Rose Walnut. Suitable sites are fairly widespread throughout the 

Shire, but the habitat is usually fragmented and degraded. 

164


Green-leaved Rose Walnut (subspecies) (Endiandra muelleri subsp. bracteata FAMILY 

LAURACEAE) 

Introduction. The conservation status of this subspecies of Green-leaved Rose Walnut has been recognised comparatively 

recently, and little information about its distribution and ecology is available at the subspecific level. No Recovery 

Plan has been prepared. 

Conservation status. Green-leaved Rose Walnut is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and is not 

listed by Briggs and Leigh (1996). 

Habit. A tree to 30 m (Harden 1990). 

Flowers. Small and yellowish (Harden 1990). No information about pollination is available. 

Fruit. Ovoid, about 20 mm long, black. Ripe April (Harden 1990). Floyd (1989) records the following species of frugivorous 

birds as feeding on the fruit (records for the taxon at species level): Regent Bowerbird, Rose-crowned Fruitdove; 

Superb Fruit-dove; Wompoo Fruit-dove. 

Habitat. Subtropical rainforest, chiefly at lower altitudes (Harden 1990). 

Distribution. North from Maclean, also in Queensland (Harden 1990). Details of eighteen locations were compiled 

during the current survey, all on the coastal strip. Five of these are new locations found by the authors during this survey. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Grown from fresh seed with flesh removed (Floyd 1989, recommendation for the taxon 

at species level). No information is available about cutting propagation. Seedlings and saplings can be assumed to be 

shade-tolerant, and to respond favourably to small light gaps. Planting into partially shaded situations is recommended 

(Big Scrub Rainforest Landcare Group 1998a). 

Economic and cultural significance. No particular use or significance is known other than the aesthetic and ecological 


Abundance and reservation. Most known locations for Green-leaved Rose Walnut represent individuals or small numbers 

of plants, and it is assumed that the total number of plants in the Shire and in New South Wales is low. The extent of 

reservation is unknown, partly because distribution records have not been kept at the subspecific level, but the number 

of plants reserved in New South Wales is likely to be very low. Plants occurring in the study area in Byron Shire thus have 

particular significance for the conservation of Green-leaved Rose Walnut 

Threats and amelioration. Threats to Green-leaved Rose Walnut have not been documented but can be assumed to 

include land clearing, habitat modification and low population numbers. General rehabilitation measures including weed 

and fire management, and extension of habitat patches will improve the conservation status of Green-leaved Rose Walnut. 

Suitable sites are present on the coastal strip, but the habitat is usually fragmented and degraded. 

166


Ball Nut (Floydia praealta FAMILY PROTEACEAE) 

Introduction. Ball Nut is an ornamental rainforest tree, which occurs as isolated trees throughout its range. No Recovery 

Plan has been prepared. Detailed species outlines have been prepared (Quinn et al. 1995) (NSW) and Barry and Thomas 

(1994) (Queensland). Ball Nut is a host tree for the Pencilled Blue Butterfly. 

Conservation status. Ball Nut is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code of 3VC- 


Habit. A tree up to 35 m tall (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Cream, in short racemes. Flowering January and February (Floyd 1989). No information about pollination is 

available. 

Fruit. A follicle, woody, brown and globular up to 5 cm diameter. One or two seeds (not edible) are enclosed in a thick 

woody shell which does not split open at maturity. Fruit ripe mainly January to June (Floyd 1989). No information about 

dispersal is available, but rodents probably move the large fruits. Dispersal is likely to be inefficient as with other largeseeded 

species. 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Ball Nut as occurring chiefly in riverine and subtropical rainforests. Barry and Thomas 

(1994) note that on the basis of surveys at five Queensland sites, Ball Nut seems adaptable to a wide range of environmental 

conditions, including alluvial levees at low elevations, footslopes and hillslopes, and steeply sloping tor screeslopes 

at moderate elevations. Parent materials were basalt and metasediments. Basalt was also the substrate, where recorded, 

for NSW sites (Quinn et al. 1995). 

Distribution. From the Clarence River, NSW, to Gympie, Queensland. Recorded in NSW from Ballina; Booyong; Victoria 

Park NR; Wilsons Creek; Boatharbour; Lismore; Whian Whian SF; Hayters Hill; Broken Head NR; Limpinwood NR; 

Numinbah Creek (Floyd 1989). Additional sites reported by Quinn et al. (1995) are Upper Crystal Creek; Mt Warning; 

Wollumbin Creek; Main Arm; Nightcap Range; Terania Creek Road; Johnstons Scrub; Emerys Scrub; Kellin Falls; Brockley; 

Maguires Creek; Victoria Park; Lumley Park; Mollys Grass; The Pocket; Tyagarah. The tree at Tyagarah has since been 

removed during upgrading of the Pacific Highway. Details of fifteen locations in the study area were compiled, including 

one new location found by the authors during the current survey. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Floyd (1989) records that Ball Nut germinates readily from fresh seed, while Nicholson 

and Nicholson (1991) note that seed viability and germination times are variable, and initial growth can be slow. 

Economic and cultural significance. The timber of Ball Nut is reddish and suitable for cabinet work (Floyd 1989). 

Otherwise, no particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest 

species. 

Abundance and reservation. Most locations within the Shire are for sites with single or a few trees. This distribution 

pattern seems to be general for the species suggesting a very low number of mature trees in total across its range. The 

adequacy of reservation of Ball Nut is unknown (Briggs and Leigh 1996). Trees are known in several reserves within the 

Shire, but are likely to be present in small numbers only. Hence the Ball Nuts that occur in the study area have particular 

significance for the conservation of the species. 

Threats and amelioration. Ball Nut appears to be naturally rare throughout much of its reduced range. Its original habitat 

has largely been cleared (Barry and Thomas 1994). Weed invasion and edge effects threaten plants in small remnants 

(Quinn et al. 1995). The large seeds are poorly dispersed, and unlikely to colonise new habitat where the forest is cleared 

and fragmented. While more detailed observation is required, Ball Nut may be a species which will decline slowly as 

existing mature trees senesce without active management. Several known trees are in vulnerable roadside situations. 

General rehabilitation measures including weed and fire management, and extension of habitat patches will improve the 

conservation status of Ball Nut. 

168


Southern Fontainea (Fontainea australis FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE) 

Introduction. Southern Fontainea is an uncommon shrub or small tree that occurs in lowland rainforest in the Byron 

and Tweed Shires. No Recovery Plan has been prepared for this species. 

Conservation status. Southern Fontainea is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act and has a ROTAP code of 

3VCi (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A shrub or small tree up to 5 m tall (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. White, dioecious and in small panicles (Floyd 1989). Flowers from Decmber to January (Floyd 1989). No 

information about pollination is available. 

Fruit. Drupe, with red flesh 4 - 7 mm thick. Hard inner covering probably splits to three cells, each of which may contain 

a single seed. Fruit ripe in July (Floyd 1989). 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes the species as occurring in lowland subtropical rainforest with Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, 

Diospyros mabacea, Toona australis and Dendrocnide excelsa on basaltic alluvial flats. 

Distribution. Restricted to Wanganui, Goonengerry SF; Oxley River, adjoining Limpinwood NR; Upper Couchy Creek 

and Upper Crystal Creek NSW (Floyd 1989). It is also reserved in Nightcap NP and Numinbah NR (Briggs and Leigh 

1996). 

Regeneration and horticulture. No information about the regeneration and propagation of this species is available. 

Economic and cultural significance. This plant is too small and rare to be used for any timber products (Floyd 1989). 

No particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest plants. 

Abundance and reservation. Southern Fontainea is only known from one location in Byron Shire and is considered to be 

poorly reserved. 

Threats and amelioration. There has been no documentation of specific threats to Southern Fontainea. Threats can be 

assumed to include land clearing and habitat modification. 

170


Red Boppel Nut (Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia FAMILY PROTEACEAE) 

Introduction. Red Boppel Nut is an ornamental rainforest tree which is locally common in the Byron Shire. Its range is 

restricted, and Red Boppel Nut is sparsely distributed in other parts of its range. Its seed is similar to that of the closely 

related Macadamia, hence Red Boppel Nut is of interest to the bush food industry. No Recovery Plan has been prepared. 

A detailed species outline has been compiled by Barry and Thomas (1994) (Queensland). 

Conservation status. Red Boppel Nut is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code 


Habit. A small tree attaining about 12 m in height. Usually with one or more unbranched stems arising from the rootstock 

(Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Purplish-brown, with curved perianth segments, in long racemes on the leafless stem (Floyd 1989). Flowers 

scented, particularly at night (H. Bower pers. comm.). No information about pollination is available. The morphology of 

the flowers and their arrangement on the trunk of the tree is suggestive of a role for insects and/or bats in pollination. 

Fruit. A fleshy indehiscent follicle, red when ripe, oval, 2-5 cm long, grooved on one side, tip oblique with a long thin 

beak. Kernel of the single oval ‘nut’ is edible. Ripe September to January (Floyd 1989). The fruit is eaten, and seeds 

usually destroyed, by King Parrots (A. McKinley and B. Stewart, pers. obs.). Rodents may also move seeds dropped 

beneath the trees. Presumably some seeds escape predation and are scattered or moved by seed predators. 

Habitat. Subtropical rainforest on basalt-derived soils (Floyd 1989), also on alluvium and soils derived from metasediments 

(Barry and Thomas 1994). 

Distribution. From Nambucca Valley, NSW to Tambourine Mountain, Queensland. Recorded in NSW from Missabotti; 

Upper Bellinger River; Dorrigo NP; Buffer Creek; Never Never SF; Kyogle; Terania Creek; Whian Whian SF; Boomerang 

Falls; Dorroughby; Rosebank; Rotary Park; Alstonville; Billinudgel; Mooball; Chillingham; Murwillumbah. (Floyd 1989). 

Red Boppel Nut is locally common in the upper parts of the Brunswick River, Wilsons and Coopers Creek and the 

Goonengerry area. Details of more than thirty records on private land were compiled during the current survey, and 

many more individuals are scattered in the vicinities of these locations. At least seven new locations were found by the 

authors during this survey. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Floyd (1989) obtained 100% germination after 60 days. Early growth is slow (several 

sources quoted by Barry and Thomas 1994). No information about cutting propagation is available. Seedlings and 

saplings are apparently shade-tolerant, but are likely to respond favourably to small light gaps. Unfortunately early growth 

is slow, and seedlings are attacked by insects, snails and fungi (Robinson et al. 1994). 

Economic and cultural significance. Red Boppel Nut is of interest to the bush food industry for the eating qualities of its 

seed (Robinson et al. 1994). Otherwise, no particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological 


Abundance and reservation. Red Boppel Nut is locally common in parts of the Shire, to the extent that a traditional 

common name for the species is ‘Mullumbimby Nut’. Red Boppel Nut is also fairly common in Whian Whian SF, and is 

represented in a number of reserves within the Shire. However, Briggs and Leigh (1996) regard Red Boppel Nut as being 

inadequately reserved. 

Threats and amelioration. Land clearing, fragmentation, roadworks, grazing and weed encroachment are documented as 

threats to Queensland populations (Barry and Thomas 1994), and apply also in NSW. Roadside slashing has damaged 

plants from Montecolum to Goonengerry. In the Byron Shire, in the core of the Red Boppel Nut’s distribution, the many 

plants on private land have particular conservation significance. Many plants are competing poorly with lantana, and as 

their seed does not disperse well, future regeneration in the fragmented and degraded habitat available may not be 

effective. General rehabilitation measures including weed and fire management, and extension of habitat patches will 

improve the conservation status of Red Boppel Nut. 

172


Isoglossa (Isoglossa eranthemoides FAMILY ACANTHACEAE) 

Introduction. Isoglossa is a small ground herb found in the rainforest understorey. It is known from a small number of 

sites, four of which are in the Byron Shire. As it is similar to the common Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variable), from 

which it can be easily distinguished only during the brief flowering period, it is probable that Isoglossa has been overlooked 

in the past. Surveys are currently underway through the NSW NPWS, and a draft Recovery Plan will be prepared 

in the near future. Isoglossa is a host plant for the Australian Leafwing Butterfly Doleschallia bisaltidae australis. 

Conservation status. Isoglossa is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code of 2E 


Habit. A herb to 20 cm high (Harden 1992), although Bower et al. (1999) recorded specimens up to 50 cm high.. 

Flowers. White, lacking the staminodes which are found in the flowers of Pastel Flower. Flowering from the end of 

September to early to mid November (Bower et al. 1999). No information about pollination is available. 

Fruit. A capsule 9-12 mm long with concentrically ridged seeds (Harden 1992). No information about dispersal is 

available. Seed capsules observed at Booyong suggest the dispersal method is ‘explosive’ (N. Nicholson pers. comm.). 

Other members of Acanthaceae, e.g. Graptophyllum also have explosive seed capsules. 

Habitat. Subtropical rainforest (Harden 1992). 

Distribution. Collected only from the Tweed River and Booyong, near Lismore, NSW (Harden 1992), Mt Warning (H. 

James pers. comm.) and Mortons Scrub, Johnstons Scrub, Herrmanns Scrub, Emerys Scrub and Dawes Bush (Bower et 

al. 1999) and recently from Nobles Scrub (H. Bower pers. comm.). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Isoglossa can be assumed to grow in the same way as the related Pastel Flower (Nicholson 

and Nicholson 1991), from cuttings of roots or stems, or transplant of self-seeded seedlings. 

Economic and cultural significance. Isoglossa is an ornamental herb. The related Pastel Flower makes an attractive pot 

specimen indoors while flowering (Nicholson and Nicholson 1991), and Isoglossa would presumably also suit this purpose. 

Otherwise, no particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological values of all native 


Abundance and reservation. Isoglossa is known from very few locations and is poorly reserved, making the plants occurring 

in the study area of particular conservation significance. 

Threats and amelioration. Isoglossa occurs in weed-infested Big Scrub remnants (Bower et al. 1999) and is particularly 

threatened by ground-covering weed species such as Wandering Dew Tradescantia fluminensis and Asparagus Fern Protasparagus 

plumosus. In addition, grazing, land clearing and habitat modification can be assumed to threaten Isoglossa. Since such a 

small number of sites are known, Isoglossa is vulnerable to the effects of chance events. 

174


Rough-shelled Bush Nut (Macadamia tetraphylla FAMILY PROTEACEAE 

Introduction. Rough-shelled Bush Nut is a rainforest tree with edible ‘nuts’ which have been important in the development 

of the Macadamia industry. Most current plantations are of hybrids of the Rough-shelled Bush Nut and the Queensland 

species M. integrifolia, but Rough-shelled Bush Nut is still sometimes favoured as a rootstock. The conservation of wild 

relatives of commercially important species is of particular importance, since genetic material for new breeding programs 

may be needed in the future. No Recovery Plan has been prepared. A detailed species outline has been prepared (Quinn 

et al. 1995). Rough-shelled Bush Nut is a host tree for the Pencilled Blue Butterfly and the Six-line Blue Butterfly. 

Conservation status. Rough-shelled Bush Nut is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a 

ROTAP code of 2VC- (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A small to medium, usually densely bushy tree, to 18 m in height (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Creamy pink to purplish in narrow racemes to about 25 cm long in the axils of the leaves, or from above the 

scars of fallen leaves. Flowering from August to October (Floyd 1989). 

Fruit. A brown follicle, enclosing one or sometimes two seeds. Ripe January to April (Floyd 1989). 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Rough-shelled Bush Nut as occurring in subtropical rainforest near the coast. Also in 

notophyll vine forest (Quinn et al. 1995). 

Distribution. Confined chiefly to the Richmond and Tweed Rivers, NSW, extending into the Numinbah Valley and Coomera 

River, Queensland. Recorded in NSW from the Clarence River; Nimbin; Whian Whian SF; Dunoon; Lismore; Davis 

Scrub NR; Victoria Park NR; Wardell; Mooball; Burringbar; Mt Warning NP; Limpinwood NR; Numinbah Creek; Crystal 

Creek; Murwillumbah; Bilambil (Floyd 1989). Additional sites reported by Quinn et al. (1995) are at Lennox Head; 

Goonengerry; Banora Point; Mt Nullum; Hogans Scrub; Dungay Creek; Maclean; Alstonville. Recently recorded from 

Old Bonalbo in the Upper Clarence River (T. Moody pers. comm.). Details of 26 locations in the study area were 

compiled, and many more individuals are scattered in the vicinities of these locations. At least seven new sites were found 

by the authors during this survey. A population of more than 50 individuals has been reported from upper hill slopes in 

Goonengerry (H. Bower pers. comm.). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Fresh seed may germinate in 14 days. Selected strains may be budded or grafted (Floyd 

1989). 

Economic and cultural significance. Rough-shelled Bush Nut has been important in the development of the Macadamia 

industry. Plantations have been composed of Rough-shelled Bush Nut in the past, but it has largely been replaced by 

varieties with superior processing qualities and shells that can be cracked mechanically. The timber of Rough-shelled 

Bush Nut is reddish, hard and tough and prettily marked, but because the nuts are so valuable, the timber is rarely 

exploited (Floyd 1989). Rough-shelled Bush Nut also has the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest 

species. 

Threats and amelioration. Habitat clearing, weed invasion and other edge effects (Quinn et al. 1995). Fire, grazing, 

development and roading also threaten Rough-shelled Bush Nut. Hybrid cultivated trees will interbreed with the Roughshelled 

Bush Nut so that the pure wild strains may be lost through genetic pollution. 

The conservation status of Rough-shelled Bush Nut, the health of populations and their regeneration potential should be 

enhanced by weed management, grazing exclusion, fire protection and replanting of surrounding habitat. Measures to 

prevent the planting of cultivated hybrid trees within pollination distance of wild trees of Rough-shelled Bush Nut may be 

necessary. 

176


Southern Ochrosia (Ochrosia moorei FAMILY APOCYNACEAE) 

Introduction. Southern Ochrosia is a small ornamental rainforest tree with milky sap. No Recovery Plan has been 

prepared. A detailed species outline has been prepared (Quinn et al. 1995 (NSW) and Barry and Thomas (1994) (Queensland)). 

Conservation status. Southern Ochrosia is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP 


Habit. A small tree with milky juice. Sometimes crooked with several stems. Up to about 11 m tall (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. White, in short cymes at the ends of the branchlets. Flowering December to February. 

Fruit. Drupe, red with mealy white flesh, 4 - 8 cm diameter. Seeds embedded in cavities in a hard endocarp. Ripe 

December to February (Floyd 1989). 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes the species as occurring in riverine and lowland subtropical rainforest. Most of the 

known sites involve alluvial situations where the plants are subject to periodic flooding, but at least one site is an upland 

ridge on metamorphics (Barry and Thomas 1994). Quinn et al. (1995) report most occurrences on basalt derived soils. 

Distribution. From the Richmond River, NSW, to Springbrook and Currumbin Creek, southern Queensland. Recorded 

in NSW from Big Scrub FR; Upper Coopers Creek; Snows Gully NR, Wilson Park; Rotary Park; Boatharbour; Johnstons 

Scrub; Booyong; Emerys Scrub; Alstonville; Davis Scrub NR; Dalwood; Marshalls Falls; Victoria Park NR; Tintenbar; Mt 

Warning NP; Limpinwood NR; Wollumbin Wildlife Refuge; Murwillumbah; Cudgera Creek (Floyd 1989). Additional 

sites reported by Quinn et al. (1995) are at Amaroo FR, Wollumbin SF; Burringbar; Pottsville/Mooball and Currie Park. 

Details of seven records of Southern Ochrosia in the study area were compiled. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Seeds should be excised from the hard endocarp and sown immediately (Floyd 1989). 

Southern Ochrosia is a mature phase rainforest species that is best planted in the shade, sheltered from wind (Big Scrub 

Rainforest Landcare Group 1998a). 

Economic and cultural significance. No particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological 


Abundance and reservation. Southern Ochrosia is considered inadequately reserved (Briggs and Leigh 1996) and is 

present in small numbers only where it is present. The conservation of the small numbers of plants present in the study 

area will be important for the continuing existence of the species. 

Threats and amelioration. The Queensland populations are threatened by habitat clearing, road widening and weed 

invasion (Barry and Thomas 1994). Small population sizes and weed invasion also threaten NSW plants (Quinn et al. 

1995). To improve the conservation status of Southern Ochrosia, the health of the population and its regeneration 

potential should be enhanced by weed management, grazing exclusion, fire protection and replanting of surrounding 

habitat. 

178


Onion Cedar (Owenia cepiodora FAMILY MELIACEAE) 

Introduction. The rare Onion Cedar is named for the odour of the bark and freshly cut wood (Floyd 1989). Its timber 

closely resembles that of Red Cedar, and it is believed that logs of Onion Cedar were soaked in creeks to remove the 

odour so that they could be passed off as the high-priced timber (Floyd 1990b). It has been inferred that this deception 

was so successful and the demand for the timber so great, that the species was all but logged out. However, McKinley et 

al. (1995) suggest that these reports seem to have originated from the activities of a single logger. Logging has undoubtedly 

contributed to the rarity of the species, but it may never have been common, and its natural dispersal and regeneration 

is limited. 

Onion Cedar is found in northeastern NSW and southeast Queensland. In 1977, only one tree was known to be in 

existence. More were discovered over the following twenty years, partly as a result of active soliciting of information and 

an increase in knowledgeable observers, but also through regeneration since the cessation of logging in most rainforest 

areas. More than 50 populations are now known, but the number of mature individuals is still low. 

A detailed species outline has been prepared (Barry and Thomas 1994) (Queensland). A draft Recovery Plan has been 

prepared (McKinley et al. 1995) and has recently been re-drafted. 

Conservation status. Onion Cedar is listed on Schedule 2 of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code of 2VCi (Briggs 

and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. The tree grows to 30 m, with glossy green pinnate leaves (Harden 1991). 

Flowers. The small white flowers are arranged in panicles (Harden 1991). Flowering occurs in November (Leigh et al. 

1984). No information on pollination mechanisms is available. 

Fruit. Fruit are red and globular (Harden 1991), and ripen from January to March (Leigh et al. 1984). Trees seem to 

flower annually, but set fruit only every 2-3 years (McKinley et al. 1995). Wompoo Fruit-doves and Rose-Crowned Fruitdoves 

have been observed feeding on the fruit (records reported by McKinley et al. 1995). 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) considers Onion Cedar to be confined to dry Hoop Pine rainforests, but McKinley et al. (1995) 

recorded populations in subtropical rainforests and wet sclerophyll forest. 

Distribution. Richmond River NSW to Lamington NP, Queensland. Recorded in NSW from Cherry Tree SF; Ettrick; 

Richmond Range; Boomerang Falls; Dorroughby; Laureldale, Eltham; Clunes; Rosebank; Hayters Hill; Tintenbar; Mebbin 

SF; Huonbrook; Stony Chute, Cedar Creek, Mebbin SF, Unumgar SF and the Border Ranges, while in Queensland it 

occurs at a number of sites in the southeast (Floyd 1989, McKinley et al. 1995). The records for Tintenbar and Huonbrook 

are historical with no recent confirmation. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Germination is difficult and slow (Floyd 1989). However, seedlings are often available 

from specialist nurseries and the species is recommended for planting as an ornamental, for reforestation and timber 

plantations. 

Economic and cultural significance. The timber is ornamental and valuable, once the smell is removed (Floyd 1989). Otherwise, 

no particular use or significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest species. 

McKinley et al. (1995) carried out detailed study of 23 of the known populations, and showed that natural regeneration 

was failing at many of the sites. In several cases no mature trees were present, or larger trees in degraded remnants were 

suffering from weed competition and may not have been producing seed. Seed from isolated paddock trees was unlikely 

to reach suitable sites for regeneration. The dispersers (fruit pigeons) are themselves rare. Good regeneration was present 

only where growing conditions were good for the mature trees, sheltered weed free sites were available for germination 

and early establishment, and sufficient light was available for later development (mainly in the Border Ranges). 

Abundance and reservation. Onion Cedar is reserved in the Shire at Hayters Hill NR and Minyon Falls FR with trees at 

three locations on private land (Mortons Scrub, Emerys Scrub and at Binna Burra). There is effective natural regeneration 

at Minyon Falls only. The total number of mature trees known was less then 100 at the time of a recent study 

(McKinley et al. 1995), but some records have been added since then. Briggs and Leigh (1996) consider the species to be 

inadequately reserved. 

Threats and amelioration. Habitat fragmentation, clearing, timber cutting, weed invasion and rarity of dispersers. Existing 

trees need to be able to develop in environments free from weed competition and other effects of remnant degradation 

if they are to produce seed crops. Landscape connectivity will be important to encourage movement of natural seed 

dispersers, otherwise planting will be required. Where seeds are present, site rehabilitation will frequently be necessary 

to provide sheltered weed-free sites for establishment. 

Most rainforest in the Shire has been cleared, and exists now as small reserves and remnants on private land. Much 

former rainforest land can be rehabilitated, but weed management will be critical for the establishment and development 

of this species. Seed availability will limit recolonization of much potential habitat and planting will be necessary. 

180


Spiny Gardenia (Randia moorei FAMILY RUBIACEAE) 

Introduction. A tall shrub or small tree. Targeted surveys are currently being carried out for NSW NPWS and a Recovery 

Plan will be drafted in the near future. Detailed species outlines have been prepared (Quinn et al. 1995 (NSW) and by 

Barry and Thomas 1994 (Queensland). 

Conservation status. Spiny Gardenia is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code 


Habit. A tall shrub or small tree up to 10 m high and 18 cm stem diameter (Floyd 1989). Leaves opposite, often with 

axillary spines and crypt domatia (Harden 1992). 

Flowers. Flowers are cream, turning yellow and strongly scented. Flowering September to October (Floyd 1989). Barry 

and Thomas (1994) note that the plant pollinators of Spiny Gardenia are unknown. 

Fruit. Fruit are small round orange berries (Harden 1992). Fruit ripe December and August (Floyd 1989). No information 

about dispersal is available but frugivorous birds are the most likely dispersers. 

Habitat. Riverine and littoral rainforest (Floyd 1989) with more recent records from subtropical and dry rainforest 

environments distant from rivers and coastline, and including regrowth. The specimens observed during this survey were 

located in patches of rainforest. Most locations described by Barry and Thomas (1994) are disturbed and weed infested, 

but one relatively undisturbed site is described. 

Distribution. From Broken Head, NSW to Logan River, southern Queensland. Recorded in NSW from Broken Head 

NR; Mt. Chincogan; Brunswick River; Brunswick Heads NR; Upper Burringbar; Mooball SF; Murwillumbah; North 

Tumbulgum; Stotts Island NR; Terranora; Banora Point; Piggabeen; Bilambil; Border Ranges National Park (Mt. Tomewin). 

Records in the study area have been recent and include three new locations found by the authors during this study. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Spiny Gardenia is little known in horticulture. Known to germinate after about 3 months 

(Barry and Thomas 1994). Strikes readily from cuttings (several sources quoted by Barry and Thomas 1994). It is best 

planted in partial shade as an understorey plant (Big Scrub Rainforest Landcare Group 1998a). 

Economic and cultural significance. Timber suitable for small turnery (Floyd 1989). Otherwise, no particular use or 

significance is known apart from the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest species. 

Abundance and reservation. Very small numbers of plants are known in the study area. Spiny Gardenia is locally common 

in some very restricted areas of the Tweed. Only about 50 plants are known in Queensland (Barry and Thomas 1994). 

Briggs and Leigh (1996) consider Spiny Gardenia to be inadequately conserved. 

Threats and amelioration. Barry and Thomas (1994) describe threats to Spiny Gardenia in Queensland as including land 

clearing, and a range of human-induced activities. Population sizes are small. Similar threats can be assumed to apply in 

NSW e.g. habitat clearing and fragmentation, roadworks (Smoky Valley), vulnerability of riparian vegetation to natural 

disturbance, weeds etc. in remnants. Plants on Mt Chincogan are exposed and subject to grazing. 

To improve the conservation status of Spiny Gardenia, the health of the population and its regeneration potential should 

be enhanced by weed management, grazing exclusion, fire protection and replanting of surrounding habitat. As Spiny 

Gardenia grows in association with other threatened species (Austromyrtus fragrantissima and Choricarpia subargentea) on the 

southwestern slope of Mt Chincogan, there are pressing reasons to rehabilitate this area in particular. 

182


Brush Sauropus (Sauropus albiflorus subsp. microcladus FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE) 

Introduction. Brush Sauropus is a small shrub that grows in riparian rainforest. No Recovery Plan has been prepared. 

Conservation status. Brush Sauropus is listed on Schedule 1 (Endangered) of the TSC Act, 1995. 

Habit. A small shrub to 35cm high, dioecious, glabrous, leaves clustered on short branches. Leaves cuneate to obovate, 

4-8 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, apex rounded to subacute; lower surface often glaucescent, midrib prominent; petiole to 

1 mm long; stipules 1-2 mm long, brown (Harden 1990). Specimens from the Grafton population are reported to be 

larger and may be a separate subspecies (M. Delany pers. comm.). 

Flowers. Flowers axillary, mostly clustered. Perianth segments six, in two whorls, usually larger in female flowers, free or 

fused below, often enlarging during fruit formation. Male flowers with perianth forming a tube, or frequently flattened, 

entire or acutely 6-12-lobed; glands or disc absent; stamens three, free or fused into a short column. Male peduncles 5- 

10 mm long, female peduncles usually to 15 mm long in fruit. Female flowers without a disc; ovules two in each loculus; 

styles entire or bifid. Female perianth segments c. 2 mm long. Flowers summer (Harden 1990). 

Fruit. Capsule globose, c. 3 mm long, smooth; seeds smooth. 

Habitat. Found along creeks or rivers, in rainforest. 

Distribution. Until recently Brush Sauropus was presumed to only occur in coastal areas north from Byron Shire. In 

November 1997 Phil Austin recorded an isolated population of Brush Sauropus from a degraded rainforest remnant at 

the Grafton Agricultural Research Station (H. Bower pers. comm.). 

Regeneration and horticulture. There is no information available for this species. 

Economic and cultural significance. Brush Sauropus has the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest shrubs. 

Abundance and reservation. Brush Sauropus is not known to exist in any public reserves. It has been recorded at Upper 

Mullumbimby Creek in Byron Shire (Sheringham and Westaway 1995) but most records are for the Brunswick River 

west of Mullumbimby (Raine and Golding 1994, B. O’Donovan pers comm). There are seven known records for this 

species in Byron Shire. Up to 248 individuals have been recorded at the isolated population at Grafton (M. Delaney pers. 

comm.). 

Threats and amelioration. A major threat to Brush Sauropus is habitat clearing (most of the riparian and floodplain 

rainforest in northern NSW has been cleared for agriculture). Other threats include fragmentation, vulnerability of 

riparian vegetation to natural disturbance, weed invasion and grazing. 

184


Small-leaved Hazelwood (Symplocos baeuerlenii FAMILY SYMPLOCAEAE) 

Introduction. Small-leaved Hazelwood is a small rainforest tree found in warm temperate rainforests mostly in the 

Shire’s higher altitude National Parks and State Forests. No Recovery Plan has been prepared. A detailed species outline 

has been prepared (Quinn et al. 1995). 

Conservation status. Small-leaved Hazelwood is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a 

ROTAP code of 2VC- (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A tall shrub or rarely a small tree up to 7 m (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. Cream, in axillary clusters or on a short raceme. Flowering June to September (Floyd 1989). 

Fruit. Drupe, red, oval, 8 - 10 mm long. Ripe January to February. Single seeds 6 mm long (Floyd 1989). No information 

about dispersers is available but frugivorous birds are likely to eat the fruit. 

Habitat. Floyd (1989) describes Small-leaved Hazelwood as restricted to the less fertile soils derived from rhyolite in 

warm-temperate rainforest. 

Distribution. Recorded only from Mt Matheson and Terania Creek, Nightcap NP; Gibberagunyah Range and Lost Valley, 

Whian Whian SF; Boomerang Falls FR; Jerusalem Mt and Blackbutt Plateau, Mt Jerusalem NP; Upper Main Arm; 

Numinbah NR; Hogans Scrub, North Tumbulgum and Natural Bridge, Queensland (Floyd 1989). Additional reserved 

populations occur at Mt Warning NP (Briggs and Leigh 1996), with a recent record from Goonengerry NP (H. Bower 

pers. comm.). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Floyd (1989) recommends propagation from fresh seed or perhaps from cuttings. Smallleaved 

Hazelwood is little known in horticulture, but the Big Scrub Rainforest Landcare Group (1998a) recommends its 

planting into partially shaded positions. 

Economic and cultural significance. Small-leaved Hazelwood has the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest 

trees. 

Abundance and reservation. Small-leaved Hazelwood is locally common but has a restricted distribution. Briggs and 

Leigh (1996) regard the extent of its reservation as inadequately known. The Shire’s populations are mostly included in 

National Parks and State Forests, but the authors recorded a new location in the study area at Koonyum Range. 

Threats and amelioration. Logging and clearing of habitat (Quinn et al. 1995). Weeds, fire and roading are also threats. 

Appropriate management of fire and weeds on public lands and protection in State Forests is required. 

186


Red Lilly Pilly (Syzygium hodgkinsoniae FAMILY MYRTACEAE) 

Introduction. Red Lilly Pilly is a rainforest tree with a restricted distribution in south-east Queensland and north-east 

New South Wales. It is locally common in parts of the Shire. No Recovery Plan has been prepared. A detailed species 

outline has been prepared by Barry and Thomas (1994) (Queensland). 

Conservation status. Red Lilly Pilly is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code of 

3VC-(Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A small tree to 11 m (Floyd 1989). 

Flowers. White, honey fragrant, 25 mm in diameter in terminal cymes. Flowering January to May (Floyd 1989). Pollination 

by the Richmond Birdwing butterfly is documented by Barry and Thomas (1994). The flowers of Red Lilly Pilly may 

also be pollinated by other insects or possibly mammals. 

Fruit. Berry, bright red, globular, up to 4 cm diameter, one-seeded. Ripe August to November (Floyd 1989). No information 

about biotic seed dispersers is available. The fleshy fruit suggest that frugivores could act to disperse the seed, but 

the size of the seed makes ingestion by even the largest of fruit pigeons unlikely. Frugivores may remove the flesh and drop 

the seed under the tree, but are unlikely to move the seed any distance. Floyd (1990a) considers the seed of Red Lilly Pilly 

to be water dispersed, which accounts for the association of the tree with riparian environments. 

Habitat. Riverine rainforest on rich alluvial soils (Floyd 1989). 

Distribution. Richmond River, NSW to Gympie, Queensland. Recorded in NSW from Toonumbar SF; Unumgar SF; Big 

Scrub FR; Minyon Falls FR; Lismore; Alstonville; Davis Scrub NR; Wardell; Hayters Hill; Mullumbimby; Brunswick 

Heads NR; Billinudgel; Crabbes Creek; Burringbar; Eungella; Upper Oxley River; Couchy Creek (Floyd 1989). 

Regeneration and horticulture. Grown from fresh seed with flesh removed, germination may be 100% after 65 days. 

Seedlings often produce diseased or deformed ‘red witch’s brooms’ at the growing tips (Floyd 1989). Seedlings and 

saplings are shade-tolerant, with an ability to respond to small gaps. The peculiar tendency of seedlings of Red Lilly Pilly 

to produce deformed tips is poorly understood. Sheltered conditions appear to be essential in the early stages of growth 

where this conditions otherwise retards development. Possibly dispersal away from the parent plant assists in escape 

from the effects of an infectious agent. In nursery situations, high fertiliser levels push affected seedlings through the 

deformed stage (N. Nicholson pers, comm.). 

Economic and cultural significance. Red Lilly Pilly has the aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest species. 

Floyd (1989) reports that the timber is greyish, tough and moderately hard, but of no particular use. 

Abundance and reservation. Red Lilly Pilly is scattered along watercourses and occasionally at other sites. The upper 

reaches of the Wilsons, Coopers and Brunswick Rivers support good populations, and it is found in low numbers in 

many of the Big Scrub remnants. Details of 37 records for the study area were compiled, including nine new locations 

found by the authors during this study. Although locally fairly common, the number of mature trees in the Shire is still 

low and its habitat is limited and degraded. Red Lilly Pilly is reserved at several locations in the Shire but its abundance 

is poorly documented. Briggs and Leigh (1996) consider that the reservation adequacy of Red Lilly Pilly is inadequately 

known. 

Threats and amelioration. In Queensland, Red Lilly Pilly is found in small remnants that are subject to weed invasion and 

other human-induced influences (Barry and Thomas 1994). In New South Wales, many plants are found in riparian 

habitats or in Big Scrub remnants that are fragmented and seriously affected by weeds. Grazing affects some sites. Roadside 

slashing has damaged plants at Wilsons Creek. 

General rehabilitation measures for riparian zones and remnant vegetation will improve the conservation status of Red 

Lilly Pilly. 

188


Durobby (Syzygium moorei FAMILY MYRTACEAE) 

Introduction. Durobby (also known as Coolamon) is a highly ornamental tree which has a restricted distribution in 

lowland rainforests of southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales. It is well known in the Byron Shire, with 

conspicuous specimens occurring along the Brunswick River, in the coastal reserves and scattered as isolated paddock 

trees and in small remnants. Its name is reflected in the Coolamon Scenic Drive which transverses the Shire and the 

Coolamon Villa at Mullumbimby. It is widely planted as a street tree and ornamental. No recovery plan has been prepared 

for Durobby. A detailed species outline has been compiled by Barry and Thomas (1994) (Queensland). 

Conservation status. Durobby is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code of 2VCi 


Habit. A tree attaining a height of 40 m and a stem diameter of 60 cm. (Floyd 1989). The tree has dense dark green 

foliage. 

Flowers. Showy pink flowers are borne on the branches (Harden 1991). Barry and Thomas (1994) note that the plant 

pollinators of Durobby are unknown. Floyd (1989) records that bees are attracted to the flowers. The cauliflorous 

flowering habit is often indicative of bat pollination. Several different pollinators may operate, as in the case of the related 

Syzygium cormiflorum in north Queensland (Crome and Irvine 1986). 

Fruit. Berry white, suffused with green, flattened, globular, fleshy, up to 6-cm diameter. Seeds dull, rough, creamy fawn, 

2-3 cm broad, 1.0-1.5 cm thick. Ripe March-May (Floyd 1989). Neither Floyd (1989) nor Holmes (1987) record bird 

species as eating the fruit, but seed is likely to be dispersed by the larger fruit pigeons. Seed may also be carried by water. 

Habitat. Riverine and gully rainforest at low altitude (Floyd 1989). 

Distribution. Restricted to the Richmond, Brunswick and Tweed Rivers in NSW and Upper Mudgeeraba Creek in Queensland. 

Recorded in NSW from Emigrant Creek; Hayters Hill; Mullumbimby; Brunswick Heads NR; Crabbes Creek; 

Burringbar; Dum Dum; Eungella; Couchy Creek; Durobby Creek; Hogans Scrub (Floyd 1989). Details of 75 locations in 

the study area have been compiled, including sixteen new sites found by the authors during this study. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Germination may take several months (Nicholson and Nicholson 1985). Floyd (1989) 

suggests that grub attack of seeds may be reduced if collected before fully ripe. Cuttings are successful and may be grown 

from healthy tip cuttings (Floyd 1989). Natural regeneration of Durobby is only rarely observed throughout the species’ 

range, and the factors that are limiting have not been studied. In the study area and surrounds, many trees exist as 

remnant paddock trees, where seed dispersal to suitable sites for regeneration is unlikely. Remnant and regrowth rainforest 

along creeks and gullies provides suitable habitat for this species. The best chance for regeneration opportunity is 

likely to be in large areas of forest where microsites suiting the requirements of the species at successive lifecycle phases 

may be present. 

Economic and cultural significance. Floyd (1989) notes that little is known about the timber and its possible uses. The 

species is well known in horticulture. The white fleshy fruits are edible though insipid in flavour (Nicholson and Nicholson 

1985), and were eaten by Aboriginals (Floyd 1989). 

Abundance and reservation. Durobby is scattered through suitable habitat and trees have been retained as ornamental 

paddock trees throughout the Tweed and Brunswick region. No estimate of numbers has been made. Durobby is reserved 

in the Shire in the Inner Pocket NR, Billinudgel NR, Brunswick Heads NR, Hayters Hill NR and Broken Head NR. 

Briggs and Leigh (1996) consider that its reservation is inadequate. 

Threats and amelioration. Land clearing and weed invasion are listed by Barry and Thomas (1994) as threats to Durobby 

in Queensland. Poor dispersal and lack of regeneration threaten the species, and grazing, roadworks, hardwood plantation 

establishment, streambank erosion, fire and coastal storms are additional threats in NSW. 

Although mature trees persist for long periods, opportunities for natural regeneration are limited outside existing rainforest 

environments. Seedlings are unlikely to establish in the vicinity of isolated paddock trees and regenerating rainforest 

in the region is generally suppressed by woody weeds. Much of the well-drained lowlands of the Shire would provide 

suitable habitat if rehabilitated and planted. However, many of these areas consist of prime agricultural land or residential 

areas. 

To improve the conservation status of Durobby, the health of the population and its regeneration potential should be 

enhanced by weed management, grazing exclusion, fire protection and replanting of surrounding habitat. 

190


Arrow-head Vine (Tinospora tinosporoides FAMILY MENISPERMACEAE) 

Introduction. Arrow-head vine is an ornamental vine found in rainforest. Although it is locally common in suitable 

habitat, it has a restricted range in northeast New South Wales. No Recovery Plan has been prepared. 

Conservation status. Arrow-head Vine is listed on Schedule 2 (Vulnerable) of the TSC Act, 1995 and has a ROTAP code 

of 3RC- (Briggs and Leigh 1996). 

Habit. A tall woody climber (Harden 1990). 

Flowers. Harden (1990) does not record flower colour, size or flowering time. No information about pollination is 

available. 

Fruit. Fruit are drupes, three borne on a common stalk (Harden 1990). No information about dispersal is available, but 

Arrow-head Vine may be dispersed by frugivorous birds. 

Habitat. Harden (1990) describes Arrow-head Vine as occurring in wetter subtropical rainforest. 

Distribution. North from the Richmond River, and possibly also in Queensland (Harden 1990). Reserved in NSW in 

Boatharbour NR; Davis Scrub NR; Johnstons Scrub NR; Minyon Falls FR; Mt Warning NP and Victoria Park NR (Briggs 

and Leigh 1996). Details of 32 locations for Arrow-head Vine in the study area were compiled during the current study, 

including eight new locations found by the authors during this survey. 

Regeneration and horticulture. Arrow-head Vine is little known in horticulture, but can probably be grown from seed or 

cuttings. As it occurs naturally in the rainforest understorey, planting into shaded situations is suggested. 

Economic and cultural significance. No particular use or significance for Arrow-head Vine is known apart from the 

aesthetic and ecological values of all native rainforest species. 

Abundance and reservation. Arrow-head Vine is locally common but has a restricted distribution. Briggs and Leigh 

(1996) consider that the adequacy of its reservation is not known. 

Threats and amelioration. Threats include habitat clearing and modification, weeds, over zealous vine cutting in regeneration 

projects, fire and grazing. To improve the conservation status of Arrow-head Vine, the health of the populations 

and its regeneration potential should be enhanced by weed management, grazing exclusion, fire protection and replanting 

of surrounding habitat. 

192


Appendix 8 

References to other sources of information used to compile the 

Byron Shire Threatened Fauna Database 

AGC Woodward-Clyde. 1996a. Determination of the Significance of Effects on Threatened Species, 

Populations or Ecological Communities, or their Habitat. Unpubl report. AGC Woodward-Clyde Pty 

Ltd, Alstonville. 

AGC Woodward-Clyde. 1996b. A Flora and Fauna Assessment of Lot 439 DP 729447 (Paterson St), Parish 

of Byron, Shire of Byron. Unpubl report to Ian Pickles Town Planning and Dept LAWC. AGC 

Woodward-Clyde Pty Ltd, Alstonville. 

AGC Woodward-Clyde. 1998. Yelgun to Chinderah Pacific Highway Upgrade. Species Impact Statement. 

Unpubl. report to Sinclair Knight Merz. AGC Woodward-Clyde Pty Ltd, Brisbane. 

Australian Museum Business Services. 1995. Fauna Impact Statement for Proposed Club Mediterranee 

Village, Byron Bay. Vols 1 and 2. Unpubl. report to Holiday Villages (Byron Bay) Pty Ltd. Australian 

Museum Business Services, Australian Museum, Sydney. 

Baker, A. and Miller, J. 1998. A Pilot Survey of Planigale maculata, Byron Bay. Unpubl. report. Southern 

Cross University, Lismore. 

BEACON 1986. A Survey of the Wildlife of Coastal Byron Shire. Unpubl. report. Byron Environmental and 

Conservation Organisation, Byron Bay and Department of Planning, Sydney. 

Biosis Research. 1990. Survey of the Nature Conservation Values of Camping Reserve 971 (Byrangery 

Grass Travelling Stock Reserve), Mafeking Road, Goonengerry, Byron Shire. Biosis Research Pty Ltd, 

Clifton Hill, Vic. 

Clancy, G.P. 1986. Observations on Nesting Beach Thick-knees Burhinus neglectus at Red Rock, New South 

Wales. Corella 10: 114-118. 

Clancy, G.P. 1987. The Breeding Status of the Little Tern Sterna albifrons on the New South Wales North 

Coast, 1979 to 1982. Corella 11: 59-64. 

Crowley, G., Garnett, S. and Pedler, L. 1996. Assessment of the Role of Captive Breeding and Translocation 

in the Recovery of the South Australian Subspecies of the Glossy Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus 

lathami halmaturinus. Unpubl. report to South Australian Glossy Black-cockatoo Recovery Team. 

Australian Nature Conservation Agency and South Australian Department of Environment and Natural 

Resources. 

CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology. 1996. Murwillumbah Management Area, Fauna Survey. CSIRO 

Division of Wildlife and Ecology, Canberra. 

Fanning, F.D. 1994. Proposed Detala P/L Development, Byron Bay. Report on Native Fauna and Potential 

Impacts. Unpubl. report to Sinclair Knight Merz. F. Dominic Fanning, Sydney. 

Gilmore, A.M. 1987. Mt Warning Shield Volcano - Mammals. Unpubl. report. NSW National Parks and 

Wildlife Service, Alstonville. 

Gilmore, A. and Parnaby, H. 1994. Vertebrate Fauna of Conservation Concern in North-east New South 

Wales Forests. Unpubl. report. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. 

Gilmore, A.M., Milledge, D.R. and Mackey, D. 1986. Vertebrate Fauna of the Undeveloped Land, North 

Ocean Shores. Unpubl. report to Jackson Teece Chesterman and Willis, Planners. A.M. Gilmore and 

Assoc., Federal. 

194


Greenloaning Biostudies. 1997. Species Impact Statement for Proposed Extensions to an Existing Sand/ 

Gravel Extraction Site, Suffolk Park. Unpubl report. Greenloaning Biostudies Pty Ltd, Tuncester via 

Lismore. 

Gunninah Environmental Consultants. 1998. Proposed Duplication of the Brunswick Heads Bypass and 

Upgrade of the Pacific Highway Brunswick River to Yelgun. Environmental Impact Statement. Working 

Paper No. 7. Flora and Fauna Assessment. Gunninah Environmental Consultants, Crows Nest. 

Holmes, G. 1987a. Avifauna of the Big Scrub Region. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra 

and NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. 

Holmes, G. 1987b. Status of Rare Rainforest Birds in the Tweed Volcano Region. Unpubl. report. NSW 

National Parks and Wildlife Service, Alstonville. 

Holmes, Glenn and Associates and Mount King Ecological Surveys. 1987. Flora and Fauna Survey of the 

SEPP 14 Wetland No. 75 at West Byron. Unpubl report to Byron Shire Council. Mount King Ecological 

Surveys, Vaucluse. 

Hoye, G. 1993. An Assessment of the Bat Fauna of the Area Proposed for Extensions to the Batson Sand 

and Gravel Extraction Site Near Byron Bay, New South Wales. Unpubl report to Bartrim and Martin 

Biological Studies. FBN Bat Surveys, Singleton. 

Hoye, G.A. 1995. Report on a Survey of the Bat Fauna of the Proposed Club Med Site, North of Byron Bay, 

New South Wales. Unpubl. report to the Australian Museum. FBN Bat Surveys, Belmont. 

Hoye, G.A. and Richards G.C. 1995. Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii. Pp 527-528 in The Mammals 

of Australia ed. by R. Strahan. Reed Books, Sydney. 

Maciejewski, S. 1994. The Microdistribution, Abundance and Habitat Preference of the Eastern Grass Owl 

Tyto longimembris in North Eastern New South Wales. BSc Hons Thesis, Southern Cross University, 

Lismore. 

McKean, J.L. and Hamilton-Smith, E. 1967. Litter Size and Maternity Sites in Australian Bats (Chiroptera). 

Vic. Nat. 84: 203-206. 

Menkhorst, P.W. 1995. (ed) Mammals of Victoria. Oxford Uni. Press, Melb. 

Milledge, D. 1987. A Survey of Records of Uncommon, Rare or Restricted Rainforest Herpetofauna of the 

Mt Warning Caldera Area. Unpubl. report. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Alstonville. 

Milledge, D. 1991. A Survey of the Terrestrial Vertebrates of Coastal Byron Shire. Aust. Zool. 27: 66-90. 

Milledge, D.R. 1995. Report on an Inspection of an Area of Forest North of Jones Road North Ocean 

Shores Area. Unpubl. report to Northern Zone, National Parks and Wildlife Service. D.R. Milledge, 

Rosebank. 

Milledge, D.R. 1997. Affidavit in Byron Shire Businesses For The Future v Byron Shire Council, Land and 

Environment Court of New South Wales No. 40181 of 1997. 

Milledge, D.R. 1998. An Investigation of Flora and Fauna Values of ‘The Everglades’ Property, Broken Head 

Road, Byron Shire (Lots DP 243125 and DP 549394) and Comments on the Likely Impacts on 

These Values of a Proposed Tourist Facility on the Property (Byron Gem Resort, DA 96/0387). 

Unpubl. report to Byron Shire Council. Landmark Ecological Services Pty Ltd, Suffolk Park. 

Milledge, D. and McKinley, A. 1992. A Flora and Fauna Survey for the Route Selection Study, Proposed 

Pacific Highway Bypass, Brunswick Heads. Unpubl. report to New South Wales Roads and Traffic 

Authority. David Milledge and Associates, Rosebank. 

Milledge, D., McKinley, A., Nicholson, H. and Nicholson, N. 1995. An Assessment of Flora and Fauna 

Habitat Values at Skinner’s Shoot, Byron Bay. Unpubl. report to Byron Shire Council. Landmark 

Ecological Services Pty Ltd, Rosebank. 

195


Mt King Ecological Surveys. 1994. Proposed Motorway Between Billinudgel and Chinderah. Environmental 

Impact Statement - Flora and Fauna Assessment Including Requirements for a Fauna Impact Statement. 

Mt King Ecological Surveys, Oberon. 

Murray, A.S. and Baverstock, P.R. 1991. A Study of the Flora and Vertebrate Fauna of Broken Head. Unpubl 

report to Byron Shire Council. Byron Shire Council, Byron Bay. 

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1994. Fauna of North East NSW Forests. North East Forests 

Biodiversity Study Report No. 3. Unpubl. report. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. 

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1995. Vertebrates of Upper North East New South Wales. 

Report to Natural Resources Audit Concil. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. 

Parker, P. 1986. Wildlife Survey and Management Strategy. Unpubl. report to Hixons Holdings. Peter 

Parker, Broken Head. 

Parker, P. 1987. An Environmental Assessment and Landscape Concept Plan for the Proposed Sewerage 

Treatment Works at West Byron. Unpubl. report to Byron Shire Council. Peter Parker, Broken Head. 

Parker, P. 1988. Vegetation Monitoring Details for the Byron Sewage Augmentation Environmental Impact 

Statement. Unpubl report to Byron Shire Council. Peter Parker, Broken Head. 

Parker, P. 1993a. An Environmental Assessment of the Proposed Carparking Area. Unpubl. report to Holiday 

Villages (Byron Bay) Pty Ltd. Peter Parker, Broken Head. 

Parker, P. 1993b. An Environmental Assessment of Lands Proposed for Sporting Purposes. Unpubl. report 

to Byron Council and the New South Wales Department of Education. Peter Parker, Broken Head. 

Parker, P. 1994. A Flora and Fauna Survey of Lot 1 DP780242, Lot 1 DP201626 and Lot 2 DP542178, 

Parish Byron, County Rous. Unpubl. report to Byron Bay Properties. Peter Parker, Broken Head. 

Parker, P. 1996a. A Fauna and Flora Survey of Byron Gem Resort. Lot 2, DP549394 and Lot 1, DP243125, 

Byron Bay. Unpubl. report to Haysom Spender Architects. Peter Parker Environmental Consultants, 

Broken Head. 

Parker, P. 1996b. A Fauna and Flora Survey of Lot 63, Kalemajere Drive, Suffolk Park. Unpubl. report to Mr 

Jerry Bennette. Peter Parker, Broken Head. 

Parker, P. 1998. An Environmental Appraisal of the Batson Quarry Environmental Impact and Species 

Impact Statements. Unpubl. report to Byron Environmental and Conservation Organisation. Peter 

Parker Environmental Consultants, Broken Head. 

Parker, P. 1998. Local Environmental Study, Area 2, Ewingsdale Road. A Flora and Fauna Assessment. 

Unpubl. report to Byron Shire Council. Peter Parker Environmental Consultants, Broken Head. 

Parnaby, H. 1998. A Call Survey of Bats of Byron Shire, NSW. Unpubl. report to Landmark Ecological 

Services. H. Parnaby, Coffs Harbour. (included as Appendix 9). 

Parnaby, H.E. in prep. The Management of Bats in Timber-production Forests of New South Wales. Forest 

Issues Series. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Servce, Sydney. 

Phillips, S. 1995. An Assessment of Koalas and their Habitat in the Goonengerry State Forest and Adjoining 

Freehold Lands. Report to State Forests of NSW. Australian Koala Foundation, Brisbane. 

Starks, J. 1992. National Breeding Census of the Little Tern Sterna albifrons in North and Eastern Australia 

in 1989. RAOU Report No. 78. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, Melbourne. 

Warren, J. 1993. Assessment of the Impact of Noxious Plant Removal (Groundsel, Lantana and Camphor 

Laurel). Unpubl report for Greenfields Mountains Pty Ltd. J. & T. Warren, Alstonville. 

196


Appendix 9 

A call survey of bats of Byron Shire, NSW 

H Parnaby, PO Box 2359, Coffs Harbour 2450 

September 1998. 

Report prepared for Landmark Ecological Services. 

INTRODUCTION 

A survey of bats was undertaken at 52 sites within Byron Shire during the period 6 April - 7 May, 1998. The 

survey relied primarily on detection of calls using the Anabat call detection system, and was designed to 

target species considered to be of particular conservation concern, and/or that were known from few 

records from the region. The survey targeted a subset of those listed as Vulnerable on Schedule 2 of the 

NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995 and are listed in Table 1. 

Table 1 Priority species targeted during the survey 

First priority species 

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat 

Beccari’s Freetail-bat 

Eastern Freetail-bat 

Second priority species 

Golden-tipped Bat 

Eastern False Pipistrelle 

Eastern Tube-nosed Bat 

Hoary Wattled Bat 

Eastern Cave Bat 

Large-eared Pied Bat 

SURVEY METHODS 

Surveys were undertaken using hand held bat detectors, and calls analysed using the Anabat5 call detection 

system and software (Titley Electronics, Ballina). The duration of surveys per site varied from 10 to 60 

minutes, depending on levels of activity. Manually operated surveys were used rather than automated recording 

methods, as the operator was able to track the bat and thereby obtain better quality call sequences of longer 

duration, thereby increasing the ability to obtain species identifications from calls. 

Bat species recognition is not always possible from echolocation calls. Some call sequences are too distant 

or indistinct, or too brief to enable species identification. The variation in call types exhibited by some 

species is still not properly defined and calls of some species are very similar and cannot be reliably 

distinguished for some species. Consequently, three categories of confidence in species identification are 

recognised (Parnaby 1992): 

Definite identification (X): species identity not in doubt; 

Probable identification (P): species identification most likely, but a low probability of confusion 

with species with similar call types; 

Possible identification (): call characteristics are comparable with the species, but a reasonable 

probability of confusion with one or more similar species. 

Call surveys were made at a total of 52 sites. Sites less than about 100 m apart were designated as subsites, 

unless significantly different habitat was sampled. Some sites were resampled, and the total number of 

censuses was 63, for a total duration of approximately 30 hours. Site location, date, start time and duration 

of surveys at each site are given in Table 3. 

197


RESULTS 

A total of 14 species were detected from call surveys (see Table 2). The actual number could be greater than 

this, because the several species of Long-eared Bats and Little Freetail-bats were not identified to species. 

The majority of species were recorded from a total of less than ten sites (Table 2). 

Three species listed as Vulnerable on Schedule 2 of the TSC Act, 1995 (the Golden-tipped Bat, Northern 

Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus bifax) and the Common Blossom Bat (Syconycteris australis)) were not detected 

from calls during this survey, but were captured in a separate opportunistic trapping programme, the results 

of which are summarised below: 

Wanganui Gorge, Upper Coopers Creek (AMG 0538241 6839032 ± 46 m). April 11 to 17, 

1998. Species: Northern Long-eared Bat; Golden-tipped Bat; Little Bentwing Bat; Eastern 

Horseshoe Bat; Eastern Forest Bat. 

Byrangery Grass Reserve (site 20 of this survey). April 20 to 8 May, 1998. Species: Northern 

Long-eared Bat; Gould’s Long-eared Bat; Eastern Forest Bat; Eastern Horseshoe Bat; Common 

Blossom Bat. 

Table 2 Species recorded during survey, and number of sites recorded per 

species based on definite and probable calls 

Vernacular name Scientific name Abbreviation Nu. Sites 

Little Bentwing Bat Miniopterus australis M. aust 30 

Large Bentwing Bat Miniopterus schreibersii M. schr 17 

White-striped Freetail-bat Tadarida australis Tad 13 

Unnamed Freetail-bats Mormopterus species Morm 10 

Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus Myotis 9 

Eastern Forest Bat Vespadelus pumilus V. pum 7 

Long-eared Bats Nyctophilus species Nyct. spp 4 

Large-eared Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyerii Ch. dwy 3 

Gould’s Wattled Bat Chalinolobus gouldii Ch. gld 3 

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Saccolaimus flaviventris Sac. flav 3 

Eastern Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus megaphyllus Rhin 3 

Greater Broadnosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii Sx. ruep 2 

Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio Ch. mor 1 

Eastern Tube-nosed Bat Nyctimene robinsoni N. rob 1 

DISCUSSION 

A number of significant trends are evident from the results of this survey: 

1. survey results were dominated by species that roost in subterranean sites such as caves, disused 

mine tunnels and storm-water drain pipes. The vast majority of bats detected were of the two 

Bentwing Bat species, and either or both species were detected at 34 of the 52 sites. Both species 

roost in subterranean sites such as caves or disused mine tunnels. 

2. the majority of species in the region roost in hollows or fissures which only form in old trees, 

which are scarce or absent from much of the Shire. Hollow roosting species were generally 

198


infrequently detected during the survey. The White-striped Freetail-bat, which was detected at 13 

sites, was the exception. This large species is likely to forage above the forest canopy, and is thought 

to range relatively further than other hollow utilising bat species, which could account for the 

greater number of records. However, the majority of sites at which this species was detected had 

low numbers of calls. 

3. a number of species that are regarded as common and widely distributed in other areas of northeast 

NSW were recorded at very few sites, e.g. the Eastern Horseshoe Bat, Long-eared Bats, and 

the Eastern Forest Bat. 

4. bats are widely distributed in the Shire, and bats were detected at all but 12 sites. 

5. records were obtained for a number of significant species (discussed below), indicating that the 

Shire contains a significant assemblage of bat species. Particularly significant are records of the 

Large-eared Pied Bat, Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat, and Eastern Tube-nosed Bat. 

6. the failure to detect some target species (e.g. Beccari’s Freetail-bat and the Eastern Cave Bat), and 

the low number of records of other species listed in Table 1 adds support to the view that such 

species are genuinely localised or rare in the Shire, and that this is not simply a reflection of lack of 

survey effort. Such comments do not necessarily apply to the Golden-tipped Bat, which is far less 

likely to be detected from calls. 

Target species that were detected during the survey are: 

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat 

Detected at 3 of the 51 survey sites. A single pass was detected at each of two of these sites, but four passes 

were detected at site 3 (adjacent to Batson’s Quarry), where the species appeared to be flying along the 

main road clearing. It could not be determined whether the species was foraging at the latter site, but this 

had an unusually high level of activity. In nearly all instances, this species is recorded from a single call 

sequence per site, perhaps indicating a transient individual. 

Large-eared Pied Bat 

This species was located at site 34 in Mt Jeruselum National Park, and at site 35 at Doon Doon Saddle, on 

the western boundary of Byron Shire. This species roosts in caves and rock overhangs, and it may be 

significant that all three sites were at or near cliff faces. This species is uncommon and localised throughout 

its range in the State, and is infrequently detected despite past intensive survey effort (NSW NPWS 1994, 

1995; Schulz et al. 1998). 

Eastern Freetail-bat 

Although the species is known to occur in Byron Shire, definite records were not obtained during the 

survey. Calls of two species, the Eastern Freetail-bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis) and an unnamed Freetail-bat 

(Mormopterus sp1, see Parnaby 1992) can be difficult to distinguish, although this is possible with some calls. 

These two species could not be distinguished in most instances from the calls obtained during the survey 

and definite identifications of the Eastern Freetail-bat were not made. However, the species has been recorded 

from Batson’s Quarry (Hoye 1993), Goonengerry National Park and Mt Jeruselum National Park (CSIRO 

1996). 


Calls of the species have been recorded in Byron Shire from October to April (Milledge 1987), and the 

single record obtained during the survey on 1 May is several weeks later than usual (D. Milledge pers. comm.). 

The lack of records of this species is likely to be a consequence of the timing of the survey, although the 

species appears to be uncommon and localised in far north-eastern NSW. The single record of this species 

obtained during the survey was of an individual heard calling in a gully in wet sclerophyll forest with a 

rainforest understorey, near a dam off Mill Road, Goonengerry. 

199


Golden-tipped Bat 

Calls of this species were not detected during the survey, but the low intensity calls of the species hinder 

detection. An adult female was trapped in Wanganui Gorge on 13 April 1998. The only other locality record 

for Byron Shire appears to be at Snows Creek (D. Milledge pers comm.). 

Eastern Horseshoe Bat 

Although not a priority species in this survey, the Eastern Horseshoe Bat has been identified as of conservation 

significance in north-eastern NSW (Gilmore and Parnaby 1994) and should be listed as vulnerable on the 

NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 due to the vulnerability of populations in subterranean 

roosts and the suspected significant decline of NSW populations during the past two decades (Spate and 

Eberhart in prep). The species was recorded at 3 of the 52 sites during the call survey, and in addition was 

trapped at site 20 and at a site in Wanganui Gorge. The low number of records was unexpected, as it was 

anticipated that the species, which is readily detected from calls, would have been more frequently encountered 

during the survey, based on survey results from other areas of north-eastern NSW. 

Although the survey was undertaken toward the end of the warm period of maximum anticipated bat 

activity, it is likely that the generally low numbers of bats detected was not primarily influenced by the timing 

of the survey as warm weather continued for an unusually long period into May during the survey period. 

For example, the results obtained at some sites, such as the six species detected at site 31b (Tyagarah 

Travelling Stock Reserve) on 6 May, are amongst the highest anticipated for surveys in mid summer while on 

the same night, low activity was noted at other sites on the same evening (e.g. site 49). 

REFERENCES 

CSIRO 1996. Murwillumbah Management Area. Fauna Survey 1995. Report prepared for State Forests of 

NSW, Inc. CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology. 

Gilmore, A.M. and Parnaby, H.E. 1994. Vertebrate fauna of conservation concern in north-east NSW forests. NSW 

National Parks and Wildlife Service. 

Hoye, G.A. 1993. An assessment of the bat fauna of the area proposed for extensions to the Batson Sand 

and Gravel Extraction Site near Byron Bay, New South Wales. Unpublished report to Bartrim and 

Martin Biological Studies. FBN Bat Surveys, Singleton. 

Milledge, D.R. 1987. Notes on the occurrence of the Queensland Tube-nosed Bat Nyctimene robinsoni in 

north-eastern New South Wales. Macroderma 3, 28-29. 

NSW NPWS. 1994. Fauna of north-east NSW forests. North East Forests Biodiversity Study Report No. 3, 

unpublished report, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 

NSW NPWS. 1995. Vertebrates of Upper North East New South Wales. Report to Natural Resources Audit 

Council. 

Parnaby, H. E. 1992. An interim guide to identification of insectivorous bats of south-eastern Australia. 

Technical Reports of the Australian Museum No 8. 33pp. 

Spate, A., and Eberhart, S. in prep. Cave fauna of New South Wales. Nomination of key threatening processes, 

endangered ecological communities, endangered populations, and threatened species for inclusion 

on the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. Submission prepared for the Scientific Committee. 

Schulz, M., Hannah, D., Eyre, T., and Hogan, L. 1998. Significant bat results from Comprehensive Regional 

Assessment fauna surveys in the south-eastern Queensland biogeographic region. Eighth Australasian 

bat conference, Rockhampton. Abstract. 

200


Table 3 Site details for call surveys. AMGs were determined using a GPS or from 1: 25 000 

topographic maps. Species abbreviations are given in Table 2 

Site AMGs ± error Location Date Start Dur Comments 

Nu. 

1 0558893 6823403 28 ‘Araucaria’, Blackbutt Rd, Broken Head 6/4 1840 30 nil 

2 0558484 6822788 48 ‘Araucaria’, Blackbutt Rd, Broken Head 6/4 1930 30 M. aust 

3 0558847 6825654 75 Broken Head Rd, ca 500 m north of jn with 6/4 2105 25 Sac. flav; Morm sp1/M.norf; Nyctophilus 

Broken Head Reserve Rd 

26/4 2310 10 prob Mormopterus species 

4 0559988 6822656 42 Seven Mile Beach Rd, edge of Broken 6/4 2200 25 Tad; M.schr 

Head Nature Reserve 

5 0559390 6821164 24 Seven Mile Beach Rd, at southern end 6/4 2340 25 M. aust; M. schr; Tad 

6 0558044 6824917 36 private land, Midgen Creek, Broken Head 7/4 1820 25 nil 

7 0559423 6825104 35 Crown Land, 50m west of Taylors Lake 7/4 1905 25 Morm species; 

26/4 1815 25 Tad 

8 as for site 7 Crown land, edge of Taylors Lake, 7/4 1935 15 Myotis 

ca 50 m east of site 7 

9 0559156 6825255 37 open forest/woodland, east of Batson’s Quarry 7/4 2000 25 nil 

26/4 1740 25 2 brief passes - no ids 

10 0559156 6825255 37 jn Ballina Rd, and Broken Head Rd 7/4 2040 20 nil 

11 0560000 6828045 38 South Byron Sewage Treatment Works, 7/4 2120 25 M. aust 

nth-west corner 

25/4 2127 20 M. aust; Myotis 

12 0557021 6829242 59 off Rayward’s Land, Skinners Shoot 7/4 2215 25 prob M. schr 

13 0542734 6838702 35 Parmenters Rd, crossing of Wilsons River 19/4 1745 35 M. aust 

21/4 2110 10 Myotis 

14 0538287 6843392 33 Upper Wilsons Creek Road, crossing of Wilsons 19/4 1850 25 nil 

Creek, 2.8 km from jn with Wilsons Creek Road 

15 0536406 6845256 37 Upper Wilsons Creek Road, at northern end 19/4 1930 25 prob M. schr 

16 0546615 6825273 34 bridge over Wilsons River, at Rincheys Dip 21/4 1738 42 high level of activity by Myotis at dusk; single 

pass by Ch gld 

17a 0545644 6830312 37 Keyes Bridge road verge, 100 west from bridge 21/4 1850 15 nil 

17b 0545725 6830344 29 Keyes Bridge, western end of bridge 21/4 1910 15 2 passes, no id 

17c as for 17b Keyes Bridge, banks of Wilsons River 24/4 2140 40 M. aust; M. schr.; prob Myotis 

under bridge 

18a 0544037 6837071 82 Donaghys Bridge, road verge 50 m north 21/4 1950 20 prob M. aust 

from bridge 

18b as for 18a banks of Wilsons River, under Donaghys Bridge 21/4 2025 15 nil 

19 0538245 6843512 37 Upper Wilsons Creek Road, crossing of Wilsons 21/4 2145 30 prob M. aust 

River, 3.0 km in from Wilsons Creek Road 

20a 0541500 6833500 Byrangery Grass Reserve, near western gate 22/4 1800 20 nil 

20b 0541600 6833600 Byrangery Grass Reserve, west side of ridge 28/4 2215 20 nil 

north of gate 

21a 0543302 6820248 48 Booyong Reserve, 50 m from bridge on 24/4 1740 40 Sx. ruep 

main road 

21b as for 21a Booyong Reserve, on bridge on Booyong Road 24/4 1825 10 M. aust 

22 0541184 6825000 48 Johnstons Scrub Nature Reserve 24/4 1845 35 M. aust 

23 0539440 6824542 57 Beacoms Road crossing of Bennys Creek 24/4 1940 25 M. aus 

24 0539540 6824570 68 Bennys Scrub, on track 24/4 2010 30 few passes, no ids 

25 0551920 6849770 38 Jones Road, Marshalls Ridges 25/4 1745 30 M. aust; Nyctophilus sp. 

26 0550267 6841454 43 Mullumbimby Rugby Club, south bank of 25/4 1845 35 Numerous passes by M. aust; M. schr; and 

Brunswick River, flood lights next to oval 

Morm species around flood lights; also Tad. 

Myotis on river 

27 0554200 6836500 Simpsons Creek, south of eastern end 25/4 1945 20 M. aust; V. pum; Myotis 

of Tyagarah Airstrip 

28 0553900 6836600 southern edge of Tyagarah Airstrip 25/4 2030 15 Tad 

29 0559160 6825913 28 jn Old Broken Head Rd, with Broken Head 25/4 2210 20 M. aust; prob M. schr; Mormopterus sp1/ 

Road, Suffolk Road 

M. norf 

201


Table 3 continued Site details for call surveys. AMGs were determined using a GPS or from 

1:25 000 topographic maps. Species abbreviations are given in Table 2 

Site AMGs ± error Location Date Start Dur Comments 

Nu. 

30 0557178 6827900 37 road verge, next to Hayters Hill Nature Reserve 26/4 1900 15 1 pass, unidentified 

31a 0553224 6836055 62 Travelling Stock Reserve, Tyagarah 26/4 2045 35 M. aust; Sac. flav; Tad; Morm species 

31b 0553051 6836182 34 Travelling Stock Reserve, Tyagarah 6/5 1730 60 Sx. ruep; M. aust; Tad; Morm sp1; 

Nyctophilus; V. pum. Numerous passes by 

Sx. ruep at dusk, two individuals sighted 

32 0558535 6830740 38 Skinners Shoot, old Byron Airstrip, 26/4 2220 35 prob M. schr; M. aust; Morm species 

paperbark swamp 

33 0541230 6840966 35 dam at end of Rayners Tk, Mt Jerusalem NP 27/4 1730 M. aust; M. schr; C. dwy; prob Ch. mor; V. 

pum 

34 0541300 6842600 rhyolite cliff face, Boogarem Lookout, 27/4 1852 43 C. dwy; M. sch; M. aust; Tad. 

Mt Jerusalem NP 

35 0533093 6843448 33 Oscars Road, Doon Doon Saddle 27/4 2045 60 C. dwy; M. aust; prob M. schr; V. pum; 

Rhin; Ch. mor. 

36 0545419 6834227 35 Wilsons River, ‘Music Farm’, Coorabell 28/4 1736 50 M. aust; M. schr; Ch. gld 

37 0545415 6834439 51 ‘Music Farm’ ridge top, Coorabell 28/4 1855 20 nil 

38 0545708 6834533 60 ‘Music Farm’, Coorabell 28/4 1936 30 M. aust; Rhin 

39 0547212 6833266 43 Coolamon Scenic Drive, Coorabell 28/4 2025 20 nil 

40 0541282 6838241 40 dam on M. Gillen’s property, off 1/5 1720 50 N. rob; M. schr; M. aust; prob Nyctophilus; 

Mill Road, Goonengerry 

prob V. pum 

41 0541100 6838300 rock face, near dam on M. Gillen’s property, 1/5 1730 20 Rhin 

off Mill Road, Goonengerry 

42 0541400 6838200 rhyolite cliff face, M. Gillon’s property, off 1/5 1820 35 V. pum 

Mill Road, Goonengerry 

43 0542067 6837851 70 Shane Hopper’s house, off Mill Road, 1/5 1950 20 nil 

Goonengerry 

44 0539429 6837778 40 rhyolite cliff face and water fall, Wanganui 1/5 2045 45 M. aust; M. schr; prob Ch gld; Tad 

Gorge, Goonengerry NP 

45 0552020 6847047 57 New Brighton Road, northern bank, 6/5 1908 22 M. aust. 

Marshalls Creek 

46 0553400 6845300 Orana Bridge, New Brighton 6/5 1954 31 high level of activity by M. aust; M. schr; 

Myotis; Morm species; numerous passes by 

Tad 

47 5601000 6830700 Tennis Courts, Byron Bay township 6/5 2100 18 numerous passes by M. schr; Morm 

species; Tad around lights 

48 0557517 6830030 39 end of Raywards Lane, off Skinners Shoot 6/5 2145 60 M. aust; Tad 

49 0541233 6850185 36 track off Skyline Fire Trail, Upper Main Arm 7/5 1730 30 nil 

50 0539784 6849612 48 Skyline Fire Trail, near Black Scrub, 7/5 1827 41 M. aust; M. schr; V. pum 

51 0540428 6849159 46 Skyline Fire Trail, Upper Main Arm 7/5 1922 20 M. aust; V. pum 

52 0554053 6840571 53 Simpsons Creek, Bayside, Brunswick 7/5 2045 60 Sac. flav; M. aust; Myotis, Tad 

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Table 4 Summary of species recorded per site. Species abbreviations are given in Table 2 

Site Location Date M. M. Morm Ch. Ch. Ch Myo- Sac. Tad V. Sx. Nyct N. Rhin 

Nu. aust schr sp dwy gld mor tis flav pum ruep spp rob 

1 ‘Araucaria’, Blackbutt Rd, Broken Head 6/4 

2 ‘Araucaria’, Blackbutt Rd, Broken Head 6/4 X 

3 Broken Head Rd, ca 500 m north of jn 6/4 X X X 

with Broken Head Reserve Rd 

3 26/4 P 

4 Seven Mile Beach Rd, edge of Broken 6/4 x X X 

Head Nature Reserve 

5 Seven Mile Beach Rd, at southern end 6/4 X X 

6 private land, Midgen Creek, Broken Head 7/4 

7 Crown Land, 50m west of Taylors Lake 7/4 X 

7 26/4 X 

8 Crown land, edge of Taylors Lake, 7/4 X 

ca 50 m east of site 7 

9 open forest/woodland, east of 7/4 

Batson’s Quarry 

9 26/4 

10 jn Ballina Rd, and Broken Head Rd 7/4 

11 South Byron Sewage Treatment Works, 7/4 X 

nth-west corner 

11 25/4 X X 

12 off Rayward’s Land, Skinners Shoot 7/4 P 

13 Parmenters Rd, crossing of Wilsons River 19/4 X 

13 21/4 X 

14 Upper Wilsons Creek Road, crossing of 19/4 

Wilsons Creek, 2.8 km from jn with 

Wilsons Creek Road 

15 Upper Wilsons Creek Road, at 19/4 P 

northern end 

16 bridge over Wilsons River, at Rincheys Dip 21/4 X X 

17a Keyes Bridge road verge, 21/4 

100 west from bridge 

17b Keyes Bridge, western end of bridge 21/4 

17c Keyes Bridge, banks of Wilsons 24/4 X X P 

River under bridge 

18a Donaghys Bridge, road verge 50 m 21/4 P 

north from bridge 

18b banks of Wilsons River, under 21/4 

Donaghys Bridge 

19 Upper Wilsons Creek Road, crossing of 21/4 P 

Wilsons River, 3.0 km in from 

Wilsons Creek Road 

20a Byrangery Grass Reserve, near entrance 22/4 

20b Byrangery Grass Reserve, west side of 28/4 

ridge north of entrance 

21a Booyong Reserve, 50 m from bridge 24/4 X 

on main road 

21b Booyong Reserve, on bridge on 24/4 X 

Booyong Road 

22 Johnstons Scrub Nature Reserve 24/4 X 

23 Beacoms Road crossing of Bennys Creek 24/4 X 

24 Bennys Scrub, on track 24/4 

25 Jones Road, Marshalls Ridges 25/4 X X 

26 Mullumbimby Rugby Club, south bank of 25/4 X X X X X 

Brunswick River, flood lights next to oval 

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Table 4 cont. Summary of species recorded per site. Species abbreviations are given in Table 2 

Site Location Date M. M. Morm Ch. Ch. Ch Myo- Sac. Tad V. Sx. Nyct N. Rhin 

Nu. aust schr sp dwy gld mor tis flav pum ruep spp rob 

27 Simpsons Creek, south of eastern end 25/4 X X X 

of Tyagarah Airstrip 

28 southern edge of Tyagarah Airstrip 25/4 X 

29 jn Old Broken Head Rd, with Broken 25/4 X P X 

Head Road, Suffolk Road 

30 road verge, next to Hayters Hill NR 26/4 

31a Travelling Stock Reserve, Tyagarah 26/4 X X X X 

31b Travelling Stock Reserve, Tyagarah 6/5 X X X X X 

32 Skinners Shoot, old Byron Airstrip, 26/4 X P X 

paperbark swamp 

33 dam at end of Rayners Tk, 27/4 X X X P X 


34 rhyolite cliff face, Boogarem Lookout, 27/4 X X X X 


35 Oscars Road, Doon Doon Saddle 27/4 X P X X X 

36 Wilsons River, ‘Music Farm’, Coorabell 28/4 X X X 

37 ‘Music Farm’ ridge top, Coorabell 28/4 

38 ‘Music Farm’, Coorabell 28/4 X X 

39 Coolamon Scenic Drive, Coorabell 28/4 

40 dam on M. Gillen’s property, 1/5 X X P P X 


41 rock face, near dam on M. Gillen’s 1/5 X 

property, off Mill Road, Goonengerry 

42 rhyolite cliff face, M. Gillon’s property, 1/5 X 


43 Shane Hopper’s house, 1/5 


44 rhyolite cliff face and water fall, 1/5 X X P X 

Wanganui Gorge, Goonengerry NP 

45 New Brighton Road, northern bank, 6/5 X 

Marshalls Creek 

46 Orana Bridge, New Brighton 6/5 X X X X X 

47 Tennis Courts, Byron Bay township 6/5 X X X 

48 end of Raywards Lane, off Skinners Shoot 6/5 X X 

49 track off Skyline Fire Trail, Upper Main Arm 7/5 

50 Skyline Fire Trail, near Black Scrub, 7/5 X X X 

Mount Jerusalem NP 

51 Skyline Fire Trail, Upper Main Arm 7/5 X X 

52 Simpsons Creek, Bayside, Brunswick 7/5 X X X X 

Key 

Call identification confidence 

X: definite 

P: probable 

: possible but uncertain 

204


Appendix 10 

Terrestrial vertebrate species recorded in Byron Shire 

Numbers refer to principal references and other sources of information (listed at the end of the table) used to determine the 

occurrence of species. 

Threatened species (TSC Act, 1995) are indicated in bold. Introduced species are indicated by * 

AMPHIBIANS 

MYOBATRACHIDAE 

Tusked Frog Adelotus brevis 2,4,8 

Pouched Frog Assa darlingtoni 2,3,4,8,16 

Common Eastern Froglet Crinia signifera 1,2,4,11,12 

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula 1,2,3,4,8,11,16 

Fletcher’s Frog Lechriodus fletcheri 4,8 

Ornate Burrowing Frog Limnodynastes ornatus 1,4,11 

Brown-striped Frog Limnodynastes peronii 1,4,11,12 

Spotted Grass Frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis 4,12 

Northern Banjo Frog Limnodynastes terraereginae 1,4,8,11 

Great Barred Frog Mixophyes fasciolatus 2,4 

Loveridge’s Frog Philoria loveridgei 2,3,4,8 

Red-backed Toadlet Pseudophryne coriacea 1,2,4,12 

Dusky Toadlet Uperoleia fusca 4,8 

HYLIDAE 

Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea 2,3,8 

Green Tree Frog Litoria caerulea 1,4,11 

Red-eyed Tree Frog Litoria chloris 2,4,11,12 

Bleating Tree Frog Litoria dentata 2,11,14,16 

Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Litoria fallax 1,4,11,12 

Freycinet’s Frog Litoria freycineti 1,4 

Dainty Green Tree Frog Litoria gracilenta 1,4,11,12 

Broad-palmed Frog Litoria latopalmata 1,2,4 

Lesueur’s Frog Litoria lesueuri 2,4 

Rocket Frog Litoria nasuta 1,4,11 

Wallum Tree Frog Litoria olongburensis 1,2,3,4,8,11 

Pearson’s Tree Frog Litoria pearsoniana 2,4 

Peron’s Tree Frog Litoria peronii 1,2,4,11,12 

Whirring Tree Frog Litoria revelata 2,4,8 

Laughing Tree Frog Litoria tyleri 1,4,8,11 

Verreaux’s Frog Litoria verreauxii 4 

BUFONIDAE 

*Cane Toad Bufo marinus 1,2,4,11 

REPTILES 

CHELIDAE 

Eastern Long-necked Turtle Chelodina longicollis 1,4 

Saw-shelled Turtle Elseya latisternum 16 

PYGOPODIDAE 

Burton’s Snake-lizard Lialis burtonis 1,4,11 

Common Scaly-foot Pygopus lepidopodus 1,4 

AGAMIDAE 

Eastern Water Dragon Physignathus lesueurii 1,4,11,12 

Bearded Dragon Pogona barbata 1,2,4,11 

Southern Forest Dragon Hypsilurus spinopes 5 

VARANIDAE 

Lace Monitor Varanus varius 1,2,4,12 

SCINCIDAE 

Scute-snouted Calyptotis Calyptotis scutirostrum 2,4,8 

Tussock Rainbow-skink Carlia vivax 16 

Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink Coeranoscincus reticulatus 2,3 

Cream-striped Shining-skink Cryptoblepharus virgatus 2,4,11 

Robust Ctenotus Ctenotus robustus 1,4,11 

Major Skink Egernia frerei 1,2,4,8,12 

Land Mullet Egernia major 1,2,4,12 

205


McPhee’s Crevice-skink Egernia mcpheei 2,4,8 

Martin’s Forest-skink Eulamprus martini 1 

Blue-speckled Forest-skink Eulamprus murrayi 2,4,8 

Eastern Water Skink Eulamprus quoyii 1,2,4,11 

Barred-sided Forest-skink Eulamprus tenuis 2 

Pink-tongued Skink Hemisphaeriodon gerrardii 1,4 

Friendly Sunskink Lampropholis amicula 2,16 

Dark-flecked Garden Sunskink Lampropholis delicata 1,2,4,11,12 

Short-limbed Snake-skink Ophioscincus truncatus 2,4,8 

Yellow-bellied Three-toed Skink Saiphos equalis 1,2,4,8,11 

Orange-tailed Shadeskink Saproscincus challengeri 1,2,4,8,12 

Gall’s Shadeskink Saproscincus galli 2,16 

Byron Bay Shadeskink Saproscincus orarius 11 

Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard Tiliqua scincoides 1,4 

TYPHLOPIDAE 

Blackish Blind Snake Ramphotyphlops nigrescens 1,2,4 

BOIDAE 

Carpet Python Morelia spilota 1,2,4,8,11,12 

COLUBRIDAE 

Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis 1,2,4,12 

Common Tree Snake Dendrelaphis punctulata 1,2,4,12 

Freshwater Snake Tropidonophis mairii 8 

ELAPIDAE 

Common Death Adder Acanthophis antarcticus 4 

Dwarf Crowned Snake Cacophis krefftii 1,4,8,11,12 

Golden Crowned Snake Cacophis squamulosus 2,4 

Yellow-faced Whip Snake Demansia psammophis 1,2,4,11,12 

Black-bellied Swamp Snake Hemiaspis signata 1,2,4 

Stephen’s Banded Snake Hoplocephalus stephensii 2,3,4,8,16 

Red-bellied Black Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus 1,2,4 

Eastern Brown Snake Pseudonaja textilis 1,4,12 

Eastern Small-eyed Snake Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens 1,2,4,12 

Rough-scaled Snake Tropidechis carinatus 1,2,4,8,11 

Bandy-bandy Vermicella annulata 1,4 

BIRDS 

MEGAPODIIDAE 

Australian Brush-turkey Alectura lathami 1,2,4,12,13,14 

PHASIANIDAE 

Stubble Quail Coturnix pectoralis 1 

Brown Quail Coturnix ypsilophora 1,4,11,12,13,14,17 

King Quail Coturnix chinensis 1,14 

ANSERANATIDAE 

Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata 1,2,3,8 

ANATIDAE 

Plumed Whistling-duck Dendrocygna eytoni 1,8,14 

Wandering Whistling-duck Dendrocygna arcuata 1 

Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa 1,2,3,8,14 

Black Swan Cygnus atratus 1,4,14 

Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata 1,4,11,14 

*Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 1,4,14 

Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa 1,4,13,11,14,17 

Australasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis 1,H,14 

Grey Teal Anas gracilis 1,4,11,14,17 

Chestnut Teal Anas castanea 1,14 

Pink-eared Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus 1,14 

Hardhead Aythya australis 1,4,14 

PODICIPEDIDAE 

Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae 1,4,11,14,17 

Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus 1,14 

ANHINGIDAE 

Darter Anhinga melanogaster 1,4,14,17 

PHALACROCORACIDAE 

Little Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax melanoleucos 1,4,M,11,14,17 

Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius 1,4,14 

Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris 1,4,11,14,17 

Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 1,4,14,17 

PELECANIDAE 

Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus 1,4,11,14,17 

ARDEIDAE 

White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae 1,4,11,14,17 

Little Egret Egretta garzetta 1,4,8,11,14 

206


Eastern Reef Egret Egretta sacra 1,4,8 

White-necked Heron Ardea pacifica 1,4,14,17 

Great Egret Ardea alba 1,4,8,11,14,17 

Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia 1,4,8,14,17 

Cattle Egret Ardea ibis 1,4,11,14,17 

Striated Heron Butoroides striatus 1,4,11,14 

Nankeen Night Heron Nycticorax caledonicus 1,4,13,11,14,17 

Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus 1,8 

Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis 1,2,3,4,8,14,16 

Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus 2,3,8,11,18 

THRESKIORNITHIDAE 

Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 1,4,8,14,17 

Australian White Ibis Threskiornis molucca 1,4,13,11,14,17 

Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis 1,4,13,11,14,17 

Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia 1,4,8,11,14,17 

Yellow-billed Spoonbill Platalea flavipes 1,4,8,14,17 

CICONIIDAE 

Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus 1,2,3,4,8,11,14 

ACCIPITRIDAE 

Osprey Pandion haliaetus 1,2,3,4,8,11,14 

Pacific Baza Aviceda subcristata 1,2,4,8,11,12,13,14 

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris 1,4,11,12,14 

Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura 2,3,4,8,16 

Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus 1,4,11,13,14,17 

Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus 1,4,8,11,13,14 

White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster 1,4,8,14 

Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis 1,4 

Swamp Harrier Circus approximans 1,4,11,14,17 

Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus 1,4,13,14 

Grey Goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae 1,2,4,13,14 

Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrhocephalus 1,4,13,14 

Red Goshawk Erythrotriorchis radiatus 2,3,8 

Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides 1,4,13 

FALCONIDAE 

Brown Falcon Falco berigora 1,4,14 

Australian Hobby Falco longipennis 1,4 

Black Falcon Falco subniger 14 

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus 1,2,4,8,13,14 

Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides 1,4,14 

GRUIDAE 

Brolga Grus rubicunda 1,2,3,8 

RALLIDAE 

Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis 1,4,11,14,17 

Lewin’s Rail Rallus pectoralis 1,4,8,12,14 

Bush-hen Amaurornis olivaceus 1,2,3,4,8,12,14 

Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla 4,8,17 

Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis 1,4,8,17 

Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 1,4,11,14,17 

Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa 1,4,11,13,14,17 

Eurasian Coot Fulica atra 1,4,14 

TURNICIDAE 

Red-backed Button-quail Turnix maculosa 1,4 

Painted Button-quail Turnix varia 1,4,12,14 

SCOLOPACIDAE 

Latham’s Snipe Gallinago hardwickii 1,4,8,11,14,17 

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa 1,2,8,11 

Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica 1,4,8,11 

Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 1,4,8,11 

Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis 1,4,8,11 

Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 8,11,17 

Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia 1,4,8,11,17 

Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola 8 

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 1,4,8 

Grey-tailed Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes 1,4,8 

Wandering Tattler Heteroscelus incanus 1,8 

Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres 1,4,8 

Great Knot Calidris tenuirosris 1,2,3,8 

Red Knot Calidris canutus 1,4,8 

Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis 1,4,8,11,17 

Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos 8,14,17 

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata 1,4,8,11,17 

Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea 1,4,8,17 

207


JACANIDAE 

Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea 1,3,8,11,14 

BURHINIDAE 

Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius 1,2,3 

Beach Stone-curlew Esacus neglectus 1,2,3,8 

HAEMATOPODIDAE 

Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris 1,2,3,4,8,11,16 

Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus 1,2,3,4 

RECURVIROSTRIDAE 

Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 1,4,11,17 

CHARADRIIDAE 

American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica 8,17 

Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva 1,4,8,11 

Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola 1,4,8 

Red-capped Plover Charadrius ruficapillus 1,4,11,17 

Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus 1,4,8 

Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus 1,2,4,8 

Black-fronted Dotterel Elseyornis melanops 1,4,11,14,17 

Red-kneed Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus 17 

Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles 1,4,11,12,14,17 

LARIDAE 

Silver Gull Larus novaehollandiae 1,4,11 

Gull-billed Tern Sterna nilotica 1,4 

Caspian Tern Sterna caspia 1,4 

Crested Tern Sterna bergii 1,4,11 

Common Tern Sterna hirundo 1,4,11,14 

Little Tern Sterna albifrons 1,2,3,4,8,11 

Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata 3 

Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 1,4,17 

White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus 1,4 

COLUMBIDAE 

*Rock Dove Columba livia 1,4,14 

White-headed Pigeon Columba leucomela 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Spotted Turtle-dove Streptopelia chinensis 1,4,11,13,14 

Brown Cuckoo-dove Macropygia amboinensis 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera 1,11 

Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans 1,13,14 

Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes 1,4,11,14,17 

Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata 1,4,11,14 

Bar-shouldered Dove Geopelia humeralis 1,4,11,12,13,14,17 

Wonga Pigeon Leucosarcia melanoleuca 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Wompoo Fruit-dove Ptilinopus magnificus 1,2,3,4,8,12,13,14,16 

Superb Fruit-dove Ptilinopus superbus 1,2,3,4,8,13 

Rose-crowned Fruit-dove Ptilinopus regina 1,2,3,4,8,12,13,14 

Topknot Pigeon Lopholaimus antarcticus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

CACATUIDAE 

Glossy Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami 1,2,3,4,8,12,14 

Yellow-tailed Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Galah Cacatua roseicapilla 1,4,11,14 

Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita 1,4,12,13,14 

PSITTACIDAE 

Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna 2,14 

Little Lorikeet Glossopsitta pusilla 1,2,4,12,14 

Double-eyed Fig-parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma 2,3 

Australian King-parrot Alisterus scapularis 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius 1,4,11,12,13,14 

Pale-headed Rosella Platycercus adscitus 4 

Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor 3,8 

Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus 1 

Ground Parrot Pezoporus wallicus 1 

CUCULIDAE 

Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus 1,8,13,14 

Pallid Cuckoo Cuculus pallidus 1,4,8,11,14,17 

Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Fantailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Horsfield’s Bronze-cuckoo Chrysococcyx basalis 1,4,14,17 

Shining Bronze-cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Little Bronze-cuckoo Chrysococcyx minutillus 1,4,8,14 

Common Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae 1,2,4,11,13,14 

208


CENTROPODIDAE 

Pheasant Coucal Centropus phasianinus 1,4,11,12,14 

STRIGIDAE 

Powerful Owl Ninox strenua 2,3,4,8 

Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

TYTONIDAE 

Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa 2,3,4,8,13,14 

Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae 2,3,8,14 

Barn Owl Tyto alba 1,4,8,14 

Grass Owl Tyto capensis 1,2,3,4,8 

PODARGIDAE 

Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Marbled Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus 2,3,4,8,13,14 

CAPRIMULGIDAE 

White-throated Nightjar Eurostopodus mystacalis 1,4,12,13,14 

AEGOTHELIDAE 

Australian Owlet-nightjar Aegotheles cristatus 1,2,4,13,14 

APODIDAE 

White-rumped Swiftlet Collocalia spodiopygius 1,8 

White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus 1,4,14,17 

ALCEDINIDAE 

Azure Kingfisher Alcedo azurea 1,4,11,13,14,17 

HALCYONIDAE 

Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Forest Kingfisher Todirhamphus macleayi 1,4,8,11,14 

Sacred Kingfisher Todirhamphus sanctus 1,4,11,13,14 

Collared Kingfisher Todirhamphus chloris 1,2,8 

MEROPIDAE 

Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus 1,4,11,12,13,14 

CORACIIDAE 

Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis 1,4,11,12,13,14 

PITTIDAE 

Noisy Pitta Pitta versicolor 1,2,4,12,13,14 

MENURIDAE 

Albert’s Lyrebird Menura alberti 2,3,4,8,13,14 

ATRICHORNITHIDAE 

Rufous Scrub-bird Atrichornis rufescens 2,13,14,15 

CLIMACTERIDAE 

White-throated Treecreeper Cormobates leucophaeus 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Red-browed Treecreeper Climacteris erythrops 2,4 

MALURIDAE 

Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus 1,4,11,12,13,14,17 

Variegated Fairy-wren Malurus lamberti 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Red-backed Fairy-wren Malurus melanocephalus 1,4,11,12,13,14 

Southern Emu-wren Stipiturus malachurus 1,4,8,11 

PARDALOTIDAE 

Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus 2,3 

Yellow-throated Scrubwren Sericornis citreogularis 13 

White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Large-billed Scrubwren Sericornis magnirostris 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Hylacola pyrrhopygia 2 

Brown Gerygone Gerygone mouki 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Mangrove Gerygone Gerygone levigaster 1,4,8,11,14 

White-throated Gerygone Gerygone olivacea 1,4,11,12,14 

Brown Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza chrysorrhoa 1,4,14 

Yellow Thornbill Acanthiza nana 1,4,12 

Striated Thornbill Acanthiza lineata 1,2,4,12,13,14 

MELIPHAGIDAE 

Red Wattlebird Anthochaera caruncula 1,11 

Little Wattlebird Anthochaera chrysoptera 1,4,11,13,14 

Striped Honeyeater Plectorhyncha lanceolata 4,11,14,17 

Noisy Friarbird Philemon corniculatus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Little Friarbird Philemon citreogularis 1,4,12 

209


Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia 18 

Blue-faced Honeyeater Entomyzon cyanotis 1,4,14 

Noisy Miner Manorina melanocephala 1,4,11,12,13,14 

Lewin’s Honeyeater Meliphaga lewinii 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Yellow-faced Honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysops 1,2,4,12,14 

Mangrove Honeyeater Lichenostomus fasciogularis 1,3,8,14 

White-throated Honeyeater Melithreptus albogularis 1,4,12,14 

White-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus 1,2,4 

Brown Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta 1,4,11,12,13,14 

White-cheeked Honeyeater Phylidonyris nigra 1,2,4,11,13,14 

Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Scarlet Honeyeater Myzomela sanguinolenta 1,2,4,12,13,14 

PETROICIDAE 

Jacky Winter Microeca fascinans 1,4 

Scarlet Robin Petroica multicolor 1,14 

Red-capped Robin Petroica goodenovii 14 

Rose Robin Petroica rosea 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Pale-yellow Robin Tregellasia capito 1,2,4,8,13,14 

Eastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australis 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

ORTHONYCIDAE 

Logrunner Orthonyx temminckii 2,4,12,13,14 

CINCLOSOMATIDAE 

Eastern Whipbird Psophodes olivaceus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

NEOSITTIDAE 

Varied Sittella Daphnoesitta chrysoptera 1,2,4,12,14 

PACHYCEPHALIDAE 

Crested Shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatus 2,4,13 

Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Rufous Whistler Pachycephala rufiventris 1,2,4,11,13,14 

Little Shrike-thrush Colluricincla megarhyncha 1,2,4,8,11,12,13,14 

Grey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

DICRURIDAE 

Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Spectacled Monarch Monarcha trivirgatus 1,2,4,8,12,13,14 

White-eared Monarch Monarcha leucotis 1,2,3,4,8,12,13,14 

Leaden Flycatcher Myiagra rubecula 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca 2,4,14 

Restless Flycatcher Myiagra inquieta 1,4,13,14,17 

Magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca 1,4,11,12,14,17 

Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Grey Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Willie-wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys 1,4,11,12,13,14,17 

Spangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus 1,2,4,8,11,12,13,14 

CAMPEPHAGIDAE 

Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae 1,2,4,11,12,13,14,17 

Barred Cuckoo-shrike Coracina lineata 2,3,4,8,14,16 

White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike Coracina papuensis 4,11,14 

Cicadabird Coracina tenuirostris 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

White-winged Triller Lalage suerii 1,12,14 

Varied Triller Lalage leucomela 1,2,4,8,11,13,14 

ORIOLIDAE 

Olive-backed Oriole Oriolus sagittatus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14,17 

Figbird Sphecotheres viridus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

ARTAMIDAE 

White-breasted Woodswallow Artamus leucorhynchus 1,4,11,13,14,17 

Masked Woodswallow Artamus personatus 1,4 

White-browed Woodswallow Artamus superciliosus 1,4,14 

Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus 1,4 

Grey Butcherbird Cracticus torquatus 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Pied Butcherbird Cracticus nigrogularis 1,2,4,11,12,14 

Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Pied Currawong Strepera graculina 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

PARADISAEIDAE 

Paradise Riflebird Ptiloris paradiseus 2,4,8,12,13,14 

CORVIDAE 

Torresian Crow Corvus orru 1,2,4,11,12,13,14,17 

PTILONORHYNCIDAE 

Green Catbird Ailuroedus crassirostris 1,2,4,12,13,14 

Regent Bowerbird Sericulus chrysocephalus 1,4,8,12,13,14 

Satin Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 2,4,12,13,14 

210


ALAUDIDAE 

Singing Bushlark Mirafra javanica 14 

MOTACILLIDAE 

Richard’s Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 1,4,11,14,17 

PASSERIDAE 

*House Sparrow Passer domesticus 1,4,11,14 

Double-barred Finch Taeniopygia bichenovii 1,4,11,14 

Red-browed Finch Neochmia temporalis 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Lonchura castaneothorax 1,4,11,12 

FRINGILLIDAE 

*European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 1,4 

DICAEIDAE 

Mistletoebird Dicaeum hirundinaceum 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

HIRUNDINIDAE 

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica 14 

Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxina 1,2,4,11,12,13,14,17 

Tree Martin Hirundo nigricans 1,4,11,12,13,14,17 

Fairy Martin Hirundo ariel 1,11,14,17 

SYLVIIDAE 

Clamorous Reed-warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus 1,4,11,14,17 

Tawny Grassbird Megalurus timoriensis 1,4,11,14 

Little Grassbird Megalurus gramineus 1,4,17 

Golden-headed Cisticola Cisticola exilis 1,4,11,14,17 

ZOSTEROPIDAE 

Silvereye Zosterops lateralis 1,2,4,11,12,13,14 

MUSCICAPIDAE 

Bassian Thrush Zoothera lunulata 2,4,14 

Russet-tailed Thrush Zoothera heinei 1,2,4,8,13,14 

STURNIDAE 

*Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris 1,4,11,14 

MAMMALS 

ORNITHORHYNCHIDAE 

Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus 1,4,8 

TACHYGLOSSIDAE 

Short-beaked Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus 1,2,4,11,12 

DASYURIDAE 

Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus 2,3,7,14 

Brown Antechinus Antechinus stuartii 1,2,4,11,12 

Common Planigale Planigale maculatus 1,2,3,4,8,11,12,16 

Common Dunnart Sminthopsis leucopus 1,11 

PERAMELIDAE 

Northern Brown Bandicoot Isoodon macrourus 1,2,4,12 

Long-nosed Bandicoot Perameles nasuta 1,2,4,12 

PHASCOLARCTIDAE 

Koala Phascolarctos cinereus 1,2,3,4,8,9,12,16 

BURRAMYIDAE 

Eastern Pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus 4,8 

PETAURIDAE 

Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis 2,3,4,8 

Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis 9 

Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps 1,2,4,9,12 

PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE 

Greater Glider Petauroides volans 2,4,9 

Common Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus 1,2,4,9,11,12 

PHALANGERIDAE 

Mountain Brushtail Possum Trichosurus caninus 1,2,4,11,12 

Common Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula 2,4 

POTOROIDAE 

Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus 1,2,3,4,8 

MACROPODIDAE 

Parma Wallaby Macropus parma 2,3 

Red-necked Wallaby Macropus rufogriseus 4,12 

Red-legged Pademelon Thylogale stigmatica 3,4,8 

211


Red-necked Pademelon Thylogale thetis 4 

Swamp Wallaby Wallabia bicolor 1,2,4,11,12 

PTEROPODIDAE 

Common Blossom-bat Syconycteris australis 1,2,3,4,8,11,16 

Eastern Tube-nosed Bat Nyctimene robinsoni 2,3,4,8,10 

Black Flying-fox Pteropus alecto 1,2,3,4,8,11,12,16 

Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus 1,4,9,11,12 

RHINOLOPHIDAE 

Eastern Horseshoe-bat Rhinolophus megaphyllus 2,4,8,10 

EMBALLONURIDAE 

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Saccolaimus flaviventris 2,3,10 

MOLOSSIDAE 

Eastern Freetail-bat Mormopterus norfolkensis 2,3 

undescribed freetail-bat Mormopterus sp.1 11 

White-striped Freetail-bat Tadarida australis 2,4,10,11 

VESPERTILIONIDAE 

Golden-tipped Bat Kerivoula papuensis 3,4,8,10 

Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus australis 2,3,4,8,10,11 

Common Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii 2,3,8,10,11 

Eastern Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus bifax 1,2,3,4,8,10,11 

Gould’s Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi 1,4,11 

Large-eared Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri 2,3,10 

Gould’s Wattled Bat Chalinolobus gouldii 2,10,11 

Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio 2,10 

Hoary Wattled Bat Chalinolobus nigrogriseus 19 

Eastern Falsistrelle Falsistrellus tasmaniensis 2,3 

Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus 2,3,4,8,10,11 

Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii 2,3,4,8,10,11 

Eastern Broad-nosed Bat Scotorepens orion 2,4,8,11 

undescribed broad-nosed bat Scotorepens sp. 1 11,19 

Eastern Forest Bat Vespadelus pumilus 1,2,4,8,10,11 

Eastern Cave Bat Vespadelus troughtoni 2,3 

MURIDAE 

Eastern Chestnut Mouse Pseudomys gracilicaudatus 20 

Water-rat Hydromys chrysogaster 1,4 

Grassland Melomys Melomys burtoni 1,4,8,11 

Fawn-footed Melomys Melomys cervinipes 1,2,4 

*House Mouse Mus musculus 1,4,11 

Bush Rat Rattus fuscipes 1,2,4,11,12 

Swamp Rat Rattus lutreolus 1,2,4,11,12 

Pale Field Rat Rattus tunneyi 2 

*Black Rat Rattus rattus 1,2,4,11 

CANIDAE 

Dingo Canis lupus dingo 1,2,4 

*Fox Vulpes vulpes 1,2,4,11 

FELIDAE 

*Cat Felis catus 2,4,11 

LEPORIDAE 

*Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 1,2,4 

*Brown Hare Lepus capensis 1,4,11 

References and other sources listing species 

1 Milledge 1991 11 Australian Museum Business Services 1995 

2 CSIRO Division of Wildlife & Ecology 1996 12 Biosis Research 1990 

3 Atlas of NSW Wildlife (NSW NPWS) 13 Holmes 1987a 

4 Milledge unpubl. data 14 D. Stewart unpubl. data 

5 Milledge 1987 15 S. Ferrier unpubl. data 

6 Holmes 1987b 16 M. Fitzgerald unpubl. data 

7 Gilmore 1987 17 D. Hobcroft unpubl. data 

8 NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service 1995 18 R. Oehlman unpubl. data 

9 Phillips 1995 19 Hoye 1993 

10 Parnaby 1998 20 AGC Woodward-Clyde 1996b 

212


Appendix 11 

Examples of profiles of Threatened fauna species 

recorded in Byron Shire 

CONTENTS 

Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura 

Glossy Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami 

Powerful Owl Ninox strenua 

Koala Phascolarctos cinereus 

Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus australis 

Common Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii 

Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii 

Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura 

Regional distribution and abundance. The Square-tailed Kite is widely but very sparsely distributed throughout northeastern 

New South Wales from the coastal plains to the tablelands (Debus et al. 1993). Concentrations of records are 

known from dry habitats in the lower valleys of major rivers such as the Clarence, Hastings and Manning (ANSWW 

database) and the region is considered a stronghold for the species in New South Wales (Debus et al. 1993). 

General ecology (habitat, shelter, diet, territory, breeding, movements). The Square-tailed Kite occurs mainly in structurally 

diverse, moist to dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands (Debus et al. 1993, Marchant and Higgins 1993). However, 

it has also been recorded in coastal complex vegetation which includes shrublands and heathlands (Marchant and 

Higgins 1993). In coastal north-eastern New South Wales most records are from Spotted Gum, Grey Ironbark and dry 

Blackbutt forests (Debus et al. 1993; G. Clancy, A. Gilmore, D. Milledge unpubl. data) and its occurrence appears to be 

associated with the more productive sites in these forests on flatter topography (Debus et al. 1993, NSW National Parks 

and Wildlife Service 1994). 

The species feeds predominantly on adult and nestling birds and large insects snatched from the foliage of forest and 

woodland trees during its slow, gliding, harrier-like flight just above or through gaps in the canopy (Debus et al. 1993, 

Marchant and Higgins 1993). It has been observed hunting about stands of flowering eucalypts, which have attracted 

concentrations of nectivorous, and insectivorous birds, particularly honeyeaters (Debus et al. 1993, CSIRO Division of 

Wildlife and Ecology 1996; D. Milledge unpubl. data). 

Territories are typically very large and have been estimated at many tens of square kilometres (Debus and Czechura 

1989). The nest is usually constructed in a substantial fork in the upper branches of a mature eucalypt, from 10-30 m 

above the ground and an average of two young are raised to fledging. Sometimes the same nest is used in consecutive years 

or a new nest may be constructed close to a previously used site. Fidelity to a particular stand of trees for breeding is a 

characteristic of the species (Debus et al. 1993). 

Movements of the Square-tailed Kite are not clearly understood although coastal northern New South Wales appears to 

be an over-wintering area for some individuals (Debus et al. 1993), perhaps from southern New South Wales and the 

tablelands. 

Conservation status and threatening processes. The Square-tailed Kite is listed on Schedule 2 of the TSC Act, 1995 as 

Vulnerable. The original reasons for its listing as an endangered species were ‘population reduced to a critical level; poor 

recovery potential; threatening processes severe; ecological specialist’ (NSW Scientific Committee). 

The principal threats to the species appear to be the loss of habitat or structural simplification of habitat within its 

extensive territory and the loss of individual trees or stands used for nesting. The loss of old-growth stands may be an 

important factor because of the concentrations of prey species such as honeyeaters attracted to the prolific nectar flows 

from flowering old trees. Loss of habitat through clearing for agriculture remains a significant problem in the region, but 

probably the structural simplification of public and private forests associated with intensive timber harvesting currently 

poses the greatest threat to the conservation of this species in north-eastern New South Wales. 

213


The Square-tailed Kite appears to tolerate human presence close to the nest site (Debus and Czechura 1989; G. Clancy, 

S. Debus, D. Milledge unpubl. data) although activities such as egg collecting and shooting could pose a significant threat 

because of the low rate of recruitment. 

Local distribution and abundance. The Square-tailed Kite appears to be an irregular visitor to Byron Shire, occurring 

mainly as single individuals in coastal areas. There are no breeding records although two birds (an adult and juvenile) 

were present in the Marshall’s Ridges-Billinudgel Nature Reserve area during October 1993 (A. Gilmore unpubl. data). 

These may have been an adult with progeny from the pair which has been regularly recorded further north in the 

Pottsville-Cudgen area (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996, M. Fitzgerald unpubl. data), and northern coastal 

areas of Byron Shire may represent the periphery of their breeding territory. 

Local ecology and conservation significance of the study area. In Byron Shire, habitat for the Square-tailed Kite is provided 

by coastal dry to moist sclerophyll forests and, to a lesser extent, by swamp sclerophyll forests and associated 

shrublands and heathlands. Substantial areas of these vegetation types are included in Billinudgel and Tyagarah Nature 

Reserves but larger stands of suitable habitat, particularly eucalypts, exist in the Marshalls Ridges area, along the Brunswick 

River to Mullumbimby and west of Brunswick Heads, and in the Tyagarah, Skinners Shoot, Taylors Lake and Broken 

Head areas. Although the species does not appear to breed in the Shire, stands of coastal eucalypts probably represent a 

significant resource for migrating and dispersing non-breeding adults and immatures and are particularly important to 

conserve because of their overall scarcity in far north-eastern New South Wales. 

214


Glossy Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami 

Regional distribution and abundance. The Glossy Black-cockatoo is widely but sparsely distributed from the coast to the tablelands 

in northeastern New South Wales (ANSWW database) and the region is regarded as its stronghold (NSW National Parks 

and Wildlife Service 1995). Generally it is uncommon, although it can be locally common in areas supporting substantial food 

resources. 

General ecology (habitat, shelter, diet, territory, breeding, movements). The species occurs across a range of dry to moist 

sclerophyll forest and woodland habitats, avoiding rainforest and favouring extensive tracts of drier eucalypt forests on flatter 

topography (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 1994). 

The Glossy Black-cockatoo is a dietary specialist, feeding almost entirely on the kernels of seeds of casuarinas, which occupies up 

to 90% of its daily activity (Clout 1989, Pepper 1994, CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996). As a consequence, it 

requires stands containing mature trees capable of supplying substantial food crops and this is a limiting factor on local distribution 

and densities. Pairs or flocks select specific trees within stands for feeding, choosing trees with the largest seeds and a high 

seed mass per cone or per cone mass (Clout 1989, Pepper 1994). In the region, the principal food species are Forest Oak 

Allocasuarina torulosa and Black She-oak Allocasuarina littoralis ((NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 1995, CSIRO Division 

of Wildlife and Ecology 1996; A. Gilmore, D. Milledge unpubl. data). Forest Oak generally occurs in the taller, more moist forest 

types on better quality soils whereas Black She-oak is mainly restricted to the drier forests and shrublands on the poorer soils of 

exposed ridges and on coastal sands. 

Roosting sites are in tall trees on ridges and because these and nesting sites are frequently some distance from feeding stands, the 

species may become conspicuous as it undertakes daily movements between sites. Pairs and flocks also gather about small pools 

or waterholes in the evening to drink before flying to roosts. The nest is usually placed high in a trunk hollow of a stag or 

senescent eucalypt, from 15-25 m above the ground. Only one young is raised which remains dependent on the parents for 4- 

5 months or more after fledging (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996). The species exhibits strong nest site fidelity, 

returning to traditional nest sites or stands to breed each year (Crowley et al. 1996). 

The Glossy Black-cockatoo appears to be relatively localised in its movements and pairs or flocks may be sedentary within a 

home range of several hundred hectares, feeding in the same casuarina stands over successive years (D. Milledge unpubl. data). 

Particular stands may be visited on a seasonal basis (Clout 1989) and in some areas there is evidence of regular hinterland to coast 

movements outside the breeding season (D. Milledge unpubl. data). Overall, movements have been suggested not to exceed 

more than 100-200 km (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996). 

Conservation status and threatening processes. The Glossy Black-cockatoo is listed on Schedule 2 of the TSC Act, 1995 as 

Vulnerable. The original reasons for its listing as an endangered species were ‘population severely reduced; poor recovery 

potential; ecological specialist’ (NSW Scientific Committee). 

The main threats to this species are the loss of mature casuarinas, which are essential for feeding, and large, hollow-bearing stags 

and senescent trees used for nesting (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996). Competition for the latter resource can 

occur between the Glossy Black-cockatoo, other species of cockatoos, the large forest owls and large hollow-dependent marsupials 

(CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996), which increases pressures in timber production areas where large, hollowbearing 

stags and trees are in decline. Predation of nests by the Common Brush-tail Possum is a problem in the Kangaroo Island 

population (Crowley et al. 1996) and the Fox may take individuals drinking at pools in the evening. Both competition and 

predation can pose significant threats because of the species’ low recruitment rate. 

Local distribution and abundance. Records of the Glossy Black-cockatoo in Byron Shire are confined to areas in the centralwest, 

north-west and north-east, mainly along the escarpment of the Nightcap Range and on Marshalls Ridges. Generally the 

species is uncommon to rare with most observations consisting of pairs or small flocks of up to four individuals (D. Milledge 

unpubl. data) moving between feeding and roosting areas located in the State Forests, National Parks and Nature Reserves. Away 

from the public lands, records are known from the Goonengerry and New Brighton areas with the latter the only coastal location 

reported. 

Local ecology and conservation significance of the study area. Most of the habitat known to be used by the Glossy Blackcockatoo 

in Byron Shire occurs in Whian Whian, Nullum and Goonengerry State Forests, Mt Jerusalem National Park and 

Billinudgel Nature Reserve. Small areas of feeding and/or breeding habitat are present on private lands adjoining these public 

lands and at New Brighton, and more extensive habitat occurs in the Goonengerry area. Apparently suitable habitat is located in 

the Upper Main Arm, Palmwoods, Durrumbul, Inner and Middle Pocket areas, but it is not known if this is used by the species. 

Stands of forest, woodland and shrubland containing Forest Oak and Black Oak in the lower Brunswick River, Tyagarah, Cape 

Byron and Broken Head areas do not appear to be visited. Breeding has been recorded in Whian Whian State Forest near the 

boundary with Snows Gully Nature Reserve. 

Although State Forests currently represent a major component of the Glossy Black-cockatoo’s foraging habitat in the Shire, 

management practices such as intensive logging, fire hazard-reduction burning and cutting for roof shingles and firewood are 

probably resulting in an overall decline in mature casuarinas in these areas. This will result in Mt Jerusalem National Park, 

Billinudgel Nature Reserve and private lands abutting the Nightcap and Koonyum Ranges and in the Goonengerry area assuming 

primary significance for the species’ future conservation in the Shire. Maintenance of vegetation links between feeding areas, 

particularly along Marshall’s Ridges, will also be important because it appears to prefer flying over a forest canopy, avoiding 

extensive cleared areas (A. Gilmore, D. Milledge unpubl. data). 

216


Powerful Owl Ninox strenua 

Regional distribution and abundance. The Powerful Owl is widely but sparsely distributed throughout northeastern 

NSW (ANSWW database), which is recognised as one of the species’ population strongholds (Scotts 1996). The highest 

concentrations of records occur in the high elevation escarpment forests characterised by gentle topographic relief (NSW 

National Parks and Wildlife Service 1994) such as in the Washpool-Gibraltar Range and Chaelundi areas, along the 

eastern edge of the New England Tablelands, on the Dorrigo and Carrai Plateaus and in the Werrikimbe and Barrington 

Tops areas (ANSWW database). It is uncommon to rare in coastal areas. 

General ecology (habitat, shelter, diet, territory, breeding, movements). The Powerful Owl occurs primarily in eucalypt 

forests and has a preference for large unfragmented patches containing mosaics of wet and dry sclerophyll forest (NSW 

National Parks and Wildlife Service 1994). The species also occurs occasionally in rainforests and eucalypt woodlands. 

It is associated with high densities of arboreal marsupials, particularly the Greater Glider and Common Ringtail Possum, 

which are the main prey items (Kavanagh 1988, Hollands 1991, Debus and Chafer 1994). Other arboreal marsupials 

such as the Sugar Glider and Yellow-bellied Glider are also taken, as are a range of large birds such as cockatoos and 

currawongs and the Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus. A relatively open forest canopy appears to be favoured 

for hunting (Traill 1993, Milledge 1994). 

The territory size has been estimated at 800-1000 ha, although it may be more extensive in lower quality habitat, and 

territories are spaced at distances of 5 to 20 km (Fleay 1968, Schodde and Mason 1980, Kavanagh 1988). 

Roosts are usually in dense understorey or sub-canopy vegetation and often in the heads of gullies (Kavanagh and Bamkin 

1995). During the breeding season the female roosts in the nest hollow and the male roosts in a vegetation patch within 

200 m of the nest site. 

The nest is selected in a spacious tree hollow in the main trunk or in a gently sloping hollow branch next to the trunk, 

usually in a mature or senescent eucalypt or occasionally a rainforest tree (Schodde and Mason 1980, Hollands 1991). 

The same nest site is often used a number of years in succession and one and sometimes two young are raised (Hollands 

1991). 

Movements of the Powerful Owl are poorly understood but some pairs appear to be sedentary within their extensive 

territories while others, perhaps non-breeding individuals, undertake wider post-breeding dispersal. 

Conservation status and threatening processes. The Powerful Owl is listed on Schedule 2 of the TSC Act, 1995 as 

Vulnerable. The original reasons for its listing as an endangered species were ‘population suspected to be reduced; 

distribution reduced; poor recovery potential; threatening processes moderate; ecological specialist’ (NSW Scientific 

Committee). 

The major threats to the species are intensive forest management practices which result in the losses of large hollowbearing 

trees required for nest sites and the maintenance of high prey densities (Debus and Chafer 1994), and dense 

understorey patches used for roosts. Frequent burning associated with grazing leases in State Forests also leads to the 

accelerated collapse of senescent trees and the loss of dense understorey patches. 

Other threats to the Powerful Owl include its sensitivity to human disturbance in the vicinity of the nest (Hollands 1991) 

and the predation of recently fledged young by the Fox. 

Local distribution and abundance. The relatively few records of the Powerful Owl in Byron Shire are mainly confined to 

the extensive, elevated forest patches in the northwestern hinterland. Pairs appear to be resident in the Whian Whian 

State Forest and Mt Jerusalem National Park-Nullum State Forest areas and their large home ranges probably include 

private lands at the peripheries of these blocks. There are no documented breeding records in the Shire. Immatures or 

non-breeding individuals may wander more widely, although the only confirmed coastal record is in the Anderson’s 

Ridges area (Kinhill 1997). An unconfirmed record exist for the Broken Head area (Araucaria Community 1997). 

Local ecology and conservation significance of the study area. The tracts of forest contained in the public lands in the 

Shire’s north-west and contiguous forests on private lands appear to represent part of the home ranges of at least two 

pairs of Powerful Owls resident in the Nightcap and Koonyum Ranges. The Nightcap and Koonyum Ranges are an 

important refuge for the species in far northeastern NSW. Although breeding has not been reported, it is likely that it 

occurs in these forests and they could provide colonists for rehabilitated areas elsewhere in the Shire as stands mature. 

Conservation of the Powerful Owl in Byron Shire is likely to depend on the maintenance of high diversities and densities 

of arboreal marsupials, which will in turn be dependent on retaining a substantial proportion of old-growth forest 

elements in existing stands. In this regard, forest in Mt Jerusalem National Park, Inner Pocket Nature Reserve and 

surrounding private lands assume particular significance for the species’ long term conservation. 

218


Koala Phascolarctos cinereus 

Regional distribution and abundance. The Koala is widely but patchily distributed throughout northeastern NSW (ANSWW database). 

Some populations are sparse whereas others occur at relatively high densities and the region is recognised as a national stronghold 

for the species (Scotts 1996). Although densities of up to ten individuals per ha have been reported elsewhere in southeastern 

Australia, (Lee and Martin 1988), densities in the region seldom exceed one per ha (ie. Milledge 1988). 

There are concentrations of records from fertile sections of the coastal plain in the Tweed, Coffs Harbour, Port Macquarie, Bulahdelah 

and Port Stephens areas, and records also show that productive forests along the escarpment such as in the Nightcap and Richmond 

Ranges, the Chaelundi area and Dorrigo and Bulga Plateaus support substantial populations (ANSWW database). 

General ecology (habitat, shelter, diet, territory, breeding, movements). The Koala occurs mainly in dry and moist sclerophyll forests 

but is also found in woodlands and wet sclerophyll forests and occasionally in rainforests. Stands on higher nutrient soils are generally 

selected and steeply sloping sites are avoided (Gilmore and Parnaby 1994). 

A large range of eucalypt species are used for feeding in the region but the most important species comprise the Red Gums (Eucalyptus 

parramattensis, E. seeana, E. tereticornis), Grey Gums (E. biturbinata, E. canaliculata, E. propinqua), Mahoganies (E. resinifera, E. robusta), 

Scribbly Gum E. signata, Flooded Gum and Tallowwood (S. Phillips pers. comm., D. Milledge unpubl. data). However, non-eucalypt 

species such as Forest Oak and Paperbark are sometimes extensively used. Although Koalas feed on young trees, there is evidence that 

they prefer mature trees for feeding and shelter (Hindell and Lee 1987) and particular individual trees within the home range are 

usually favoured (Lee and Martin 1988). 

Territories are not formed, but individual adult males and females maintain stable home ranges clustered in core breeding groups, 

which are separate from similar groups (S. Phillips pers. comm.). Home ranges may be discrete or overlap marginally within these 

groups depending on habitat quality. Frequently used trees or ‘interaction trees’ occur around their peripheries, especially near the 

centres of breeding groups. Home range size varies from 2-3 up to 15 ha and reflects the density of large food trees (Mitchell 1990). 

Most of the day is spent sleeping in the fork of an understorey or sub-canopy tree, although individuals also rest in the upper canopies 

of densely foliaged trees or on large horizontal branches beneath the canopies of mature trees. 

Breeding female home ranges are arranged in a mosaic with male home ranges but are characteristically centred about the home range 

of a dominant male (S. Phillips pers. comm.). Females usually raise one young per year. 

Most breeding adults appear to be sedentary within their home ranges, but post-breeding dispersal of sub-adults takes place away 

from core groups and individuals may wander freely at this time (S. Phillips pers. comm.). 

Conservation status and threatening processes. The Koala is listed on Schedule 2 of the TSC Act, 1995 as Vulnerable. The original 

reasons for its listing as an endangered species were ‘population and distribution severely reduced; poor recovery potential; threatening 

processes severe; ecological specialist’ (NSW Scientific Committee). 

Threats to the Koala include loss and fragmentation of habitat from clearing for agriculture and urbanisation, and losses of mature 

trees due to intensive forest management. Disruption to social structure, particularly the loss of dominant males from core breeding 

areas, and losses of interaction trees also pose serious threats to the maintenance of core breeding groups (S. Phillips pers. comm.). 

Other threats include predation by feral and domestic Dogs and Dingos Canis lupus dingo and disease resulting from stresses associated 

with environmental degradation. 

Local distribution and abundance. The Koala is widely distributed in the northern section of Byron Shire with strongholds in the 

Marshalls Ridges and lower Wilsons Creek-Goonengerry-Upper Coopers Creek areas. In selected locations in these areas densities 

appear to approach one individual per 1-2 ha. 

Significant populations also occur in public lands in the hinterland including Whian Whian, Goonengerry and Nullum State Forests 

and Inner Pocket Nature Reserve. Smaller populations in the Federal and Myocum areas connect those in the hinterland with 

additional small populations on the coast in the lower Brunswick River and Tyagarah areas. 

The Koala is absent from most of the southern section of the Shire except for the Byron Bay-Broken Head area where it was once 

present (ANSWW database) but was assumed to have become locally extinct over the past two decades. However, a number of recent 

records in this area suggest recolonisation is occurring, perhaps from individuals dispersing from the Alstonville Plateau. 

Local ecology and conservation significance of the study area. The most important habitats for the Koala in Byron Shire appear to be 

the moist forests of the hinterland, where Tallowwood and Flooded Gum are dominant or sub-dominant in the canopy, and moist 

floodplain and coastal forests where Forest Red Gum, Swamp Mahogany and Red Mahogany are prominent. Drier forests in both 

areas containing a high proportion of Small-fruited Grey Gum are also important for foraging. 

The populations in the Marshalls Ridges and lower Wilsons Creek-Upper Coopers Creek-Goonengerry areas are likely to be crucial 

for the long term health of the Koala on the Shire’s coast and hinterland. The former area supplies colonists for other coastal areas to 

the south and north and maintains gene flow between the coast and hinterland via Marshalls Ridges and the Koonyum Range. The 

latter area is probably important in supplementing populations in Whian Whian, Goonengerry and Nullum State Forests and also in 

maintaining another link to the coast via the Myocum area. However, both these core areas which are centred on private lands, are 

under pressure from factors resulting from increasing levels of human occupation. These include habitat clearing, habitat fragmentation, 

habitat isolation, increasing numbers of dogs and higher risk of collision with motor vehicles. 

Only a small portion of one of the core areas, Marshalls Ridges, is protected by habitat reservation within the Billinudgel Nature 

Reserve. Larger reserved areas of habitat in Mt Jerusalem National Park and Inner Pocket Nature Reserve and habitat in other public 

land areas such as Whian Whian, Goonengerry and Nullum State Forest, do not appear capable of supporting Koalas at the densities 

at which they occur on the private lands. Consequently, planning strategies aimed at protecting Koalas in the latter areas are likely to be 

the key to successful conservation of the species in the Shire. 

The forests of Byron Shire may become more significant as a regional refuge for the Koala as the density of human settlement increases 

to the north and south in Tweed, Ballina and Lismore Shires. 

220


Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus australis 

Regional distribution and abundance. The Little Bentwing-bat is relatively common and widespread in coastal areas of northeastern 

New South Wales with a concentration of records in areas of high rainfall (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 1994, Parnaby 

in prep., ANSWW database). Elsewhere in the region it is less common, with a sparse and patchy distribution mainly confined to mid 

and low elevations (ANSWW database). It reaches the southern limit of its distribution in the Hunter River area (NSW National Parks 

and Wildlife Service 1994). 

General ecology (habitat, shelter, diet, territory, breeding, movements). The species occurs in a very wide range of habitats from 

coastal mangroves and heathlands to subtropical rainforests. However, although recorded from a variety of dry forest types, it appears 

to be most strongly associated with rainforest and wet sclerophyll vegetation (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 1994, 

Parnaby in prep.). 

It forages mostly below, but sometimes above, the canopy of forest and woodland, including rainforest, swamp sclerophyll forest and 

dry sclerophyll forest, and also over open spaces such as estuaries (Dwyer 1968, Parnaby in prep., D. Milledge unpubl. data). The 

species appears to be active and forage longer into winter than the Common Bentwing-bat (Dwyer 1968). The diet is poorly known 

but is thought to be composed mainly of small flying insects. 

The Little Bentwing-bat is known to roost in caves including sea caves, old mine shafts and tunnels, and occasionally in old railway 

tunnels, storm-water drains, culverts and buildings (Dwyer 1968, Gilmore and Parnaby 1994, NSW National Parks and Wildlife 

Service 1995). It has also been recorded roosting in large hollow trees (e.g. Schulz 1996). Most roost sites are closely associated with 

dense vegetation such as rainforest, wet sclerophyll forest and coastal shrubland (Dwyer 1968, Gilmore and Parnaby 1994, Parnaby 

in prep.). Roost site selection varies seasonally depending on factors such as climate and breeding requirements (Dwyer 1968). In 

New South Wales, the Little Bentwing-bat shares maternity roosts with the Common Bentwing-bat, with the only confirmed maternity 

colony in the Willi Willi Caves system near Kempsey (Dwyer 1968, Parnaby in prep.), although others are suspected to the north 

and south (Parnaby in prep.). It has been suggested that the Little Bentwing-bat depends on large concentrations of the latter species 

to create the warmth necessary for development of its young (Dwyer 1968). 

Most individuals recorded in northeastern NSW probably originate from the Willi Willi Caves or from breeding sites in southeastern 

Queensland (Dwyer 1968, CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996). Movements of up to 60 km have been recorded between 

roosts and the maximum distance travelled between sites in one night is 32 km (Dwyer 1968). 

Conservation status and threatening processes. The Little Bentwing-bat is listed on Schedule 2 of the TSC Act, 1995 as Vulnerable. 

The original reasons for its listing as an endangered species were ‘population reduced, but suspected to be stable; concentrates; 

threatening processes severe; ecological specialist’ (NSW Scientific Committee). 

The major threat to the species in NSW appears to be the loss of food resources at critical times such as when the population is clustered about 

breeding sites in spring and summer (Dwyer 1968, Parnaby in prep.). The availability of food resources in traditional winter foraging areas may 

also be vital in sustaining population levels. Likely causes of losses of food resources are difficult to identify when the diet is so poorly known, but 

it can be expected that if the availability of flying insects associated with the forest canopy and understorey is substantially reduced by clearing or 

simplification of the forest structure through logging, grazing and burning, then this would have a significant impact. 

Other threats are human disturbance at roost sites and changes to the microclimate in the vicinity of roost sites (Dwyer 1968, Parnaby 

in prep.). The loss of any roost sites could be strategically significant to the species because of its complex social structure and annual 

pattern of movements. 

Any decrease in the numbers of the Common Bentwing-bat may adversely affect the Little Bentwing-bat because of its apparent 

dependence on a high density of the former at its maternity colonies. 

Local distribution and abundance. The Little Bentwing-bat is a common species throughout Byron Shire. It was the most widely 

recorded of all microchiropteran bat species during the bat call survey (Appendix 10), occurring from the coast to the hinterland at 

roughly equal detection frequencies. Almost twice as many record locations were obtained in the survey compared with the next most 

commonly recorded species, the Common Bentwing Bat. 

It has also been among the most commonly detected species in other bat surveys in the Shire, being reported from a wide variety of 

habitats (ie. CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996, Hoye 1993, 1995, Milledge and McKinley 1992). 

Local ecology and conservation significance of the study area. Probably the most important habitats for the Little Bentwing-bat in 

Byron Shire are the more extensive rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests of the hinterland, and the rainforests, wet sclerophyll, moist 

sclerophyll and swamp sclerophyll forests of the coast. It has also been recorded over shrublands, heathlands and major streams with 

well-developed riparian vegetation as well as about remnant rainforest patches and artificial habitats such as sewage treatment works 

and urbanised areas with bright light sources. 

No confirmed roost sites of this species are known from the Shire, although a possible roost has been reported from Whian Whian 

State Forest near the Shire’s western boundary (R. Kooyman, NSW State Forests, unpubl. data). However, there are known roost 

sites in adjacent Ballina and Lismore Shires (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996, H. Parnaby pers. comm.) where many of 

the Little Bentwing-bats occurring in Byron Shire may roost. 

Some large tracts of habitat are protected in Mt Jerusalem National Park and Inner Pocket and Billinudgel Nature Reserves and 

smaller areas in Snow’s Gully, Brunswick Heads, Tyagarah and Broken Heads Nature Reserves. However, even larger areas of suitable 

habitat occur on private lands bordering the National Parks, Nature Reserves and State Forests in the Shire’s north-western sector 

and in the Goonengerry, Marshalls Ridges, lower Brunswick River, West Brunswick, Tyagarah, Belongil Creek, Skinners Shoot, Tallow 

Creek and Broken Head areas. All these areas are likely to provide high quality over-wintering foraging habitat for the species because 

of the availability of potential food resources at this time, particularly coastal areas where a sequence of tree and shrub flowering 

attracts high densities of flying insects (Gilmore et al. 1986, Milledge 1991). These areas may be important in maintaining the 

numbers of colonies breeding in southeastern Queensland, from where local individuals are presumed to disperse (CSIRO Division 

of Wildlife and Ecology 1996). 

222


Common Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii 

Regional distribution and abundance. The Common Bentwing-bat is widely distributed from the coast to the hinterland in 

northeastern NSW, with a concentration of records away from the coast in the north of the region (ANSWW database). 

Overall its distribution is patchy and it may be common in some areas and uncommon in others, probably dependent on the 

location of maternity colonies (Dwyer 1966, Parnaby in prep.). Its abundance also varies in some areas on a seasonal and 

annual basis (Dwyer 1966, Parnaby in prep). 

General ecology (habitat, shelter, diet, territory, breeding, movements). The species occurs in a diverse range of habitats from 

rainforests, wet to dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands, shrublands, heathlands and grasslands (Dwyer 1966). 

The diet appears to be composed mainly of flying insects and although moths have been suggested as forming an important 

part (Menkhorst 1995), details are poorly known (Parnaby in prep.). 

The Common Bentwing-bat has been recorded roosting in caves and old mine shafts and tunnels and occasionally in railway 

and reservoir tunnels, storm-water drains, culverts and buildings, at locations from sea level to over 1000 m (Dwyer 1966, 

Parnaby in prep.). Maternity colonies are usually located in large cave systems and may comprise tens of thousands of individuals, 

probably representing a concentration of individuals from an area of several hundred kilometres 

radius around the cave site (Dwyer 1966, Parnaby in prep.). There appears to be little interchange of individuals between 

these populations (Dwyer 1966). The selection of roost sites varies according to breeding requirements and may change in 

response to fluctuations in weather conditions within a season (Dwyer 1966). Differences in roost site selection occur between 

juvenile, immature and adult components, and within adult components of the population, and roost sites or sections 

of roost sites may be used by different components of the population at different times of the year (Dwyer 1966). 

Populations are characterized by a complex pattern of movements throughout the year, varying from year to year and depending 

on season, weather, reproductive condition and probably associated factors such as food availability (Dwyer 1966, Parnaby 

in prep.). However, there is an overall annual migration pattern in the region of movement to lower elevation coastal sites in 

winter and a return to higher elevation sites in summer (Dwyer 1966). Banding studies have shown that individual adult 

female Common Bentwing-bats are capable of moving over distances of up to 320 km between a maternity roost and other 

roosting sites, although most females appear to undertake movements of less than half this distance (Dwyer 1966). The longest 

recorded distance travelled by an adult female in one night, from one daytime roost to another, is 65 km (Dwyer 1966). 

However, nightly foraging movements of the majority of individuals from roost sites are likely to be considerably less than this 

(Parnaby in prep.). 

Conservation status and threatening processes. The Common Bentwing-bat is listed on Schedule 2 of the TSC Act, 1995 as 

Vulnerable. The original reasons for its listing as an endangered species were ‘population reduced, but suspected to be stable; 

concentrates; threatening processes severe; ecological specialist’ (NSW Scientific Committee). 

It has been suggested that food resources could be a limiting factor in spring and summer when populations are concentrated 

during breeding, particularly in the vicinity of maternity sites (Dwyer 1966, Parnaby in prep.). Consequently, any losses of 

food resources at this time in these areas may have a direct effect on breeding success. Although the diet is poorly known, it can 

be expected that forest clearing and intensive management practices which are likely to reduce the diversity and densities of 

flying insects will have the most significant impacts. The availability of food resources in traditional winter foraging areas may 

also be important in maintaining population levels (Dwyer 1966). 

Human disturbance of roosts and changes to the microclimate about roost sites which result in their loss may adversely affect 

the species because of its complex social structure and regular pattern of movements (Dwyer 1966, Parnaby in prep.). The 

maintenance of strategically placed roost sites that are used by females returning to breeding colonies could be equally important 

as protecting maternity sites (Parnaby in prep.). 

Local distribution and abundance. The bat call survey demonstrated that the Common Bentwing-bat occurs widely throughout 

Byron Shire and it was the second most frequent microchiropteran bat species detected during the survey (Appendix 10). 

It was recorded from coastal and hinterland sites at approximately equal frequencies and occurred mainly in association with 

the Little Bentwing-bat. 

Interestingly, previous bat surveys in the Shire’s hinterland had failed to record this species (ie. CSIRO Division of Wildlife 

and Ecology 1996, Baverstock and Chambers 1992) and coastal surveys had found it scarce (ie. Hoye 1993, 1995). This 

suggests that its occurrence could be seasonal or fluctuate from year to year. 

Local ecology and conservation significance of the study area. As with the Little Bentwing-bat, the most important habitats for 

the Common Bentwing-bat in Byron Shire appear to be the extensive tracts of rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest of the 

hinterland, and the smaller stands of rainforest and sclerophyll forest along the coast. Also in common with the former species, 

it forages over water bodies and opportunistically exploits localised food concentrations of flying invertebrates attracted to 

bright lights in urbanised areas. 

No roost sites are known in the Shire, although it is known to occur with the Little Bentwing-bat in roosts in adjacent Ballina 

and Lismore Shires (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology 1996, H. Parnaby pers. comm.). 

The only reserve where this species has been recorded in the Shire is Broken Head Nature Reserve, but relatively large stands 

of apparently suitable habitat are conserved in Mt Jerusalem National Park and Inner Pocket and Billinudgel Nature Reserves. 

Smaller areas are also reserved in Snow’s Gully, Brunswick Heads and Tyagarah Nature Reserves. However, protection of 

coastal forests and woodlands and riparian habitats of the lower and middle reaches of major river systems may be the most 

effective conservation measure for the Common Bentwing-bat in the Shire. This is because of the potentially significant 

autumn and winter food resource offered by the abundance of flying insects attracted to the sequences of flowering plants 

occurring in these communities at this time (ie. Gilmore et al. 1986, Milledge 1991). 

224


Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii 

Regional distribution and abundance. The Greater Broad-nosed Bat is sparsely and patchily distributed throughout 

northeastern New South Wales from coastal areas to the tablelands. There is no clear pattern of occurrence except for a 

concentration of records along the coast and the eastern edge of the tablelands and a general avoidance of areas of high 

rainfall (ANSWW database). Although reported densities are all low, the region is regarded as the species’ distributional 

stronghold (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 1994). 

General ecology (habitat, shelter, diet, territory, breeding, movements). The Greater Broad-nosed Bat occurs in a range 

of dry and moist sclerophyll forest and woodland habitats, including swamp sclerophyll forest and has also been recorded 

in the vicinity of small rainforest stands (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 1994, Hoye 1995, Appendix 10). 

Little is known of its detailed ecology although it is considered to have a preference for the more open forests and 

woodlands and has been observed foraging in flight in open areas, about the edges of vegetation patches and in canopy 

gaps (Calaby 1966, Hoye 1995, Parnaby in prep.). The species’ diet is reported to consist mainly of large invertebrates 

(Hoye and Richards 1995) but small vertebrates may also be taken because it is known to eat smaller microchiropteran 

bats when captured together in harp traps (Woodside and Long 1984; A. Gilmore unpubl. data). Only one young is 

produced annually (Hoye and Richards 1995). 

Daytime roosts have been recorded in hollows in small dead trees (Hoye 1995, Parnaby in prep.). Its maternity roost or 

breeding requirements are unknown, although it is assumed to use large hollow trees for this purpose (e.g. Gilmore and 

Parnaby 1994). 

Conservation status and threatening processes. The Greater Broad-nosed Bat is listed on Schedule 2 of the TSC Act, 

1995 as Vulnerable. The original reasons for its listing as an endangered species were ‘population reduced; threatening 

processes severe; ecological specialist’ (NSW Scientific Committee). 

With little information on its ecological requirements, the major threats appear likely to be loss of structural diversity in 

forests, particularly old-growth components such as large old trees which may provide maternity sites and higher densities 

of food species. Impacts adversely affecting breeding and the survival of young may be significant because of the low 

recruitment rate. 

Local distribution and abundance. The species is known from only a few locations in Byron Shire and these are mostly 

widely spaced in coastal areas. During the bat call survey (Appendix 10), records were obtained of individuals at the 

Booyong Big Scrub rainforest reserve on the Wilsons River and from an old-growth Forest Red Gum stand at Tyagarah, 

where 3 individuals were observed foraging. As with its regional distribution, the local distribution of the Greater Broadnosed 

Bat appears to be sparse and patchy. 

Local ecology and conservation significance of the study area. Old-growth and mature eucalypt and melaleuca stands 

primarily outside the current reserve system appear to provide the main habitat for the Greater Broad-nosed Bat in 

Byron Shire. Areas known or likely to be important comprise forest and woodland along the lower Brunswick River 

including the area west of Brunswick Heads, in the Tyagarah area centred around an extensive Forest Red Gum stand, and 

in the lower Belongil Creek, Skinner’s Shoot and Suffolk Park areas. Hollow-bearing trees in these areas are likely to be 

important for diurnal roosts and large old trees, a scarce resource locally, may provide maternity sites. 

226


Appendix 12 

List of plant species which are known or potential environmental 

weeds in Byron Shire 

The species on this list require assessment of actual and potential threats to native vegetation, present distribution and 

abundance and effectiveness of dispersal. A coding system can be developed to guide priorities for removal. 

Note: Several species recently added to appendix 12 are not listed in Appendix 5. 

Alexander Palm 

African Box-thorn 

African Tulip Tree 

Aloe 

Ardisia 

Arum Lily 

Asparagus Fern 

Balloon Vine 

Balsam, Busy Lizzie 

Barner Grass 

Billy Goat Crofton 

Bitou Bush 

Black Bamboo 

Black Locust 

Black-eyed Susan 

Blue Periwinkle 

Blue Sky Flower 

Brazilian Cherry 

Broad-leaved Pepper Tree 

Buddleja, Butterfy Bush 

Bunya Pine 

Cadaghi 

Camphor Laurel 

Canna Lily 

Cape Honeysuckle 

Cape Ivy 

Cardamon Ginger 

Castor Oil Plant 

Cats Claw Vine 

Chinese Elm, Hackberry 

Century Plant 

Cherry Guava 

Climbing Asparagus 

Climbing Fig 

Climbing Nightshade 

Coast Teatree 

Coastal Morning Glory 

Cockspur Coral Tree 

Cocos Palm 

Common Olive 

Archontophoenix alexandrae 

Lycium ferocissimum 

Spathodea campanulata 


Aloe sp. 

Ardisia crenata 

Zantedeschia aethiopica 

Protasparagus plumosus 

Cardiospermum grandiflorum 

Impatiens walleriana 

Pennisetum purpureum 

Ageratum houstonianum 

Chrysanthemoides monilifera 


Phyllostachys nigra 

Robinia pseudocacacia 

Thunbergia alata 

Vinca major 

Thunbergia grandiflora 

Eugenia uniflora 

Schinus terebrinthifolia 

Buddleja madagascariensis 

Araucaria bidwillii 

Corymbia torelliana 


Canna indica 

Tecoma capensis 

Delairea odorata 

Alpinia calcarata 

Ricinus communis 

Macfadyena unguis-cati 

Celtis sinensis 

Agave americana 

Psidium cattleianum 

Protasparagus africanus 

Ficus pumila 

Solanum seaforthianum 

Leptospermum laevigatum 

Ipomoea cairica 

Erythrina crista-galli 

Syagrus romanzoffiana 

Olea europaea subsp. 

africana 

Coffee 

Coral Berry 

Coral Tree 

Coreopsis 

Corky Passionfruit 

Cotoneaster 

Creeping Bamboo 

Crocosmia, Monbretia 

Crofton Weed 

Crucifix Orchid 

Cuphea 

Devils Apple 

Devils Fig 

Dombeya 

Duranta 

Dutchman’s Pipe 

Edible Passionfruit 

Elephant Ears 

Euryops 

Fishbone Fern 

Fishbone Fern 

Florists Smilax 

Formosan Lily 

Freckle Face 

Giant Devils Fig 

Gladiolus 

Glory Lily 

Golden Rain Tree 

Golden Shower Vine 

Golden Trumpet Tree 

Green Cestrum 

Ground Asparagus 

Groundsel 

Guava 

Hairy Commelina 

Honey Locust 

Inkweed 

Japanese Honeysuckle 

Japanese Sunflower 

Icecream Bean 

Indian Hawthorn 

Jaboticaba 

Jacaranda 

Coffea arabica 

Rivina humilis 

Erythrina x sykesii 

Coreopsis lanceolata 

Passiflora suberosa 

Cotoneaster glycophylla 

Arundinaria spp. 

Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora 

Ageratina adenophora 

Epidendrum sp. 

Cuphea carthagenensis 

Solanum capsicoides 

Solanum torvum 

Eugenia dombeya 

Duranta repens 

Aristolochia elegans 

Passiflora edulis 

Alocasia aroides 

Euryops chrysanthemoides 

Nephrolepis cordifolia 

Nephrolepis exaltata 

Myrsiphyllum asparagoides 

Lilium formosanum 

Hypoestes sanguinolenta 

Solanum hispidum 

Gladiolus spp. 

Gloriosa superba 

Koelreutia paniculata 

Pyrostegia ignea 

Tabebuia chrysantha 

Cestrum parqui 

Protasparagus aethiopicus 

Baccharis halimifolia 

Psidium guajava 

Commelina benghalensis 

Gleditsia triacanthos 

Phytolacca octandra 

Lonicera japonica 

Tithonia diversifolia 

Inga spp. 

Raphiolepis indica 

Eugenia jaboticaba 

Jacaranda mimosifolia 

228


Jasmine 

Jerusalem Cherry 

Kahili Ginger 

Kudzu 

Lady of the Night 

Lantana 

Large-leaved Privet 

Loquat 

Madagascar Periwinkle 

Madeira Vine 

Mist Weed 

Moon Flower 

Moth Vine 

Mother of Millions 

Mulberry 

Murraya 

Night Flowering Cactus 

Ochna 

Oleander 

Orange Cestrum 

Orange Coral Tree 

Painted Spurge 

Pampas Grass 

Paspalum 

Paulownia 

Pepper Tree 

Pink-flowered Ginger 

Purple Morning Glory 

Queensland Maple 

Ragweed 

Red Head Cotton Bush 

Resurrection Plant 

Rhus tree 

Rough Lemon 

Jasminum spp. 

Solanum pseudocapsicum 

Hedychium gardnerianum 

Pueraria lobata 

Cestrum nocturnum 

Lantana camara 

Ligustrum lucidum 

Eriobotrya japonica 

Catharanthus roseus 

Anredera cordifolia 

Ageratina riparia 

Ipomoea alba 

Araujia sericiflora 

Bryophyllum delagoense 

Morus alba 

Murraya paniculata 

Hylocerus undatus 

Ochna serrulata 

Nerium oleander 

Cestrum aurantiacum 

Erythrina nigra 

Euphorbia cyathophora 

Cortaderia selloana 

Paspalum dilatatum 

Paulownia tomentosa 

Schinus areira 

Hedychium coxinium 

Ipomoea purpurea 

Flindersia brayleyana 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia 

Asclepias curassavica 

Bryophyllum pinnatum 

Toxicodendron succedaeum 

Citrus limonia 

Rubber Tree 

Ficus elastica 

Running Bamboo 

Bambusa sp. 

Salvia 

Salvia coccinea 

Schizolobium 

Schizolobium parahibum 

Self Heal 

Prunella vulgaris 

Setaria 

Setaria sphacelata 

Shasta Daisy 

Dendranthema maxima 

Silver-leaved Desmodium Desmodium uncinatum 

Singapore Daisy 

Wedelia trilobata 

Siratro 

Macroptilium atropurpureum 

Slash Pine 

Pinus elliottii 

Slender Pigeon Grass Setaria gracilis 

Small-leaved Privet Ligustrum sinense 

Smooth Cassia 

Senna x floribunda 

Spanish Bayonet 

Yucca aloifolia 

Spider Lily 

Chlorophytum comosum (cv. 

Variegatum) 

Stinking Passionfruit Passiflora foetida 

Striped Wandering Dew Tradescantia zebrina 

Tecoma 

Tecoma stans 

Thorny Poinciana 

Caesalpinia decapetala 

Tobacco Bush 

Solanum mauritianum 

Tree of Heaven 

Ailanthus altissima 

Turkey Rhubarb 

Acetosa sagittata 

Umbrella Tree 

Schefflera actinophylla 


Tradescantia fluminensis 

Watsonia 

Watsonia meriana 

White-flowered Ginger Hedychium spicatum 

White Passionfruit Passiflora subpeltata 

Willow 

Salix subsp. 

White Sapote 

Casimiroa edulis 

Winter Senna 

Senna pendula var. glabrata 

Woolly Rattlepod 

Crotalaria incana subsp. incana 

Yeddo Hawthorn 

Raphiolepis umbellata ‘Ovata’ 

229


Appendix 13 

Notes on ecological significance of the land units delineated by 

ecological assessment 

See Section 8 – Ecological Assessment and Map 6 – Ecological Assessment. 

Note: The ‘study area’ is defined in Section 12. 

1. UPPER MAIN ARM (AND UPPER MAIN ARM CREEK FLATS) 

Upper Main Arm contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Subtropical (riparian) rainforest 

fringes the upper reaches of the Brunswick River. Brush Box forest and wet to moist sclerophyll forest were 

found on the lower hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in the gullies and sheltered hill slopes. 

Dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed situations. Upper Main Arm contained 

areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Owl. 

The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in Upper Main Arm are 

likely to result in a higher number of flora and fauna species records. Upper Main Arm is in proximity to 

Inner Pocket Nature Reserve (see 2. The Pocket for Reserve species list). Species recorded in the Reserve 

potentially occur in habitat adjacent to the Reserve. 

Threatened flora species – Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995 

Brush Sauropus 

Durobby 

Green-leaved Rose Walnut 

Red Boppel Nut 

Rough-shelled Bush Nut 

Smooth Davidson’s Plum 

Wahlenbergia scopulicola 

The Endangered Wahlenbergia scopulicola was recorded at Upper Main Arm (A. Benwell pers comm). 

This was the only record in the study area. 

Threatened fauna species – Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995 

Pouched Frog 

Bush-hen 

Wompoo Fruit-dove 

Sooty Owl 

Albert’s Lyrebird 

Spotted-tailed Quoll – one of only two records in the study area. The Spotted-tailed Quoll has also 

been recorded in Whian Whian State Forest. 

Koala 

Common Bentwing-bat 


Little Bentwing-bat 

230 

(UPPER MAIN ARM CREEK FLATS) 

Threatened flora species 

Ball Nut 

Durobby 



Smooth Davidson’s Plum


2. THE POCKET 

The Pocket contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to moist sclerophyll 

forest were found on the lower hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in the gullies and sheltered 

hill slopes. Dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed situations. The Pocket 

contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for threatened fauna species such as the 

Sooty Owl. The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in The Pocket are likely to 

result in additional Threatened flora and fauna species records. 





The sedge Cyperus semifertilis was recorded in this area (A. Benwell pers comm.). There were only 

two records for NSW, the other being at Hilan’s Corner in Byron Shire. 

Threatened fauna species 

Squirrel Glider- the only record for Byron Shire. 

The low number of fauna records reflects limited fieldwork in this area. Seven Threatened fauna 

species have been recorded from Inner Pocket Nature Reserve (see below) and these species 

potentially occur in habitat on private lands adjacent to the Nature Reserve. 

The Inner Pocket Nature Reserve is adjacent to this land unit. The Nature Reserve contained a 

number of threatened flora species records. These species may also occur outside the Nature 

Reserve, as suitable habitat is available (see species list for the Nature Reserve below). 

INNER POCKET NATURE RESERVE 


Hairy Quandong 

Isoglossa 

Small-leaved Tamarind 

Stinking Cryptocarya 

Rusty Rose Walnut 

Red Lilly Pilly 

Durobby 

threatened Orchid species 



Three-leaved Bosistoa/Heart-leaved Bosistoa 

(Heart-leaved Bosistoa may be a juvenile 

form of Three-leaved Bosistoa) 


Bush-hen 


Superb Fruit-dove 

Rose-crowned Fruit-dove 

White-eared Monarch 

Koala 

Squirrel Glider 

3. MARSHALLS RIDGES 

Marshalls Ridges contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to moist 

sclerophyll forest were found on the lower hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in the gullies and 

sheltered hill slopes. Moist to dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed situations. 

Marshalls Ridges contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, has high numbers of Koala records (19 

locations) and has been identified as a very important wildlife corridor linking the hinterland forests with 

Billinudgel Nature Reserve and the coastal vegetation systems (Section 7.2). The area has been identified as 

containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

231



Davidson’s Plum 

Durobby 




Square-tailed Kite – one of five records for 

private lands in Byron Shire 

Masked Owl – three of the five records for 

private lands in Byron Shire 


Koala – 19 recorded locations of Koala in 

Marshalls Ridges 

Common Blossom-bat 


Eastern Long-eared Bat 

4. NEW BRIGHTON 

New Brighton contained a diversity of vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll forest and coastal 

heathland/shrubland. The vegetation to the north of New Brighton which included Fern Beach provided an 

important buffer to Billinudgel Nature Reserve and a tenuous link between the Nature Reserve and Byron 

Shire’s coastal vegetation corridor. The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 

8.1). Marshalls Creek Nature Reserve recently gazetted by the State Government provides an important 

link between Billinudgel Nature Reserve and Brunswick Heads Nature Reserve. 


Scented Acronychia 

5. MARSHALLS CREEK (AND MARSHALLS CREEK LOWER) 

Marshalls Creek contained a diversity of vegetation associations including Brush Box forest, swamp sclerophyll 

forest (including old growth mixed eucalypt forest), mangrove forest and coastal heathland/shrubland. The 

old growth mixed eucalypt forest included Forest Red Gum, Pink Bloodwood, Tallowwood, Swamp Mahogany 

and Red Mahogany. This was the only area of old growth mixed eucalypt forest on alluvial soils recorded in 

Byron Shire. The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

Marshalls Creek and the recently gazetted Nature Reserve is an important link between Billinudgel Nature 

Reserve and Brunswick Heads Nature Reserve and forms part of the Byron coastal vegetation corridor. 


Black Bittern 

Black-necked Stork 

Osprey 

Little Tern 

Glossy Black-cockatoo 

Regent Honeyeater – the only record in Byron Shire 

Mangrove Honeyeater 

Barred Cuckoo-shrike – one of three recorded locations on private lands in Byron Shire 



Large-footed Myotis 

The golf course adjacent to Land Unit 5 contained ponds, which were important for waterbirds, 

including the Brolga. The Swift Parrot has also been recorded in that area. 

232 

MARSHALLS CREEK LOWER 


Square-tailed Kite


6. UPPER WILSONS CREEK 

Upper Wilsons Creek contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to 

moist sclerophyll forest were found on the lower hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in the 

gullies and sheltered hill slopes. Dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed 

situations. Upper Wilsons Creek contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for hollowdependent 

threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Owl. The area has been identified as containing core 

native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in Upper Wilsons Creek 

are likely to result in additional Threatened flora and fauna species records. 





Koala 

Red-legged Pademelon 

7. SETTLEMENT RD-COOPERS LANE 

Settlement Rd-Coopers Lane contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and 

wet to moist sclerophyll forest was recorded on the lower hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in 

the gullies and sheltered hill slopes. Dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed 

situations. Settlement Rd-Coopers Lane contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat 

for threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Owl. The area has been identified as containing core native 

vegetation (Table 8.1). 

Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in this area are likely to 




Durobby 



Pouched Frog 

Bush hen 


8. DURRUMBUL 

Durrumbul contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to moist sclerophyll 


hill slopes. Moist to dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed situations. Durrumbul 

contained areas of old growth Eucalypt forest, important habitat for threatened fauna species such as the 


Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in Durrumbul are likely to 




Durobby 


9. CHINCOGAN MOUNTAINS 

The Chincogan Mountains area contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and 

wet to moist sclerophyll forest were found on the lower hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in 

the gullies and sheltered hill slopes. Dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed 

situations. Mt Chincogan was the only recorded location for the Endangered Giant Ironwood (Choricarpia 

subargentea) in NSW. 

Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in the Mt Chincogan area 

are likely to result in additional Threatened flora and fauna species records. 

233



Arrow-head vine 


Giant Ironwood 


Fragrant Myrtle 

Spiny Gardenia 


10. HILANS CORNER 

Hilans Corner contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to moist 



Hilans Corner contained small areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for hollow-dependant 

fauna species. The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

Hilans Corner contained a high number of Threatened flora species, reflecting intensive flora survey work 

in a species-rich area. The lack of Threatened fauna records probably reflects the limited fauna survey work 

in the area. Further surveys in the Hilans Corner area are likely to result in additional Threatened fauna 

species records. 


Crystal Creek Walnut 


Durobby 







11. SMOKY VALLEY 

Smoky Valley contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to moist 



Smoky Valley contained small areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for hollow-dependant 

fauna species. The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

Smoky Valley contained a high number of Threatened flora species, reflecting intensive flora survey work in 

a species-rich area. The lack of Threatened fauna records probably reflects the limited fauna survey work in 

the area. Further surveys in the Smoky Valley area may result in additional Threatened fauna species records. 

234 




Durobby 


Hairy Quandong – one of only two recorded locations for the study area. One record for Inner Pocket 

NR. 





Stinking Cryptocarya


12. HUONBROOK 

Huonbrook contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to moist sclerophyll 


hill slopes. Dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed situations. Huonbrook 

contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for threatened fauna species such as the 


Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in Huonbrook are likely to 








Black Bittern 

Bush-hen 

Rufous Scrub-bird – one recorded location 

in Byron Shire 


13. MULLUMBIMBY CREEK UPPER (AND MULLUMBIMBY CREEK LOWER) 

Mullumbimby Creek contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to 

moist sclerophyll forest were found on the lower hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in the 


situations. Mullumbimby Creek contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for 

Threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Owl. 

Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in Mullumbimby Creek are 

likely to result in additional Threatened flora and fauna species records. 



Durobby 



Small-leaved Tamarind – one of only two records 

in the study area (one record in Inner Pocket NR) 


Sooty Owl 

Koala 



Large-eared Pied Bat –three recorded 

locations in the study area 

MULLUMBIMBY CREEK LOWER 

Mullumbimby Creek lower contained a diversity of vegetation associations although the vegetation 

in this area was fragmented due to clearing for banana plantations and grazing. Brush Box forest 

and wet to moist sclerophyll forest were found on the lower hill slopes with subtropical rainforest 

occurring in the gullies and sheltered hill slopes. Moist to dry sclerophyll forest was found on the 

upper slopes and in exposed situations. Riparian rainforest fringes parts of Mullumbimby Creek. 

Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in Mullumbimby 

Creek lower are likely to result in additional Threatened flora and fauna species records. 



Ball Nut 

Black Bittern 

Durobby 

Bush-hen 



Three-leaved Bosistoa/Heart-leaved Bosistoa – one Common Planigale 

recorded location in the study area. 

Heart-leaved Bosistoa may be a juvenile form of 

Three-leaved Bosistoa 

235


14. MAIN ARM-WEST MULLUMBIMBY 

Main Arm-west Mullumbimby is on rich alluvial soils and has been largely cleared for agriculture and 

grazing. Riparian rainforest fringing the main arm of the Brunswick River was all that remains of the original 

floodplain rainforest. These remnants supported a relatively high number of Threatened species including 

the Endangered Brush Sauropus and Red-fruited Ebony. 

Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in the riparian rainforest 

remnants of Main Arm-west Mullumbimby lower are likely to result in additional Threatened flora and 

fauna species records. 




Durobby 

Red-fruited Ebony – the only recorded location in 

Byron Shire. 


Black Flying-fox 

15. MULLUMBIMBY TOWNSHIP 

Little native vegetation remained around Mullumbimby Township excepting remnants of riparian rainforest 

fringing the Brunswick River. Camphor Laurel has invaded much of the rainforest but these areas support a 

number of Threatened flora species highlighting the importance of retaining and rehabilitating these remnants. 



Ball Nut 



Durobby 

Small-leaved Myrtle 


Osprey 

16. KINGS CREEK-EAST MULLUMBIMBY 

Kings Creek-east Mullumbimby contained a diversity of vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll 

forest, riparian rainforest, moist to wet sclerophyll forest and mangrove (Map 3). The area also contained 

old growth eucalypt forest (Map 5). Kings Creek-east Mullumbimby forms part of a coastal vegetation 

corridor. The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 


Osprey 



17. BRUNSWICK HEADS 

Brunswick Heads contained a high diversity of vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll forest, 

Brush Box forest, subtropical rainforest including riparian rainforest, moist to wet sclerophyll forest, 

heathland, shrubland and mangrove (Map 3). A high number of Threatened fauna species were supported 

by these diverse habitats (see list below). The area included old growth eucalypt forest (Map 5). Brunswick 

Heads forms an integral part of a coastal vegetation corridor and provides a link between Brunswick Heads 

NR and Tyagarah NR. The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

236






Wallum Tree Frog 


Osprey 

Pied Oystercatcher 

Sooty Oystercatcher – six recorded locations 

in the study area 


Grass Owl – six recorded locations in the 

study area 

Mangrove Honeyeater – two recorded 



Common Planigale 

Koala 

Long-nosed Potoroo 




Greater Broad-nosed Bat 

18. MIDJIMBIL 

Midjimbil contained a diversity of vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll forest, riparian 

rainforest, moist to wet sclerophyll forest and mangrove (Map 3). The area also contained old growth 

eucalypt forest (Map 5). Midjimbil east forms part of a coastal vegetation corridor. 





Freckled Duck – Vallance’s Lagoon (vagrant 

Black Bittern 


Bush-hen 

Comb-crested Jacana – three recorded 


Osprey 


19. WANGANUI 

The lower slopes of Wanganui Gorge and the banks of Upper Coopers Creek were dominated by subtropical 

rainforest supporting a high diversity of flora and fauna. The rhyolitic cliffs on either side of the gorge 

support old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for Threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Owl. 




Ball Nut 



Thorny Pea 

Two threatened Orchid species 


Pouched Frog 

Loveridge’s Frog – three recorded locations 


Stephen’s Banded Snake – five recorded 




Marbled Frogmouth – eight recorded 





Golden-tipped Bat – two recorded locations 




Large-eared Pied Bat – three recorded 


237


20. GOONENGERRY RIDGE 

Goonengerry ridge was dominated by moist to dry sclerophyll forest with smaller areas of rainforest in 

sheltered areas. The ridge contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for threatened 

fauna species such as the Sooty Owl. The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

The absence of flora and fauna species records reflects low survey intensity in the area. Goonengerry ridge 

contained potential habitat for a number of Threatened species. 

21. WILSONS CREEK 

Wilsons Creek contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to moist 


sheltered hill slopes. Dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed situations. Riparian 

rainforest fringed the creek. Wilsons Creek contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat 

for hollow-dependent Threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Owl. Thirty-five Koala locations were 

recorded for Wilsons Creek, sharing with Goonengerry (also 35) the highest number of records for any 

area in Byron Shire. The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 


Ball Nut 


Durobby 









Osprey 

Bush-hen 




Double-eyed Fig-parrot – only recorded 

location in the study area 

Sooty Owl 

Masked Owl – five recorded locations in the 

study area 




Barred Cuckoo-shrike – six recorded 


Spotted-tailed Quoll – two recorded 




22. MONTECOLLUM 

Montecollum contained a diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to moist sclerophyll 


hill slopes. Dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed situations. Montecollum 

contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for hollow-dependent Threatened fauna 

species such as the Sooty Owl. Although Montecollum was a small land unit, the Koala has been recorded 

regularly from the area (seven record locations). 

The low number of Threatened flora and fauna species records reflects low survey intensity in the area. 

Further surveys at Montecollum are likely to result in additional Threatened flora and fauna species records. 




Koala 

238


23. MYOCUM-DINGO LANE 

The Myocum-Dingo Lane area has been extensively cleared and the remaining vegetation was highly 

fragmented. However, a portion of the area, incorporating a ridge containing moist sclerophyll forest, has 

been identified as a potential corridor linking the core habitat areas on the coast (Tyagarah and Myocum 

east) with the core habitat areas in the hinterland (Goonengerry-Wilsons Creek). 


Ball Nut 

Durobby 


24. MYOCUM EAST 

Myocum east contained a diversity of vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll forest, subtropical 

rainforest, moist to wet sclerophyll forest and Brush Box forest (Map 3). The area also contained old 

growth eucalypt forest (Map 5). Myocum east has been identified as an integral part of a potential corridor 

linking the coastal corridor with the core habitat areas in the hinterland. 


Durobby 




Koala 

25. ANDERSONS RIDGE 

Andersons Ridge contained a diversity of vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll forest, banksia 

shrubland, subtropical rainforest and moist to wet sclerophyll forest (Map 3). The area also contained old 

growth eucalypt forest (Map 5). Andersons Ridge forms part of a coastal vegetation corridor. 



Basket Fern 

Corokia – only recorded location in the study area 

Durobby 



Powerful Owl – two recorded locations in the 

study area 

Koala 


Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat – three 

recorded locations in the study area 



26. UPPER COOPERS CREEK 

Upper Coopers Creek contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to 

moist sclerophyll forest were found on the hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in the gullies and 

other sheltered areas. Dry sclerophyll forest occurs on the upper slopes and in exposed situations. Riparian 

rainforest fringes the creek. 

Upper Coopers Creek contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for hollow-dependent 

Threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Owl. There were ten recorded Koala locations within the area 

(Table 8.1). Upper Coopers Creek recorded the highest number of Threatened fauna species in Byron Shire 

reflecting long term survey effort in an area that was in close proximity to Whian Whian SF (now part 

Nightcap National Park) and Goonengerry NP and Snows Gully NR. The area has been identified as containing 

core native vegetation. 

239








Pouched Frog 



Stephen’s Banded Snake – five recorded 


Black Bittern 

Bush-hen 


Superb Fruit-dove – four recorded locations 




Powerful Owl – two recorded locations in the 

study area 

Sooty Owl 





Barred Cuckoo-shrike – six recorded 


Koala – high number 

Yellow-bellied Glider – one recorded location 





Eastern Tube-nosed Bat – eight recorded 


Golden-tipped Bat – two recorded locations 



Snows Gully NR contained a number of Threatened flora species that may also occur on private 

lands in the Upper Coopers Creek area (see list below). The threatened fauna species recorded on 

private lands in Upper Coopers Creek have also been recorded in Snows Gully NR. 

SNOWS GULLY NR 


Minyon Quandong 



Rusty Plum 


Southern Ochrosia 

27. GOONENGERRY-TIBIAN VALLEY 

Goonengerry-Tibian Valley contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet 

to moist sclerophyll forest were found on the lower hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in the 


situations. Riparian rainforest fringes the creek. Goonengerry-Tibian Valley contained areas of old growth 

eucalypt forest, important habitat for hollow-dependent Threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Owl. 

35 Koala locations were recorded for this area, sharing with Wilsons Creek (also 35) the highest number of 

records for any area in Byron Shire. The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

240




Hairy Quandong – one of two recorded 







Pouched Frog 

Bush-hen 





Sooty Owl 

Masked Owl – five recorded locations in the 

study area 

Alberts Lyrebird 



Koala 


28. BEATTIES CREEK 

Beatties Creek contained a high diversity of vegetation associations. Brush Box forest and wet to moist 

sclerophyll forest were found on the lower hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in the gullies 

and other sheltered areas. Dry sclerophyll forest was found on the upper slopes and in exposed situations. 

Riparian rainforest fringes the creek. Beatties Creek contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important 

habitat for hollow-dependent Threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Owl. Nine Koala locations were 

recorded for this area (Table 8.1). The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 






Sooty Owl 

Koala – high number 






29. GOONENGERRY-WILSONS CREEK 

Goonengerry-Wilsons Creek contained a high diversity of vegetation associations (Map 3). Brush Box 

forest and wet to moist sclerophyll forest were found on the hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring 

in the gullies and other sheltered areas. Dry sclerophyll forest occurs on the upper slopes and in exposed 

situations. Riparian rainforest fringes the creek. Goonengerry-Wilsons Creek contained areas of old growth 

eucalypt forest, important habitat for hollow-dependent Threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Owl 

(Map 5). The area has been identified as containing core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 

Only limited surveys were undertaken during the current study. Further surveys in this area are likely to 



Durobby 





Thorny Pea 



Koala 




30. TYAGARAH 

Tyagarah contained a high diversity of vegetation associations (Map 3) including rainforest, wet to moist 

sclerophyll forest, swamp sclerophyll forest and dry sclerophyll shrubland. Riparian rainforest fringes the 

241


creek. Tyagarah contained areas of old growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for hollow-dependent 

Threatened fauna species (Map 5). The area was identified as an integral part of a coastal vegetation corridor 

and contains core native vegetation (Table 8.1). 



Durobby 




Brolga– three recorded locations in the study 

area 


Koala 


recorded locations in the study area 




31. FEDERAL 

Federal contained highly significant although fragmented areas of remnant and regrowth rainforest including 

several Big Scrub remnants (Table 8.1, Map 3). Other rainforest remnants have been located during the 

survey adding to the value of this area. Remnant rainforest vegetation supports a number of Threatened 

flora and fauna species (see list below). Rehabilitation, enlargement of remnant areas and reconnection 

between remnants is recommended (Section 7). Fencing and rehabilitation of riparian areas should also be 

encouraged. 

The low number of Threatened flora species records reflects low survey intensity in the area. Federal area 

contained potential habitat for a number of Threatened species. 


Durobby 


Osprey 

Bush-hen 






Koala 







32. COORABELL 

Coorabell contained highly significant although fragmented areas of remnant and regrowth rainforest (Table 

8.1, Map 3). Remnant rainforest vegetation supports a number of Threatened flora and fauna species. 

Rehabilitation, enlargement of remnant areas and reconnection between remnants is recommended (Section 7). 

The low number of flora species records reflects low survey intensity in the area. Federal area contained 

potential habitat for a number of Threatened species. 

242 


Durobby 




White-eared Monarch


33. POSSUM CREEK 

Possum Creek contained highly significant although fragmented areas of remnant and regrowth rainforest 

including fragments of riparian rainforest (Table 8.1, Map 3). Rainforest remnants support a number of 

Threatened flora and fauna species. Rehabilitation, enlargement of remnant areas and reconnection between 

remnants is recommended (Section 7). Fencing and rehabilitation of riparian areas should also be encouraged. 

The relatively low number of Threatened flora and lack of fauna species records reflects low survey intensity 

in the area. Possum Creek contained potential habitat for a number of threatened species. 



Durobby 


34. TYAGARAH CREEK-KENNEDYS LANE 

Tyagarah Creek-Kennedys Lane contained a diversity of vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll 

forest, Brush Box forest and moist sclerophyll forest (Table 8.1, Map 3). Tyagarah contained areas of old 

growth eucalypt forest, important habitat for hollow-dependent Threatened fauna species. A portion of this 

area has been identified as a potential corridor linking the coastal vegetation corridor with the core areas of 

native vegetation in the hinterland (Sections 7 and 8). 

The lack of Threatened flora and fauna species records reflects low survey intensity in the area. Tyagarah 

Creek-Kennedys Lane contained potential habitat for a number of Threatened species. 

35. QUARRY LANE WETLANDS 

Quarry Lane contained a diversity of vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll forest and sedgelandfernland/grassland 

(Table 8.1, Map 3). This was the largest area of sedgeland-fernland/grassland identified 

in Byron Shire. The association was the result of regular firing. Discontinuation of regular fire would probably 

result in eventual conversion to Paperbark forest. These wetlands support a high number of Threatened 

fauna species (see list below). Quarry Lane wetlands are an integral part of a coastal vegetation corridor 

forming an important link between Tyagarah NR and the Ewingsdale wetlands to the south (Sections 7 and 8). 



Wallum Froglet 


Australasian Bittern – only recorded location in study area, probably vagrant 


Brolga – three recorded locations in the study area 

Bush-hen 

Black-tailed Godwit – only recorded location in the study area, vagrant 

Comb-crested Jacana – three recorded locations in the study area 

Grass Owl – six recorded locations in the study area 

36. BELONGIL 

Belongil contained a diversity of vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll forest and banksia 

shrubland and littoral rainforest (Table 8.1, Map 3). The area is of particular conservation significance 

because it includes the estuarine communities at the mouth of Belongil Creek. A high number of Threatened 

fauna species were recorded at Belongil (see list below). (Sections 7 and 8). 




Osprey 

Comb-crested Jacana – three recorded 


Beach Stone-curlew – only recorded location 



Little Tern 

243


37. EWINGSDALE WETLANDS 

Ewingsdale wetlands included significant areas of swamp sclerophyll forest (Table 8.1, Map 3). The swamp 

sclerophyll forest is dominated by Paperbark forest but also includes important areas of Bangalow Palm- 

Umbrella Cheese Tree-Pink-flowered Doughwood forest. A high number of Threatened fauna species were 

recorded at Ewingsdale wetlands (see list below) (Sections 7 and 8). Ewingsdale Wetlands form an integral 

part of the Byron coastal vegetation corridor forming an important link between the Quarry Lane Wetlands, 

Cumbebin and Skinners Shoot (Sections 7 and 8). The area has been identified as containing core native 

vegetation (Table 8.1). 


Durobby 

One Threatened orchid species 



Bush-hen 

Grass Owl – six recorded locations in the 

study area 



38. CUMBEBIN 

Cumbebin included a significant area of swamp sclerophyll forest (Table 8.1, Map 3) and Cumbebin NR. 

The swamp sclerophyll forest was dominated by Paperbark forest. Several Threatened fauna species were 

recorded at Cumbebin (Sections 7 and 8). Cumbebin formed an integral part of the Byron coastal vegetation 

corridor providing an important link between the Ewingsdale wetlands, and Skinners Shoot (Sections 7 and 8). 



One Threatened orchid species 




The Endangered land snail Thersites mitchelliae has been recorded from the margins of Cumbebin 

Swamp. It is also known from two localities in the Tweed valley and another from Lennox Head. 

39. CAPE BYRON-TALLOW CREEK 

Cape Byron-Tallow Creek contained a high diversity of vegetation associations (Map 3). Brush Box forest 

and wet to moist sclerophyll forest were found on the hill slopes with subtropical rainforest occurring in the 

gullies and other sheltered areas. The area between Cape Byron and Tallow Creek (including Cibum Margil) 

comprised a mosaic of coastal shrubland, heathland and sedgeland (see Section 4.7 Heathland/Shrubland). 

Cape Byron-Tallow Creek contained core areas of native vegetation (Table 8.1). A high number of Threatened 

flora and fauna species were recorded in the Cape Byron-Tallow Creek area. The headland area is incorporated 

in Cape Byron State Recreation Area. 

244 


Basket Fern 





Black Bittern 

Osprey 

Bush-hen 

Little Tern 








Eastern Chestnut Mouse – only recorded 

location in the study area


40. EUREKA 

Eureka contained highly significant areas of remnant native vegetation-Big Scrub rainforest remnants (Table 

8.1, Map 3). The largest remnant was Andrew Johnston Big Scrub NR but five other identified Big Scrub 

remnants were also present in the area. A number of other rainforest remnants were also located during the 

survey adding to the value of this area. Rehabilitation, enlargement of remnant areas and reconnection 

between remnants is recommended (Section 7). These remnants support a number of Threatened flora and 

fauna species (see list below). 



Ball Nut 

Isoglossa 

Onion Cedar – two recorded locations in 

the study area 








41. EUREKA EAST 

Eureka east contained highly fragmented areas of native vegetation (Table 8.1, Map 3). Rehabilitation, 

enlargement of remnant areas and reconnection between remnants is recommended (Section 7). 

The lack of Threatened flora and fauna species records reflected low survey intensity in the area. Eureka 

east contained potential habitat for a number of Threatened species. 

42. BANGALOW 

Bangalow contained highly fragmented areas of remnant native vegetation including Big Scrub rainforest 

remnants (Table 8.1, Map 3). A number of other rainforest remnants were also located during the survey 

adding to the value of this area. Bangalow also contained important remnants of riparian rainforest. The 

remnants supported a number of Threatened flora and fauna species (see list below). Measures to assist 

fencing, rehabilitation, enlargement of remnant areas and reconnection between remnants are recommended 

(Section 7). Fencing and rehabilitation of riparian areas should also be encouraged. 


Durobby 


Square-tailed Kite – five recorded locations 



43. COOPERS SHOOT NORTH 

Coopers Shoot north contained highly fragmented areas of remnant native vegetation. Hayters Hill NR falls 

within this area (Table 8.1, Map 3). Coopers Shoot north also contained small remnants of riparian rainforest. 

The remnants supported a number of Threatened flora and fauna species (see list below). Measures to assist 

rehabilitation, enlargement of remnant areas and reconnection between remnants are recommended 

(Section 7). Fencing and rehabilitation of riparian areas should also be encouraged. Coopers Shoot north 

was identified as forming part of a potential corridor linking the coastal vegetation corridor with the core 

habitat areas in the hinterland (Section 8). 



Durobby 





Koala 

245


44. SKINNERS SHOOT 

Skinners Shoot contained a diversity of vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll forest, subtropical 

rainforest, moist to wet sclerophyll forest, and shrubland/sedgeland (Map 3). A number of Threatened 

fauna species are supported by these diverse habitats (see list below). The area included old growth eucalypt 

forest (Map 5). Skinners Shoot forms an integral part of a coastal vegetation corridor. Measures to assist 

rehabilitation, enlargement of native vegetation areas and reconnection between remnants are recommended 

(Section 7 and 8). 



Durobby 



Black Bittern 

Bush-hen 



Koala 




45. OLD BANGALOW RD-CEMETERY RD 

Old Bangalow Rd-Cemetery Rd was largely comprised of swamp sclerophyll forest and moist to wet sclerophyll 

forest with small pockets of rainforest (Map 3). The area included old growth eucalypt forest (Map 5). Old 

Bangalow Rd-Cemetery Rd forms an integral part of a coastal vegetation corridor. Measures to assist 

rehabilitation, enlargement of native vegetation areas and reconnection between remnants are recommended 







Koala 

46. COOPERS SHOOT SOUTH 

Coopers Shoot south contained a diversity of native vegetation associations including swamp sclerophyll 

forest, Brush Box forest, banksia forest and subtropical rainforest (Map 3). An important rainforest remnant, 

Hogans Bluff, was included within this area. Remnant rainforest vegetation supports a number of Threatened 

flora and fauna species (see list below). Rehabilitation, enlargement of remnant areas and reconnection 

between remnants is recommended (Section 7). Coopers Shoot south incorporates an area identified as a 

potential corridor linking the coastal vegetation corridor with core native vegetation areas in the hinterland 


246 



Durobby 


Small-leaved Tamarind – two recorded locations in the study area 


The lack of Threatened fauna species records reflects low survey intensity in the area. Coopers 

Shoot south contained potential habitat for a number of Threatened species. 

47. BOOYONG 

Booyong contained highly significant areas of remnant native vegetation-Big Scrub rainforest remnants 

including fragments of riparian rainforest (Table 8.1, Map 3). The largest remnant was the Booyong remnant 

but other identified Big Scrub remnants are also present in the area. Remnant rainforest vegetation supports 

a number of Threatened flora and fauna species (see list below). Rehabilitation, enlargement of remnant


areas and reconnection between remnants is recommended (Section 7). Fencing and rehabilitation of riparian 

areas should also be encouraged. 



Ball Nut 

Isoglossa 


Thorny Pea 



Black Bittern 







48. BINNA BURRA 

Binna Burra contained highly fragmented but significant areas of remnant native vegetation-Big Scrub 

rainforest remnants including fragments of riparian rainforest (Table 8.1, Map 3). Remnant rainforest 

vegetation supports a number of Threatened flora and fauna species (see list below). Rehabilitation, 

enlargement of remnant areas and reconnection between remnants is recommended (Section 7). Fencing 

and rehabilitation of riparian areas should also be encouraged. 


Ball Nut 

Durobby 

Onion Cedar – two recorded locations 







49. MIDGEN FLAT 

The lack of Threatened flora and fauna species records reflects low survey intensity in the area. Midgen Flat 

contained potential habitat for a number of Threatened species. Areas on Shire boundaries require assessment 

on an inter-shire basis. Midgen Flat is a potential habitat link between Newrybar swamp in Ballina Shire and 

the Broken Head habitat block. 

50. BROKEN HEAD–BYRON HILLS 

This area included Broken Head, Taylors Lake and Byron Hills and contained a high diversity of vegetation 

associations (Map 3) including subtropical rainforest, Brush Box forest, wet to moist sclerophyll forest, 

swamp sclerophyll forest, banksia shrubland and sedgeland. Broken Head-Byron Hills has been identified 

as containing core areas of native vegetation (Table 8.1). The area provides a link between Broken Head NR 

and the Cape Byron-Tallow Creek area. Broken Head mainly comprises metasediments with aeolian influence. 

The vegetation at Broken Head included old growth coastal Blackbutt and mixed eucalypt forest, Brush Box 

forest and Hoop Pine rainforest. A high number of Threatened flora and fauna species exist for this area. 


Byron Hills included areas of rainforest on basalt-enriched sand below the escarpment and on basalt soils 

on the escarpment area. A high number of Threatened flora species were recorded in this area. 

Taylors Lake-Batsons Quarry included a mosaic of swamp sclerophyll forest, sedgeland, banksia shrubland 

and moist sclerophyll forest. A number of Threatened flora and fauna species exist for this area. 

247


BROKEN HEAD 


Basket Fern 

Durobby 


Rusty Plum 







Osprey 

Bush-hen 




in the Shire 






recorded locations for the Shire 




Hoary Wattled Bat – only recorded location 

for the Shire 


BYRON HILLS 



Durobby 




BATSONS QUARRY 


Durobby 

Rusty Plum 





TAYLOR’S LAKE 



Square-tailed Kite – five recorded locations in the Shire 

BROKEN HEAD NR 


Ball Nut 

Durobby 

Rusty Plum 






Osprey 





Koala 





248

Byron Flora and Fauna Study 1999 - Byron Shire Council

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