Chance, bias and confounding - The INCLEN Trust

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Types of bias • Selection bias: A particular problem in case control and retrospective cohort studies where both exposure and disease have occurred at the time of selection of individuals for the study • Information bias
Selection bias • Differential surveillance, diagnosis or referral of individuals in the study: e.g., women using estrogen have uterine bleeding more often, and seek medical attention for this symptom. Hence they are more likely to seek diagnostic evaluation than those who are not on estrogens resulting in more frequent diagnosis of uterine cancer in women on estrogens
Page 1 and 2: Chance, bias and confounding • Th
Page 3 and 4: Confounding • A confounder is a t
Page 5 and 6: Confounder • This third factor sh
Page 7 and 8: An example of confounding • A num
Page 9 and 10: How to avoid confounding • If a c
Page 11 and 12: Common confounders • Age and sex
Page 13 and 14: Positive and negative confounding
Page 15 and 16: Restriction • Reduces the number
Page 17 and 18: Analysis • Stratified analyses: S
Page 19: Bias • The study must be designed

Chance, bias and confounding - The INCLEN Trust

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