Landscape architecture role in mitigating negative ... - UNU-WIDER

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deterioration of quality of live and living standard, low quality of lives economically, environmentally and socially. It should be noted that deal with climate change is a thorny issue, involving direct impacts or synergistic effects upon physical, social, economic, organizational (administrative) and environmental conditions to be made by local residents, population groups, businessmen and local authorities, in order to enhance integration of important roles of the public sector into the contributions of global world; all through constructive and fruitful cooperation. 3.1. Climate change impacts upon MENA cities Generally, climate changes have enormous impacts upon urban areas in (MENA) cities as developing countries. The known and growing effects of climate change (increased temperatures, rising seas, and increased incidence of severe storms) will be especially significant for cities due to the location of many along the coast (Peter Feiden, August 2011). Population in the MENA cities in particular with the capital assets is at risk in national economies, especially the port cities. Consequently within MENA cities zone, urban communities have some of the potential impacts on prairie cities which included: i. longer summer recreational season and shorter winter season ii. increased heat stress and decreased air quality iii. increased demand for air conditioning but reduced winter heating demand iv. decreased need for snow removal v. invasion of new insects and diseases Given all these potential impacts, almost all cities “departments” will be affected by climate change including: i. transportation ii. garbage collection iii. human safety iv. parks and recreation v. snow and ice control vi. energy use vii. water and sewage iii. pest control x. horticulture x. construction and building codes xi. hazards (blizzards, wind storms, cold ..etc) 3.2. Climate change impacts upon MENA cities are not sharp limited: As explored above, climate change impacts upon urban areas are not sharp limited, but to clarify the idea, for instance, it had potential impacts upon: i. Infrastructure, “Cities have become increasingly dependent on their lifelines, including transportation systems (e.g., air, water, road and rail) that move people and goods; water and electric power supply systems; and sewers and waste removal systems. All of these elements have become essential in the modern city, making them points of vulnerability.” ii. “Due to climate change urban areas' infrastructure is increasingly forced to withstand more frequent and extreme weather events, more climate variability, and changes in climate norms. iii. Economic, globally, it is estimated that the overall costs of climate change will be equivalent to losing at least 5% of global GDP each year. According to these estimates, As the climate changes the increase in extreme weather events may double the annual costs in the coming decades and account for 10% to 20% of the total economic impact of climate change. From an urban perspective many of these economic costs will incur in cities. 3.3. Global climate change and urbanization ‘It is wellnigh universally agreed by men of all parties… that it is deeply to be deplored that people should continue to stream into the already overcrowded cities’ (Ebeneezer Howard, 1898). But, considering that the tensions between ‘economic growth’ and ‘basic services’ agendas should be studied well. Rather, to complete the image, in most of MINA cities, the complex relationships between density and emissions; vulnerability. These cities are varying in
size, characteristics and shape. The ‘different sizes and shapes of cities imply different geographical advantages’ (Batty 2008). It should be noted that density is one key issue. The relation between Urban Density and Greenhouse Gas Emissions depends on the following factors: i. The relative contribution of cities ii. Patterns of mobility iii. Housing densities and energy consumption. 5 3.4. Climate change and urbanization in MENA cities: In MINA areas, most of the cities are characterized by high density and crowded. Attention from MENA cities towards Climate Change and its linkages between urbanization and climate change are positively developed. Illustrate the significant contribution of Landscape Architecture within urban areas due to climate change is one of the important item in sharing the public participation to the problem, while at the same time highlighting the potentially devastating effects of climate change on urban populations' environment. It reviews policy responses, strategies and practices that are emerging in urban areas to mitigate and adapt to climate change, as well as their potential achievements and constraints. Figure 1. Alexandria, costal city suffer from climatic changes impacts. In urbanization process, the primary task of municipal leaders is to care for their own citizens, as entity concern. Climate change is affecting municipal policy because it is public institutions who decide on “land‐use planning, adopting construction codes, Building design and are responsible for the investments in general and prevention measures. Therefore, decision makers will need to become as informed as possible about climate change impacts. However, successful responses to the challenges of climate change will require change in how urban areas operate. Such response also requests enhancement of coordination between local governments, civil society, community and private sector stakeholders, while at the same time building new connection between central power structures and marginalized segments of urban populations. Table 1, shows the major Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas: (Changes in Means) Change Urban impacts Health impacts i. Temperature Increased energy demand for heating / cooling; worsening of air quality Increased vulnerability to /respiratory; diseases young؛ and elderly particularly at risk ii. Precipitation Increased risk of flooding; increased risk of landslides; distress migration iii. Sea‐level rise Coastal flooding; Stalinization of water sources Increase water‐borne and water‐washed diseases; food shortages and malnutrition Loss of land and property; health problems from salinated water (especially children)
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Landscape architecture role in mitigating negative ... - UNU-WIDER

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