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JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.12, NO.2, JUNE, 2012 159 function and its application to eye detection for human face recognition”, Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol.19, No.9, pp.899-906, Jul., 1998. [3] Q. Ji, and X. Yang, “Real-Time Eye, Gaze, and Face Pose Tracking for Monitoring Driver Vigilance”, Real-Time Imaging, Vol.8, No.5, pp.357-377, Oct., 2002. [4] Robert J. K. Jacob, “The Use of Eye Movements in Human-Computer Interaction Techniques: What You Look At is What You Get,” ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), Vol.9, No.2, Apr., 1991. [5] Z. Zhu, Q. Ji, “Robust real-time eye detection and tracking under variable lighting conditions and various face orientations,” Computer Vision and Image Understanding, Vol.98, No.1, pp.124-154, Apr., 2005. [6] A. L. Yuille, P W. Hallinan, and D. S. Cohen, “Feature Extraction from Faces Using Deformable Templates,” International Journal of Computer Vision, Vol.8, No.2, pp.99-111, 1992. [7] X. Xie, R. Sudhakar, and H. Zhuang, “On improving eye feature extraction using deformable templates,” Pattern Recognition, Vol.27, No.6, pp.791-799, Jun., 1994. [8] K. Lam, and H. Yan, “Locating and extracting the eye in human face images,” Pattern Recognition, Vol.29, No.5, pp.771-779, May, 1996. [9] A. Pentland, B. Moghaddam, and T. Starner, “View-Based and Modular Eigenspaces for Face Recognition,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'94), pp.84-91, 1994. [10] W. Huang, and R. Mariani, “Face Detection and Precise Eyes Location,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'00), Vol.4, pp.722-727, 2000. [11] J. Huang, H. Wechsler, “Eye Detection Using optimal Wavelet Packets and Radial Basis Functions (RBFs),” International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Vol.13, No.7, pp.1009-1025, 1999. [12] S. A. Sirohey, A. Rosenfeld, “Eye detection in a face image using linear and nonlinear filters,” Pattern Recognition, Vol.34, No.7, pp.1367-1391, 2001. [13] T. D'Orazio, M. Leo, G.Cicirelli, and A. Distante, “An Algorithm for real time eye detection in face images”, in Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'04), Vol.3, 2004. [14] K. Lin, J. Huang, J. Chen, and C. Zhou, “Real-time Eye Detection in Video Streams,” Fourth International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC'08), pp.193-197, Oct., 2008. [15] A. Amir, L. Zimet, A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, and S. Kao, “An embedded system for an eye-detection sensor”, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, Vol.98, No.1, pp.104-123. Apr., 2005. [16] B. Jun, and D. Kim, “Robust Real-Time Face Detection Using Face Certainty Map”, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.4642, pp.29-38, 2007. [17] I. Choi, and D. Kim, “Eye Correction Using Correlation Information,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.4843, pp.698-707, 2007. [18] B. Fröba, and A. Ernst, “Face Detection with the Modified Census Transform,” in Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FGR'04), pp.91-96, May 2004. [19] Y. Freund, and R. E. Schapire, “A Decision- Theoretic Generalization of On-Line Learning and an Application to Boosting,” Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences, Vol.55, pp.119-139, Aug., 1997. [20] Y. Freund, and R. E. Schapire, “A Short Introduction to Boosting,” Journal of Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence, Vol.14, No.5, pp.771-780, 1999. [21] P. Viola and M. Jones, “Fast and Robust Classification using Asymmetric AdaBoost and a Detector Cascade,” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol.2, pp.1311- 1318, 2002. [22] S. Jin, D. Kim, T. T. Nguyen, D. Kim, M. Kim and J. W. Jeon, “Design and Implementation of a Pipelined Datapath for High-Speed Face Detection Using FPGA,” IEEE Transaction on Industrial Informatics, Vol.8, No.1, pp.158-167, Feb., 2012. [23] V. Jain and E. L. Miller, “FDDB: A Benchmark for Face Detection in Unconstrained Setting,” Technical Report UM-CS-2010-009, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst,
160 DONGKYUN KIM et al : AN FPGA-BASED PARALLEL HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR REAL-TIME EYE DETECTION 2010. http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/fddb [24] K. Peng, L. Chen, S. Ruan, and G. Kukharev, “A Robust Algorithm for Eye Detection on Gray Intensity Face without Spectacles,” Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Vol.5, No.3, pp.127-132, 2005. [25] P. Wang and Qiang Ji, “Learning Discriminant Features for Multi-View Face and Eye Detection,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2005. [26] Q. Wang and J. Yang, “Eye Detection in Facial Images with Unconstrained Background,” Journal of Pattern Recognition Research, Vol.1, pp.55-62, 2006. [27] T. Akashi, Y. Wakasa, K. Tanaka, S. Karungaru, and M. Fukumi, “Using Genetic Algorithm for Eye Detection and Tracking in Video Sequence,” Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics, Vol.5, No.2, pp.72-78, 2007. [28] H.-J. Kim and W.-Y. Kim, “Eye Detection in Facial Images using Zernike Moments with SVM,” ETRI Journal, Vol.30, No.2, 2008. [29] M. Shafi and P. W. H. Chung, “A Hybrid Method for Eyes Detection in Facial Images,” International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Vol.42, pp.231–236, 2009. [30] H. Liu and Q. Liu, “Robust Real-Time Eye Detection and Tracking for Rotated Facial Images under Complex Conditions,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Natural Computation, 2010. Dongkyun Kim received B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea, in 2007 and 2009, respectively. He is currently working toward a Ph.D. degree with the School of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University. His research interests include image/speech signal processing, embedded systems, and real-time applications. Junhee Jung received a B.S. degree in the School of Information and Communication Engineering from Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, in 2009 and an M.S. degree in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering from Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, in 2011, respectively. His interests include image processing, computer vision and SoC. Thuy Tuong Nguyen received a B.S. (magna cum laude) degree in computer science from Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in 2006, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea, in 2009 and 2012, respectively. His research interests include computer vision, image processing, and graphics processing unit computing. Daijin Kim received a B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, in 1981, an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Taejon, 1984, and a Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, in 1991. He is currently Professor in the Department of Computer Science Engineering at POSTECH. His research interests include intelligent fuzzy system, soft computing, genetic algorithms, and hybridization of evolution and learning.
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