Technologies and Product Design for Sustainable Military ... - E2S2

Technologies and Product Design for
Sustainable Military Operations
Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability (E2S2)
Symposium
By
Blase Leven, Oral Saulters
Expeditionary Capabilities Consortium, Kansas State University
June 17, 2010
Business Proprietary

Sustainability
The reason that we are here….
Outline:
- Technology
Research and
Development
- ESOH
Evaluations
- Sustainability
Evaluation Case
Study
What is Sustainability
• Means different things for different people
• One definition – people, planet, profit (a.k.a. – social,
environmental, economic)
Military Perspective
• Adequate people, resources, and funds are available to support
the mission.
National Security Perspective
• Peace and security
• Secure energy supply
• Financial markets stable, economic growth
2

Sustainability
What are the regulatory drivers
Key Drivers
“The leader
who leads by
pointing the
way leaves no
footprints for
his followers” –
African proverb
• Weapons Systems Acquisition Reform Act (WSARA) of
2009
The Department remains committed to improving its requirements and
acquisition management practices to deliver the needed capability at
acceptable performance levels and rates—and to be better stewards of
the taxpayer's dollar.
- Mona Lush, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for
Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics
• DoDI 5000.02 Operation of the Defense Acquisition System
• Executive Order 13423 (Strengthening Federal
Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management)
• Executive Order 13514 (Federal Leadership in
Environmental Energy, and Economic Performance)
• Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
• Energy Key Performance Parameter (KPP) policy
• Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel (FBCF)
3

Expeditionary Capabilities Consortium
Partners
M2 Technologies, Inc.
• DoD insight and management for all tasks of the contract
Sponsor is MC
PEO, Land
Systems
Kansas State University
• Environmental, scientific, and engineering expertise
CABEM Technologies, Inc.
• Software programming and IT expertise
M2, Kansas
State University,
and CABEM are
core partners
Vanderbilt University
• Human – Robot interaction expertise for Robots and Sensors
project
NanoScale Corporation
• Commercialization of KSU nanomaterials research discoveries
Other
universities and
University of Surrey, UK
companies
• High-energy photon simulations for Bomb Detection project
provide
additional
expertise 4

Technology Research and Development
One Program:
• Formerly the Urban Operations Laboratory
(UOL)
Former sponsor
was the MC
Expeditionary
Rifle Squad
Seven Tasks:
• Bomb Detection and Countermeasures
• Robotics and Sensors
• Human Factors
• Operations Environmental Laboratory
• Nanotechnologies
• Strategic Planning
• Integration Facility Support
5

Bomb Detection and Countermeasures
Standoff Bomb Detection
Combination of
gamma and
neutron
energies
Give quick “yes”
or “no” results
No need to
interpret images
6

Robots and Sensors
Controlling Robot Teams in Urban Environments
Single user
controlling
multiple robots
Advanced
multi-modal
interface
Enabled by
unique team
intelligence
level
Where has the project been
• Challenge - concurrent demand of image management, navigation,
monitoring and the decision-making processes. Currently ≥1:1
operator to robot.
• Key - “team” intelligence; simple, mobile interaction methods
− Organization Model for Adaptive Complex Systems
− Voice and touch based gesture interaction techniques
• We have demonstrated
− Basic supervisory team control using organizational control
− Multi-modal user interaction
− Changed to Rifle Team Recon Scenario in Fall 2008 and
simulation in summer 2009
7

Robots and Sensors
Decentralized Signal Processing for Target Detection
and Surveillance
Accomplishments
Inputs: detection
requirements,
sensor parameters
and terrain nature
Phase I: Non-collaborative detection systems
• Developed an optimal control theory based deployment
algorithm
• Proposed algorithm uses 10%-30% fewer number of
sensors than state of the art algorithms.
8

Robots and Sensors
Reconnaissance Scenario for Deployment of Sensors
and Robots
Example scenario:
“Recon Areas
16NGN4052974
Locate Insurgents”
9

Human Factors
Thermal Performance Evaluations and Planning
Environmental testing chambers; profile scanning;
and sweating manikin, head and foot
Equipment
evaluations
Mission planning
and feasibility
tool
• Thermal Safety Software
10

Human Factors
Project – Climate Control System
One potential
configuration of
STE cooling
device.
Climate Control System: Schematic of STE Device
Hot, Humid Air
Buoyancy driven
Air flow
Another
application may
be water
desalination
STE
Water
Reservoir
water evaporation
cools STE surface
STE
Dry Air
Tent Chamber
Dry Air
water vapor in
chamber condenses
on cool STE surface
11

Power and Energy
Project – Climate Control System
Hydrogen fuel
from water using
solar energy
Nanomaterials for Hydrogen and Batteries (Klabunde KSU;
NanoScale, Inc.)
Lithium-ion
batteries for
high-current rate
applications
Beta-voltaic
batteries
Beta-voltaic Batteries (Edgar, KSU)
Beta emitter
Schottky metal contact (Au)
High resistivity B12P2 epitaxial layer
Low resistivity B12P2 substrate
12

ESOH Evaluations
Environmental Assessment and Decision Tools
ESOH Assessment Services
• Formal and informal (programmatic and urgent) formats
• Multidisciplinary teams & diverse tools - LCEAs, PESHEs, IHHAs,
NEPA reports, etc for SE support, fielding, & milestone decisions
Technologies and Systems Evaluated
• Anti-Traction Material; Pulsed-Energy Projectile; Running Gear
Entanglement System; Testing and Training Range; Advanced
Tactical Laser; Nonlethal Thermobaric Technology; Odorants and
Irritants; Rigid Foam; Airburst Nonlethal Munitions; Mission
Payload Module
Software – Environmental Knowledge and Assessment Tool
• Tool to identify and evaluate environmental and safety-related
issues for products and systems
• One-stop shopping, something for everyone
• Consolidated location for environmental information
• Application for novice to environmental professional
• www.ekat-tool.com
13

ESOH Evaluations
EKAT and Materials Screening

Environmental Sustainability
Case Study – AA Battery Technologies
Overview
"Energy in a
nation is like
sap in a tree; it
rises from the
bottom up" -
Woodrow
Wilson
• ECC is conducting a preliminary sustainability evaluation of
beta-voltaic power cell technology compared to disposable
and rechargeable AA batteries
• Using EKAT and other life cycle assessment software, and
data from previous analyses
• Preliminary assessment will allow for comparative up-front
materials screening and comprehensive assessment of
potential risks throughout life-cycle stages
Objectives
• Investigate the life cycle impacts of various battery products
and power systems
• Utilize findings and results for improving the design of
emerging technologies
• Develop effective frameworks and pragmatic indicators to
facilitate the advancement of sustainable products and
processes
15

Environmental Sustainability
Case Study – AA Battery Technologies
Per ISO 14040, a
Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) is
the “compilation
and evaluation of
the inputs, outputs
and the potential
environmental
impacts of a
product system
throughout its life
cycle”
Application
• Study will be conducted in terms of attributes that lead to
the minimum number and weight of battery units needed to
successfully perform missions
• Functional Unit, 1kWh
• Real world reference, hours of battery power to Night Vision
• Voltage and amperage requirements
Devices Being Compared
• Alkaline, Rechargeable, Lithium-ion
• Conceptual Betavoltaic
Steps
• Define goal & scope (boundaries & basis for comparison
[stages & media]); inventory (inputs/outputs); assess
impacts (e.g., global warming, human health, ecotoxicity);
interpret results (contribution, significance, alternatives,etc)
• Assumptions – material abundance, equivalent reg
restrictions, radioisotope shielding/sealing
16

Battery Sustainability Evaluation Process
Resource/Energy
Resource/Energy
Resource/Energy
Resource/Energy
Resource/Energy
Raw Materials
Extraction/
Acquisition
Intermediate
Materials
Processing
Battery
Manufacture/
Packaging/Retail
Battery
Use/Reuse
(n cycles)
Landfill or
Combustion
Releases to
Air, Water, Soil
Releases to
Air, Water, Soil
Releases to
Air, Water, Soil
Releases to
Air, Water, Soil
Releases to
Air, Water, Soil
Battery (Metals) Recycling
Sustainability (triple bottom line considerations)

Environmental Sustainability
Case Study – AA Battery Technologies
Conceptual Betavoltaic Batteries
Semiconductor
Radioisotope
• May lead to creating new power sources having several
advantages over currently existing counterparts
• Improved energy density
• Efficiency
• Much longer product lifetimes
• Betavoltaics are direct nuclear to electrical energy conversion
devices
• Concept was proven >50 years ago, but device
performance quickly degraded due to radiation damage
to silicon
• New material, icosahedral boron arsenide (IBA), being
studied
• Alternating layers of the radioisotope beta source and
semiconductor materials would be present within the
battery shell.
18

Environmental Sustainability
Case Study – Betavoltaics using Icosahedral Boron Arsenide (IBA)
Radioisotopes
can have high
energy
densities and
can supply
power for
decades
Icosahedral
boron arsenide
may enable
betavoltaics
due to its
extraordinary
radiation
resistance
Cress, et al IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55 1735 (2008)
IBA crystal structure
• Icosahedral boron arsenide (IBA) can maintain its crystal
structure even after huge dose of electrons
19

Environmental Sustainability
Case Study – Performance Metrics
Battery Performance and Characteristics
Desirable
features:
• Improved
performance
• Better
mechanical
and electrical
durability
• Cost-effective
• Discharge (operating) life (per charge, if rechargeable)
• Number of charge-discharge cycles
• Mechanical and electrical durability of battery
• Minimum volts and amperage
• Weight
Economics
• Life cycle costs (direct and indirect)
Mission Sustainability
• Mission accomplishment (and safe)
• Lower logistics burden (and no environmental impacts)
• Lower cost
20

Environmental Sustainability
Case Study – Green Battery Metrics
Desirable
features:
• Rechargeable
• Less use of
toxic or
problematic
materials
• Nation/
Theatre-wide
collection
program
Materials and Energy Use
• Amount of toxic or other unsafe materials used per unit
energy (mg/Wh)
• Amount of hazardous or reactive materials used per unit
energy (mg/Wh)
• Demands on renewable and non-renewable resources for
materials extraction and battery manufacturing
• Energy use and associated emissions over the battery life
cycle
Recycling
• Open-loop vs. closed-loop recycling processes
• Economically recyclable vs. technically feasible recycling
[Putois 95]
• Collection system in place for spent batteries
21

Environmental Sustainability
Case Study – Preliminary Findings and Concerns
Alkaline versus Rechargeables
• Previous life cycle assessments found that material use,
energy use, and emissions are lower for rechargeable NiCd
batteries than for alkalines. (R.L. Lankey, F.C. McMichael; Environmental Science and
Technology. Life-Cycle Methods for Comparing Primary and Rechargeable Batteries. 2000.)
Rechargeables versus Rechargables
• Comparing nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and NiCd
rechargeable battery technologies, both battery types have
roughly the same level of performance. However, the
negative health impacts of cadmium, as compared to the
metal hydride batteries, is the reason why rechargeable
NiMH use is encouraged over NiCd. (D. Parsons; International Journal of Life
Cycle Assessment. The Environmental Impact of Disposable Versus Re-Chargeable Batteries for Consumer Use.
2007.)
Alkaline versus Lithium Ion
• For the same amount of performance, lithium-based
batteries weight half as much as alkaline, but last twice as
long.
22

Environmental Sustainability
Case Study – Preliminary Findings and Concerns
Betavoltaics
• Key factors include output power, lifetime, dimensions,
radioactive material (toxicity, availability, etc),
manufacturing cost, purity, shielding, suitable
semiconductors, etc.
• Availability – only a few companies currently
manufacturing devices (Widetronix, City Labs, Qynergy
Corporation, Northwestern Polytechnical University in
China, Betabat) (C.E. Whiteley, J.H. Edgar, Z.J. Pei; Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas
State University. One-Step Conversion of Radiation Energy to Electricity Using Solid-State Devices: A Review.
2010.)
• Power – available power offered by current beta voltaic
batteries is relatively low, as compared to chemical
batteries (C.E. Whiteley, J.H. Edgar, Z.J. Pei; Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State
University. One-Step Conversion of Radiation Energy to Electricity Using Solid-State Devices: A Review. 2010.
• Range of beta particles short, therefore min shielding
• Longevity (>30 years), low weight, high energy content
• To be continued . . .
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Acknowledgments
“Do not try
to...[teach] a
great many
things,
awaken
people's
curiosity, it is
enough to
open minds;
do not
overload
them, put
there just a
spark; if there
is some good
inflammable
stuff, it will
surely set
fire” - Anatole
France
United States Marine Corps
• PEO, Land Systems
• Expeditionary Rifle Squad
M2 Technologies, Inc.
CABEM Technologies, Inc.
Researchers at Kansas State University
• ECC collaborators including James Edgar and Clinton
Whiteley, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas
State University
Consortium for Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability
(CESAS)
Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability (E2S2)
Symposium Organizers
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“Alone we can do
so little, together
we can do so
much” – Helen
Keller
Service Sponsor
Consortium Leadership
Contact Information
Expeditionary Capabilities Consortium
– formerly the Urban Operations Laboratory
Michael D. Halloran
U.S. Marines PEO Land Systems
Quantico, VA
703-432-4956
michael.d.halloran@usmc.mil
John Blair, Program Manager
M2 Technologies, Inc.
Manhattan, KS
785-323-0295
blairj@M2tech.us
Larry Erickson, Director
Jay Fredkin, Owner
Blase Leven, Associate Director
CABEM Technologies
Oral Saulters, Team Leader
Franklin, MA
Kansas State University
508-541-3123
Manhattan, KS
jayfredkin@cabemtechnologies.com
785-532-6519
lerick@ksu.edu; baleven@ksu.edu; osaulter@ksu.edu
On-line
• www.expeditionarycapabilities.org
• www.uol.ksu.edu
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