Landscape architecture role in mitigating negative ... - UNU-WIDER

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management or policy plans. Some may also apply an additional specialism such as landscape archaeology or law to the process of landscape planning. 6 4.3. Landscape architecture is a multi‐disciplinary field Landscape architecture is a multi‐disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of: Geography, & ecology environmental psychology, horticulture, industrial design, geology & the earth sciences, the fine arts, botany, architecture, The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate office parks, from the design of residential estates to the design of civil infrastructure and the management of large wilderness areas or reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills. Landscape architects work on all types of structures and external space ‐ large or small, urban, suburban and rural, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (planted) materials, while integrating ecological sustainability. The most valuable contribution can be made at the first stage of a project to generate ideas with technical understanding and creative flair for the design, organization, and use of spaces. The landscape architect can conceive the overall concept and prepare the master plan, from which detailed design drawings and technical specifications are prepared. They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work. Other skills include preparing design impact assessments, conducting environmental assessments and audits, and serving as an expert witness at inquiries on land use issues. They can also support and prepare applications for capital and revenue funding grants. 7 Figure 6. Landscape architecture is a multi‐disciplinary field 4.4. Major landscape architecture Fields of activity The variety of the professional tasks that landscape architects collaborate on is very broad, but some examples of project types include: a. The planning, form, scale and sitting of new developments b. Civil design and public infrastructure c. Sustainable development d. Storm water management including rain gardens, green roofs, groundwater recharge, and treatment wetlands e. Campus and site design for public institutions and government facilities f. Parks, botanical gardens, arboretums, greenways, and nature preserves g. Recreation facilities; i.e.: playgrounds, golf courses, theme parks and sports facilities h. Housing areas, industrial parks and commercial developments i. Estate and residence landscape master planning and design j. Highways, transportation structures, bridges, and transit corridors k. Urban design, town and city squares, waterfronts, pedestrian schemes, and parking lots l. Large to small urban renewal planning and design
m. Natural park, tourist destination, and recreating historical landscapes, and historic garden appraisal and conservation studies n. Reservoirs, dams, power stations, reclamation of extractive industry applications or major industrial projects and mitigation o. Environmental assessment and landscape assessment, planning advice and land management proposals. p. Coastal and offshore developments and mitigation q. Ecological Design any aspect of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with natural processes and sustainability. 8 Figure 7. Major landscape architecture Fields of activity 4.5. Problem of Designing public space in MINA cities: Neglecting the role of Landscape Architecture in design public spaces affects climate change results. Landscape Architecture elements in both Softscape species (shrubs, trees, ground cover, …) and hardscape materials (type of tiles, smart material, light structure, …), are playing significant factor in increased city urban and rural problems in many forms such as: i. Increasing city temperatures ii. rising seas level iii. increased incidence of severe storms iv. forming slum areas v. deterioration of living standard vi. Deterioration of quality of live. vii. decline quality of lives economically, viii. desertification environmentally and socially In some states, provinces, municipalities, and jurisdictions, such as Ontario, Canada and Santa Barbara, California, all designs for public space must be reviewed and approved by licensed landscape architects. Unfortunately in MINA cities design public spaces in major projects always come within urban design projects as complementary stage, so no clear approval is required in such landscape architecture work in such urban and planning projects. Therefore, negative impacts always occurred. Consequently, the proposed designs become below standard and always follow no sound base of environmental issues in its design and neglect botany, horticulture, industrial design, geology and the earth sciences, environmental psychology, geography, and ecology. 9 4.5.1. Garbage City ….or What It is question that always came to surface, but No, it is not just trash talk or slang for some city slum – this place really is known as Garbage City with good reason; its denizens live in a surreal urban landscape with waste stuffed in every spare corner, stacked on the sidewalks and surrounding every structure – More amazing than the trash-strewn architecture and garbage - stuffed city streets is the strange fact that this place is fully occupied and abuzz with activity. People live, work, eat and sleep within this object graveyard outside the city center. Spaces not occupied by people are given over to livestock (fed with trash scraps) & guerrilla urban gardens.
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