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Major advantages include performance, scalability, and manageability. The two most common examples of this strategy are User-mode Linux (UML) and Xen. The choice of paravirtualization for Xen has been shown to achieve high performance and strong isolation even on typical desktop hardware. Xen extends this model to device I/O. It exports simplified, generic device interfaces to guest operating systems. This is true of a Xen system even when it uses hardware support for virtualization allowing the guest operating systems to run unmodified. Only device drivers for the generic Xen devices need to be introduced into the system. Operating System Level Virtualization
A fourth technique is operating system-level virtualization (also called paenevirtualization to reflect that it is "almost virtualization"). In operating system level virtualization there is no virtual machine monitor; instead, the virtualization is done entirely within a traditional single operating system image. Operating systems supporting this type of virtualization are general-purpose, time-shared operating systems with the capability to provide stronger name space and resource isolation. The "guests" created in such a system still look and feel like separate machines with their own file systems, IP addresses, and software configurations. Figure 1.5 illustrates operating system level virtualization. Figure 1.5. With operating system level virtualization, all private virtual servers are executed within the context of a single shared operating system image intended for the underlying physical hardware of the host machine. The advantage of operating system level virtualization is that it requires less duplication of resources. When discussing resources in terms of operating system virtualization, the main architectural idea is to require less physical computer memory for the host system. Guests can often share copies of some user space software programs, libraries, and even stacks of software. At the very least, each of these homogeneous guest instances does not require its own private kernel because they would all be absolutely identical binaries. When operating system virtualization is used, the memory requirements for each new guest can be substantially less. Operating system level virtualization excels in situations that require extreme scalability of concurrently running guests since more of this type of guest can be fit into a given amount of physical RAM. Interestingly, a guest here is something substantially different from guests as we have discussed them so far. In this case a guest is a container of tightly coupled user space processes, and, although typically thought of, not a full-blown operating system instance. In an environment where each guest wants to run the same operating system, operating system level virtualization can be appropriate. However, for many users, the ability to run different operating system environments on the same machine is the primary reason for virtualization. Operating system level virtualization by definition does not provide those same advantages. Another weakness of operating system virtualization is that it generally shows weaker isolation across guests. As one guest uses more resources, the performance of all other guests is negatively affected. This is not a fundamental problem. The underlying operating system could be modified to provide stronger isolation, but experience has shown that the complexity and effort required to fully achieve that is high.
Page 1 and 2: Running Xen: A Hands-On Guide to th
Page 3 and 4: Working with Prebuilt Guest Images
Page 5 and 6: Copyright Many of the designations
Page 7 and 8: Dedication This book is dedicated t
Page 9 and 10: Preface We began using Xen in the f
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgments We are indebted to
Page 13 and 14: About the Authors Jeanna Matthews i
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1. Xen—Background and Vir
Page 17 and 18: oot or administrative access, make
Page 19 and 20: Virtual machine monitors also provi
Page 21 and 22: Types of Virtualization Many techni
Page 23: For x86, virtualization systems are
Page 27 and 28: Type Description the same Advantage
Page 29 and 30: Virtualization Heritage Virtualizat
Page 31 and 32: During late 2004, Xen 2.0 came on t
Page 33 and 34: VMware— Founded in 1998, was the
Page 35 and 36: elevant results for a single VPS. O
Page 37 and 38: Summary In this chapter we introduc
Page 39: Chapter 2. A Quick Tour with the Xe
Page 43 and 44: Step 1: Downloading the LiveCD Imag
Page 45 and 46: Step 3: Logging In and the Desktop
Page 47 and 48: You may also be wondering what othe
Page 49 and 50: tmp/rootdev: clean, 34131/125184 fi
Page 51 and 52: Assuming your host system is equipp
Page 53 and 54: Step 6: Interacting with Your Guest
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.8. VNC session showing the
Page 57 and 58: Log into each DomainU using the sam
Page 59 and 60: settings [View full size image] Fig
Page 61 and 62: Too Many Guests You might be wonder
Page 63 and 64: References and Further Reading Kuma
Page 65 and 66: The hypervisor gives each guest dom
Page 67 and 68: The hypervisor gives each guest dom
Page 69 and 70: With hardware support for virtualiz
Page 71 and 72: Type Privilege Level Software Purpo
Page 73 and 74: oot (cd) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.1
Page 75 and 76:
Option Category Description If some
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title Debian-based Dom0 (from testi
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xend xend , the Xen Daemon, is a sp
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xend-unix-server Specifies whether
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XenStore Another important part of
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Entry domId Description Domain iden
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[user@dom0]#xenstore-list /local/do
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References and Further Reading "Cre
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Intel VT Intel introduced a new set
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Intel VT Intel introduced a new set
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obtain /dev/ethX devices. If your h
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Microsoft recommends 128 megabytes
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Commercially Supported Options The
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Methods of Installing Domain0 Hosts
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[View full size im [View full size
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[View full size im From the resulti
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Selecting Virtualization from the l
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(9/9): virt-manager-0.2.5 100% |===
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The following extra packages will b
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Code View: [root@ubuntu]# tar xzpf
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If you encounter any problem areas
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configuration tools, simply make su
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XenExpress In this section, we use
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Non-Linux Domain0 Installations Cur
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Building from Source Although we re
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Summary This chapter began by discu
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Chapter 5. Using Prebuilt Guest Ima
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entire physical disk such as hda or
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oot = '/dev/nfs' nfs_server = '2.3.
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Xen-compatible kernel (for paravirt
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Xen DomU guest images can also be i
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Working with Prebuilt Guest Images
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disk images both have advantages an
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After the image boots you should se
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etc/xen directory and rename it to
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Listing 5.22. The Modified Guest Co
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Note There has been some discussion
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For this example, we work with an e
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Finally, when all the operations ar
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Command (m for help): n Command act
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partition, as an argument. We pass
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Listing 5.38. Using rm to Delete th
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Converting Images from Other Virtua
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References and Further Reading "Ama
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Chapter 6. Managing Unprivileged Do
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Listing 6.6. Using xm help [root@do
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Code View: [root@dom0]# xm ERROR:
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The xm list Subcommand The first xm
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Running Time— The last column is
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The xm create Subcommand xm create
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[root@dom0]# xm list Name ID Mem(Mi
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option must point to a valid bootlo
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[root@dom0]# xm create generic-gues
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variables, form an SXP configuratio
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def vmid_check(var, val): val = int
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Listing 6.35. Number of Loopback De
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to use the console option (-c) on t
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Listing 6.48. Shutting Down a Guest
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[root@dom0]# xm destroy 1 [root@dom
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as shown in Listing 6.63. Listing 6
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characteristics. If we had specifie
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Interacting with a Guest Graphicall
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ForwardX11 yes ForwardX11Trusted ye
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Listing 6.76. Accessing a Desktop R
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To enable VNC graphics export on a
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Remote Desktop provides the capabil
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References and Further Reading Offi
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Note The location of the hvmloader
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Listing 7.7 contains a sample guest
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# start in full screen (default=0 n
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Figure 7.4. Windows XP is running a
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Gentoo Linux. quickpkg is the packa
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Figure 7.7. The Create a Virtual Ma
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For all installation types, be sure
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To create a new guest, click the Ne
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You can choose from a Normal (physi
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After you click Finish, a Creating
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Note The details of a Fedora instal
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[root@dom0]# mkfs.ext3 -F /xen/imag
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For Gentoo, we cover two options. T
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Now comes an important part of usin
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[Bootup process output omitted] log
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###fedora-example: setup disk ###(s
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Clicking on the Install XenVM butto
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When you are happy with your settin
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After the guest starts automaticall
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You now can click on the Graphical
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Note The default window manager ins
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Chapter 7. Populating Guest Images
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the physical CD-ROM. Next, we selec
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vcpus=1 # HVM guest PAE support (de
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What would you like to use for the
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HVM population is in many ways the
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Figure 7.6. Clicking the Add button
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The Create a Virtual Machine window
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After clicking Connect, assuming th
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Figure 7.12. The Naming Your Virtua
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The Fedora and CentOS installation
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At this point, the operating system
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Listing 7.10. The xm create Command
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for tools, such as rpmstrap, rinse,
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[output omitted] [root@dom0]# mkdir
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[perl-cleaner output omitted] [root
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DOMI_DISK_SPARSE="yes" DOMI_XEN_CON
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### fedora-example: save yum cache
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We use the Debian Sarge Guest Templ
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After the installation has finished
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At the end of the boot process, a o
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You now have a functional Debian Sa
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Compile flags and options can be co
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[user@dom0]$ ssh-keygen -t rsa Gene
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Converting Existing Installations W
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[root@dom0]# mkdir /mnt/guest_parti
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References and Further Reading Burd
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Chapter 8. Storing Guest Images Now
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[root@dom0]# vgcreate xen_vg /dev/s
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tricky to set up. Refer to http://f
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[root@dom0]# lvreduce -f -L 4G /dev
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Chapter 8. Storing Guest Images Now
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[root@dom0]# vgcreate xen_vg /dev/s
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tricky to set up. Refer to http://f
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[root@dom0]# lvreduce -f -L 4G /dev
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Network Image Storage Options Sever
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To start the iSCSI server, use the
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Open-iSCSI project, see www.open-is
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[root@dom0]# aoe-stat e1.1 2.147GB
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Client Setup in NFS On most Linux s
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Guest Image Files The most flexible
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[user@dom0]$ echo hello > file1 [us
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Code View: [user@dom0]$ dd if=/dev/
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Code View: root@dom0# fdisk /dev/lo
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Now that we have formatted the part
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Before populating a disk or partiti
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Summary This chapter showed how to
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"A Simple Introduction to Working w
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device driver that works with a lar
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device driver that works with a lar
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The communication between the front
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mac, bridge, handle, and script. Fo
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Granting Control of a PCI Device Fo
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Listing 9.6. SXP Format for Grantin
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Exclusive Device Access Versus Trus
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Device Emulation with QEMU-DM We di
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Summary Xen uses a split driver mod
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Chapter 10. Network Configuration C
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Designing a Virtual Network Topolog
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the connections between all the gue
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In bridging mode, the brctl tool is
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Frontend and Backend Network Driver
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Overview of Network Configuration i
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domain's configuration file determi
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Details of Bridging Mode In this se
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Code View: [user@Dom0]# ifconfig -a
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When the physical network interface
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Code View: [user@DomU]# ping www.go
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Details of Routing Mode In this sec
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The trace tells us that it does sen
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It will look like that shown in Lis
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[View full size image] Testing Resu
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Details of NAT Mode In this section
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configuration file is shown in List
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BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric
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[View full size image] As we can se
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server in the guest domain 10.0.0.2
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To set up a dummy0 interface in the
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dummy0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 1
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Testing Dummy Bridge After the gues
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Xen allows users to specify a MAC a
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67 and 68). When Xen works in bridg
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Handling Multiple Network Interface
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Subcommand Options Description -L -
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Code View: [root@Dom0]# xm network-
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The steps to run vnet are to load t
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Summary As we have seen in this cha
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administration.org/articles/470. "V
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on the isolated file share network
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on the isolated file share network
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Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address F
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as fully privileged kernel code. Mo
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After finishing the kernel part, th
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[root@dom0]# iptables -D INPUT 3 A
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Code View: [root@dom0]# wget http:/
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In Listing 11.13, Snort analyzed 54
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Listing 11.15. Switching Config.mk
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Figure 11.4. Entering runtime exclu
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Code View: [root@dom0]# cp /etc/xen
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Started domain CompetitorA [1]+ Don
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Another problem with rolling back t
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References and Further Reading Garf
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The first four attributes displayed
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[root@dom0]# The error received whe
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ERROR messages are printed when som
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14— Number of network devices own
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Chapter 12. Managing Guest Resource
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total_memory — The total amount o
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(XEN) 000000000009d400 - 0000000000
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xentop displays a dynamic, changing
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Listing 12.8. An Example of xm upti
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Shadow page table memory is another
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Hardware-based Virtual Machines (HV
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Xen hard limit: 64512 kB [root@dom
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Managing Guest Virtual CPUs One of
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amount of VCPUs a guest is granted.
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Tuning the Hypervisor Scheduler To
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Listing 12.21. Set Cap and Weight i
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to use or you are not worried about
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Summary You should now be familiar
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Chapter 13. Guest Save, Restore, an
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Basic Guest Domain Save and Restore
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Types of Guest Relocation The abili
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Migration requires a guest's memory
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Live migration is considerably more
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Preparing for xm migrate To support
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# Hosts that are allowed to send gu
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vif = [ 'mac=00:16:3e:55:9d:b0, bri
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Listing 13.25. Demonstrating Remote
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After the migration is complete, Te
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[root@dom0_Host1]# xm list Name ID
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References and Further Reading Clar
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models, protocols, documents, usage
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models, protocols, documents, usage
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[View full size image] A demo of Ci
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virtual storage and network connect
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Enomalism Enomalism is another inte
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In our experience, installing and u
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Like IBM Virtualization Manager, vi
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XenMan The final management tool we
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After provisioning a new machine, X
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XenMan is a well-behaved administra
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Summary Choosing enterprise managem
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Appendix A. Resources Xen is still
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XenWiki The XenWiki, at http://wiki
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Xen Mailing Lists and Bug Reporting
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Xen Source Code As with any rapidly
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Academic Papers and Conferences Ano
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Appendix B. The xm Command xm is th
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Subcommand Options Description xm r
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Subcommand xm labels [policy] [type
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Appendix C. Xend Configuration Para
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Appendix D. Guest Configuration Par
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Appendix E. Xen Performance Evaluat
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[View full size image] Finally, we
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Figure E.5. The same results on the
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In Figure E.8, we add measurements
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The only significant difference in
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Figure E.3 reports our results for
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Figure E.6. The performance results
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Performance Isolation in Xen Perfor
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Performance of Xen Virtual Network
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do not have distinguishing differen
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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MAC (Media Access Control) addresse
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nmi=fatal nmi=ignore noapic noirqba
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Microsoft Virtual PC OpenVZ paravir
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hostnames packages/services users c
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internal servers directives dhcp ga
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configuration files dependencies De
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exportfs file extending file system
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xm block-detach command xm network-
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LVs (logical volumes) netmask direc
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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initializing partitions for LVMs (l
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mkswap command 2nd models, split-dr
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guest network parameters high-level
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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measurements overview repeatability
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pvcreate command PVs (physical volu
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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spoofing (IP) SSH (secure shell) ov
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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OpenVZ overview paravirtualiation a
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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xend-relocation-port option xend-re
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--long option xm loadpolicy xm log
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Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [
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