Classification of dental cements - VoWi

Classification of dental cements 

Type I: Luting agents* that include temporary 

cements 

– Class 1: powder-liquid -> harden 

– Class 2: paste-paste -> remain soft 

Type II: Luting agents for permanent applications 

Type III: Temporary liner or base applications 

Type IV: Permanent liner or base applications 

*) A material that acts as an adhesive to hold together the casting to the 

tooth structure. 

Biocompatible materials - LV 308.106 

576

Applications of dental cements 

• Underfilling or liner 

(materials for protection 

of dental pulp against mechanical and chemical ) 

· Temporary filling 

· Cover filling (inserted into a prepared cavity in a 

tooth = Filling in general) 

· Temporary or long-life anchorage 

for coronas or filling in root channels 

· Healing cements, e.g. dental zinc oxide eugenol 

cement which is used as temporary sealing material 

having a anodyne , sedative and antiphlogistic 

effect upon oral disease 


577

Requirements for dental cements 

Good thermal, chemical and bacterial isolation 

No or low toxicity 

Low or no tissue irritating effects 

Mechanical strength 

Chemical resistance 

Good sealing and adhesion properties 

No or low electrical conductivity 

Low film thickness 

Adaptable colour, haze ... 

Good processability 

x-ray opacity 


578

ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIALS 

Root canal filling materials consist of 

– tapered gutta-percha (right root) or 

– silver (left root) (or titanium or polymer coated gutta-percha) 

points 

in standard sizes that match the size of the files used. 

The points are cemented in place with root canal sealer 

that is usually a zinc oxide and eugenol preparation. 

Root canal filling materials are used to fill previously 

prepared root canals. They are a part of root canal, or 

endodontic, therapy. 

www.free-ed.net/sweethaven/MedTech/Dental/DentMat/lessonMain.aspiNum=fra0208 


579

GUTTA-PERCHA POINTS 

Gutta-percha points are made from the refined, coagulated, milky exudate of 

trees in the Malay peninsula. Gutta-percha is pink or gray in color. It is 

softened by heat and is easily molded. When cool, gutta-percha maintains its 

shape. Gutta-percha points are used as a root canal filling material. 

Advantages 

(1) They have a high thermal expansion. 

(2) They do not shrink unless used with solvent. 

(3) They are radiopaque, conduct heat poorly, and 

are easy to remove from the root canal. 

(4) They may be kept sterile in antiseptic solution, are 

impervious to moisture, and are bacteriostatic 

(prevent the growth or multiplication of bacteria). 

www.synca.com 

Disadvantages 

(1) They shrink when used with a solvent. 

(2) They are not always easy to introduce into the root canal. 



580

SILVER ROOT CANAL POINTS 

The dentist has the option to use silver root canal points in 

filling a root canal. 

Advantages 

(1) They are more easily inserted than gutta-percha points 

and they have all the same advantages. 

(2) Sight selection of silver points is easy because they come 

in the same sizes and tapers as standard 

root canal broaches and reamers. 

Disadvantages 

(1) They are more expensive than gutta-percha. 

(2) They do not adapt to contours of the root canal. 

(3) They tend to corrode if subjected to body fluids. 



581

Dental impression 

Impression 

materials 

rigid 

flexible 

irreversible 

reversible 

irreversible 

reversible 

ZnO-Eugenol 

paste, 

Plaster 

Thermoplastic 

compositon mass 

e.g. Guttapercha, 

Stent's, Kerr, Waxes 

Elastomers 

Alginate 

Hydrocolloids 

Polysulfide 

(Thiocols) 

Polyether 

Silicones 

condensation 

crosslinked 

addition 

crosslinked 

582

Processing of Elastic 

Impression Materials – Volume Effects 

Curing shrinkage 

Thermal shrinkage 

Storage time dependent shrinkage 


583

Processing of Elastic 

Impression Materials – Volume Effects 


(R. Marxkors/H. Meiners, 1993) 

584

Artificial teeth 

www.trubyte.dentsply.com 


585

Artificial Teeth 

Waxs model 

Metal cuvette 

Hard plaster 

Functioning model 

Cut through a two-sectioned cuvette with embedded wax model on the functioning 

model 



586


State of a thermoplastic material in dependence on the polymerisation 

grade 

degree of polymerisation 



587


Processing 

Powder-liquid-technique: Pearl polymer: Monomer 2 : 1 

Micrograph (grinded) of a Powder-Liquid Technique Polymerised Acrylate, Etched (75x) 



588


Hot polymerisation 

 

 

 

Initiation by temperature increasing 

Heating by a water bath 

Residue monomer! 

– Short time procedure: 

30 min heating, 30 min holding time at 100 °C 

– Medium time procedure: 

60 min at 75 °C, 30 min at 100 °C 

– Long time procedure: 

12 h at 50 °C, 2 h at 120 °C 



589


Auto polymerisation 

Initiation by reduction agent 

Faster than hot polymerisation procedure 

Use of very fine grained powder 

Continuous change in residual monomer content 



590

Dental Implants 

worldental.org/images 


591

Conditions 

„Biological system“ 

– State of the bone and the soft tissues 

i.e., height and width of the jaw bone: the higher and 

thicker the better the conditions for a successful 

implantation 

Width < 5 mm and height < 8 ... 10 mm are critical 

dimensions because bone volume (mass) is to small 

for holding an implant 


592

Conditions 

Sufficient bone density 

Gums (or Gingiva) state: 

– Healthy soft tissue support for the implant 

and the supra construction 

Position of the upper jaw in relation to the 

lower jaw 

– Deflection against ideal position can lead to 

loadings that can not be compensated by the 

materials and/or the design 


593

Caution! 

– Implantation site in the upper jaw 

The bone of the upper jaw flanks the 

maxillary sinus that is connected with 

the nose 

-> inflammation and implant loss if the 

implant penetrates the mucous 

membrane of the maxillary sinus 

Nervus 

mandibularis 


- Implantation site in the lower jaw 

N. mandibularis locates along the side 

of of the lower jaw 

-> numbness in the lower lip and the 

chin if this nerve is injured during the 

operation 

Maxillary sinus 

594

Dental implants - Types 

Transosseous implants: 

– Only used in mandibles 

– These implants are inserted in the jawbone, and penetrate the 

whole jaw -> anchoring at the bottom of the chin by means of a 

pressure plate 

– Disadvantage: general anaesthesia owing to the extraoral surgical 

approach for placement -> longer hospitalisation; bone degradation 

around the posts 

– Materials: CoCr-alloys, CP Ti and gold 


595

Dental implants - Types 

Subperiostal implants: 

– These implants are inserted between the top of the jawbone (onthe-bone) 

and the gum 

– Long-time behaviour: the implants have to be replaced after some 

years (in most of the patients) 5 years upper jaw, 10 years lower jaw 

– Cause: chronic inflammation around the implant posts and 

loosening over time 

Inflammation -> bone degradation + support removal by surgery -> 

crater shaped damage of the jaw -> afterwards problems with 

removable denture 


596

Dental implant - Types 

Endosteal (endosseous) implants: 

– The implants are completely integrated in the jaw (feel and function 

like natural teeth) 

– proper conditions of material selection, design and use -> 

Osseointegration = bone tissue grows around the implant and 

provides anchorage 

– most frequent dental implants today 

Blade, disc, cylinder or screw implants from titanium or metal 

alloys with ceramic coating, ceramics 


597

Osseintegration 


(J.B. Park, Bioceramics, 2008) 

598

Endosteal Implant Types 

Lower jaw without teeth and applied 

blade implant 

Screw and cylinder implants (Ti) 

www.3d-machining.com/3dmedicalspeciality.html 

www.implantat-wissen.de 

disc implant 



osseosource.com/dental-implants 

Customised ZrO 2 dental implant in comparison 

with a conventional implant. Dental Tribune 

Austrian Edition, 12/2008, pp 9-12 

www.bioimplant.at/index- 

Dateien/BioImplantSurgeryVideos.htm 

599

Implant Components 


www.dentalclinicdelhi.com/implants.htm 

600

Implantation 

2 steps 

– 1. Anchorage of the implant in the jaw followed by a healing phase 

(≈ 4 month lower jaw, 6 month upper jaw) 


– 2. Application of the superstructure system: crown, bridge, denture 



601

Implant solutions 


www.commerceimplants.com/dental-implant-solutions.html 

602

Classification of dental cements - VoWi

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