Chance, bias and confounding - The INCLEN Trust

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Controlling confounders • Restriction of the study population • Matching • Randomization of exposure • Stratification • Multivariable analysis
Common confounders • Age and sex are almost universal confounders for all exposure – disease associations • This is because they are markers for a whole lot of cumulative exposures. They may not be causally related to disease, but are markers for many other exposures which might be truly related to disease.
Page 1 and 2: Chance, bias and confounding • Th
Page 3 and 4: Confounding • A confounder is a t
Page 5 and 6: Confounder • This third factor sh
Page 7 and 8: An example of confounding • A num
Page 9: How to avoid confounding • If a c
Page 13 and 14: Positive and negative confounding
Page 15 and 16: Restriction • Reduces the number
Page 17 and 18: Analysis • Stratified analyses: S
Page 19 and 20: Bias • The study must be designed
Page 21 and 22: Selection bias • Differential sur

Chance, bias and confounding - The INCLEN Trust

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