Thinking in C++ 2nd ed Volume 1 Revision 6

More documents

Recommendations

Info

At this writing the ANSI/ISO C++ committee was finished working on the language. Thus, I will use the term Standard C++ to refer to the standardized language. If I simply refer to C++ you should assume I mean “Standard C++.” Language support Your compiler may not support all the features discussed in this book, especially if you don’t have the newest version of the compiler. Implementing a language like C++ is a Herculean task, and you can expect that the features will appear in pieces rather than all at once. But if you attempt one of the examples in the book and get a lot of errors from the compiler, it’s not necessarily a bug in the code or the compiler; it may simply not be implemented in your particular compiler yet. The book’s CD ROM The primary content of the CD ROM packaged in the back of this book is a “seminar on CD ROM” titled Thinking in C: Foundations for Java & C++ by Chuck Allison (published by MindView, Inc., and also available at http://www.MindView.net). This contains many hours of audio lectures and slides, and can be viewed on your computer if you have a CD ROM player and a sound system. The goal of Thinking in C is to take you carefully through the fundamentals of the C language. It focuses on the knowledge necessary for you to be able to move on to the C++ or Java languages instead of trying to make you an expert in all the dark corners of C. (One of the reasons for using a higher-level language like C++ or Java is precisely so we can avoid many of these dark corners.) It also contains exercises and guided solutions. Keep in mind that because Chapter 3 of this book goes beyond the Thinking in C CD, the CD is not a replacement for that chapter, but should be used instead as a preparation for this book. The CD ROM may also contain other information and programs that I consider useful or helpful to the C++ programmer. Please 34 Thinking in C++ www.BruceEckel.com
note that the CD ROM is browser-based, so you should have a Web browser installed on your machine before using it. CD ROMs, seminars, & consulting There are seminars-on-CD-ROM planned to cover Volume 1 and Volume 2 of this book. These comprise many hours of audio lectures by me that accompany slides that cover selected material from each chapter in the book. It can be viewed on your computer if you have a CD ROM player and a sound system. The CDs may be purchased at www.BruceEckel.com. [[Please note the CDs are not yet available]] My company, MindView, Inc., provides public hands-on training seminars based on the material in this book and also on advanced topics. Selected material from each chapter represents a lesson, which is followed by a monitored exercise period so each student receives personal attention. We also provide on-site training, consulting, mentoring, and design and code walkthroughs. Information and sign-up forms for upcoming seminars and other contact information can be found at www.BruceEckel.com. Errors No matter how many tricks a writer uses to detect errors, some always creep in and these often leap off the page to a fresh reader. If you discover anything you believe to be an error, please use the correction form you will find at http://www.BruceEckel.com. Your help is appreciated. Acknowledgements The ideas and understanding in this book have come from many sources: friends like Chuck Allison, Andrea Provaglio, Dan Saks, Scott Meyers, Charles Petzold, and Michael Wilk; pioneers of the language like Bjarne Stroustrup, Andrew Koenig, and Rob Murray; members of the C++ Standards Committee like Nathan Myers (who was particularly helpful and generous with his insights), Bill Preface 35
Page 1 and 2: Thinking in C++ 2 nd edition Volume
Page 3 and 4: TICA18: July 29, 1999. Rewrote Chap
Page 5 and 6: TICA7, August 14, 1998. Strings cha
Page 7 and 8: http://www.microsoft.com/typography
Page 9 and 10: In Bruce Eckel President, MindView
Page 11 and 12: MindView Ad Space
Page 13 and 14: Dedication To the scholar, the heal
Page 15 and 16: 2: Making & Using Objects 87 The pr
Page 17 and 18: Type-safe linkage............. 323
Page 19 and 20: protected ............. 618 protect
Page 21 and 22: Preface Like any human language, C+
Page 23 and 24: So the short answer is: what isn’
Page 25 and 26: end up losing some portion of the a
Page 27 and 28: Chapters C++ is a language in which
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 5: Hiding the Implementatio
Page 31 and 32: existing type. In this chapter you
Page 33: (and official mirror sites) where i
Page 37: Constantine, Lucy Lockwood, Tom Kef
Page 40 and 41: But computers are not so much machi
Page 42 and 43: the solution will run. There’s st
Page 44 and 45: So, although what we really do in o
Page 46 and 47: middle portion is not shown. If you
Page 48 and 49: necessary to achieve the functional
Page 50 and 51: more specific types of trash are de
Page 52 and 53: Shape +draw() +erase() +move() +get
Page 54 and 55: Thermostat Controls Cooling System
Page 56 and 57: BirdController What happens when fl
Page 58 and 59: doStuff(c); What’s happening here
Page 60 and 61: The second approach is to create ob
Page 62 and 63: Analysis and design The object-orie
Page 64 and 65: It’s often proposed that you “b
Page 66 and 67: Phase 1: What are we making In the
Page 68 and 69: eveal itself in the fullness of tim
Page 70 and 71: getting into too much detail too ea
Page 72 and 73: 2. Object assembly. As you’re bui
Page 74 and 75: Phase 4: Iteration This is the poin
Page 76 and 77: will still function. You need not f
Page 78 and 79: You’re already on the learning cu
Page 80 and 81: large, complex program, there’s n
Page 82 and 83: first time, so it should not be mis
Page 84 and 85:
Performance issues A common questio
Page 86 and 87:
alternatives. Even if you eventuall
Page 88 and 89:
By reading this chapter first, you
Page 90 and 91:
takes several steps. The transition
Page 92 and 93:
variable in another object module,
Page 94 and 95:
point of definition the compiler al
Page 96 and 97:
In a function declaration, you give
Page 98 and 99:
cause the preprocessor to search fo
Page 100 and 101:
until link time, one possibility is
Page 102 and 103:
This book will use Standard C++ (an
Page 104 and 105:
included the header file but all th
Page 106 and 107:
"Hello, world!" And now, finally, t
Page 108 and 109:
int main() { // Specifying formats
Page 110 and 111:
Simple file manipulation Standard I
Page 112 and 113:
This upward compatibility from C to
Page 114 and 115:
iostream object. It’s that simple
Page 116 and 117:
it’s much easier if you have each
Page 118 and 119:
so if you have an array a and you w
Page 120 and 121:
while(in >> word) is what gets the
Page 122 and 123:
Exercises Solutions to selected exe
Page 124 and 125:
If you’ve never seen C before, th
Page 126 and 127:
} x = y = z; // ... It turns out th
Page 128 and 129:
In cfunc( ), the first if that eval
Page 130 and 131:
to a nonzero value). Other conditio
Page 132 and 133:
while(guess != secret) { // Compoun
Page 134 and 135:
curly brace ‘{’. This is in con
Page 136 and 137:
switch(selector) { case integral-va
Page 138 and 139:
using namespace std; void removeHat
Page 140 and 141:
: C03:AutoIncrement.cpp // Shows us
Page 142 and 143:
The first part of the program defin
Page 144 and 145:
: C03:Specify.cpp // Demonstrates t
Page 146 and 147:
All the variables, and even the fun
Page 148 and 149:
from dog, bird is four bytes away f
Page 150 and 151:
: C03:PassByValue.cpp #include usi
Page 152 and 153:
pointers later, but this is arguabl
Page 154 and 155:
All possible combinations of basic
Page 156 and 157:
variable was defined. That is, a sc
Page 158 and 159:
int main() { //.. { // Begin a new
Page 160 and 161:
using namespace std; int globe; voi
Page 162 and 163:
want a value to be extant throughou
Page 164 and 165:
} int i; // The data definition voi
Page 166 and 167:
The const was taken from C++ and in
Page 168 and 169:
Operators and their use This sectio
Page 170 and 171:
Introduction to preprocessor macros
Page 172 and 173:
Bitwise not produces the opposite o
Page 174 and 175:
An interesting bit pattern: unsigne
Page 176 and 177:
x = a * -b; but the reader might ge
Page 178 and 179:
Common pitfalls when using operator
Page 180 and 181:
checking to catch errors. Once you
Page 182 and 183:
(4) Implicit type conversions, norm
Page 184 and 185:
Can't use xp as an X* at this point
Page 186 and 187:
Keyword Meaning xor_eq ^= (bitwise
Page 188 and 189:
The struct declaration must end wit
Page 190 and 191:
int main() { Structure3 s1, s2; Str
Page 192 and 193:
You can see how much more readable
Page 194 and 195:
Once you perform an assignment, the
Page 196 and 197:
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) cout
Page 198 and 199:
Even though func1( ) and func2( ) d
Page 200 and 201:
#include using namespace std; int
Page 202 and 203:
++, which “adds one to the pointe
Page 204 and 205:
int* ip = a; P(*ip); P(*++ip); P(*(
Page 206 and 207:
in all upper case. A common flag na
Page 208 and 209:
punctuation are concatenated into a
Page 210 and 211:
Defining a function pointer To defi
Page 212 and 213:
Using a function pointer Once you d
Page 214 and 215:
Make: an essential tool for separat
Page 216 and 217:
multiple rules. Many make programs
Page 218 and 219:
target1.exe: target2.exe: If you ju
Page 220 and 221:
Declare: Declare.o $(CPP) $(OFLAG)D
Page 222 and 223:
lectures, exercises, and guided sol
Page 224 and 225:
values in your instance and print t
Page 226 and 227:
flag. You will need to consult your
Page 228 and 229:
to switch from some language that y
Page 230 and 231:
:~ A tag name like CStashTag is gen
Page 232 and 233:
delete []s->storage; } } ///:~ init
Page 234 and 235:
new unsigned char[newBytes]; The ge
Page 236 and 237:
: C04:CLibTest.cpp //{L} CLib // Te
Page 238 and 239:
Each separate C file is a translati
Page 240 and 241:
of all their function names. So ini
Page 242 and 243:
C library converted to C++ // Decla
Page 244 and 245:
You can see that all the member fun
Page 246 and 247:
: C04:CppLibTest.cpp //{L} CppLib /
Page 248 and 249:
What's an object Now that you’ve
Page 250 and 251:
Object details A question that come
Page 252 and 253:
most of the time, except when struc
Page 254 and 255:
included throughout the system, the
Page 256 and 257:
This will yield a true result, and
Page 258 and 259:
end up “turning off” namespaces
Page 260 and 261:
} void Stack::initialize() { head =
Page 262 and 263:
Read file and store lines in the St
Page 264 and 265:
etween what the user of the structu
Page 266 and 267:
16. Modify Stash to use a vector as
Page 269 and 270:
5: Hiding the Implementation A typi
Page 271 and 272:
The second reason for access contro
Page 273 and 274:
Although func( ) can access any mem
Page 275 and 276:
void Z::initialize() { j = 99; } vo
Page 277 and 278:
private: Holder* h; int* p; public:
Page 279 and 280:
second argument) for n bytes past t
Page 281 and 282:
Any object belonging to this class
Page 283 and 284:
The examples in this book, however,
Page 285 and 286:
void initialize(); void push(void*
Page 287 and 288:
Here’s a simple example demonstra
Page 289 and 290:
u.cleanup(); } ///:~ The only thing
Page 291:
9. Copy the implementation and test
Page 294 and 295:
This not only provides a single uni
Page 296 and 297:
Now, when an object is defined, voi
Page 298 and 299:
The destructor is called automatica
Page 300 and 301:
eginning of a scope. If a construct
Page 302 and 303:
However, some confusion may result
Page 304 and 305:
pointer “down” (a relative term
Page 306 and 307:
} storage = b; // Point to new memo
Page 308 and 309:
Stack with constructors & destructo
Page 310 and 311:
ut is not responsible for cleaning
Page 312 and 313:
Now if you decide to add another el
Page 314 and 315:
zz[i].print(); } ///:~ Notice that
Page 316 and 317:
Safety during coding is a big issue
Page 319 and 320:
7: Function Overloading & Default A
Page 321 and 322:
Although function overloading is a
Page 323 and 324:
int f(); This works fine when the c
Page 325 and 326:
~Stash(); int add(void* element); v
Page 327 and 328:
Both constructors are exercised in
Page 329 and 330:
Although the member functions civil
Page 331 and 332:
(outside all functions and classes)
Page 333 and 334:
Placeholder arguments Arguments in
Page 335 and 336:
Mem::Mem(int sz) { mem = 0; size =
Page 337 and 338:
int main() { MyString s("My test st
Page 339 and 340:
Notice that a call to ensureMinSize
Page 341:
7. Create a new version of the Stac
Page 344 and 345:
This provides safety and control in
Page 346 and 347:
const). Storage must be allocated b
Page 348 and 349:
situations, const means “a piece
Page 350 and 351:
has the option of doing constant fo
Page 352 and 353:
const int* const x = &d; // (1) int
Page 354 and 355:
Function arguments & return values
Page 356 and 357:
Returning by value as a const becom
Page 358 and 359:
temporary X. However, f7( ) takes i
Page 360 and 361:
that attempting to modify the desti
Page 362 and 363:
Error: const temporary created by f
Page 364 and 365:
void print(); }; Fred::Fred(int sz)
Page 366 and 367:
until Chapter 10: static. The stati
Page 368 and 369:
The “enum hack” in old code In
Page 370 and 371:
non-const member function. Thus, an
Page 372 and 373:
cq.lastQuote(); // OK //! cq.quote(
Page 374 and 375:
} int main() { const Z zz; zz.f();
Page 376 and 377:
char Comm::read(int index) const {
Page 378 and 379:
9. Write a const pointer to a doubl
Page 380 and 381:
assign via a void* (without a cast)
Page 382 and 383:
In C, one of the ways to preserve e
Page 384 and 385:
granted. In the un-parenthesized ve
Page 386 and 387:
mixed together, so a problem like t
Page 388 and 389:
space than the code generated to do
Page 390 and 391:
Here, the class user never has dire
Page 392 and 393:
void setWidth(int w) { width = w; }
Page 394 and 395:
updateLocal(); return local.tm_sec;
Page 396 and 397:
if(storage != 0) delete []storage;
Page 398 and 399:
The Stack class makes even better u
Page 400 and 401:
Inlines & the compiler To understan
Page 402 and 403:
class Forward { int i; public: Forw
Page 404 and 405:
interface and thereby making the cl
Page 406 and 407:
Because there are actually two stat
Page 408 and 409:
} } exit(1); inline void assure(std
Page 410 and 411:
C++ is complicated enough without a
Page 412 and 413:
second function, without the need f
Page 415 and 416:
10: Name Control Creating names is
Page 417 and 418:
function. C and C++ allow you to cr
Page 419 and 420:
int i; public: X(int ii = 0) : i(ii
Page 421 and 422:
static Obj b inside f( ) and the st
Page 423 and 424:
all you’ve done is change the vis
Page 425 and 426:
Creating a namespace The creation o
Page 427 and 428:
names in an unnamed namespace, you
Page 429 and 430:
Integer a, b, c; Integer divide(Int
Page 431 and 432:
} #endif // USINGDECLARATION_H ///:
Page 433 and 434:
is not very safe. Global data can b
Page 435 and 436:
ws.print(); } ///:~ Here, the quali
Page 437 and 438:
static const X x3; static const X x
Page 439 and 440:
A static member function cannot acc
Page 441 and 442:
int main() { //! Egg x(1); // Error
Page 443 and 444:
zeroing of the storage occupied by
Page 445 and 446:
definition for the Initializer init
Page 447 and 448:
constructor, so you can tell if the
Page 449 and 450:
} static Dependency1 dep1; return d
Page 451 and 452:
across the various translation unit
Page 453 and 454:
that when you give the argument wit
Page 455 and 456:
your namespace into that function s
Page 457:
a Mirror object, which it assigns t
Page 460 and 461:
Although references also exist in P
Page 462 and 463:
2. Once a reference is initialized
Page 464 and 465:
} ///:~ The call to f(1) produces a
Page 466 and 467:
how does the compiler know how to p
Page 468 and 469:
farther to provide storage for the
Page 470 and 471:
output for bigfun( ), you can see i
Page 472 and 473:
When the local object goes out of s
Page 474 and 475:
} }; int HowMany2::objectCount = 0;
Page 476 and 477:
cout.width(width); cout
Page 478 and 479:
Temporary objects Line 15 begins th
Page 480 and 481:
cout
Page 482 and 483:
Here’s an example: //: C11:NoCopy
Page 484 and 485:
combined with the object dereferenc
Page 486 and 487:
fp = &Simple2::f; } ///:~ In the de
Page 488 and 489:
underlying implementation without a
Page 490 and 491:
the member functions const and prov
Page 492 and 493:
21. Create a simple class without a
Page 494 and 495:
The difference is that the argument
Page 496 and 497:
} }; i += rv.i; return *this; int m
Page 498 and 499:
operator++(Integer& a); // Postfix:
Page 500 and 501:
} Byte operator!() const { cout
Page 502 and 503:
an example of all the operators you
Page 504 and 505:
friend int operator=(const Integer&
Page 506 and 507:
if(&left == &right) {/* self-assign
Page 508 and 509:
} #define TRYC(OP) \ out
Page 510 and 511:
%= right.b; return *this; } Byte& o
Page 512 and 513:
} Byte b3 = 92; b1 = b2 = b3; int m
Page 514 and 515:
ack the object that was changed. Th
Page 516 and 517:
left-hand side of an equal sign. Th
Page 518 and 519:
class ObjContainer { vector a; publ
Page 520 and 521:
#include #include "../require.h" u
Page 522 and 523:
pointer,” although the example sh
Page 524 and 525:
around and calls operator( ) for th
Page 526 and 527:
eturn i[x]; } friend ostream& opera
Page 528 and 529:
Operator &= |= %= >>=
Page 530 and 531:
When you create an operator=, you m
Page 532 and 533:
} ~Dog() { cout
Page 534 and 535:
it. However, if your object require
Page 536 and 537:
: p(dog), houseName(house) { cout
Page 538 and 539:
Before you make any modifications (
Page 540 and 541:
Automatic operator= creation Becaus
Page 542 and 543:
In this case, automatic type conver
Page 544 and 545:
Reflexivity One of the most conveni
Page 546 and 547:
using namespace std; class Stringc
Page 548 and 549:
: C12:TypeConversionFanout.cpp clas
Page 550 and 551:
(the creator of the class) or the u
Page 552 and 553:
16. Add an int data member to both
Page 555 and 556:
13: Dynamic Object Creation Sometim
Page 557 and 558:
Object creation When a C++ object i
Page 559 and 560:
... sometime later: obj->destroy();
Page 561 and 562:
with a call to free( )). Just as a
Page 563 and 564:
Before a pointer to that block is r
Page 565 and 566:
If you have a memory leak in your p
Page 567 and 568:
The other change is the replacement
Page 569 and 570:
can prevent a memory leak (more ele
Page 571 and 572:
However, for the string pointers, i
Page 573 and 574:
Now the array elements in q can be
Page 575 and 576:
Another issue is heap fragmentation
Page 577 and 578:
} free(m); class S { int i[100]; pu
Page 579 and 580:
} for(int i = 0; i < psize; i++) if
Page 581 and 582:
empty bracket syntax to indicate ar
Page 583 and 584:
In both cases you’re handed the s
Page 585 and 586:
When the program runs, it does not
Page 587 and 588:
Notice that operator new only retur
Page 589 and 590:
5. Repeat the above exercise, but a
Page 591 and 592:
14: Inheritance & Composition One o
Page 593 and 594:
int i; public: X() { i = 0; } void
Page 595 and 596:
public: Y() { i = 0; } int change()
Page 597 and 598:
The solution is simple: Call the co
Page 599 and 600:
This makes built-in types act a lit
Page 601 and 602:
#define CLASS(ID) class ID { \ publ
Page 603 and 604:
properly reverse the order of the c
Page 605 and 606:
in the new class. In the next chapt
Page 607 and 608:
Name hiding comes into play here be
Page 609 and 610:
~GameBoard() { cout
Page 611 and 612:
ecause that function was not explic
Page 613 and 614:
implementation hiding themselves, s
Page 615 and 616:
} operator ifstream&() { return fil
Page 617 and 618:
inherit privately, you’re “impl
Page 619 and 620:
int read() const { return i; } void
Page 621 and 622:
organic, evolutionary creature, rat
Page 623 and 624:
your diagrams any way you find help
Page 625 and 626:
Child object to a Parent& (if you c
Page 627 and 628:
#include #include using namespace
Page 629 and 630:
types inside the new type. Typicall
Page 631 and 632:
class BusinessTraveler from Travele
Page 633 and 634:
15: Polymorphism & Virtual Function
Page 635 and 636:
quickly see the usefulness of this
Page 637 and 638:
“narrow” that interface, but ne
Page 639 and 640:
virtual void play(note) const { cou
Page 641 and 642:
class Brass : public Wind { public:
Page 643 and 644:
The keyword virtual tells the compi
Page 645 and 646:
pointer (the VPTR) into the structu
Page 647 and 648:
instrument pointer brass object VPT
Page 649 and 650:
call word ptr [bx+4] Finally, the s
Page 651 and 652:
from the previous assembly-language
Page 653 and 654:
instrument virtual void play() virt
Page 655 and 656:
cout
Page 657 and 658:
may be a common piece of code that
Page 659 and 660:
virtual string sit() const { return
Page 661 and 662:
the examples you’ve seen here, an
Page 663 and 664:
exists) and Dog, which no longer ex
Page 665 and 666:
x = d2.f(); //! d2.f(s); // string
Page 667 and 668:
int main() { Bird b; Cat c; Pet* p[
Page 669 and 670:
Order of constructor calls The seco
Page 671 and 672:
that is called last. This is anothe
Page 673 and 674:
int main() { Base1* bp = new Derive
Page 675 and 676:
The only distinction occurs when yo
Page 677 and 678:
ely on portions of an object that h
Page 679 and 680:
} Object* peek() const { return hea
Page 681 and 682:
Creating containers that hold Objec
Page 683 and 684:
using namespace std; class Shape {
Page 685 and 686:
picture” of class relationships.
Page 687 and 688:
12. Create a model of a greenhouse
Page 689 and 690:
has no default constructor, so why
Page 691 and 692:
16: Introduction to Templates Inher
Page 693 and 694:
} int pop() { return stack[top > 0
Page 695 and 696:
need an object, create it with new,
Page 697 and 698:
object-based hierarchy with its con
Page 699 and 700:
code. The container no longer holds
Page 701 and 702:
In main( ), you can see how easy it
Page 703 and 704:
people see software as a service, a
Page 705 and 706:
} }; class Number { float f; public
Page 707 and 708:
}* head; public: Stack() : head(0)
Page 709 and 710:
changeable throughout the lifetime
Page 711 and 712:
#ifndef AUTOCOUNTER_H #define AUTOC
Page 713 and 714:
The destructor for CleanupCheck doe
Page 715 and 716:
in the program, and you don’t nec
Page 717 and 718:
int main() { Stack ac; // Ownership
Page 720 and 721:
array, copying the old array to the
Page 722 and 723:
of the underlying container) for an
Page 724 and 725:
} friend ostream& operator
Page 726 and 727:
} // Jump an iterator forward itera
Page 728 and 729:
void push(T* dat) { head = new Link
Page 730 and 731:
dereference operator performs the e
Page 732 and 733:
To create the end sentinel: iterato
Page 734 and 735:
} inflate(); storage[next++] = elem
Page 736 and 737:
int main() { { // To force destruct
Page 738 and 739:
class Square : public Shape { publi
Page 740 and 741:
drawAll(p); cout
Page 742 and 743:
that, to acquire a library from a t
Page 744 and 745:
16. (Advanced) Modify PointerToMemb
Page 746 and 747:
Although many of these issues have
Page 748 and 749:
Begin and end comment tags A very i
Page 750 and 751:
void func(int a) { you immediately
Page 752 and 753:
The issue of where to put the openi
Page 754 and 755:
Use of require( ) and assure( ) The
Page 756 and 757:
also from the insights of friends i
Page 758 and 759:
elationship where it doesn’t exis
Page 760 and 761:
22. Don’t use private inheritance
Page 762 and 763:
than global variables, although you
Page 764 and 765:
the heap, the catcher must know to
Page 766 and 767:
has enough information to deal with
Page 768 and 769:
768 Thinking in C++ www.BruceEckel.
Page 770 and 771:
C Thinking in C: Foundations for Ja
Page 772 and 773:
Analysis & Design Extreme Programmi
Page 774 and 775:
mathematical determinism and the il
Page 776 and 777:
# compiler under dos: { all } # Obj
Page 778 and 779:
C07:MemTest.cpp C09:Cpptime.cpp C12
Page 780 and 781:
Index -, 177 --, 178 !, 177 !=, 172
Page 782 and 783:
linking compiled C code with C++, 4
Page 784 and 785:
declaration, 93, 245, 256 analyzing
Page 786 and 787:
static member, 378, 440, 477 using
Page 788 and 789:
Love, Tom, 777 lvalue, 170, 358 mac
Page 790 and 791:
organization code, 260 code in head
Page 792 and 793:
short, 145 side effect, 170, 178 si
Page 794 and 795:
assembly-language code generated by
Page 796 and 797:
MindView Ad Space 796
show all

Thinking in C++ 2nd ed Volume 1 Revision 6

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?