Landscape architecture role in mitigating negative ... - UNU-WIDER

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1.2. Significance of the study: The Significance of the studying Landscape Architecture Role in Mitigating Negative Climate Change is to explore a unique vision to control the adverse impacts of the climate changes upon human life and urban quality. 1.3. Motivation of selecting Landscape architecture effects in facing Climatic changes impacts: So, aims to show how Landscape Architecture science in urban environment can help address problems facing humanity due to Climate change, we have to understand the focus and field of Landscape architecture work. It would be achieved through creating knowledge and understanding on a complex area of interrelationships between human actions and environment under the umbrella of Landscape Architecture and defining specific solutions that can address the problem if applied on an urban large scale 1.4. Study Idea A global vision to deal with Landscape Architecture role whenever we deal with Climatic changes impacts. Comprehensive policy should deal with these impacts. MENA cities have limited technical resources and vision, especially with the dramatic political changes. Comprehensive policy that consider MENA cities resources and problems have to be sit, which need technical studies and expertise team work as well. This policy has to consider three main targets to be improved 1.5. Aim of the study The aim of the study is to present guide lines the role of Landscape Architecture in reducing the adverse impacts of climatic changes upon city urban life. This aim could be achieved by implementing regional policy that unique the efforts of MENA cities using Landscape Architecture elements. Creating regional policy with emphasis of strategies following by action plans in pilot projects will explore the Landscape Architecture significant in controlling the impact of climatic changes impacts. Formatting Landscape Architecture Chapter in MENA cities can take the responsibility in managing MENA cities efforts and prepare homogeneous policy between them targeting city that can manage the efforts of in Mitigating Negative Climate Change Impacts Upon Urban Environment 2. Climate change is a sustainable development issue: 2.1. A sustainable city, and eco-city A sustainable city, or eco-city is a city designed with consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane, and water pollution .Richard Register first coined the term "eco-city "in his 1987 book, Eco-city Berkeley :building cities for a healthy future.2 Another leading figure who envisioned the sustainable city is architect Paul F .Downton, who later founded the company Ecopolis Pty Ltd .The field of industrial ecology is sometimes used in planning these cities. A sustainable city can feed itself with minimal reliance on the surrounding countryside, and power itself with renewable sources of energy .The crux of this is to create the smallest possible ecological footprint, and to produce the lowest quantity of pollution possible, to efficiently use land; compost used materials, recycle it or convert waste-to-energy, and thus the city's overall contribution to climate change will be minimal, if such practices are adhered to. It is estimated that around 50 %of the world’s population now lives in cities and urban areas .
These large communities provide both challenges and opportunities for environmentally conscious developers .In order to make them more sustainable, building design and practice, as well as perception and lifestyle must adopt sustainability thinking . 3 2.2. Climate change and dangerous threats In general, Climate change is one of the most dangerous threats ever faced by humankind. Fuelled by two powerful human‐induced forces that have been unleashed by development and manipulation of the environment in the industrial age, the effects of urbanization and climate change are converging in ways which threaten to have unprecedented negative impacts on urban quality of life, and economic and social stability (unhabitat, Global Report on Human Settlements 2011). In particular, most of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) cities are located in vulnerable countries specially with the local and narrow vision of decision makers and policy designers. Therefore, indicators of the relation between Climate changes and Landscape Architecture role upon sustainable development can be informative for climate change and in other hand clarify the image in prober way. Consequently, many warning signs from the academic side and many alarms raised in many specific conferences and symposiums but never less shortage of practical steps to face such resulted problems from the climatic change. On the other hand, in Middle East and North Africa countries (MENA), authorities' actions that had been taken to deal with the phenomena of climatic change and to can manage and to control the resulted problems are still fragile and not efficient. Even the shay proceedings to develop practical policy are not enough to realize on in dealing with the resulted urban and rural problems. 2.3. Climate change subject is a sustainable development Furthermore, It should be considered that Climate change subject is a sustainable development issue, not just an environmental concern, that: i. Climate change threatens to erase progress made in achieving sustainable development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. ii. Greenhouse gas emissions depend on economic and technological pathways. iii. iv. Current emissions impact on the living conditions of future generations. Poor and vulnerable countries are expected to face the greatest burden of climate change, while having contributed the least to the problem. Actions toward dealing with climatic changes impacts within city urban areas or rural region as well should have unique vision in MENA cities. For instance, In Egypt, authority creates action levels to manage City problems, which were varying between the general master plan till and the governmental on the following levels: i. Regional level, Through the regional plan of the region. ii. Governmental level, Through general report for governorate planning. Urban development plan for the Governorate. In addition to the local governmental legislation. The development report. iii. local level Through the general master plan for cities such. 4 3. Climate change and MENA cities Unfortunately, Climate Change shade Middle East and North Africa (MENA) cities with serious direct and indirect environmental problem. These problems are not limited to urban areas but extended to the rural areas as well. Urban and rural problems outcomes marginalized populations in urban areas in the form of desertification, sea level rise, forming slum areas,
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Landscape architecture role in mitigating negative ... - UNU-WIDER

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