COGNITO - Inserm

COGNITO 

2012 

Introduction 

Construction of the 

battery 

Getting started 

Administration 

How to administer 

the tests and record 

performance 

Results 

How performance is 

recorded in the 

Results file 

Page 2 

Page 4 

Page 29

Introduction 

COGNITO is a computerized neuropsychometric examination 

based on well-known cognitive tests designed for both 

cognition research and clinical assessment. It was originally 

developed with MacIntosh Hypercard software (version ECO) 

for use in both population and clinical studies of brain ageing 

and has now been up-dated into Flash, thus extending its 

hardware possibilities. The original version was used in a 

prospective population study from general practice from which 

normative data was derived, and the ability of the battery to 

detect difficulties in information processing two years prior to 

the diagnosis of dementia was also established. The battery has 

been subsequently used to track cognitive changes due to 

depression, following anesthesia, as a consequence of 

anticholinergic drug use, and in the development of diagnostic 

criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). More recently 

COGNITO has been used to monitor cognitive changes during 

treatment in schizophrenia. COGNITO assesses reaction time, 

primary and working memory (an articulation sub-test further 

permitting identification of problems related to the articulatory 

loop) visuospatial and verbal secondary memory (with free, 

cued and multiple choice paradigms) , implicit learning 

(priming), language skills (word and syntax comprehension, 

naming, verbal fluency), functional and semantic 

categorization of visual data (visual reasoning and form 

perception), focused and divided attention (visual and auditory 

modalities) and crystallized intelligence (vocabulary). 

Responses are made via a tactile screen which permits the 

recording of response latency (deducting reaction time provides 

an estimation of information processing time). The 

examination may be carried out by trained lay interviewers 

with the possibility of the interviewer’s voice being replaced by 

pre-recorded instructions. The interpretation of the results can 

only, however, be made by a clinician competent in 

neuropsychology. Qualitative aspects of performance 

(perseveration, intrusions, visual field neglect) are also 

recorded. The test is suitable for children over 12 and adults of 

any age provided they are able to read, hear instructions and 

see the words and images. Practice trials are given which may 

be repeated until the subject has understood what is required. 

In order to be able to test highly performing persons some of 

the tasks become very challenging, so some tests stop 

automatically after repeated failures to avoid discouragement. 

The examination takes 45 minutes to an hour to complete 

depending on the ability of the subject. While it is possible to 

select and administer specific tests, it is suggested that the 

whole battery be given where possible in order to standardize 

fatigue effects and the time delay between the presentation of 

memory stimuli and the recall trials. 

2

GETTING STARTED 

Home page 

Identification page 

Subject details and test selection 

1. HOME PAGE 

2. IDENTIFICATION 

3. SUBJECT DETAILS 

On this page select either 

the French or the English 

version of COGNITO. 

From this page you may 

start a new testing session, 

complete an examination 

which has already been 

started or exit from the 

battery. 

You must select one of 

these options by the mouse 

or touching the screen in 

order to proceed with the 

examination or end the 

session. 

In order to begin testing a 

file name must be entered. 

This will be the name given 

to the Results file which 

will appear automatically 

on the Desktop upon 

completion of the 

examination. 

You may then either cancel 

the session (in which case 

no file will be created) or 

touch Enter in order to 

continue. 

The date and time of the 

examination will be entered 

automatically but may be 

modified. Age, sex and a 

subject identifier must be 

given. The interviewer may 

add remarks here relating 

to test conditions. 

The Summary button will 

show the list of tests and 

those which have already 

been administered (in the 

case of redoing the battery). 

A filled in white dot next to 

the test name indicates a 

completed test, a half-filled 

dot an uncompleted test. 

See page 5 for further 

functions on this menu.The 

Start button commences 

testing. 

3

1. REACTION TIME The test measures simple reaction time using the dominant hand. When a 

stimulus (a clown) appears on the screen, the subject must press the space 

bar. The time recorded appears on the screen. 

After reading the instructions to 

the subject press the Start button 

to begin the 5 Practice trials. 

The subject should have his finger 

just above the space bar in 

preparation for each stimulus. The 

practice trial may be repeated as 

often as necessary if the subject 

has difficulty in understanding the 

instructions or begins to touch the 

bar before the stimulus has 

appeared. 

Trials are given with random inter-trial intervals. 

The reaction time is recorded to one hundredth of a second. A correct 

response will be between 100 and 500 milliseconds. 

If the subject responds before 100 milliseconds it is counted as an 

Anticipation error. If the subject responds between 500 and 2000 

milliseconds it is considered a time Lapse problem (an very slow response - 

subject has probably been distracted from a correct response leading to a 

possible outlier score). If the subject does not respond at all after 2 seconds it 

is considered a failure (Over Time error). 

The test is terminated when the subject has recorded 12 valid responses. A 

maximum of 36 trials may be given. 

The interviewer should only start 

the real test when the instructions 

are understood 

In the Results file the following are recorded: 

- Validity of response for each trial 

- The mean of the 12 valid responses 

- Total number of trials by the subject 

- The number of Anticipation errors 

- The number of time Lapses 

- The number of Over Time errors 

4

2. FAMILIARISATION TASK 

USE OF THE TESTING MENU 

Familiarisation 

This task is designed to familiarize the subject with the tactile screen. It is not scored or recorded 

in the results. The subject is asked to touch the stimulus (the clown from the reaction time test) 

and differentiate two stimuli (name of the clown). The subject then touches the clown at 3 

different places on the screen. 

The testing menu 

Taking the cursor or touching the upper part of the screen will make a menu bar appear in green. 

From this menu the interviewer may activate/disactivate a voice which reads the instructions for 

each test, see the list of tests which have been started and completed, go to the next test or back to 

the last test, return to the COGNITO home page or exit from the battery. This menu accompanies 

every test in the battery. 

5

3. READING AND SYNTAX 

COMPREHENSION 

The test is in two parts. The first a 

simple reading task and the second 

a comprehension task in which the 

subject carries out instructions of 

increasing syntactical complexity. 

The subject is given one practice 

trial. If the subject is unable to read 

and understand the sentences then 

it is unlikely that the results for 

subsequent tests will be valid. Press 

the Start button to commence the 

test. 

The subject is required to read the 

sentence. This is scored by the 

interviewer as C=Correct or 

I=Incorrect. The scoring options 

are activated by passing the mouse 

or touching the upper right hand 

part of the screen. This must be 

done in order to move on to the 

next part of the test. If the subject 

does not respond within 10 seconds 

the next trial is given and a Time 

error noted. 

The subject must now carry out the 

instruction given in the sentence. 

This will be scored as Correct or 

Incorrect in the Results file along 

with the response latency (time 

taken to reply). The subject is given 

5 trials. 

The following appears in the 

Results file: 

- Number of sentences read 

- Number incorrectly read 

- Number correctly 

understood 

- Incorrect response 

corrected 

- Number of Time errors

4. AUDITORY ATTENTION 

The subject is asked to 

discriminate between long and 

short sounds presented at 

variable intervals and to count 

only long sounds. The 

interviewer should use the 

practice trial to determine 

whether the subject has hearing 

difficulties which may hinder the 

completion of the task. Press the 

Start button to begin.The screen 

is blank and the subject should 

look at the screen while counting 

in order to standardize 

competing environmental 

stimuli. 

10 trials are given. After each 

trial a counter appears on which 

the interviewer should note the 

reply given by the subject, then 

press OK to start the next trial. 

The following will appear in the 

Results file: 

- The number of correct 

responses 

- The total number of 

errors 

- The number of 

overestimations 


underestimations 

7

5. VISUAL ATTENTION 

The subject is shown a shape for 

2 seconds then a screen with 

variations on this shape of which 

two are the same. The subject 

must visually locate and touch 

the two similar shapes. When 

the subject touches the correct 

shape it changes from red to 

blue. If a change of colour does 

not occur the subject should be 

asked to touch with a larger 

surface of the fingertip. Two 

practice trials are given. 

10 trials are given. If the subject 

does not respond within 30 

seconds then this is scored a 

Time error and the next trial is 

given. If the subject touches the 

wrong shape then corrects the 

response this is scored as a 

Correction. 


Results file: 

- Number of correct trials 

- Number of incorrect 

trials 

- Number of Time errors 

- Number of nonresponses 

- Time taken for each trial 

- Mean time for the first 

shape all trials 

- Mean time for the 

second shape all trials 

8

6. VISUAL AND AUDITORY 

ATTENTION 

In this “double-task” designed to 

assess working memory, the 

subject must combine the two 

previous tasks; locating the 

shapes and counting the sounds. 

In this task only long sounds are 

presented. The number of sounds 

will vary according to the time 

the subject takes to locate the 

shapes. Two practice trials are 

given. 

Ten trials are given for this test. 

The number of sounds reported 

by the subject are recorded by the 

interviewer on the counter. If the 

subject takes more than ten 

seconds then a Time error is 

recorded and the next trial is 

given. 


Results file: 

- Number correct trials 

- Number incorrect trials 

- Number of Time errors 

- Number of nonresponses 

- Time taken for each trial 

- Mean time for the first 

shape all trials 

- Mean time for the 

second shape all trials 

- Sound counts 

Correct=1; Incorrect=0 

- Total sound counts 

correct 

9

7. STROOP TEST 

The test is presented in three 

parts. In the first the subject 

matches the name of a colour to 

a button of the same name, in the 

second a colour is matched to the 

button with the name and in the 

third the subject matches the 

colour in which the name of the 

colour is written to the colour 

name button. Two practice trials 

are given for each part. 

Trials are given for 45 seconds. If 

45 seconds is reached while the 

subject is making a response the 

trial continues so the subject can 

complete it. However, this final 

response, occurring outside the 

given period, will not be counted. 


Results file: 

- Number of correct 

responses 

- Number of errors 

- Mean time taken for 

correct trials 

- Mean time taken for all 

trials 

- Total time taken 

10

8. ARTICULATION AND 

IMMEDIATE 

RECALL 

The interviewer reads out loud 9 

first names which appear one by 

one on the screen.The subject 

repeats each name. There is no 

practice trial. In the margin of 

the screen the interviewer records 

whether the subject has correctly 

articulated the name (C=Correct; 

I=Incorrect). Accents due to 

English not being the first 

language of the subject are not 

considered articulation errors. 

The interviewer should not 

correct a pronounciation error. 

Articulation problems should be 

taken into account in evaluating 

the “dual task” as they may 

interfere with the “articulatory 

loop” component of working 

memory. A new instruction 

screen appears. The subject is 

now required to look at the 

names which appear for 3 

seconds on the screen in order to 

recall them. 

The interviewer then turns the 

computer screen away from the 

subject who is asked to recall the 

names. For each name correctly 

recalled the interviewer touches 

the circle next to that name. The 

interviewer should recall a 

perseveration (a name already 

given), an intrusion (a name 

which was not part of the recall 

list), and refusal to perform the 

task, by touching the appropriate 

bar. When the subject has 

finished, the interviewer touches 

Validate. 

Recorded in the Results file: 


pronounced 

- Number incorrectly 

pronounced 


recalled 

- Number of intrusions 

- Number perseverations 

- Refusal 

11

9. FACE RECALL 

The names given in the previous 

test are presented with a 

corresponding face which the 

subject is required to recall at a 

later point in the examination. 

Each face is shown for 5 seconds. 

There is no practice trial. 

No results are recorded in the 

Results file 

12

10. VISUO-SPATIAL SPAN 

A screen is presented with 9 

coloured squares. A clown 

appears on one of the squares 

and then moves to another, 

remaining on each for one 

second, with a one second 

interval between appearances. 

A beep signals the end of the 

clown’s “journey” after which 

the subject must repeat the 

journey by touching the 

squares on the screen. 2 

training sessions are given 

with 2 and then 3 squares. The 

subject is given 8 trials of 

increasing length from 2 to 9 

squares. 


Results file : 

- Correct or incorrect 

for each trial 

- The sequence in 

which the squares are 

touched (each square 

has a number for this 

purpose) 

- Time taken to 

complete the trial 

13

11. MATCHING 

GEOMETRIC FIGURES 

This test requires the subject to 

discriminate form and line 

orientation by matching a sample 

complex figure on the left side of 

the screen to one of 6 on the right 

side. The position of the correct 

match changes across trials. 

Distractor figures are designed to 

detect visuospatial field neglect 

and difficulties with line 

orientation. The test is timed. 

The subject has 20 seconds to 

respond. There is one practice 

trial. 

8 trials are given. A “Regret” key 

permits the interviewer to alter 

the initial response if the subject 

declares having made an error. In 

this case the time count 

continues. 



- Response time for each 

trial 

- The figure touched (the 

figures are numbered for 

this purpose) 

- Occurrence of a 

“Regret” or autocorrection 

- Total correct responses 

- Total inversions 

- Total “Regrets” 

- Field neglect 

14

12. PHONEME 

COMPREHENSION 

A word appears on the screen 

and is read by the interviewer. 

A screen with 6 objects then 

appears. The subject touches the 

object illustrating the word 

among 6 objects which include 

shape,phonetic and semantic 

distractors. The subject has 10 

seconds to respond.One practice 

trial is given followed by 10 test 

trials. The test is abandoned after 

one failure to respond within the 

time limit. 




- Time for each correct 

response (when object 

touched and not when 

finger removed from 

screen) 

- Total shape errors 

- Total semantic errors 

- Total phonetic errors 

- Running over time 

- Incorrect response 

15

13. NAMING 

FUNCTIONAL, SEMANTIC AND 

CONCEPTUAL ASSOCIATIONS 

An object appears on the screen which the 

subject names. The interviewer indicates on the 

right margin whether the object has been 

correctly identified by touching ID. If not 

correctly identified the interviewer waits for the 

next panel to appear. One practice trial is 

given. 

From the following screen of 6 objects the 

subject selects the one which belongs with the 

object named. 10 trials are given of which 5 

are functional associations and 5 semantic 

category associations.The interviewer notes 

whether the response is correct=ID; a more 

general term is used=G; a word is given which 

identifies only part of the object=P; other 

errors=0. The interviewer may indicate a series 

of incorrect responses before the correct 

response. The subject must respond within 20 

seconds. 

The following appears in the Results file : 

- Total correct responses ID 

- Total generalizations G 

- Total partial responses P 

- Frequency of running over time limit 

with object recognition 

- Frequency of running over time limit 

with associations 

For each trial : 

- Correct or incorrect 

- Sequence when several responses 

given 

- Generalization absent/present 

- Partial absent/present 

- Other absent/present 

- Number of the associated object 

chosen (objects numbered for this 

purpose) 

- Response time 

16

14. MATRICES 

This test of visuospatial logic 

requires the subject to select from 

the 8 options at the bottom of the 

screen the one which completes 

the logical sequences given in the 

incomplete figure in the top part 

of the screen. Three practice 

trials are given 

15 trials are given. The subject 

must reply within 2 minutes 

otherwise the test moves on to 

the next trial. 



- The number of the 

option chosen 

- Whether correct or 

incorrect 

- Response time 


- Total errors 

- Total time taken 

17

15. DRAWING HOUSE 

The subject is required to copy 

the drawing of a house which 

appears on the screen. A piece of 

blank paper and pencil or black 

pen are provided by the 

interviewer. No practice trial is 

given. The interviewer indicates 

in the top right hand of the 

screen whether the test has been 

possible or not. 

A coding guide is given for the 

interviewer to score the test after 

the completion of the 

COGNITO battery (see section 

25). The interviewer clicks on 

each element which has been 

attempted in the reproduction, 

clicking twice if the element has 

been correctly executed and 

placed, and once if the element is 

present but either badly copied or 

misplaced.The element selected 

changes colour according to the 

number of clicks. 



- Possible or impossible to 

do the test for practical 

reasons (eg injured 

hand). 

- Refusal to perform the 

test 

- Each of the 20 elements 

is scored 0=absent or 

unrecognizable; 

1=present but badly 

done; 2=well executed 

and correctly placed 

- Perspective is indicated 

0=no; 1=yes 

18

16. DRAWING ABSTRACT 

FIGURE 

The subject is required to copy 

the drawing of an abstract figure 

which appears on the screen. A 

piece of blank paper and pencil 

or black pen are provided by the 

interviewer. No practice trial is 

given. The interviewer indicates 

in the top right hand of the 

screen whether the test has been 

possible or not. 

A coding guide is given for the 

interviewer to score the test after 

the completion of the 

COGNITO battery (see section 

25). The interviewer clicks on 

each element which has been 

attempted in the reproduction, 

clicking twice if the element has 

been correctly executed and 

placed within the whole. 



- Possible or impossible to 

do the test for practical 

reasons eg injured hand 

- Refusal to perform the 

test 

- Each of the 20 elements 

is scored 0=absent or 

unrecognizable; 

1=present but badly 

done; 2=well executed 

and correctly placed 

- Perspective is indicated 

0=no; 1=yes 

19

17. DELAYED RECALL OF 

NAMES 

The subject is required to recall 

the list of names learned 

previously. The interviewer must 

turn the screen away from the 

subject in order to score 

responses. As with the previous 

trial the interviewer records 

perseverations, intrusions, and 

refusals and validates the 

completion of the test. A second 

trial is given with a letter prompt 

(names beginning with C, J and 

M). For the third trial the subject 

is shown the computer screen 

and asked to select the names 

previously learnt from a list 

including distractor names. 

Recorded in the Results file for 

the first two tasks: 


recalled 

- Number of intrusions 

- Number of 

perseverations 

- Refusal 

For the recognition task : 


identified 

- Number falsely 

identified 

- Refusal 

20

18. NAME FACE 

ASSOCIATION 

The subject is shown a series of 

18 faces of which 9 were 

previously associated with 

names. The subject decides 

whether the face appeared 

before. If yes, the interviewer 

records the response as Y; if not 

as N. If the subject says they 

have already seen the face, the 

name is asked for. Following the 

subject’s response the name is 

shown and scored as true=T or 

false=F. 



- Number of correctly 

recognized faces 

- Number of correctly 

recognized names 

- Number of correct 

name/face associations 

- Number of falsely 

recognized faces 

21

19. VERBAL FLUENCY 

SEMANTIC CUE 

The subject is required to name 

all the vegetables they can think 

of within one minute. No 

practice trial is given. The 

interviewer records each correct 

response, intrusion or 

perseveration on the appropriate 

response bars. The time lapse is 

given by a moving scale. 



- Total number of correct 

responses at 15 seconds 







- Total number of 

intrusions at 15 seconds 








perseverations at 15 

seconds 



seconds 



seconds 



seconds 

22

20. VERBAL FLUENCY 

PHONEMIC CUE 

The subject is required to name 

as many objects as they can think 

of beginning with the letter P 

within one minute. No practice 

trial is given. The interviewer 

records each correct response, 

intrusion or perseveration on the 

appropriate response bars. The 

time lapse is given by a moving 

scale. 





















seconds 



seconds 



seconds 



seconds 

23

21. NARRATIVE RECALL 

The test requires the subject to 

recall a series of elements which 

have a logical sequence. The 

subject is read a short story 

consisting of 27 elements after 

which the interviewer turns the 

screen away and asks the subject 

to recall the story. No practice 

trial is given. 

The interviewer records, in the 

order given by the subject, each 

element recalled. Close 

approximations are acceptable eg 

“struck him” instead of “hit 

him” or “flat” instead of 

“apartment”. The interviewer 

records each intrusion (element 

not included in the story) and 

notes a refusal to do the test. 

When the subject has finished 

the interview touches the 

validation button. There is no 

practice trial or time limit for this 

test. 



- The elements recorded 

and their order 


intrusions 

- A refusal 

24

22. DESCRIPTION RECALL 

This test requires the subject to 

recall a series of elements which 

have a visual sequence. The 

subject is read a short description 

consisting of 27 elements after 

which the interviewer turns the 

screen away and asks the subject 

to recall the story. No practice 

trial is given. 

The interviewer records in the 

order given by the subject each 

element recalled. Close 

approximations are acceptable eg 

“huge” instead of “enormous” or 

“in the centre” instead of “in the 

middle”. The interviewer records 

each inrusion (element not 

included in the story) and notes a 

refusal to do the test. When the 

subject has finished the interview 

the interviewer touches the 

validation button. There is no 

practice trial or time limit for this 

test. 



- The elements recorded 

and their order 


intrusions 

- A refusal 

25

23. VOCABULARY 

This test assesses crystallized 

(acquired) intelligence. A word is 

given on the left of the screen 

and the subject chooses its 

synonym from the choice of 6 

words on the right of the screen. 

Two practice trials are given. The 

interviewer does not read the 

word to the subject. The subject 

is given 10 seconds to respond in 

which case this is counted as an 

error with a response time of 10 

seconds. The trials are of varying 

difficulty. 

35 Trials are given. 



- Refusal or acceptance of 

the test 

- Total number correct 

responses 

- Total number of errors 

- Total number of running 

over time limit 

For each trial: 

- The response chosen 

(number given to each 

option for this purpose) 

- Response time – coded 

10001ms if subject has 

run over time 

26

24. IMPLICIT MEMORY 

The subject is required to 

recognize as soon as possible a 

name which is constructed 

progressively on the screen in 15 

stages. A practice trial is given 

followed by 10 trials in which 5 

names were amongst those learnt 

in the previous name recall tests 

and the other 5 are new 

names.The interviewer presses 

the OK button on the right of the 

screen when the subject 

recognizes the name. If the 

subject gives an incorrect name 

the interviewer should let the 

trial continue with further 

construction of the name until it 

is recognized. 



- Success or failure of 

each trial 

- Number of 

reconstructions 

necessary to arrive at 

correct response 

- If not recognized the 

trial is scored 16 

- Mean for names never 

seen calculated as the 

total number of 

reconstructions for trials 

1+4+5+7+10/5 

- Mean for names already 

learnt 2+3+5+8+9/5 

- Difference between the 

above two 

27

25. CODING OF HOUSE 

AND ABSTRACT 

On the right are the coding 

frames for the copying of the 

house and the abstract figure. 

The instructions for completing 

the frames are given with the 

relevant tests numbers 15 and 16 

on pages 18 and 19. 

28

RESULTS 

On completion of the battery a results file appears on the computer Desktop. Each of the tabs in 

blue at the top of the document designates a test in the order given. By clicking on a tab the results 

are shown for that test. The results are also presented in an Excel table. 

The large number of results produced by the Cognito battery are designed principally for research 

purposes. For everyday clinical use the user also has the option at the end of the test of requesting 

in addition a Brief Clinical Summary which may be saved in the patient’s file or printed. This is a 

list of combined results which give a total score for each of the following : 

1. Mean reaction time 

2. Reading and comprehension of syntax 

3. Auditory attention 

4. Visual attention 

5. Working memory 

6. Stroop test 

7. Immediate verbal recall 

8. Visuo-spatial span 

9. Geometric figure recognition 

10. Word comprehension 

11. Recognition of objects and their functions 

12. Progressive Matrices 

13. Delayed verbal recall 

14. Recognition of faces 

15. Name-Face association learning 

16. Verbal fluency 

17. Recall of text 

18. Vocabulary 

19. Implicit memory 

20. Copying complex designs 

29

PUBLISHED STUDIES USING ECO/COGNITO 

Ritchie K, Allard M, Huppert F, Nargeot C, Pinek B, Ledesert B. Computerized cognitive examination of the elderly : the 

development of a neuropsychological examination for clinic and population use. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993;8:899-914. 

Ritchie K, Touchon J, Ledesert B. Mixed cognitive and affective disorders in the elderly: A prospective study of related disability. 

Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 1998; S6:443-450. 

Ritchie K, Touchon J, Ledesert B. Progressive disability in senile dementia is accelerated in the presence of depression. 

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1998; 13:459-461. 

Touchon J, Ritchie K. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychopharmacology 1998; 1:103- 

109. 

Leibovici D, Ritchie K, Ledesert B, Touchon J. The effects of wine and tobacco consumption on cognitive performance in the elderly: 

A longitudinal study of relative risk. International Journal of Epidemiology 1999; 28:77-81. 

Richards M, Touchon J, Ledesert B, Ritchie K. Cognitive decline in ageing: Are AAMI and AACD distinct entities International 

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1999; 14:534-540. 

Ritchie K, Gilham C, Ledesert B, Touchon J, Kotzki PO. Depressive illness, depressive symptomatology and regional cerebral blood 

flow in elderly people with sub-clinical cognitive impairment. Age and Ageing 1999; 28:385-391. 

Touchon J, Ritchie K. Prodomal cognitive disorder in Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1999; 

14:556-563. 

Ancelin ML, de Roquefeuil G, Ritchie K. Anesthésie et troubles cognitifs postopératoires chez le sujet âgé: Etat des connaissances 

cliniques et épidémiologiques. Revue d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique 2000; 48:459-472. 

Ancelin ML, de Roquefeuil G, Ledesert B, Bonnel F, Cheminal JC, Ritchie K. Exposure to anaesthetic agents, cognitive functioning, 

and depressive symptomatology in the elderly. British Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 178:360-366. 

Ancelin ML, de Roquefeuil G, Ledesert B, Bonnel F, Cheminal JC, Ritchie K. Déclin cognitif postopératoire, symptomatologie 

dépressive et degré d’incapacité physique du sujet âgé après une anesthésie. Année Gérontologique 2001; 15:37-47. 

Artero S, Ritchie K. Late-Onset depressive episodes in the elderly: examination of evidence for a separate nosological entity. 

Psychogeriatrics 2001; 1:194-202. 

Artero S, Touchon J, Ritchie K. Disability and mild cognitive impairment: a longitudinal population-based study. International 

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2001; 16:1092-1097. 

Ritchie K, Artero S, Touchon J. Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: a population-based validation study. Neurology 

2001; 56:37-42. 

Richards M, Touchon J, Ledesert B, Ritchie K. Mild extrapyramidal signs and functional impairment in ageing. International Journal 

of Geriatric Psychiatry 2002; 17(2):150-153. 

Allard J, Artero S, Ritchie K. Consumption of psychotropic medication in the elderly : A re-evaluation of its effects on cognitive 

performance. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2003; 18:874-878. 

Artero S, Ritchie K. The detection of mild cognitive impairment in the general practice setting. Aging and Mental Health 2003; 

7(4):251-258 

Artero S, Tierney MC, Touchon J, Ritchie K. Prediction of transition from cognitive impairment to senile dementia: a prospective, 

longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2003; 107(5):390-393. 

Seeker DL, Merrick PL, Madsen S, Melding P, Brown RG. Test-retest reliability of the ECO computerized cognitive battery for the 

elderly. Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition 2004; 11: 51-57 

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Artero S, Tierney MC, Touchon J, Ritchie K. Prediction of transition from cognitive impairment to senile dementia: a 

prospective, longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2003; 107(5):390-393. 

Ancelin ML, Artero S, Portet F, Dupuy AM, Touchon J, Ritchie K. Non-degenerative mild cognitive impairment in elderly 

people and use of anticholinergic drugs: longitudinal cohort study. British Medical Journal, 2006, Feb 25; 332(7539): 455-9. 

Artero S, Petersen R, Ritchie K. Revised criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment: validation within a longitudinal population 

study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006; 22: 465-470 

Capdevielle D, Ritchie K, Villebrun D, Boulenger JP : Durée d’hospitalisation des patients souffrant de schizophrénie : facteurs 

cliniques de variations et leurs conséquences . L’Encéphale 2009 ; 35 : 90-96 

Capdevielle D, Boulenger JP, Villebrun D, Ritchie K : Durée d’hospitalisation des patients souffrant de schizophrénie : 

implication des systèmes de soins et conséquences médico-économiques. L’Encéphale 2009 ; 35 : 394-399 

Capdevielle D, Boulenger J-P, Villebrun D, Ritchie K. Schizophrenic patients’ length of stay : mental health care implications 

and medicoeconomic consequences L’Encéphale 2009 ; 35 : 394-399 

Ancelin M-L, de Roquefeuil G, Scali J, Bonnel F, Adam J-F, Cheminal J-C, Carrière I, Ritchie K. Long-term post-operativedecline 

in the elderly : the effects of anesthesia type, apolipoprotein E genotype and clinical antecedents Journal of Alzheimer’s 

Disease 2010; 22: 105-103 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Test development 

Karen Ritchie 

Guilhem de Roquefeuil 

Marie-Laure Ancelin 

Alain Besset 

Marie-Christine Nargeot 

Field Testing 


Craig W Ritchie 

Clair Josephs 

Cindy Prudhomme 

Computer development 

Guihem de Roquefeuil 

Michel Courtade 

COGNITO data base 


Sylvaine Artero 

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COGNITO - Inserm

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