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UNIT 1 THEME 1 World War I and Beyond 1914–1921 CANADA IN THE WORLD Figure 1.10 In 1914, HMS Niobe was the flagship of Canada’s “tin-pot navy.” This broken-down cruiser was expected to protect the East Coast against attack. In 1915, the Niobe was turned into a supply ship in Halifax Harbour. a naval strategy used to transport supplies reduced loss of supply ships to German U-boats from “convey”— to transport convoy ships traveling in packs with naval escort FOCUS ON Canadian Sailors Did Canadian sailors make a difference Before World War I, Britain boasted the world’s largest navy — but Germany was catching up. Both countries built huge battleships called dreadnoughts, and both were building submarines. When the war started, Canada’s entire fleet consisted of two second-hand cruisers, which were small, speedy warships. HMS Rainbow was based in Vancouver and HMS Niobe in Halifax. These two ships were all that protected Canada’s coasts — and the Niobe was in bad shape. After just one trip to sea, this ship was taken out of service. The Royal Canadian Navy was a navy in name only. Not surprisingly, people poked fun at Canada’s “tin-pot navy.” And because the navy lacked ships, thousands of Canadian sailors ended up enlisting in Britain’s Royal Navy. The War at Sea Both the Allies and the Central Powers relied on ships to bring them supplies: food, raw materials, soldiers, and weapons. As a result, both sides used their navy to set up blockades to try to prevent supplies from reaching the enemy. Before the war, Germany had outpaced Britain in developing submarines. The German submarines were called U-boats, which stood for Unterseebooten (undersea boats). U-boats were armed with torpedoes, which were used to sink enemy ships. To cut off the Allies’ supplies, German U-boats began attacking all ships bound for Britain. Forty-five Canadian steamships were sunk by U-boats during World War I. To counter this threat, the Allies set up a convoy system. Merchant ships began travelling in packs with naval escorts to detect and sink U-boats before they could attack the convoys. 16 MHR
Halifax, Nova Scotia, became the port where many convoys were put together before starting the dangerous trip across the North Atlantic Ocean. The convoy system worked. After the Allies started using this strategy, fewer ships were sunk by German U-boats. The Sinking of the Lusitania In 1915, a U-boat torpedoed the British passenger liner Lusitania. More than half the people on board — including many Americans — went down with the ship. The incident sparked outrage in the <strong>Unit</strong>ed States, which was not involved in the war at the time. The deaths turned American public opinion against Germany, and the sinking of two American ships in 1917 angered people even more. As a result, the <strong>Unit</strong>ed States joined the Allies. This helped swing the fighting in favour of the Allies. Canada and Convoy Success World War I helped speed the creation of the Canadian navy. As the war progressed, Canada’s navy grew quickly. By 1918, the Royal Canadian Navy had more than 100 ships, including cruisers, destroyers, submarines, trawlers, minesweepers, and converted civilian vessels. These Canadian ships — and the men who sailed them — played an important role in escorting convoys across the North Atlantic. SHOW YOU KNOW PEI Nova Scotia W N S E Newfoundland 1000 km North Atlantic Ocean Figure 1.11 North Atlantic Convoys FYI NORTHERN IRELAND PORTUGAL Most of the naval action during World War I involved individual ships. The British and German fleets clashed only once — in the Battle of Jutland. This battle took place from May 31 to June 1, 1916, in an arm of the North Sea near Denmark. The battle ended in a draw, as both sides claimed victory. SCOTLAND SPAIN North Sea ENGLAND IRELAND WALES FRANCE 1. Explain what the convoy system was and why it was so important to the war effort. 2. If you had decided to sign up during World War I, which service would you have joined: the army, the air force, or the navy Explain the reasons for your choice. MHR 17
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