Download Unit 1 Student Text Sample Material - McGraw-Hill Ryerson

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UNIT 1 THEME 1 FYI World War I and Beyond 1914–1921 CANADA IN THE WORLD The period between August 8, 1918, and November 11, 1918, is known as Canada’s Hundred Days. During that time, about 105 000 Canadians advanced 130 kilometres — a remarkable achievement in a war in which progress had until then often been measured in metres. The Canadians captured 31 537 prisoners, 623 guns, 2842 machine guns, and 336 mortars. Nearly 46 000 Canadians were killed or injured. Atlantic Ocean 500 km BRITAIN Front line November 30, 1914 Front line November 11, 1918 FRANCE BELGIUM GERMANY SWITZERLAND Figure 1.13 Front Lines, 1914 and 1918 W N S E FOCUS ON the Peace Settlement Did the war make Canada more independent In the summer of 1918, the tide of war turned in the Allies’ favour. Canadian troops played a key role in the final 100 days of the war. They helped spearhead the Allied advance to within a few kilometres of the German border. This rapid advance persuaded the Germans to surrender. The German surrender meant that it was time to negotiate a peace treaty. By then, Canada was ready to play a more important role in world affairs. Canada at the Peace Table When World War I officially ended on November 11, 1918, Canadians had changed. No longer were they willing to allow Britain to speak for them. Canada had made an important contribution to the war. More than 66 000 Canadians, mostly young people, had died in the fighting. As a result, Prime Minister Robert Borden did not want to attend the peace conference in Paris, France, as the leader of a British colony. Borden argued — successfully — that Canada had earned the right to send independent delegates to the negotiating table. What’s more, Borden did not want Britain to sign the peace treaties for Canada. He demanded — and won — the right to sign as the leader of an independent country. The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was the peace agreement between the Allies and Germany. It required Germany to take the blame for starting the war and imposed harsh conditions. Germany was allowed only a small army, for example, and was not allowed to build a navy or an air force. Germany also lost all its overseas colonies. 20 MHR
The harshest condition required Germany to make reparations. This meant that Germany was to pay for repairing war damages in Britain, France, Russia, and other countries. This was a huge financial burden. Paying off this debt was expected to take years. Germans were humiliated by the treaty. Their humiliation created bitterness that would grow over the next two decades. It would be an important cause of World War II. League of Nations To try to prevent another world war, the Allies at the Paris Peace Conference created the League of Nations. Member nations agreed to co-operate with one another. One of the League’s goals was to find solutions to international disputes before they led to war. The League failed to achieve this goal, but it did set the stage for the creation of the <strong>Unit</strong>ed Nations after World War II. Canada became a founding member of the League of Nations. The country’s independent membership in the League was another step on the path to independence. Many historians argue that this new-found sense of independence and nationhood was born on the battlefields of World War I. SHOW YOU KNOW 1. When World War I began, Canada automatically went to war because Britain had declared war. List three ways in which Canada acted more independently at the end of the war. 2. If you had been a Canadian at the end of World War I, do you think you would have supported the government’s attempts to act independently of Britain Or would you have preferred Canada to continue acting like a British colony Explain the reasons for your choice. making amends reparations payment to repair war damages imposed on Germany by Treaty of Versailles Robert Borden caused great bitterness in Germany from “repair” 1854–1937 Born in Grand Pré, Nova Scotia. Started teaching school when he was 14, then became a lawyer. Went into politics and served as leader of Conservative Party from 1901 to 1920. Served as prime minister from 1911 to 1920, a period that included World War I. Organized Canadian war effort, but later brought in measures that divided the country. At beginning of war, was an enthusiastic booster of the British Empire. Changed his mind and began to demand greater independence from Britain. Was not a charismatic leader but was respected for his efficiency and hard work. MHR 21
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