Chance, bias and confounding - The INCLEN Trust

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Confounding • Confounding can lead to the observation of apparent differences between the study groups when they do not truly exist, or conversely, the observation of of no difference when they do exist.
An example of <strong>confounding</strong> • A number of observational epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between the consumption of vegetables rich in β carotene with the risk of cancer • It is however possible that this association is confounded by other differences between the consumers <strong>and</strong> non-consumers of vegetables such as fiber, which is known to reduce the risk of cancer
Page 1 and 2: Chance, bias and confounding • Th
Page 3 and 4: Confounding • A confounder is a t
Page 5: Confounder • This third factor sh
Page 9 and 10: How to avoid confounding • If a c
Page 11 and 12: Common confounders • Age and sex
Page 13 and 14: Positive and negative confounding
Page 15 and 16: Restriction • Reduces the number
Page 17 and 18: Analysis • Stratified analyses: S
Page 19 and 20: Bias • The study must be designed
Page 21 and 22: Selection bias • Differential sur

Chance, bias and confounding - The INCLEN Trust

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