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156 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 19 (September 2009) (http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/research_program recherche/adr_red/page3-en.asp). 6. References Brubacher, D., Gladu, J.P. and Bombay, H. 2002. First Nations governance and forest management: a discussion paper. National Aboriginal Forestry Association, Ottawa, ON. Cairns, J. Jr. 1993. The Zen of Ecological Restoration: Eight Steps on the Path Toward Enlightenment. Annals of Earth XI : 13-15. Cairns, J. Jr. 1994. Eco-Societal Restoration : Reexamining Human Society‟s Relationship with Natural Systems. The Abel Wolman Distinguished Lecture, National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 20 pp. Cairns, J. Jr. 1995. Respect for the Inherent Worth of Each Individual Versus the Web of Life : an Unresolved Conflict. Speculations in Science and Technology 18 : 294-301. Clark, W.C. 1989. Managing Planet Earth. Scientific American, September : 53-54. Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Houghton Miffin, Boston. de Groot, M. and van den Born, R.J.G. 2007. Humans, Nature and God: exploring images of their interrelationships in Victoria, Canada. Worldviews 11: 324-351. Dunlap, R.E., van Liere, K.D., Mertig, A.G. and Jones, R.E. 2000. Measuring endorsement of the New Environmental Paradigm: a revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues 56:425-442. Gadgil, M. and Guha, R. (1992): This Fissured Land. Oxford University Press, Delhi. Gupta, A. (2004): Biodiversity-Cultural Diversity- Traditional Medicine Linkages in India: an Ecoethical Impact Analysis. In: Challenges for Bioethics from Asia (Ed. D.R.J. Macer), pp. 204-210. Eubios Ethics Institute, Tsukuba, Japan. Gupta, A. 2008. From biosphere to technosphere to biotechnosphere: the Indian scenario in an eco-ethical perspective. In: Asia-Pacific Perspectives on Environmental Ethics (Ed. Macer, D.R.J.), pp. 22-29. UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education, Bangkok, Thailand. Heidegger, M. 1977. The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. (Translated by Lovitt, W.), Harper & Row, New York. Kellert, S.R. 1989. Perception of animals in America. In: Perceptions of Animals in American Culture (Ed. R.J. Hoage), pp. 5-24. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. Leopold, L.B. 1990. Ethos, Equity and the Water Resource. The Abel Wolman Distinguished Lecture, National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 14 pp. Martell, L. 1994. Ecology and Society: an Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge, U.K. Little Bear, L 2000. Jagged worldviews colliding. In: Reclaiming Indigenous Voice and Vision (Ed. Battiste, M.), pp. 77-85. UBC Press, Vancouver, Canada. Martell, L. 1994. Ecology and Society: an Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge, U.K. Millat-e-Mustafa, M. 2002. A review of forest policy trends in Bangladesh. Policy Trend Report: 114-121. Orr, D.W. 1991. What is Education for Trumpeter 8 : 99-102. Orr, D.W. 1995. The question of Management. In : Readings from Conservation Biology (Ehrenfeld, D. Ed.). The society for Conservation Biology and Blackwell Science Inc., pp. 1-2. Parsons, R. and Prest, G. 2003. Aboriginal Forestry in Canada. The Forestry Chronicle 79 (4): 779-784. Rajan, R. 1998. Imperial environmentalism or environmental imperialism European forestry, colonial foresters and the agendas of forest management in British India 1800-1900. In: Nature and the Orient: The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia (Eds. R. Grove, V. Damodaran and S. Sangwan), pp. 324-371. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Repetto, R. 1986. World Enough and Time. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. Shahbaz, B., Ali, T. and Suleri, A.Q. 2006. A critical analysis of forest policies of Pakistan: implications for sustainable livelihoods. In: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (2006). DOI: 10.1007/s11027-006-9050-9. Springer. Sessions, G. (1995): Ecocentrism and the anthropocentric detour. In: Deep Ecology for the 21 st Century (Ed. Sessions, G.), pp. 156-183. Shambhala, Boston. Twiss, S.B. 2004. History, human rights, and globalization. Journal of Religious Ethics 32 (1): 39-70. van den Born, R.J.G. 2007. Thinking Nature: Everyday Philosophy of Nature in the Netherlands. Radboud University Nijmegen. Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Zweers, W. 1995. Radicalism or historical consciousness: on breaks and continuity in the discussion of basic attitudes. In: Ecology, Technology and Culture (Eds. W. Zweers, and J.J. Boersema), pp. 63-71. The White Horse Press, Cambridge, UK. Annexures The following documents constitute important links for this report: 1. The UNESCO-COMEST Precautionary Principle (2005) [also see: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001395/139578e.pdf] 2. Guidelines for Research Ethics in Science and Technology, prepared by the National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT), Government of Norway. This document was drawn up in 2005, and revised in 2007 after a consultative process. 3. Ethics of Climate Change: Exploring the principle of equal emission rights, published by the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences (NTVA) in 2007. 4. The Vancouver Convention: [http://www.icmje.org/index.html] 5. World Conference on Science, 2000 [http://www.unesco.org/science/wcs] 6. ICSU, 2002. Report on the Study Group on Science and Traditional Knowledge [http://www.icsu.org/2_resourcecentre/RESOURCE_list_bas e. php4rub=7] 7. National Environmental Policy, 2006. Govt. of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests (Approved by the Union
Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 19 (September 2009) 157 Cabinet on 18 th May, 2006). [http://www.envfor.nic.in/nep/nep2006e.pdf] 8. World Charter for Nature. [http://www.undocuments.net/wcn.htm] 9. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. [http://www.undocuments.net/wced-ocf.htm] 10. The Old Forest Policy, India [http://forest.ap.nic.in/Forest%20Policy-1892.htm] 11. National Forest Policy, India [http://forest.ap.nic.in/Forest%20Policy-1952.htm] 12. No. 3-1/86-FP Ministry of Environment and Forests (Department of Environment, Forests & Wildlife): National forest Policy, 1988 [http://forest.ap.nic.in/Forest%20Policy- 1988.htm] 13. Government of Pakistan. National Forest Policy 2002. Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development. January, 2002. [http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ministries/environmentministry/media/forestpolicy2002.pdf] 14. „Poribesh O Bon Montronalayer Neetimala (in Bengali): [http://www.moef.gov.bd/html/policy/pdf/Forest_policy.pdf] (National Forest Policy of Bangladesh). Acknowledgements We appreciate the suggestions made on this draft by Ms. Lindsey McGraw, and comments made on the topic by members of the working group to date. Further contributions are invited, including substantive contributions by coauthors. World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST) Summary Report on Recommendations Adopted at the Sixth Ordinary Session Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 16-19 June 2009 Ref: SHS/EST/COMEST2009/priv-3 In private session, COMEST discussed and adopted several recommendations based on the substantive work discussed in the course of the Ordinary Session and designed to support enhanced presence of ethics in programmes relating, inter alia, to climate change, science policies and nanotechnologies, along with improved focus of specifically ethical programmes such as science ethics and environmental ethics teaching. Recommendation on the ethical implications of global climate change On the basis of its draft report on The Ethical Implications of Global Change, as presented in public session, and taking account of the views expressed by the audience as well as by the external reviewers consulted during the drafting process, COMEST judged that the time had come to raise the possibility of a normative instrument to bring together the key ethical principles required to enable UNESCO Member States, and the international community generally, to respond adequately to the multidimensional challenge of global climate change, while respecting the requirements of a human rights framework and prioritizing the needs of the most vulnerable. In light of these considerations, COMEST adopted the following recommendation. In view of the nature and extent of the scientific, social and human challenges of global climate change, which necessitate adoption of policies at the global level to address the pressing needs of the most vulnerable in the face of major uncertainties and the exigencies of international cooperation, it is urgent to determine universal ethical principles to guide responses to such challenges. COMEST therefore recommends that UNESCO develop an ethical framework of principles in relation to climate change. Recommendations on science ethics The recommendations of COMEST on science ethics focused exclusively on monitoring of the implementation of the 1974 Recommendation on the Status of Scientific Researchers, on which advice was requested with a view to the consultation with Member States and other relevant stakeholders that will be conducted by UNESCO in 2010, leading up to the monitoring process itself, which will be reported on to the Executive Board at its 187th Session in September 2011. Other aspects of science ethics were discussed in detail on the basis of the report presented in public session and the debate thereon, but the conclusions adopted were not treated formally as recommendations, but rather incorporated within the suggestions for COMEST work in 2010-11. With respect to monitoring of implementation of the 1974 Recommendation on the Status of Scientific Researchers, COMEST made the following five recommendations. The monitoring process should be designed so as to ensure integration of science ethics and science policy issues. It should also give Member States the opportunity to comment on the limitations of the 1974 Recommendation on the Status of Scientific Researchers and the practical steps that might be taken to supplement it, inter alia through articulation with the 1999 Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge. In addition to monitoring of national policies, consideration should be given to the impact of globalization, with particular reference to fair employment and non-employment conditions across and within national research systems.
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