Descarca catalogul - ALB
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Piaţa Instituţiilor Financiare<br />
Nebancare din România - 2012<br />
The Non-Banking Financial<br />
Institutions Market in Romania - 2012<br />
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Publicaţie realizată de<br />
DIPLOMAT CONSULT SRL<br />
pentru<br />
ASOCIAŢIA SOCIETĂŢILOR<br />
FINANCIARE - <strong>ALB</strong> ROMÂNIA<br />
Preşedinte: Antoaneta Curteanu<br />
Vicepreşedinte: Gilles Zeitoun<br />
Secretar General: Adriana Ahciarliu<br />
Adresa: Str. Gaetano Donizetti nr. 3, et. 4,<br />
apart. 10,<br />
Bucureşti, sector 2, cod postal 020182,<br />
România<br />
Tel: 021/ 230.61.52; 021 230.03.50<br />
Fax: 021/230.61.32<br />
E-mail: office_alb@alb-leasing.ro<br />
Web: www.alb-leasing.ro<br />
Redactori şi tehnoredactare computerizată:<br />
Diplomat Consult SRL<br />
Adriana Ahciarliu<br />
Gabriela Magheru<br />
Valeriu Bogdan Pîciu<br />
Distribuţie gratuită prin:<br />
Diplomat Consult SRL<br />
www.office@diplomatconsult.com<br />
Tiparit de: SC Best Print Services SRL<br />
ISSN: 2067 – 5232<br />
ISSN-L 2067 – 5232<br />
Acest catalog se distribuie gratuit<br />
Made by<br />
DIPLOMAT CONSULT SRL<br />
for<br />
FINANCIAL COMPANIES<br />
ASSOCIATION – <strong>ALB</strong><br />
ROMANIA<br />
President: Antoaneta Curteanu<br />
Vicepresident: Gilles Zeitoun<br />
Secretary General: Adriana Ahciarliu<br />
Address: 3, Gaetano Donizetti Street, 4-th<br />
floor, apart. 10,<br />
Bucharest, district 2, postal code 020182,<br />
Romania<br />
Tel: 021/ 230.61.52; 021 230.03.50<br />
Fax: 021/230.61.32<br />
E-mail: office_alb@alb-leasing.ro<br />
Web: www.alb-leasing.ro<br />
Editors and DTP:<br />
Diplomat Consult SRL<br />
Adriana Ahciarliu<br />
Gabriela Magheru<br />
Valeriu Bogdan Pîciu<br />
Distribution free of charge:<br />
Diplomat Consult SRL<br />
www.office@diplomatconsult.com<br />
Printed by: SC Best Print Services SRL<br />
ISSN: 2067 – 5232<br />
ISSN-L 2067 – 5232<br />
This catalogue is available only free of<br />
charge<br />
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Cuprins Table of Content Pag./Page<br />
I. Cuvânt inainte – Antoaneta Curteanu I. Foreword – Antoaneta Curteanu 7<br />
II. De la istoria leasingului şi a creditului<br />
de consum înapoi la mediul macroeconomic<br />
actual – Adriana Ahciarliu<br />
III. Criminalitatea de business – Magda<br />
Luminiţa Dănilă<br />
IV. România riscă procedura de infringement<br />
pentru nerespectarea prevederilor directivei<br />
europene în domeniul TVA – Daniel<br />
Anghel, Diana Coroabă<br />
V. Provocări curente privind aplicarea<br />
practică a reglementărilor contabile de către<br />
instituţiile financiare nebancare – Angela<br />
Manolache<br />
VI. Texte legislative pentru IFN-uri<br />
publicate în perioada iunie 2011 – iunie<br />
2012 (doar versiunea in l.engleză)<br />
II. From history of leasing & consumer<br />
credit back to present macroeconomic environment<br />
– Adriana Ahciarliu<br />
III. Criminal Business Law – Magda<br />
Luminiţa Dănilă<br />
IV. Romania risks to face infringement<br />
procedure for failure to comply with the<br />
European VAT Directive – Daniel Anghel,<br />
Diana Coroabă<br />
V. Current challenges regarding practical<br />
application of accounting regulations by<br />
non-banking financial institutions – Angela<br />
Manolache<br />
VI. Legislation for NBFI issued between<br />
June 2011 to June 2012<br />
11<br />
57<br />
62<br />
67<br />
83<br />
Regulamentul BNR nr. 24/2010 – privind<br />
creditele destinate persoanelor fizice<br />
Regulation No. 24/2010 of the National<br />
Bank of Romania governing loans extended<br />
to individuals<br />
Regulamentul BNR nr. 24/2011 – pri -<br />
vind creditele destinate persoanelor fizice –<br />
modificări<br />
Regulation No. 24/2011 of the National<br />
Bank of Romania governing loans extended<br />
to individuals – amendments<br />
Ordinul BNR nr. 25/2011 privind raportarea<br />
situaţiilor aferente aplicării Regulamen-<br />
tului BNR nr. 11/2011 privind clasificarea<br />
creditelor şi plasamentelor<br />
Order No. 25/2011 of the National Bank<br />
of Romania governing the status reports<br />
on the enforcement of Regulation No.<br />
11/2011 of the National Bank of Romania<br />
governing the classification of credits and<br />
placements<br />
Anexa la Ordinul BNR nr. 25/2011<br />
Annex to NBR Order no. 25/2011<br />
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Ordinul nr. 27 din 27.12.2011 – pentru<br />
aprobarea Reglementărilor contabile conforme<br />
cu directivele europene<br />
Order No. 27/ 27 December 2010 to approve<br />
the accounting regulations harmonised with<br />
the European directives<br />
Ordinul nr. 4 din 8.03.2012 – referitor la<br />
raportarea situaţiei privind clasificarea expunerilor<br />
din credite/credite legate de serviciile<br />
de plată şi necesarul de provizioane<br />
specifice de risc de credit aferent acestora,<br />
aplicabil entităţilor supravegheate de BNR,<br />
altele decât instituţiile de credit + Anexa<br />
Order No. 4 of 8 March 2012 governing<br />
the status reports on the classification of<br />
that are applicable to the entities monitored<br />
by the National Bank of Romania, others<br />
than the credit institutions + Annex<br />
Regulamentul nr. 5 din 08.03.2012 – privind<br />
clasificarea creditelor şi constituirea, regularizarea<br />
şi utilizarea provizioanelor specifice<br />
de risc de credit aplicabil entităţilor supravegheate<br />
de Banca Naţională a României,<br />
altele decât instituţiile de credit + Anexe<br />
Regulation No. 5/8 March 2012 – on credit<br />
classification and the establishment, adjustment<br />
and use of specific credit risk provisions,<br />
applicable to the entities supervised<br />
by the National Bank of Romania, other<br />
than credit institutions + Annex<br />
Legea nr. 9/2012 privind taxa pentru emisiile<br />
poluante provenite de la autovehicule +<br />
Anexe<br />
Law 9/2012 on the motor vehicle emission<br />
tax + Annexes<br />
Ordonanţa de urgenţă nr. 1/2012 pentru<br />
suspendarea aplicării unor dispoziţii ale<br />
Legii nr. 9/2012 privind taxa pentru emisiile<br />
poluante provenite de la autovehicule,<br />
precum şi pentru restituirea taxei achitate<br />
în conformitate cu prevederile art. 4 alin.<br />
(2) din lege.<br />
Emergency Ordinance No. 1/2012 to suspend<br />
the enforcement of certain provisions<br />
of Law No. 9/2012 governing the tax<br />
chargeable on motor-vehicle pollution and<br />
to reimburse the tax paid according to Article<br />
4, paragraph (2) of Law<br />
Ordonanţa de urgenţă nr. 24 din 6.06.2012<br />
- pentru modificarea şi completarea Legii<br />
nr. 571/2003 privind Codul fiscal şi reglementarea<br />
unor măsuri financiar fiscale<br />
Emergency ordinance no. 24 of 6 June 2012<br />
amending and supplementing Law No.<br />
571/2003 governing the Tax Code and regulating<br />
certain financial and tax measures<br />
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Antoaneta Curteanu<br />
Presedintele <strong>ALB</strong><br />
Cuvant inainte<br />
Foreword<br />
Perioada iulie 2011 – iulie 2012, pe care o tratam<br />
in acest anuar, va ramane probabil in istoria<br />
Asociatiei ca una dintre cele mai dificile de la<br />
nasterea ei in 2004. Au trecut 8 ani de la data la<br />
care membrii fondatori au decis sa creeze acest<br />
instrument de lobby al sinergiei unei industrii<br />
ce se definea a fi leasingul si care incepand cu<br />
2006 a fost redefinita ca industria institutiilor<br />
financiare nebancare.<br />
Mandatul membrilor fondatori a fost unul de<br />
constructie a unui cadru legislativ propice unei<br />
asezari si dezvoltari sanatoase a leasingului financiar<br />
si operational in Romania, in contextul<br />
aderarii tarii la Uniunea Europeana. In doi ani<br />
de activitate intensa de lobby Asociatia a reusit<br />
sa “lanseze la apa” trei proiecte importante in<br />
domeniul legislatiei speciale: legea 287/2006 a<br />
leasingului, legea 266/2006 ce defineste cadrul<br />
legislativ al autorizarii, monitorizarii si supravegherii<br />
institutiilor financiare nebancare si<br />
amendarea, in iunie 2006, a articolelor 7, 8 si 25<br />
din Codul fiscal (cu referire la definirea fiscala a<br />
leasingului financiar, operational si a statutului<br />
fiscal al locatorului si locatarului in cele doua<br />
produse principale ale leasingului). Cu acest<br />
pachet legislativ industria leasingului financiar<br />
precum si cea a creditului de consum au pornit,<br />
cu speranta, pe drumul unei dezvoltari concrete<br />
si sanatoase. Cu toate acestea criza care batea<br />
la usa Europei nu a permis acestui sector de activitate<br />
financiara sa atinga maturitatea sa.<br />
The period of time between July 2011 and July<br />
2012 treated in this year-book will probably<br />
remain the most difficult one in the history of<br />
the Association since its establishment in 2004.<br />
Eight years ago the founding members decided<br />
to create this lobby instrument for the synergy<br />
of an industry defined as leasing which was redefined<br />
as the industry of the non-banking financial<br />
institutions in 2006.<br />
The mandate of the founding members was<br />
based on the building of a proper legal framework<br />
for setting up the financial and operational<br />
leasing in Romania on a healthy development<br />
basis in the context of the country’s accession<br />
to the European Union. During two years of<br />
intensive activity the Association managed to<br />
launch three important special legislative projects:<br />
law no. 287/2006, i.e. the leasing law,<br />
law no. 266/2006, i.e. the law defining the legal<br />
framework meant for the authorisation, monitoring<br />
and supervision of the non-banking financial<br />
institutions and, in June 2006, the amendment<br />
of articles 7, 8 and 25 of the Fiscal Code<br />
(related to the fiscal definition of the financial<br />
and operational leasing and of the fiscal statute<br />
of the lessor and of the lessee in the two main<br />
products of the leasing). Based on this legislative<br />
kit the start up of the financial leasing industry<br />
and the consumer credit industry relied<br />
on the expectation of a solid and healthy path of<br />
development. However, the crisis knocking at<br />
the frontiers of Europe did not allow this sector<br />
of financial activity to reach its maturity.<br />
7<br />
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2008 a fost un an de referinta. Anul care a inregistrat<br />
cea mai mare crestere si cea mai mare<br />
scadere semestriala. Prapastia dintre cresterea<br />
semestrului 1 si scaderea semestrului 2 a fost<br />
construita atat de impactul crizei economice si<br />
financiare – criza ce debuta la acea data si in<br />
Romania – dar si de necesitatile fiscale macroeconomice<br />
identificate la acea data. Debutul<br />
crizei, cu o scadere de peste 50% semestru la<br />
semestru si cu inregistrarea primei scaderi anuale<br />
de 3%, a insemnat, de fapt, inceputul unei<br />
noi tendinte pentru industria leasingului, in special,<br />
cat si pentru creditul de consum.<br />
Contextul macroeconomic al scaderii consumului,<br />
al cresterii somajului si al reducerii puterii<br />
de cumparare, ce a urmat, a dus la o crestere<br />
rapida a creditului de consum tip IFN. Creditarea<br />
responsabila, coduri de buna practica,<br />
transparenta si prudentialitatea, promovate de<br />
Banca Nationala a Romaniei, in scopul alinierii<br />
la tendintele europene de limitare a creditarii<br />
neperformante si diminuarii nivelului de credit<br />
cu impact in nivelul de trai al persoanelor fizice,<br />
au devenit termeni cunoscuti pentru actorii pietei<br />
financiar bancare si implicit ai institutiilor<br />
financiare nebancare. Directiva Creditului<br />
de Consum armonizata in Romania a indus o<br />
scadere considerabila, in actualul context al<br />
bugetelor de austeritate, a creditului de consum<br />
manifestat sub forma leasingului.<br />
Leasingul si creditul - industrial si de consum<br />
- au ramas speranta institutiilor financiare nebancare,<br />
in contextul in care austeritatea tintea<br />
mai mult zona consumatorului si mai putin pe<br />
cea a agentilor economici. Cu toate acestea, intarzierea<br />
alinierii prevederilor fiscale la Directivele<br />
Europene, cu precadere in domeniul TVA<br />
sau al taxelor parafiscale, mentin un nivel ridicat<br />
de impredictibilitate si nesiguranta, simtit<br />
cu precadere in acest interval de referinta.<br />
In acest context rolul Asociatiei este acela de<br />
a pastra sinergia membrilor sai, de a gasi so-<br />
2008 has been a reference year. It was the year<br />
registering the biggest growth and the highest<br />
decrease in a semester. The gap between the<br />
growth from semester 1 and the decrease in<br />
semester 2 was created both by the impact of<br />
the economic and financial crisis, a crisis that<br />
began at that time in Romania, too, and by the<br />
fiscal macroeconomic necessities identified at<br />
that time. The beginning of the crisis, with a decrease<br />
exceeding 50% from semester to semester<br />
and with the registration of the first annual<br />
decrease of 3% meant in fact the beginning of<br />
a new trend especially for the leasing industry,<br />
but also for the consumer credit.<br />
The further macroeconomic context involving<br />
a lower consumption, an increased unemployment<br />
and a reduced purchasing power led to a<br />
rapid growth of the consumer credit of a NBFI<br />
type. The responsible lending, the codes of best<br />
practices, the transparency and the prudential<br />
measures promoted by the National Bank of<br />
Romania aiming to reach an alignment to the<br />
European trends for limiting the non-performing<br />
credits and to diminish the level of credit<br />
with an impact over the living standard of the<br />
individuals became usual words for the players<br />
of the banking financial market and, implicitly,<br />
of the non-banking financial institutions. The<br />
Consumer Credit Directive harmonised in Romania<br />
induced an important decrease in the present<br />
context of the austerity budgets of the consumer<br />
credit manifested in the form of leasing.<br />
The leasing and the credit – industrial and consumer<br />
ones – remained the hope of the nonbanking<br />
financial institutions within the context<br />
of an austerity aimed more at the consumer<br />
area and less at the area of the economic agents.<br />
Nevertheless, the alignment delay of the fiscal<br />
provisions to the European Directives, particularly<br />
in the VAT field or in the field of the parafiscal<br />
taxes still maintain a high level of unpredictability<br />
and uncertainty, mostly felt in this<br />
period of reference.<br />
The role of the Association in this context is<br />
to preserve the synergy of its members, to find<br />
8<br />
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lutii viabile de rezolvare a conflictelor fiscale,<br />
in sensul deschiderii usii dialogului social. Fara<br />
dialog social tendinta de scadere a volumului<br />
finantarilor in leasing nu poate fi usor controlata<br />
si stopata. Anul 2012 indica acea vointa a<br />
membrilor Asociatiei de a iesi din curba negativa,<br />
de a opri scaderea si a accelera din nou<br />
motoarele spre crestere. Chiar si o crestere<br />
modesta, pe care noi o estimam pana la maxim<br />
10%, la finele anului 2012, poate fi un indiciu<br />
care sa renasca increderea agentilor economici<br />
intr-o industrie care in 2008 finanta aproape 4%<br />
din PIB-ul Romaniei!<br />
viable solutions for solving the fiscal conflicts<br />
towards opening the door of the social dialogue.<br />
The trend of decreasing the leasing financed<br />
volume cannot be easily controlled<br />
and stopped without a social dialogue. 2012 is<br />
a year indicating the will of the Association’s<br />
members to get out from the negative curve, to<br />
stop the decrease and to speed up the engines<br />
again towards a possible growth. Even a modest<br />
growth, estimated by us at maximum 10% at<br />
the end of the year 2012 can be a clue to revive<br />
the confidence of the economic agents in our<br />
industry which in 2008 used to finance about<br />
4% from the Romanian GDP!<br />
Antoaneta Curteanu<br />
Presedintele <strong>ALB</strong><br />
9<br />
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Orice afacere ai avea,<br />
noi `\i finan\[m investi\iile<br />
www.garantileasing.ro<br />
021 232 17 77 sau 0734 272 684<br />
Garanti Leasing este marca sub care func\ioneaz[ compania Motoractive IFN S.A.<br />
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De la istoria leasingului si a creditului de<br />
consum inapoi la mediul macroeconomic<br />
actual<br />
From history of leasing & consumer<br />
credit back to present macroeconomic<br />
environment<br />
1. Perspectiva istorica a leasingului si<br />
creditului de consum ca instrumente de<br />
sustinere a dezvoltarii economice<br />
Este limpede ca produse ca leasingul si creditul<br />
de consum au raspuns unei anumite realitati<br />
economice si macroeconomice ale vremurilor<br />
respective. Poate ca formularea a fost diferita,<br />
insa efectele si functiile creditului de consum<br />
si ale leasingului erau similare cu cele ale<br />
produselor financiare prezente care sunt foarte<br />
bine definite.<br />
Imi asum curajul sa va prezint o scurta istorie<br />
a acestor doua produse financiare, precum si<br />
unele exemple care pot arata rolul si puterea<br />
unor astfel de produse financiare nebancare.<br />
Am ales aceste exemple deoarece ele reprezinta<br />
momente de istorie care au fost marcate de<br />
crize financiare si razboaie, momente ce au<br />
gasit ca solutie alternativa a disputelor folosirea<br />
leasingului ca acord de razboi intre state sau<br />
folosirea creditului de consum ca solutie<br />
alternativa pentru consolidarea nivelului de trai<br />
si pentru incurajarea asa-numitei „indatorari<br />
productive”!<br />
Pentru curiozitatea cititorilor acestui anuar al<br />
Asociatiei care reprezinta leasingul si creditul<br />
de consum din Romania am inclus unele<br />
1. Historical perspective on leasing and<br />
consumer credit as supporting instruments<br />
for the economic development<br />
It is obvious that products like consumer<br />
credit and leasing have responded to a certain<br />
economic and macroeconomic reality of certain<br />
times. Wording may have been different but the<br />
effects and functions of credit and leasing were<br />
similar to today’s very well defined financial<br />
products.<br />
I take the courage to present you a brief history of<br />
these two financial products as well as examples<br />
that may indicate the role and the power of such<br />
non-banking financial products. I choose these<br />
examples as they represent moments of history<br />
that were marked by financial crisis and wars,<br />
moments that have found as alternative dispute<br />
solution the use of lease as war agreements<br />
among states or the use of consumer credit as<br />
alternative solution for enhancing the lifestyle<br />
and encouraging the so named “productive<br />
debt”!<br />
For the curiosity of the readers of this annual<br />
book of the Association that represents leasing<br />
and consumer credit in Romania I have included<br />
11<br />
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informatii interesante care pot vorbi in numele<br />
nostru despre rolul acestor doua produse in<br />
dezvoltarea marilor puteri economice, precum<br />
si in schimbarea in bine a stilului de viata<br />
in unele tari ca SUA ori in unele economii<br />
europene occidentale.<br />
Sursele aferente informatiilor de mai jos se<br />
regasesc la sfarsitul acestui capitol.<br />
Se stie bine ca prin definitie CREDITUL<br />
reprezinta un mod de plata care intervine<br />
atunci cand cel care ia cu imprumut primeste<br />
finante de la un finantator promitandu-i<br />
acestuia inapoierea banilor mai tarziu. Unul<br />
din cele mai timpurii exemple de folosire a<br />
creditului este finantarea de care a dispus<br />
Cristofor Columb pentru calatoriile sale<br />
din secoului XV. Dupa primirea fondurilor<br />
de la Regina Spaniei, Columb ar fi platit-o pe<br />
Maiestatea Sa impartind cu aceasta un procentaj<br />
din noile sale bogatii. Din punct de vedere<br />
istoric, creditul a fost folosit la inceput pentru<br />
bunuri cu scopul de a pune consumatorul in<br />
ceea ce se numea o „indatorare productiva”.<br />
Lendol Calder, autorul volumului „Financing<br />
the American Dream: A Cultural History<br />
of Consumer Credit,” („Finantarea visului<br />
american: o istorie culturala a creditului de<br />
consum”) a citat chestorul de recensamant<br />
de la 1890 care a spus urmatoarele: „motivul<br />
principal al datoriilor private a fost acela de a<br />
avea garduri mai bune, hambare mai bune, case<br />
mai bune si mai mult pamant pentru fermieri”.<br />
In epocile moderne, scopul creditului este acela<br />
de a permite consumatorilor sa aiba teluri mai<br />
mari pentru care acestia nu dispun de bani.<br />
Achizitiile de acest tip sunt deseori considerate<br />
drept articole de lux. Desi nu toate achizitiile<br />
de bunuri prin credit ale consumatorilor sunt<br />
considerate drept lux, unele articole nu sunt<br />
privite ca fiind esentiale. Realitatea poate<br />
arata ca saracia poate fi invinsa prin folosirea<br />
creditului de consum ca sursa alternativa de<br />
some interesting information that may speak, on<br />
our behalf, about the role of these two products<br />
for the development of the big economic powers<br />
as well as the change in better of lifestyle in<br />
countries like USA or some European Western<br />
economies.<br />
The sources of the below information are<br />
presented at the end of this chapter.<br />
It is well known that, by definition, CREDIT<br />
represents a way to stipulate the payment<br />
that occurs when a borrower receives<br />
finances from a lender by means of promising<br />
to pay him back at a later point in time. One<br />
of the earliest examples of credit usage is<br />
the financing made available to Christopher<br />
Columbus for his fifteenth century voyages.<br />
After receiving funds from the Queen of Spain,<br />
Columbus would pay Her Majesty back by<br />
sharing with her a percentage of his newfound<br />
riches. Historically, credit was used primarily<br />
for goods that would put a consumer into<br />
what was called a “productive debt.”<br />
Lendol Calder, author of “Financing the<br />
American Dream: A Cultural History of<br />
Consumer Credit,” quoted the 1890 census<br />
superintendent as saying, “the prime motive in<br />
the private debt has been better fences, better<br />
barns, better homes and more land for the<br />
farmer.” In modern times, the purpose of credit<br />
is to allow consumers to make larger purposes<br />
for which they might not have the money.<br />
Such purchases are often deemed luxury items.<br />
Although not all goods consumers purchase on<br />
credit are deemed luxurious, some items are<br />
not deemed as essential. Reality may show<br />
that poorness may be made up by using<br />
consumer credit as alternative source to<br />
finance everyday life of a family with poor<br />
resources.<br />
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finantare a vietii cotidiene a unei familii care<br />
nu dispune de mari resurse.<br />
Nimeni nu stie data precisa a primului<br />
LEASING sau a primiei inchirieri din istoria<br />
omenirii. Cu toate acestea, prima marturie reala<br />
a unei astfel de activitati dateaza din jurul anului<br />
2000 IC. In timpul sapaturilor care au avut loc<br />
in anul 1984 in orasul sumerian Ur, arheologii<br />
au descoperit prototipul primului contract<br />
de inchiriere. Acestea au fost tablitele de lut<br />
pe care partile expuneau obligatiile care le<br />
reveneau din inchirierea utilajelor agricole, din<br />
dreptul de a folosi sursele de apa etc. Tablitele<br />
de lut au indicat oamenilor de stiinta faptul ca<br />
primii finantatori au fost, ca de obicei, preotii<br />
care au trait in templele din orasul Ur.<br />
Prima companie de inchiriere<br />
Oamenii de stiinta au gasit dovezi ca intre anii<br />
400 si 450 IC in sud-estul Babilonului, prima<br />
companie de inchiriere din istoria omenirii a<br />
fost condusa de familia Murashu din anticul<br />
oras Nippur. Murashu era un conducator<br />
remarcabil pe piata serviciilor de inchiriere din<br />
Imperiul Persan. Membrii acestei familii erau<br />
specializati in leasingul terenurilor, dar puneau<br />
totodata la dispozitie si alte servicii, precum<br />
inchirierea bovinelor, echipament agricol și<br />
semințe de vânzare în rate.<br />
Leasingul in Evul Mediu<br />
In anul 1066 AD, Anglia a fost atacata pe<br />
neasteptate de regele norvegian si de ducele<br />
normand. La doua saptamani dupa inceperea<br />
expeditiei navele acestora au ajuns pe coastele<br />
Angliei. Nici regele norvegian, nici ducele<br />
normand nu aveau un numar suficient de mare<br />
de nave si nici timpul or banii necesari pentru<br />
a-si construi flota si pentru a plati desfasurarea<br />
unei astfel de expeditii. Pentru acele vremuri<br />
aceasta era o operatiune militare de anvergura.<br />
Britanicii nu puteau gasi o alta explicatie<br />
pentru acest fapt neobisnuit decat referirea<br />
Nobody has the evidence of the precise date of<br />
the first LEASE or rent deal in the history of<br />
mankind. However, the first real evidence of<br />
such activity dates to about 2000 BC. During<br />
the excavations, which took place in 1984 at<br />
the Sumerian city Ur, archaeologists discovered<br />
a prototype for the first rental agreement.<br />
These were clay tablets on which the parties<br />
set forth their obligations on rent agricultural<br />
implements, the right to use water resources etc.<br />
Clay tablets told the scientists that, as usual, the<br />
first lessees had been the priests who lived in<br />
the temples of Ur.<br />
The first rental company<br />
Scientists have found evidence that between<br />
400 and 450 BC to the South-East of Babylon,<br />
the first known in the history of mankind rental<br />
campaign was run by the Murashu family in<br />
the ancient city Nippur. The Murashu was<br />
an outstanding leader in the market of rental<br />
services in the Persian Empire. They specialized<br />
in land leasing, but also offered a number of the<br />
other services such as rent of cattle, agricultural<br />
equipment and seeds for sale in installments.<br />
Lease in Middle Ages<br />
In 1066 AD, suddenly, England was attacked by<br />
the Norwegian king and the Norman duke. In<br />
two weeks since the beginning of the campaign<br />
their ships reached the coast of England. Neither<br />
the Norwegian king, nor the Norman duke had<br />
owned a sufficient number of ships, and did not<br />
have the money and time to build their fleets<br />
and pay for running such a campaign. It was a<br />
serious military operation for those times. The<br />
British could not find any other explanation for<br />
the phenomenon, but to refer God’s blessing.<br />
Actually, everything was much simpler: the<br />
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la binecuvantarea lui Dumnezeu. De fapt,<br />
totul era mult mai simplu: cei doi conducatori<br />
gasisera o sursa de finantare, inchiriasera vase<br />
si arme, angajasera echipajele si isi dusesera la<br />
bun sfarsit „planul de afaceri”.<br />
In Evul Mediu era ceva obisnuit sa fie inchiriati<br />
caii, precum si echipamentele si utilajele pentru<br />
industria agricola. Sunt fapte istorice bine<br />
cunoscute ca unii luau armurile cavalerilor cu<br />
chirie, ceea ce era foarte scump. De exemplu,<br />
in 1248, Cavalerul Bonfils Manganella Gaeta,<br />
care urma sa plece in cea de-a saptea cruciada,<br />
a inchiriat un lot intreg de armuri. Profitul s-a<br />
ridicat la circa 25% din costul armurii.<br />
Dezvoltarea relatiilor de leasing in secolul<br />
XIX<br />
In secolul XIX se constata o crestere<br />
semnificativa in activitatea de leasing, in<br />
special datorita cresterii diversitatii de articole<br />
inchiriate, folosite de comunitate. Leasingul<br />
a devenit mai important datorita dezvoltarii<br />
rapide a tehnologiei in agricultura, in industrie<br />
si transport. Spre exemplu, companiile de<br />
transport, care fabricau sinele ferate, dadeau<br />
altor companii, celor care asigurau conducerea<br />
trenurilor, dreptul de utilizare a sinelor<br />
prin inchiriere. Iar aceste companii dadeau<br />
companiilor de transport, prin leasing, trenurile.<br />
Construirea rapida a cailor ferate a constituit un<br />
stimul important pentru dezvoltarea ca ramura<br />
a leasingului in Statele Unite. Concomitent<br />
cu construirea cailor ferate, „trusturile de<br />
echipamente” se implicau in strangerea<br />
fondurilor deponentilor si investeau aceste<br />
fonduri in achizitionarea de material rulant si<br />
de diverse utilaje. Aceste trenuri si echipamente<br />
erau inchiriate companiilor de transport maritim<br />
si celor feroviare, transportatorilor, celor de<br />
marfa si de pasageri. Investitorii privati au<br />
primit certificate speciale. Prin folosirea lor ei<br />
isi primeau inapoi investitia cu dobanda.<br />
two leaders had found a source of funding, they<br />
rented ships and weapon, hired crew and had<br />
completed their “business plan” successfully<br />
It was popular to rent horses in the Middle<br />
Ages, as well as equipment and facilities for<br />
agricultural industry. It is well-known historical<br />
fact that some people took on lease knight’s<br />
armours, which was very expensive. For<br />
example, in 1248 Knight Bonfils Manganella<br />
Gaeta, who was going to the seventh crusade,<br />
rented a full set of knight’s armour. Profit<br />
amounted to about 25% of the cost of the<br />
armour.<br />
Development of leasing relations in the XIX<br />
century<br />
In the nineteenth century there was a significant<br />
increase in leasing activity, mainly due to the<br />
increasing diversity of rented items used by<br />
the community. Lease became more important<br />
because of the rapid development of technology<br />
in agriculture, manufacturing and transport.<br />
For example, the transport companies, which<br />
were building railways, gave other companies,<br />
that had driven the trains, to use their rails for<br />
rent. And these companies offered trains to the<br />
transport companies on lease.<br />
The rapid construction of railways has been a<br />
great stimulus in the development of leasing<br />
as a branch of the United States. Whilst the<br />
railways were being built, ‘equipment trusts’<br />
were involved in raising depositors’ funds and<br />
invested these funds in the purchase of rolling<br />
stock and various equipment. These trains and<br />
equipment rented to shipping companies and<br />
rail companies, carriers, freight and passengers.<br />
Private investors received special certificates.<br />
Using them, they could get their investment<br />
back, plus interest.<br />
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Leasingul in prima jumatate a secolului XX<br />
In secolul XX leasingul a capatat o importanta<br />
si mai mare. Cresterea interesului in randul<br />
producatorilor de echipamente in leasing a<br />
devenit acum un stimul nou pentru dezvoltarea<br />
acestuia. La inceputul secolului, fabricantii<br />
au realizat ca este foarte greu sa obtina<br />
fonduri pentru achizitionarea concomitenta<br />
de echipamente scumpe si ca in majoritatea<br />
cazurilor este chiar imposibil. Un mare numar<br />
de producatori au definit leasingul drept un<br />
mijloc de a avea nu doar proprietatea, ci si<br />
tehnologia pe care se bazau echipamentele.<br />
De exemplu, compania de telefoane Bell a luat<br />
decizia de a da aparatele sale doar prin contract<br />
de leasing. Acelasi lucru s-a intamplat si in alte<br />
industrii atata vreme cat legislatia antitrust a<br />
fost adoptata, iar producatorii au fost fortati sa<br />
vanda aparatele.<br />
Leasingul a devenit o parte de viata in statele<br />
Unite si in Europa Occidentala in epoca<br />
masinilor. Prima tranzactie de achizitie a<br />
vehiculelor prin leasing dateaza din 1918. Cu<br />
toate acestea, Frank Zollia, un vanzator de<br />
vehicule din Chicago, este considerat drept<br />
parintele leasingului auto modern. El a fost cel<br />
care a propus nu doar inchirierea vehiculelor de<br />
transport individual la inceputul anilor ’40 ai<br />
secolului XX, ci si un leasing pe termen lung<br />
pentru un intreg parc auto.<br />
Leasingul ca politica de razboi – Conventia<br />
despre imprumut – leasing semnata de SUA<br />
si Marea Britanie a fost un instrument care a<br />
servit scopului lui Roosevelt in vederea acordarii<br />
catre Anglia a tuturor posibilelor ajutoare de<br />
razboi. Acest program a fost intitulat oficial<br />
Un act suplimentar de promovare a Apărării<br />
Statelor Unite. El s-a numit „Conventia de<br />
Imprumut – Leasing” si a fost semnat ca lege<br />
pe 11 martie 1941.<br />
Drepturile & obligatiile finantatorului si ale<br />
utilizatorului in cadrul conventiei de imprumut<br />
si leasing din 1941, definitia valorii reziduale<br />
Lease in the first half of the twentieth century<br />
In the twentieth century lease has become even<br />
more important. Now the increasing interest<br />
among producers of leasing equipment has<br />
become a new stimulus to its development. At<br />
the beginning of the century producers realized<br />
that it is very difficult to find the funds to<br />
purchase expensive equipment simultaneously<br />
and in most cases it is really impossible. A<br />
great number of producers defined the lease<br />
as a way of possessing not only property but<br />
the technology on which the equipment was<br />
based. For example, Bell’s telephone company<br />
made a decision to give its appliances only on<br />
lease. The same phenomena occurred in other<br />
industries as long as antitrust legislation was<br />
passed and manufacturers were forced to sell it.<br />
Leasing has become a part of life in the United<br />
States and Western Europe in the era of cars.<br />
The first transaction of taking vehicles on lease<br />
was fixed in 1918. However, a car salesman<br />
from Chicago, Frank Zollia is considered to<br />
be the father of modern auto leasing. He was<br />
the first who proposed not only to rent the<br />
individual transport vehicles in the early 40s of<br />
XX century, but a long-term lease of a whole<br />
car park.<br />
Lease as war policy - The Lend-Lease Act<br />
of 1941 signed by the USA & UK was a tool<br />
that served the purpose of Roosevelt towards<br />
providing Britain with all possible aid short of<br />
war. The Program was officially titled An Act<br />
Further to Promote the Defence of the United<br />
States. It was named “The Lend-Lease Act” and<br />
signed into law on March 11, 1941.<br />
Rights & Obligations of the lessor and lessee<br />
in Lend Lease Act of 1941, definition of<br />
residual value<br />
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Aceasta conventie l-a mandatat pe presedinte<br />
sa „vanda, sa transfere titlul, sa schimbe, sa<br />
finanteze prin leasing, sa imprumute sau, cu<br />
alte cuvinte, sa dispuna de orice fel de articol<br />
de aparare in favoarea altui guvern (a carui<br />
aparare este considerata de Presedinte drept<br />
vitala pentru apararea Statelor Unite)”.<br />
De fapt, ea i-a permis Presedintelui SUA<br />
sa autorizeze transferul de echipamente<br />
militare catre Marea Britanie cu intelegerea<br />
ca la sfarsit sa fie platiti pentru ele sau ca<br />
echipamentele sa li se inapoieze daca nu au<br />
fost distruse.<br />
The act empowered the president to “sell,<br />
transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or<br />
otherwise dispose of, to any such government<br />
[whose defence the President deems vital to<br />
the defence of the United States] any defence<br />
article.” In effect, it allowed the President of<br />
the USA to authorize the transfer of military<br />
materials to Britain with the understanding<br />
that they would ultimately be paid for or<br />
returned if they were not destroyed.<br />
SPV-ul (Special Purpose Vehicle) urma sa<br />
serveasca scopului: pentru administrarea<br />
acestui program, Roosevelt a creat Biroul pentru<br />
Administrarea Imprumutului – Leasingului,<br />
aflat sub conducerea fostului director al<br />
industriei siderurgice Edward R. Stettinius.<br />
The SPV to serve the scope: to administer the<br />
program, Roosevelt created the Office of Lend-<br />
Lease Administration under the leadership<br />
of former steel industry executive Edward R.<br />
Stettinius.<br />
Relatiile publice ale lui Roosevelt in vederea<br />
obtinerii sprijinului public pentru Conventia<br />
Leasingului – Prin vanzarea acestui Program<br />
catre publicul american, Roosevelt l-a comparat<br />
cu „imprumutarea furtunului unui vecin a carui<br />
casa a luat foc”. ”Ce sa fac intr-o asemenea<br />
criza” a intrebat presedintele presa. „Nu spun<br />
... Vecine, furtunul meu de gradina ma costa 15$;<br />
trebuie sa-mi platesti 15$ pentru el – nu vreau<br />
15$ - vreau inapoi furtunul meu de gradina dupa<br />
ce focul este stins”. Gradul de constientizare<br />
cu privire la Conventia Leasingului a fost unul<br />
pozitiv si a permis, in aprilie 1941, extinderea<br />
programului prin oferirea de ajutor de imprumut<br />
– leasing catre China in razboiul lor contra<br />
japonezilor. Profitand rapid de pe urma acestui<br />
Program, britanicii au primit peste 1 miliard de<br />
dolari ca ajutor in octombrie 1941.<br />
Efectele Imprumutului – Leasingului:<br />
Imprumutul si Leasingul au continuat dupa<br />
intrarea in razboi a SUA in urma atacului de<br />
la Pearl Harbor din decembrie 1941. Odata<br />
The Public Relations of Roosevelt towards<br />
getting public support for the Lease Act - In<br />
selling the program to the American public,<br />
Roosevelt compared it to “loaning a hose to<br />
neighbour whose house was on fire. “What do<br />
I do in such a crisis ” The president asked the<br />
press. “I don’t say... ‘Neighbour, my garden<br />
hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for<br />
it’ - I don’t want $15 — I want my garden hose<br />
back after the fire is over. ” The awareness of<br />
the Lease Act was positive and it permitted, in<br />
April 1941, the expansion of the program by<br />
offering lend-lease aid to China for their war<br />
against the Japanese. Taking swift advantage<br />
of the program, the British received over $1<br />
billion in aid through October 1941.<br />
Effects of Lend-Lease:<br />
Lend-Lease continued after the US entry into<br />
the war following the attack on Pearl Harbour<br />
in December 1941. As the American military<br />
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cu mobilizarea americanilor pentru razboi,<br />
bunurile/materialele de imprumut-leasing sub<br />
forma de vehicule, aeronave, arme etc. au fost<br />
duse pe cale maritima catre celelalte natiuni<br />
aliate care luptau activ impotriva puterilor<br />
Axei. Odata cu incheierea Aliantei dintre SUA<br />
si Uniunea Sovietica din 1942, programul a fost<br />
extins pentru a permite participarea lor cu mari<br />
cantitati de bunuri care treceau prin convoaiele<br />
arctice, coridorul persan si ruta aeriana Alaska-<br />
Siberia.<br />
mobilized for war, Lend-Lease goods/materials<br />
in the form of vehicles, aircraft, weapons, etc.<br />
were shipped to other Allied nations who were<br />
actively fighting the Axis Powers. With the<br />
alliance of the US and Soviet Union in 1942,<br />
the program was expanded to allow their<br />
participation with large amounts of supplies<br />
passing through the Arctic Convoys, Persian<br />
Corridor, and the Alaska-Siberia Air Route.<br />
Reversul programului Imprumut-Leasing:<br />
Reverse Lend-Lease:<br />
Concomitent cu programul Imprumut-Leasing<br />
prin care au fost in general livrate bunuri<br />
catre Aliati, a existat si o schema inversa de<br />
Imprumut-Leasing prin care au fost date SUA<br />
bunuri si servicii. Odata cu sosirea fortelor<br />
americane in Europa, Marea Britanie a oferit<br />
asistenta materiala. In plus, natiunile din<br />
Commonwealth au furnizat deseori hrana,<br />
baze, aeronave si alt suport logistic. In timpul<br />
razboiului, SUA au primit circa 7,8 miliarde $<br />
in baza reversului programului de ajutor prin<br />
imprumut-leasing, din care 6,8 $ din Marea<br />
Britanie si natiunile din Commonwealth.<br />
While Lend-Lease generally saw goods being<br />
provided to the Allies, a Reverse Lend-Lease<br />
scheme also existed where goods and services<br />
were given to the US. As American forces began<br />
arriving in Europe, Britain provided material<br />
assistance. Additionally, Commonwealth<br />
nations often provided food, bases, aircrafts and<br />
other logistical support. Through the course of<br />
the war, the US received around $7.8 billion in<br />
Reverse Lend-Lease aid with $6.8 of it coming<br />
from Britain and the Commonwealth nations.<br />
Sfarsitul programului de imprumut-leasing /<br />
plata valorii reziduale:<br />
The End of Lend-Lease/ residual value<br />
payment:<br />
Initial creat drept un program decisiv pentru<br />
castigarea razboiului, conventia de imprumutleasing<br />
a ajuns la un final brusc odata cu<br />
incheierea acestuia. Deoarece Marea Britanie<br />
avea nevoie sa retina o mare parte din<br />
echipamentul obtinut prin imprumut-leasing<br />
pentru utilizare dupa incetarea razboiului, a<br />
fost semnat Creditul anglo-american prin care<br />
britanicii au convenit sa achizitioneze aceste<br />
articole cu circa zece centi din valoarea unui<br />
dolar. Valoarea totala a creditului a fost de circa<br />
1,075 milioane £. Plata finala a creditului a fost<br />
A critical program for winning the war, Lend-<br />
Lease came to an abrupt end with its conclusion.<br />
As Britain needed to retain much of the Lend-<br />
Lease equipment for post-war use, the Anglo-<br />
American Loan was signed through which<br />
the British agreed to purchase the items for<br />
approximately ten cents on the dollar. The total<br />
value of the loan was around £1,075 million.<br />
The final payment on the loan was made in<br />
2006. All told, Lend-Lease provided $50.1<br />
billion worth of supplies to the Allies during<br />
the conflict, with $31.4 billion to Britain, $11.3<br />
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efectuata in 2006. Luand totul in considerare,<br />
conventia de imprumut-leasing a furnizat<br />
aliatilor marfuri in valoare de 50,1 miliarde $<br />
in timpul conflictului, respectiv 31,4 miliarde<br />
$ Marii Britanii, 11,3 miliarde $ Uniunii<br />
Sovietice, 3,2 miliarde $ Frantei, si 1,6 miliarde<br />
$ Chinei.<br />
billion to the Soviet Union, $3.2 billion to<br />
France and $1.6 billion to China.<br />
2. Pietele financiare nebancare din Romania<br />
– istoric si prezent<br />
Pe baza lectiilor istoriei in ceea ce priveste<br />
creditul de consum si leasingul, piata emergenta<br />
din Romania dupa revolutia din 1989 a inceput<br />
cu modestie sa foloseasca produse precum<br />
leasingul si creditul de consum pe o piata<br />
nereglementata. Legea creditului ipotecar si<br />
legea leasingului au fost unele din primele<br />
texte legislative care au recunoscut rolul<br />
acestor produse pentru economia emergenta din<br />
Romania.<br />
Asa cum am prezentat in anuarele noastre<br />
anterioare, Asociatia a avut scopul de a oferi<br />
sprijinul pentru lobby in favoarea unei mai<br />
bune reglementari a unei piete care a prezentat<br />
o crestere imensa si rapida in privinta cifrelor<br />
si a jucatorilor intre anii 1994 si 2008. In iulie<br />
2005 Asociatia a informat in mod oficial, printrun<br />
comunicat de presa, ca membrii sai „simt<br />
nevoia sa amelioreze legislatia din domeniul<br />
leasingului in sensul introducerii unui articol<br />
tranzitoriu in textul de lege pentru demararea<br />
unei autoritati de reglementare a leasingului<br />
ca parte a pietei financiare nebancare. Aceasta<br />
autoritate ar fi trebuit sa inceapa sa functioneze<br />
cat de urgent posibil sub umbrela BNR. Rolul<br />
sau ar fi vizat autorizarea, reglementarea si<br />
supervizarea acestui segment de piata, precum<br />
si pregatirea Romaniei in vederea intrarii in<br />
Uniunea Europeana.”<br />
Acest fapt a exprimat in mod oficial intentia<br />
jucatorilor de a ajunge la o reglementare minima<br />
a pietei financiare nebancare, aratand maturitatea<br />
acestora, precum si dorinta de a investi in viitor<br />
2. Non-banking financial markets in<br />
Romania – history and present<br />
Following the lessons to learn from the history<br />
of consumer credit and leasing the emerging<br />
market of Romania after the 1989 revolution<br />
has modestly started to use products like<br />
leasing and consumer credit in a non-regulated<br />
market. The mortgage credit law and the leasing<br />
law were some of the first texts of legislation<br />
recognizing the role of these products for the<br />
emerging economy of Romania.<br />
As we have already presented within our<br />
previous yearly books the Association has been<br />
aimed to offer the necessary lobby support<br />
towards better regulation of a market that was<br />
showing huge and rapid increase in figures and<br />
players from 1994 to 2008. In July, 2005 the<br />
Association was officially informing, within its<br />
press release, that its members “feel the need<br />
to amending leasing legislation with respect to<br />
introducing a transitory article within the text of<br />
law towards starting up of a regulatory authority<br />
of leasing as part of non-banking financial<br />
market. This authority should start its activity<br />
a.s.a.p. and would work under the umbrella of<br />
NBR. Its role would be to authorize, regulate<br />
and supervise this segment of market as well<br />
as prepare it for Romania’s accession into<br />
European Union. “<br />
This officially expressed intention of the<br />
players towards minimal regulation of the nonbanking<br />
financial market shows the maturity<br />
of the players as well as the well intention to<br />
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in aceasta piata locala. Exista nevoia de a avea<br />
un cadru juridic si de a constientiza importanta<br />
acestor produse financiare pentru dezvoltarea<br />
economiei. Conjunctura economica era<br />
pozitiva, iar piata, inclusiv piata de leasing si<br />
de credit, cunoastea o intensa crestere. Aceasta<br />
crestere trebuia sa fie sprijinita de un anumit<br />
nivel de reglementare!<br />
Raspunsul legislativ a fost unul pozitiv, iar anul<br />
2006, chiar inainte de intrarea Romaniei in<br />
Uniunea Europeana, a marcat intrarea in vigoare<br />
a noii legi a leasingului special ameliorata, a<br />
legii institutiilor financiare nebancare, precum<br />
si a modificarilor aduse tratamentului fiscal si<br />
definitiei leasingului financiar si operational.<br />
Acest nou set legislativ este inca in vigoare<br />
si reprezinta baza legala pe care se sprijina<br />
aceasta industrie specifica. Aceasta baza a fost<br />
apoi dezvoltata din punct de vedere prudential<br />
de catre Banca Nationala a Romaniei.<br />
Mai exista inca voci care considera ca aceasta<br />
piata nu ar fi trebuit sa fie reglementata sau voci<br />
care au opinia ca nivelul pietei leasingului si al<br />
creditului de consum continua sa fie interesant<br />
dupa acesti ani de criza tocmai datorita faptului<br />
ca piata este reglementata, iar acest nivel<br />
de reglementare da in continuare incredere<br />
investitorilor prezenti si viitori.<br />
3. Gradul de constientizare al institutiilor<br />
financiare nebancare precum leasingul si<br />
creditul de consum din Romania are o mare<br />
importanta pentru toate partile implicate.<br />
Una dintre cele mai importante parti este<br />
reprezentata de puterea legislativa. Atentia<br />
indreptata asupra dialogului social ne arata ca<br />
rolul puterii legislative, fie ca e vorba de Executiv<br />
ori de Parlament, este acela de a actualiza<br />
cadrul legislativ la realitatea economica. Aici<br />
apare rolul Asociatiei de zona de tampon intre<br />
jucatorii din piata si factorii decizionali, inclusiv<br />
presa! Dupa cum puteti vedea in graficele din<br />
acest capitol, leasingul a avut un rol de mare<br />
importanta in 2008 cand finanta aproape 4% din<br />
further invest in this local market. There was<br />
the need for a legal framework and for official<br />
awareness of the importance of these financial<br />
products for the development of the economy.<br />
The economic conjuncture was positive and the<br />
market, including leasing and credit market,<br />
was growing intensively. This growth had to be<br />
supported by a certain level of regulation!<br />
The legislative response was positive and the<br />
year 2006, just before Romania’s accession<br />
into European Union, had marked the entering<br />
into force of the newly amended special leasing<br />
law, the non-banking financial institutions law<br />
as well as amendments to the fiscal treatment<br />
and definition of leasing, both financial and<br />
operational. This new legislative kit is still<br />
in force and represents the legal base for<br />
supporting this specific industry. This base was<br />
further developed from the prudential point of<br />
view by the National Bank of Romania.<br />
There are still voices that do consider that<br />
this market should not have been regulated or<br />
voices that do express the opinion that the level<br />
of leasing and consumer credit market keeps<br />
being interesting after these years of crisis<br />
just because the market is regulated and such<br />
level of regulation keeps the confidence for the<br />
present and future investors.<br />
3. The awareness of non-banking financial<br />
institutions like leasing and consumer credit<br />
in Romania is of great importance for all<br />
involved parties. One of the most important<br />
parties is represented by the legislative power. A<br />
focus on the social dialogue shows that the role<br />
of the legislative power, being it the Executive<br />
or the Parliament, is to upgrade the legislative<br />
framework to the reality of the economy. Here<br />
comes also the Association’s role as a buffer<br />
zone between the players in the market and the<br />
decision makers, including media! As you may<br />
see in the graphics in this chapter the role of<br />
leasing was of high importance in 2008 when<br />
it was financing almost 4% of GDP. It became<br />
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PIB. El a devenit mai putin important in iunie<br />
2012 cand acelasi indicator a atins circa 1%.<br />
Analistii ar spune ca cel mai important factor al<br />
acestei evolutii negative a fost criza financiara,<br />
atat la nivel european, cat si la nivel local. As<br />
mentiona ca un alt motiv important a fost acela<br />
de sprijinire din ce in ce mai mica a leasingului,<br />
si nu numai a leasingului! din punct de vedere<br />
fiscal. Cresterea TVA de la 19% la 24% din iunie<br />
2010, diversele tipuri de taxa de poluare care au<br />
lovit in mod direct majoritatea portofoliului de<br />
leasing, respectiv piata vehiculelor, precum si<br />
decizia din martie 2011 de a considera din punct<br />
de vedere fiscal bunurile finantate prin leasing<br />
din contractele reziliate ca bunuri lipsa, contrar<br />
Directivei TVA a UE, pot constitui o lista de<br />
motive care au „inlesnit” reducerea leasingului<br />
ca sursa alternativa de finantare a economiei.<br />
As vrea totodata sa adaug aici si faptul ca<br />
lobby-ul competitiv al comunitatii bancare care<br />
a avut o mare parte din cofinantarea cu fonduri<br />
UE, precum si „neintelegerea intentionata” cu<br />
privire la utilizarea terminologiei „nebancar”<br />
in necceptarea garantiilor IFN-urilor la nivel<br />
guvernamental sunt alte surse de reducere a<br />
increderii in acest produs financiar.<br />
4. Conjunctura macroeconomica din anii<br />
2011 – 2012<br />
Eforturile autoritatilor fiscale din acesti ani<br />
de criza pe fondul agravarii mediului extern<br />
financiar si bancar au fost intensificate de cele<br />
ale Bancii Nationale a Romaniei care a actionat<br />
ca factor de aparare pentru a monitoriza<br />
riscurile externe si canalele de contagiune din<br />
sectoarele bancare si cele reale din Romania.<br />
Unul din riscurile care au atins in mod direct<br />
activitatea de creditare a fost acela care privea<br />
creditele in devize. Ca atare, Banca Nationala a<br />
Romaniei a elaborat Reglementarea nr. 24/2011<br />
„ care vizeaza supraindatorarea si asumarea de<br />
riscuri pe care debitorul nu le poate intelege sau<br />
gestiona. Acest act legislativ impune criterii<br />
mai stricte cu privire la acordarea de credite de<br />
less important in June 2012 when the same<br />
indicator reaches around 1%. The analysts<br />
would say that the most important factor of this<br />
negative evolution would be the financial crisis<br />
both at European and local level. I would say<br />
that another important reason was the lower and<br />
lower support leasing, and not only leasing! -<br />
has received from the fiscal point of view. The<br />
increase of VAT from 19% to 24% in June,<br />
2010, the several models of pollution tax hitting<br />
directly on the majority of leased portfolio,<br />
meaning the vehicles’ market, as well as the<br />
March 2011 decision to fiscally declare leased<br />
assets in early terminated contracts as missing<br />
goods, contrary to VAT EU Directive may be<br />
a list of reasons that “helped” the decrease of<br />
leasing as an alternative source for financing<br />
the economy.<br />
I would also like to add here the competition<br />
lobby of the banking community that took<br />
the great part of EU Funds co-financing and<br />
also the “intended misunderstanding” of the<br />
“non-banking” use of terminology in not<br />
accepting the guarantees issued by NBFIs at the<br />
Governmental level are also sources of creating<br />
less confidence in this financial product.<br />
4. Macroeconomic conjuncture of 2011 - 2012<br />
The efforts made by the fiscal authorities during<br />
these years of crisis against the background<br />
of a worsening of the external financial and<br />
economic environment were enhanced by<br />
the ones of the Romanian National Bank that<br />
has acted as a guardian to monitor external<br />
risks and contagion channels to the banking<br />
and real sectors in Romania. One of the risks<br />
that directly have touched the credit activity<br />
was related to the foreign currency loans.<br />
Thus, the National Bank of Romania issued<br />
Regulation No. 24/2011 “aimed at precluding<br />
over-indebtedness and assumption of risks that<br />
the debtor cannot understand or manage. This<br />
piece of legislation imposes stricter criteria on<br />
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consum, in special cele in devize (doritorii sunt<br />
obligati sa prevada garantii acoperitoare de cel<br />
putin 133 la suta din finantarea totala; durata<br />
creditului nu trebuie sa depaseeasca cinci ani;<br />
au fost introduse constrangeri suplimentare<br />
pentru debitorii expusi riscului valutar etc.) fara<br />
a impiedica insa accesul la creditele ipotecare<br />
imobiliare. Aceasta Reglementare include<br />
cerinta explicita pentru creditor de a-si informa<br />
si avertiza clientii asupra riscurilor asociate cu<br />
imprumuturile in devize”. In 2012 organismul<br />
de reglementare si-a exprimat in mod clar<br />
intentia de a extinde aceasta Reglementare la<br />
entitatile juridice cu privire la constientizarea<br />
si asumarea riscurilor pe care debitorul nu<br />
le poate intelege ori gestiona. Din punct de<br />
vedere al reglementarii, anul 2011 a fost marcat<br />
de adoptarea Standardelor Internationale de<br />
Raportare Financiara (IFRS) care implica<br />
schimbari ale cadrului de reglementare sub<br />
aspectul capitalizarii, provizionarii, nivelelor de<br />
lichiditate ale institutiilor de credit fara a include<br />
IFN-urile sub umbrela acestei noi reglementari!<br />
Aceste cerinte prudentiale noi legate de IFRS,<br />
care au scopul de a acoperi riscurile in mod<br />
adecvat, sunt extrem de asteptate pentru a fi<br />
implementate si in piata IFN-urilor.<br />
granting consumer loans, especially foreign<br />
currency-denominated lending (applicants are<br />
bound to provide collateral covering at least<br />
133%of the total financing; loan term shall not<br />
exceed five years; supplementary constraints<br />
for unhedged borrowers were introduced<br />
etc.) without hampering access to real estate<br />
mortgage loans. The Regulation includes the<br />
explicit requirement for the creditor to inform<br />
and warn its clients about the risks associated<br />
with foreign currency-denominated lending.”<br />
In 2012 the regulator has expressed its intention<br />
to extend this Regulation to legal entities with<br />
respect to awareness and assumption of risks<br />
that the debtor cannot understand or manage.<br />
Year 2011 was marked from the regulatory point<br />
of view by the adopting of the International<br />
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that<br />
meant changes to the regulatory framework<br />
in terms of capitalization, provisioning,<br />
liquidity levels of credit institutions without<br />
including the NBFIs under the umbrella of<br />
this new regulation! This new IFRS prudential<br />
requirements that are aimed to cover risks in<br />
an adequate manner are highly expected by the<br />
NBFI market to be implemented, too.<br />
In „Raportul anual al Bancii Nationale a<br />
Romaniei din 2011” cu privire la realitatea<br />
economica se arata ca „cele mai afectate<br />
au fost IMM-urile, deoarece rata de credite<br />
neperformante a acestora a avut cea mai rapida<br />
crestere si cel mai inalt nivel (20,9 la suta la<br />
sfarsitul lunii martie 2012). A crescut si riscul<br />
de credit cu privire la imprumuturile legate<br />
de bunurile de uz casnic, insa cu un ritm mai<br />
mic (de 9,0 la suta la sfarsitul lunii martie<br />
2012 de la 7,9 la suta la sfarsitul anului 2010),<br />
vulnerabilitatile cele mai mari ramanand cele<br />
de mare indatorare si cele privind devizele<br />
considerabile pe termen scurt.<br />
Rata creditelor neperformante din sectorul<br />
marilor clienti a ramas la 3,7 la suta la sfarsitul<br />
lunii martie 2012, cele mai importante riscuri<br />
According to the “2011 Annual Report” of the<br />
National Bank of Romania with respect to the<br />
economic reality “the hardest hit were smalland<br />
medium-sized enterprises, as their nonperforming<br />
loan ratio posted the fastest growth<br />
and the highest level (20.9%at end-March<br />
2012). Credit risk attached to household loans<br />
also expanded, albeit at a slower pace (to 9.0%<br />
at end-March 2012 from 7.9%at end-2010),<br />
with high indebtedness and the substantial short<br />
foreign currency position remaining the major<br />
vulnerabilities.<br />
The corporate sector’s non-performing loan<br />
ratio stood at 3.7% at end-March 2012, with the<br />
most significant risks coming from a relatively<br />
low debt servicing capacity and loose payment<br />
discipline among business partners. “<br />
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provenind de la un nivel relativ scazut al<br />
capacitatii serviciului datoriei si de la pierderea<br />
disciplinei de plata in randul partenerilor de<br />
afaceri”.<br />
Clientul tinta al institutiilor financiare nebancare<br />
de leasing financiar este in principal constituit<br />
de IMM-uri. Leasingul financiar si operational<br />
sunt produse care pot oferi stimulente pentru<br />
entitatile juridice, ceea ce depinde bineinteles de<br />
cadrul fiscal la nivel local, precum si de costurile<br />
prudentiale ale activitatii pentru acele companii<br />
de leasing financiar care se afla in Registrul<br />
Special al Bancii Nationale a Romaniei. Banca<br />
Nationala a Romaniei a adus la cunostinta prin<br />
„Raportul anual din 2011” faptul ca, la fel ca in<br />
anii precedenti, anul 2011 a atestat in continuare<br />
restructurarea IFN-urilor, un proces generat de<br />
nevoia de adaptare la performanta economiei<br />
interne si de conformare cu cerintele juridice<br />
si de reglementare aplicabile in acest domeniu.<br />
In consecinta, la sfarsitul anului 2011, un numar<br />
de 203 IFN-uri au fost inregistrate in Registrul<br />
General, cu sapte IFN-uri mai putin decat in anul<br />
precedent, ca urmare a inregistrarii a patru noi<br />
companii si a deregistrarii a 11 institutii. Sapte<br />
institutii au fost deregistrate la cererea lor, trei<br />
au fost deregistrate ca sanctiune pentru violarea<br />
prevederilor legale aplicabile si o institutie a<br />
fost deregistrata in urma fuziunii prin absorbtie<br />
a doua IFN-uri. Dupa tipul de activitate, cele<br />
11 deregistrari au fost raportate dupa cum<br />
urmeaza: opt la sectiunea „Activitati multiple<br />
de creditare” si trei la „leasing financiar”.<br />
grafice mici bune_V2.pdf 1 10/29/2012 3:08:44 PM<br />
Prima jumatate a anului 2012 a inregistrat o<br />
evolutie similara. Ca atare, totalul de IFN-uri<br />
The target client of the financial leasing nonbanking<br />
financial institutions is mainly the<br />
SMEs. Financial and operational leasing are<br />
products that may offer incentives for the legal<br />
entities, depending of course, on the fiscal<br />
framework at local level as well as on the<br />
prudential costs of activity for those financial<br />
leasing companies that are under the Special<br />
Registry of the National Bank of Romania.<br />
The National Bank of Romania has informed<br />
within its “2011 Annual Report” that similar<br />
to the prior years, 2011 further witnessed the<br />
restructuring of NBFIs, a process generated<br />
by the need to adjust to the performance of<br />
domestic economy and to comply with the<br />
applicable legal and regulatory requirements in<br />
this field. Accordingly, at end-2011, a number<br />
of 203 NBFIs were listed in the General<br />
Register, seven NBFIs less from the previous<br />
year, as a result of the registration of four new<br />
companies and the erasure of 11 institutions.<br />
Seven institutions were erased upon request,<br />
three were erased as a sanction for breaching the<br />
applicable legal provisions, and one institution<br />
was erased following the merger through<br />
absorption of two NBFIs. By type of activity,<br />
the 11 erasures were reported as follows: eight<br />
under section “Multiple lending activities” and<br />
three under “Financial leases”.<br />
grafice mici bune_V2.pdf 2 10/29/2012 3:08:45 PM<br />
The first half of year 2012 has registered a<br />
similar evolution. Thus, the total number of<br />
22<br />
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inregistrate in Registrul General, s-a redus la<br />
189 cu urmatoarea<br />
grafice mici bune.pdf<br />
distributie<br />
4 10/25/2012 5:48:59<br />
in ceea<br />
PM<br />
ce priveste<br />
obiectul principal de activitate:<br />
registered NBFIs in the General Registry went<br />
down to<br />
grafice<br />
189<br />
mici bune.pdf<br />
with<br />
3<br />
the<br />
10/25/2012<br />
following<br />
5:48:59 PM<br />
distribution<br />
related to the main object of activity:<br />
Registrul Special pastreaza numarul total de<br />
52 de IFN-uri cu urmatoarea componenta in<br />
privinta obiectului principal de activitate:<br />
De la inceputul procesului de notificare a<br />
institutiilor financiare nebancare din august<br />
2006 au fost deregistrate 82 de IFN-uri din<br />
Registrul General si 20 din Registrul Special.<br />
Majoritatea lor erau autorizate pentru activitate<br />
multipla de creditare (32 in Registrul General<br />
si 12 in Registrul Special) si pentru leasing (45<br />
in Registrul General si 7 in Registrul Special).<br />
Diferenta o reprezinta activitatea de credit de<br />
consum (3 in General Registrul General si 1 in<br />
Registrul Special) , activitatea de microcreditare<br />
(3 in Registrul General) si finantarea tranzactiilor<br />
comerciale (1 in Registrul General).<br />
5. Piata romaneasca de leasing la sfarsitul<br />
lunii iunie 2012 in cifre<br />
Piata romaneasca de leasing financiar a<br />
inregistrat o tendinta de stagnare in prima<br />
jumatate a anului 2012 in comparatie cu<br />
aceeasi perioada din anul precedent. Cu toate<br />
acestea putem spune ca aceasta este o tendinta<br />
pozitiva in comparatie cu tendinta anului<br />
precedent de dinamica negativa! Totalul de<br />
finantari acordate a insumat 649 milioane<br />
de Euro (pe baza valorii bunurilor finantate)<br />
acoperind diverse domenii, mai precis 25%<br />
The Special Register keeps the total number of<br />
52 NBFIs having the following composition in<br />
terms of main object of activity:<br />
From the beginning of the notification process of<br />
the non-banking financial institutions in August<br />
2006, 82 NBFIs were erased from the General<br />
Registry and 20 from the Special Registry. The<br />
majority of them were authorized as multiple<br />
credit activity (32 in General Registry and 12<br />
in Special Registry) and financial leasing (45<br />
in General Registry and 7 in Special Registry).<br />
The difference is represented by the consumer<br />
credit activity (3 in General Registry and 1 in<br />
Special Registry) , microcredit activity (3 in<br />
General Registry) and financing of commercial<br />
transactions (1 in General Registry).<br />
5. Romanian Leasing Market as of end of<br />
June, 2012, in figures<br />
The Romanian financial leasing market has<br />
registered in the first half of year 2012 a<br />
stagnation trend when compared to the same<br />
period of the previous year. Yet, we may say<br />
that this is a positive trend when compared to<br />
the last years’ tendency of negative dynamic!<br />
The total granted financings amounted at<br />
649 million Euros (based on the value of<br />
the financed assets) covered various fields,<br />
namely 25% the industrial equipment, 3%<br />
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echipamente industriale, 3% domeniul<br />
imobiliar si 72% cel al transportului. Acest<br />
declin al ariilor de interes arata ca, chiar dupa<br />
anii de criza financiara in care jucatorii cautau<br />
noi nise de piata pentru o mai buna gestionare<br />
a bunurilor, dar si a riscurilor financiare,<br />
finantarea agentilor economici concentrata pe<br />
ariile activitatii de transport ramane una din<br />
pietele cele mai de incredere.<br />
In privinta finantatorilor, piata romaneasca de<br />
leasing financiar este dominata de societatile<br />
de leasing detinute de marile grupuri financiarbancare.<br />
Ca atare, cea mai mare cota de piata<br />
este cea din sectorul companiilor subsidiare ale<br />
bancilor, cu 62% din total, urmata de sectorul<br />
companiilor captive cu 24% şi de sectorul<br />
companiilor independente, cu 14%.<br />
În domeniul transporturilor, evoluţia<br />
finanţărilor dupa trimestrul al II-lea din 2012<br />
indică păstrarea unei ponderi relativ constante<br />
pe categorii de vehicule, după cum urmează:<br />
autoturismele deţin o cotă de 61%, vehiculele<br />
comerciale grele 27% şi vehiculele comerciale<br />
uşoare 12% din total.<br />
In domeniul finantarii de echipamente este<br />
interesant de menţionat faptul că ponderea<br />
sectorului construcţiilor este în creştere faţă<br />
trimestrul al II-lea al anului 2011, de la 17%<br />
la 33%, ponderea industriei metalurgice este<br />
de asemenea în creştere de la 4% la 9%, in<br />
timp ce ponderea echipamentului agricol,<br />
a echipamentelor medicale şi a aparatelor<br />
electrice este în scădere de la 22% la 18%, de<br />
la 6% la 4%, respectiv de la 14% la 8%, iar<br />
finanţarea celorlalte sectoare ale economiei<br />
păstrează o pondere relativ constantă (2-3%<br />
industria de prelucrare a lemnului, 3-4% în<br />
domeniul echipamentelor IT şi software),<br />
precum şi alte domenii. Aceasta evolutie indica<br />
o intentie sporita a finantatorilor de a investi in<br />
noi domenii de interes, alaturi de piata auto care<br />
ramane cea mai importanta.<br />
Finantarea sectorului imobiliar arata intre anii<br />
2009 si 2012 o evolutie contrara in comparatie<br />
cu criza specifica din acest domeniu de<br />
the real estate field and 72% the transport<br />
field. This breakdown of areas of interest proves<br />
that, even after the financial crisis years when<br />
the players were looking for new market niches<br />
in order to better manage both the asset and the<br />
financial risks, the financing of the economic<br />
agents focused on transport areas of activity<br />
remain ones of the most confident markets.<br />
The Romanian financial leasing market, in<br />
terms of lessors is dominated by the leasing<br />
companies owned by the big financial &<br />
banking groups. Thus, the biggest market<br />
quota is registered by the sector of the banks’<br />
subsidiaries, with 62% out of the total, followed<br />
by the captive companies sector with 24% and<br />
by the independent companies sector with 14%.<br />
In the transport field the evolution of the<br />
financings after the second quarter of 2012<br />
indicates a constant weight related to the vehicle<br />
categories, namely: the passenger cars have a<br />
quota of 61%, the heavy commercial vehicles<br />
27% and the light commercial vehicles cover<br />
12% out of the total.<br />
In terms of equipment financing it is interesting<br />
to mention that compared to the same period<br />
of 2011 the weight of the construction field<br />
is increasing from 17% to 33%, the metal<br />
processing segment from 4% to 9% while the<br />
shares of agricultural field, medical equipment<br />
and electrical devices dropped from 22% to<br />
18%, from 6% to 4% and from 14% to 8%<br />
respectively, whereas the financing of the other<br />
economic sectors have still a weight relatively<br />
constant (2-3% wood processing industry,<br />
3-4% IT and software equipment) as well as<br />
other sectors. This evolution shows an intensive<br />
intention of the lessors to invest in new fields<br />
of interest, besides the vehicles market that<br />
remains the most important one.<br />
The financing of the real estate sector shows<br />
between 2009 and 2012 an antagonist evolution<br />
when compared to the specific crisis of this<br />
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activitate. In timp ce dezvoltarea imobiliara<br />
cunoaste o evolutie negativa, contractele de<br />
sale & lease back dedicate zonei imobiliare<br />
au reprezentat o sursa alternativa pentru acei<br />
finantatori care au avut incredere si know-how<br />
in a supravietui in aceste vremuri dificile din<br />
punct de vedere macroeconomic. In consecinta,<br />
dinamica acestui sector ar trebui sa fie analizata<br />
mai mult caz cu caz si nu din perspectiva unei<br />
analize de nisa.<br />
In acest sens, cifrele de la H1 2012 comparate<br />
cu cele de la H1 2011, arata o crestere de<br />
la 1% la 57% in privinta ponderii finantarii<br />
hotelurilor, in timp ce ponderea finantarii<br />
cladirilor rezidentiale a crescut de la 5% la 6%.<br />
In contrast cu aceasta, s-au înregistrat scăderi<br />
in pondere ale finanţărilor cladirilor industriale<br />
de la 40% la 5%, ale terenurilor de la 31% la<br />
16%, a categoriei retail-outlet de la 5% la 1% şi<br />
a finanţării clădirilor de birouri clasa A, B şi C<br />
de la 18% la 15%.<br />
Datorita stimulentelor fiscale oferite de<br />
legislatia romaneasca in principal finantatorilor<br />
care sunt organizati ca agenti economici,<br />
clienţii persoane juridice au atras cea mai mare<br />
pondere (90%) din totalul finanţărilor, urmaţi<br />
de persoanele fizice (10%) şi de sectorul public<br />
(0%). Este interesant de mentionat faptul ca<br />
sectorul public nu are inca experienta utilizarii<br />
leasingului ca sursa de finantare, chiar daca<br />
legislatia parteneriatului public privat a fost<br />
armonizata cu respectiva Directiva europeana.<br />
Penetrarea leasingului in PIB-ul Romaniei<br />
indica o tendinta pozitiva in timpul perioadei<br />
premergatoare crizei si una negativa dupa<br />
criza financiara. Astfel, daca in 2008, primul<br />
an de declin pentru aceasta piata, indicele de<br />
penetrare este de 3,52%, in 2011 acelasi indice<br />
a atins nivelul de 0,99%. Cauza este una foarte<br />
transparenta si nu constituie un secret: criza<br />
financiara atat la nivel european, cat si la nivel<br />
local. Acest indice indica faptul ca piata de<br />
leasing din Romania este una emergenta care<br />
a supravietuit mediului macroeconomic foarte<br />
dificil la nivel european si acest fapt ne da<br />
field of activity. While the development of the<br />
real estate is on a negative evolution, the sale<br />
and lease back contracts dedicated to the real<br />
estate area, represented an alternative source<br />
of financing for those lessors that have proven<br />
confidence and know-how in surviving these<br />
difficult macroeconomic times. Consequently,<br />
the dynamics of this sector should be analysed<br />
much more on a case by case basis and not as a<br />
niche analysis.<br />
Thus, the figures of H12012 compared to H1<br />
2011, show an increasing from 1% to 57%<br />
related to the financing of the hotels in terms<br />
of weight, while the financing of the residential<br />
buildings weight increased from 5% to 6%.<br />
On the contrary, the financing of the industrial<br />
buildings decreased from 40% to 5%, land<br />
financing from 31% to 16%, retail-outlet from<br />
5% to 1% and the financing of the offices areas<br />
class A, B and C from 18% to 15%.<br />
Due to fiscal incentives offered by the Romanian<br />
legislation mainly to lessors that are organized<br />
as economic agents, the legal clients attracted<br />
the largest part (90%) of the total financings,<br />
followed by the individuals (10%). It is<br />
interesting to mention that the public sector<br />
has no experience yet in using leasing as a<br />
source of financing, even if the public private<br />
partnership legislation has been harmonized<br />
with the respective European Directive.<br />
The leasing penetration into Romanian GDP<br />
shows a positive trend during the pre-crisis<br />
period and a negative one after the financial<br />
crisis. Thus, if in 2008, the first year of decline<br />
for this market, the penetration index is at<br />
3.52% in 2011 this index has reached the level<br />
of 0.99%. The cause is very transparent and not<br />
a secret: the financial crisis both at the European<br />
and local level. This index indicates that the<br />
Romanian leasing market is an emerging<br />
one that has survived over the very difficult<br />
macroeconomic environment at the European<br />
level and that promises confidence in future<br />
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incredere in viitoarea sa evolutie. Este important<br />
de mentionat faptul ca pentru moment principalii<br />
jucatori reprezinta capitalul european investit<br />
in piata financiara din Romania in timpul<br />
ultimelor doua decade si ca acest capital a fost<br />
direct afectat de evolutia monetar-financiara la<br />
nivel global si continental.<br />
6. Piata creditului de consum a <strong>ALB</strong> in cifre<br />
la sfarsitul lunii iunie 2012<br />
Membrii <strong>ALB</strong>, reprezentanţi ai creditului de<br />
consum au acordat credite în valoare de 225,8<br />
milioane Euro, din care 206,5 milioane Euro<br />
(91,4%) credite destinate consumului personal,<br />
14,6 milioane Euro (6,5%) credite industriale si<br />
4,7 milioane Euro (2,1%) credite auto, astfel:<br />
În domeniul creditelor destinate consumului<br />
personal, imprumuturile de tip nevoi personale<br />
detin o cota de 52%, creditele de tip revolving<br />
(inclusiv cardurile de credit) au o pondere de<br />
34%, iar credite la POS 14%.<br />
Din totalul finantarilor de tip credit auto<br />
acordate, 95% au fost destinate achizitiei de<br />
vehicule noi si doar 5% achizitiei de vehicule<br />
second hand.<br />
Din totalul finantaărilor acordate in functie de<br />
valoarea creditului, 59% au fost credite intre 0<br />
si 1000 Euro, 24% intre 1000 si 5000 Euro, 9%<br />
intre 5000 si 10 000 Euro si 8% mai mult de 10<br />
000 Euro. In ceea ce priveste creditele acordate<br />
pe categorii de varsta, 29% au fost acordate<br />
persoanelor cu varste cuprinse intre 35 si 45 de<br />
ani, 26% persoanelor care au peste 55 de ani,<br />
20% persoanelor cu varste cuprinse intre 25 şi<br />
35 de ani, 20% persoanelor cu varste cuprinse<br />
intre 45 şi 55 de ani, si doar 5% persoanelor sub<br />
25 de ani.<br />
Din totalul finantarilor acordate in functie de<br />
sex si din punct de vedere al situatiei civile a<br />
clientilor 50% au fost credite pentru persoane<br />
de sex feminin si 50% pentru persoane de sex<br />
masculin, din care 70% declara ca sunt casatoriti<br />
şi 30% necasatoriti.<br />
In funcţie de gradul de educare 52% au fost<br />
development. It is important to mention that<br />
for the time being the main players represent<br />
the European capital invested in the financial<br />
market in Romania during the last two decades<br />
and this capital has directly been affected by the<br />
monetary and financial evolution at the global<br />
and continental level.<br />
6. <strong>ALB</strong>‘s market of consumer credit in<br />
figures as of end of June 2012<br />
The <strong>ALB</strong> members representing the consumer<br />
credit granted credits amounting 225.8 million<br />
Euros, out of which 206.5 million Euros (91.4%)<br />
consumer credits for personal consumption,<br />
14.6 million Euros (6.5%) industrial credits and<br />
4.7 million Euros (2.1%) credits for vehicles,<br />
namely:<br />
In the field of consumer credits for personal<br />
consumption, the personal loans have a quota<br />
of 52%, the revolving credits 34% and credits<br />
at the point of sale 14%.<br />
Out of the granted financing for the vehicle<br />
credits, 95% were dedicated to the acquisition<br />
of new vehicles and only 5% to the acquisition<br />
of second-hand vehicles.<br />
Out of the total granted financing depending<br />
on the loan amount, 59% were loans between 0<br />
and 1000 Euros, 24% between 1000 and 5000<br />
Euros, 9% between 5000 and 10 000 Euros and<br />
8% for more than 10 000 Euros.<br />
In terms of loans based on age, 29% were<br />
granted to people between ages of 35 and 45<br />
years old, 26% to people who are over 55 years<br />
old, 20% to people aged between 25 and 35<br />
years old, 20% to people aged between 45 and<br />
55 years old and only 5% to people under 25<br />
years old.<br />
Out of the total granted financing, taking into<br />
consideration the clients’ sex and marital status,<br />
50% were loans granted to women and 50%<br />
to men, out of which 70% declared they are<br />
married and 30% unmarried.<br />
Considering the level of education 52% were<br />
loans granted to people with medium studies,<br />
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credite acordate persoanelor cu studii medii,<br />
30% persoanelor cu studii superioare si 18%<br />
persoanelor cu studii elementare.<br />
<strong>ALB</strong> reprezinta conform statisticilor <strong>ALB</strong> si BNR<br />
93% din totalul pietei creditului de consum IFN<br />
din Romania.<br />
7. Participarea <strong>ALB</strong> la diverse organisme<br />
nationale si internationale<br />
In conformitate cu politicile membrilor si cu<br />
reprezentarea, Asociatia este membra a Federatiei<br />
Europene de Leasing – Leaseurope si a Federatiei<br />
Europene de Credit de Consum – Eurofinas. Ca<br />
urmare, ea este parte a dialogului cu anumite<br />
organisme si directii europene precum Autoritatea<br />
Bancara Europeana, DGTAXUD, DGSANCO,<br />
si DGMARKT in privinta activitatii de lobby<br />
referitoare la schimbarile directivelor europene cu<br />
privire la aria de interes si activitatea industriei.<br />
In ceea ce priveste principiile statutare de<br />
buna practica, <strong>ALB</strong> a semnat protocoale de<br />
cooperare sau s-a angajat in programe comune<br />
cu urmatoarele autoritati romanesti: Inspectoratul<br />
General al Politiei Romane, Autoritatea Nationala<br />
pentru Protectia Consumatorului, Consiliul<br />
Concurentei; echipa de experti <strong>ALB</strong> este parte<br />
activa a comisiilor de dialog social la nivelul<br />
Ministerului de Finante Publice si al Bancii<br />
Nationale a Romaniei. <strong>ALB</strong> este totodata<br />
membru activ al Comisiei Nationale de Formare<br />
Profesionala a Adultilor care functioneaza<br />
sub auspiciile Ministerului Muncii si care este<br />
gazduita de Institutul Bancar Roman. Asociatia<br />
si membrii ei au aratat un mare interes pentru<br />
programele de educatie destinate consumatorului<br />
de servicii financiare, fiind un membru activ al<br />
echipei pentru Strategia de Educatie Nationala cu<br />
scopul de a semna protocoale cu inspectoratele<br />
scolare locale in vederea inceperii programelor de<br />
educatie in licee.<br />
Asociatia este membra a Uniunii Nationale a<br />
Patronatelor cu Capital Privat din Romania –<br />
UNPCPR si din 2010 Secretarul General al<br />
Asociatiei este vicepresedinte al acestei uniuni a<br />
patronatelor.<br />
30% to people with superior studies and 18% to<br />
people with elementary studies.<br />
Based on the <strong>ALB</strong> and NBR statistics, <strong>ALB</strong> is<br />
representing 93% of the NBFI consumer credit<br />
& leasing total market in Romania.<br />
7. <strong>ALB</strong>’s participation in various national and<br />
international bodies<br />
In line with its members’ policies and<br />
representation the Association is member of<br />
the European Leasing Federation – Leaseurope<br />
and European Consumer Credit Federation –<br />
Eurofinas. Consequently it is part of the dialogue<br />
with certain European bodies and directorates<br />
like European Banking Authority, DGTAXUD,<br />
DGSANCO, and DGMARKT in lobbying<br />
changes to the European Directives with respect<br />
to industry’s area of interest and activity.<br />
With respect to its statutory principles of best<br />
practice <strong>ALB</strong> has signed protocols of cooperation<br />
or engaged in common programs with the<br />
following Romanian authorities: Romanian<br />
General Inspectorate of Police, National<br />
Authority for Consumer Protection, Competition<br />
Council; the <strong>ALB</strong>’s team of experts is actively<br />
part of the social dialogue commissions at the<br />
level of Ministry of Public Finance and National<br />
Bank of Romania. <strong>ALB</strong> is also active member<br />
of the National Commission for Professional<br />
Training of Adults that functions under the<br />
auspices of the Ministry of Labour and is<br />
hosted by the Romanian Banking Institute. The<br />
Association and its members have shown a high<br />
interest in educational programs for financial<br />
services consumer being an active member of the<br />
National Educational Strategy Team and aiming<br />
to sign protocols with the local educational<br />
inspectorates for starting dedicated educational<br />
programs in high schools.<br />
The Association is member of the National Union<br />
of Employers of Private Equity in Romania -<br />
UNPCPR and functions through its Secretary<br />
General as vice president of the Employers since<br />
2010.<br />
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8. Creditare responsabila – in mai a intrat in<br />
vigoare Codul de Bune Practici semnat si asumat<br />
de industria creditului de consum. Textul<br />
acestui cod de autoreglementare a fost revizuit<br />
si aprobat de Autoritatea Nationala pentru<br />
Protectia Consumatorului si produce efecte<br />
juridice pentru semnatari si clientii acestora.<br />
Acest Cod impune <strong>ALB</strong> sa monitorizeze<br />
respectarea principiilor de creditare care sunt<br />
definite de Codul de Bune Practici.<br />
Adunarea Generala Anuala din 2012 a decis<br />
ca industria leasingului ar trebui sa inceapa<br />
si ea sa elaboreze Codul de bune practici al<br />
acestei industrii cu scopul ca finantatorii sa<br />
transparentizeze si sa respecte principiile<br />
de buna practica in relatiile contractuale cu<br />
utilizatorii, fie ca acestia sunt persoane fizice<br />
ori juridice.<br />
Concluzie: Piata financiara nebancara<br />
din Romania este inca la inceputuri in<br />
comparatie cu istoria acestor produse in alte<br />
economii! Unii ar putea spune că mediul<br />
actual financiar nu ar trebui să sprijine<br />
dezvoltarea în continuare a acestor produse<br />
…. Altii ar putea spune ca in principal aceste<br />
doua servicii financiare speciale ar putea<br />
fi o solutie alternativa pentru rezolvarea<br />
problemelor financiare ale economiilor.<br />
Creditul de consum ar putea inlesni<br />
mentinerea increderii populatiei intr-un stil<br />
de viata care nu este in mod necesar definit<br />
prin consum, ci prin ideea de „indatorare<br />
productiva”! Leasingul ar putea servi, in<br />
lipsa lichiditatilor, ca sursa alternativa<br />
pentru rezolvarea situatiilor economice<br />
si conjuncturale dificile ... realitatea<br />
economica romaneasca a aratat faptul ca<br />
agentii economici au inceput sa inteleaga<br />
rolul leasingului in astfel de vremuri dificile<br />
din punct de vedere financiar atunci cand<br />
au cerut “sale & lease back”! Istoria a<br />
aratat ca leasingul poate sprijini de-a<br />
lungul secolelor marile bugete de razboi!<br />
El are bineinteles nevoie de doua elemente<br />
importante: sprijinul statului si increderea<br />
8. Responsible lending – in May 2012 the<br />
Code of Best Practice signed and assumed by<br />
the Consumer Credit industry has entered into<br />
force. The text of this self-regulatory code has<br />
been revised and approved by the National<br />
Authority of Consumer Protection and produces<br />
legally effects towards its signatories and their<br />
customers. The Code enforces <strong>ALB</strong> to monitor<br />
the respect of the responsible lending principles<br />
that are defined by the Code of Best Practice.<br />
The Annual General Assembly in 2012 has<br />
decided that the leasing industry should also<br />
start working on the text of industry’s Code<br />
of best practice aimed to better transparency<br />
and best practice principles’ respect by lessors<br />
in their contractual relationship with lessees,<br />
being those individuals or legal entities.<br />
Conclusion: Non-banking financial market<br />
in Romania is yet at its beginnings when<br />
compared with the history of these products<br />
in other economies! Some may say that<br />
the present financial environment should<br />
not support further development of these<br />
products…. Other may say that mainly these<br />
two special financial services may be an<br />
alternative solution to solving the financial<br />
problems of the economies. Consumer credit<br />
may help the maintenance of the population<br />
confidence in a life style that is not necessarily<br />
defined by consumption but by the idea of<br />
“productive debt”! Leasing may serve, when<br />
lack of liquidities, as alternative source for<br />
solving conflict situations….the Romanian<br />
economic reality has shown that the<br />
economic agents have started understanding<br />
the role of leasing in such difficult financial<br />
times when asking for “sale & lease back”!<br />
History has proved that leasing can support,<br />
through centuries, big war budgets! It needs,<br />
of course, two important elements: state<br />
support and confidence in its power and<br />
economic role. Personally, I trust that the<br />
decision makers in Romania will understand<br />
the role leasing and consumer credit may<br />
28<br />
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acestuia in puterea si in rolul sau economic.<br />
In ceea ce ma priveste, eu sunt convinsa ca<br />
factorii decizionali din Romania vor intelege<br />
rolul pe care leasingul si creditul de consum<br />
l-ar putea juca in viitoarea dezvoltare a<br />
economiei romanesti si in principal rolul<br />
acestor produse in punerea la dispozitie a<br />
unui cadru economic reglementat acolo unde<br />
sunt mai putine lichiditati. Asadar, leasingul<br />
poate fi un produs clasic care nu rivalizeaza,<br />
ci este o solutie alternativa creditului pentru<br />
a oferi sursele finaciare adecvate de exemplu<br />
pentru viitoarele parteneriate public private<br />
in construirea infrastructurii atat de<br />
necesara in Romania.<br />
play in the near future development of the<br />
Romanian economy and mainly the role<br />
of these products in offering an economic<br />
framework agreement where is less liquidity.<br />
Thus, leasing may be a classic product that<br />
does not compete but alternates with credit<br />
in offering the adequate financial sources<br />
for instance for the future public private<br />
partnerships in building the so much needed<br />
infrastructure in Romania.<br />
Surse bibliografice selectate<br />
• US Navy: Lend-Lease Act Text<br />
• U-boat.net: The Lend-Lease Act<br />
• Library of Congress: Lend-Lease & the<br />
Soviet Union<br />
• British War Economy: Lend-Lease<br />
• Microcredit site WBK<br />
• eHow.com – Brief history of consumer<br />
credit<br />
• BNR: Raport anual 2011<br />
Selected Sources<br />
• US Navy: Lend-Lease Act Text<br />
• U-boat.net: The Lend-Lease Act<br />
• Library of Congress: Lend-Lease & the<br />
Soviet Union<br />
• British War Economy: Lend-Lease<br />
• Microcredit site WBK<br />
• eHow.com – Brief history of consumer<br />
credit<br />
• NBR – 2011 Annual Report<br />
9. Grafice<br />
9. Graphics<br />
Adriana Ahciarliu<br />
Secretar General <strong>ALB</strong> România<br />
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Asociatia Societatilor Financiare - <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
The Financial Companies Association – <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
Piaţa de leasing financiar în România<br />
Financial Leasing Market in Romania<br />
30.06.2012<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
1<br />
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Evolutia pietei de leasing financiar (cresteri anuale)<br />
Financial Leasing Market Evolution (annual growth rates)<br />
2,943,533<br />
2,170,399<br />
35%<br />
2,103,643<br />
-74%<br />
37%<br />
-76%<br />
1,537,173<br />
647,378<br />
776,653<br />
663,314<br />
36%<br />
22%<br />
-2%<br />
543,719<br />
648,685<br />
476,158<br />
-76%<br />
-30%<br />
507,149<br />
397,756<br />
17%<br />
17%<br />
-33% 338,992<br />
464,745<br />
157,068 23% 192,512 -39%<br />
152,197<br />
184,220 -12%<br />
-28% 95,407 69%<br />
161,678<br />
117,307<br />
81,338 22,262<br />
109,320<br />
-19%<br />
-15%<br />
-73%<br />
30.06.2007 30.06.2008 30.06.2009 30.06.2010 30.06.2011 30.06.2012<br />
TOTAL Equipment/Echipamente Vehicles/Vehicule Real Estate/Imobiliar<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
(000 euro)<br />
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Piata de leasing financiar in Romania - Ponderea segmentelor in total finantari<br />
Romanian Financial Leasing Market - Weight per Good Segment<br />
76%<br />
71%<br />
71%<br />
72%<br />
65%<br />
62% 60%<br />
28%<br />
20% 22% 22%<br />
20%<br />
20%<br />
25%<br />
4%<br />
7%<br />
15% 18%<br />
7%<br />
12%<br />
3%<br />
30.06.2006 30.06.2007 30.06.2008 30.06.2009 30.06.2010 30.06.2011 30.06.2012<br />
Equipment/Echipamente Vehicles/Vehicule Real Estate/Imobiliar<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
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Piata de leasing financiar din Romania dupa categoria utilizatorului<br />
Romanian Financial Leasing Market Structure by Customer Type<br />
120%<br />
93%<br />
100% 100% 100%<br />
100%<br />
96%<br />
95%<br />
90%<br />
91%<br />
95% 93%<br />
88%<br />
86%<br />
80%<br />
60%<br />
40%<br />
20%<br />
0%<br />
CORPORATE /<br />
COMPANII<br />
7%<br />
5%<br />
9%<br />
RETAIL /<br />
RETAIL<br />
13%<br />
10%<br />
6%<br />
4%<br />
5%<br />
0%<br />
2% 2% 3%<br />
3%<br />
0% 0% 1% 1% 1%<br />
0%<br />
0% 0% 0% 1% 0%<br />
PUBLIC /<br />
PUBLIC<br />
CORPORATE /<br />
COMPANII<br />
RETAIL /<br />
RETAIL<br />
PUBLIC /<br />
PUBLIC<br />
CORPORATE /<br />
COMPANII<br />
RETAIL /<br />
RETAIL<br />
PUBLIC /<br />
PUBLIC<br />
30.06.2010 30.06.2011 30.06.2012<br />
TOTAL <strong>ALB</strong> Equipment / Echipamente Vehicle / Vehicule Real Estate / Imobiliar<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 33<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:56 AM
Piata de leasing din Romania (echipamente si vehicule) dupa tipul achizitiei<br />
Romanian Leasing Market (Equipment and Vehicles) Structure by Acquisition Type<br />
100%<br />
90%<br />
93%<br />
86% 85%<br />
84%<br />
79%<br />
82%<br />
80%<br />
80%<br />
76% 76%<br />
88%<br />
86% 85%<br />
70%<br />
60%<br />
50%<br />
40%<br />
30%<br />
20%<br />
10%<br />
14% 15%<br />
7%<br />
24% 24%<br />
21%<br />
20%<br />
18%<br />
16%<br />
14% 15%<br />
12%<br />
0%<br />
New / Noi Used / Second<br />
Hand<br />
New / Noi Used / Second<br />
Hand<br />
New / Noi Used / Second<br />
Hand<br />
New / Noi Used / Second<br />
Hand<br />
30.06.2009 30.06.2010 30.06.2011 30.06.2012<br />
TOTAL <strong>ALB</strong> Equipment / Echipamente Vehicle / Vehicule<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 34<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:56 AM
Piata de leasing financiar (echipamente si vehicule) din Romania dupa originea bunului<br />
Romanian Financial Leasing Market (Equipment and Vehicles) Structure by Origin<br />
92%<br />
100%<br />
78%<br />
81%<br />
90%<br />
80%<br />
70%<br />
60%<br />
50%<br />
40%<br />
30%<br />
20%<br />
10%<br />
12%<br />
10% 8%<br />
11%<br />
8%<br />
0%<br />
0%<br />
30.06.2010 30.06.2011 30.06.2012<br />
Domestic RO Domestic EU Import<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 35<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:57 AM
30%<br />
25%<br />
20%<br />
15%<br />
10%<br />
5%<br />
0%<br />
Piata de leasing financiar din Romania dupa durata contractului<br />
Romanian Financial Leasing Market Structure by Duration of Contract<br />
26%<br />
25%<br />
23%<br />
22%<br />
20%<br />
19%<br />
13%<br />
14%<br />
30.06.2011<br />
30.06.2012<br />
8%<br />
8%<br />
5%<br />
4%<br />
4%<br />
3%<br />
2%<br />
1% 1%<br />
1%<br />
1 YEAR / 1<br />
AN<br />
1-2 YEARS /<br />
1-2 ANI<br />
2-3 YEARS /<br />
2-3 ANI<br />
3-4 YEARS /<br />
3-4 ANI<br />
4-5 YEARS /<br />
4-5 ANI<br />
5-7 YEARS /<br />
5-7 ANI<br />
7-10 YEARS<br />
/ 7-10 ANI<br />
10-15<br />
YEARS / 10-<br />
15 ANI<br />
>15 YEARS<br />
/ >15 ANI<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 36<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:57 AM
Piata de leasing financiar din Romania - finantarea vehiculelor<br />
Romanian Financial Leasing Market - Vehicle Financing<br />
70%<br />
60%<br />
58%<br />
57%<br />
61%<br />
56%<br />
50%<br />
40%<br />
30%<br />
20%<br />
10%<br />
0%<br />
PASSENGERS CARS/<br />
Autoturisme<br />
17%<br />
16%<br />
13%<br />
12%<br />
LIGHT COMMERCIALS /<br />
Vehicule Comerciale<br />
Usoare<br />
19%<br />
25%<br />
30%<br />
27%<br />
HEAVY COMMERCIALS/<br />
Vehicule Comerciale Grele<br />
6%<br />
2%<br />
1%<br />
OTHERS/Alte vehicule<br />
0%<br />
30.06.2009 30.06.2010 30.06.2011 30.06.2012<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 37<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:57 AM
Piata de leasing financiar din Romania - finantarea echipamentelor<br />
Romanian Financial Leasing Market - Equipment Financing<br />
30.06.2012 vs 30.06.2011<br />
H1 2012<br />
Forklift<br />
3%<br />
Agriculture<br />
18%<br />
Electrical devices<br />
8%<br />
Printing & Packaging<br />
2%<br />
Medical<br />
4%<br />
Furniture<br />
1%<br />
Office + IT<br />
2%<br />
Car service<br />
1%<br />
Others<br />
12%<br />
Food & Beverage<br />
5%<br />
Construction<br />
33%<br />
Metal processing<br />
9%<br />
Car Service<br />
4%<br />
Agriculture<br />
22%<br />
Others<br />
19%<br />
Electrical devices<br />
14%<br />
Construction<br />
17% Metal processing<br />
4%<br />
Medical<br />
6%<br />
Food & Beverage<br />
7%<br />
Wood processing<br />
Office + IT 3%<br />
4%<br />
Wood processing<br />
2%<br />
H1 2011<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 38<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:57 AM
Piata de leasing financiar din Romania - finantarea sectorului imobiliar<br />
Romanian Financial Leasing Market Real - Estate Financing<br />
70%<br />
65%<br />
60%<br />
57%<br />
50%<br />
40% 39%<br />
40%<br />
31%<br />
31%<br />
30%<br />
18% 22%<br />
20%<br />
18%<br />
15%<br />
16%<br />
10%<br />
0%<br />
INDUSTRIAL /<br />
Industriale<br />
5%<br />
OFFICE HOTEL /<br />
Hoteluri<br />
1%<br />
1% 0% 0%<br />
RETAIL<br />
OUTLETS<br />
5%<br />
7%<br />
5% 5% 5% 6% 7%<br />
1%<br />
RESIDENTIAL/<br />
Rezidential<br />
LAND/ Teren<br />
30.06.2009 30.06.2010 30.06.2011 30.06.2012<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 39<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:57 AM
Piata de leasing din Romania dupa restante ale contractelor terminate anticipat cu<br />
bunuri nerecuperate / Romanian Leasing Market by Outstanding of Early<br />
Terminated and not Repossessed Leased Assets<br />
(000 Euro)<br />
59,803<br />
-8%<br />
60,000<br />
54,991<br />
50,000<br />
+5%<br />
40,000<br />
35,319<br />
33,679<br />
30,000<br />
31.03.2012<br />
30.06.2012<br />
20,000<br />
-33%<br />
10,000<br />
9,028<br />
6,093<br />
0<br />
EQUIPMENT /<br />
ECHIPAMENTE<br />
VEHICLE / VEHICULE REAL ESTATE /<br />
IMOBILIAR<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 40<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:57 AM
Piata de leasing din Romania dupa numarul activelor reposedate<br />
Romanian Leasing Market by No. of Repossessed Assets<br />
4,500<br />
4,003<br />
4,000<br />
-34%<br />
3,500<br />
3,000<br />
2,638<br />
2,500<br />
30.06.2011<br />
2,000<br />
30.06.2012<br />
1,500<br />
-18%<br />
1,000<br />
429<br />
352<br />
500<br />
33<br />
+57%<br />
52<br />
0<br />
EQUIPMENT /<br />
ECHIPAMENTE<br />
VEHICLE / VEHICULE REAL ESTATE /<br />
IMOBILIAR<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 41<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:57 AM
Piata de leasing din Romania dupa numarul activelor revandute<br />
Romanian Leasing Market by No. of Remarketed Assets<br />
4,000<br />
3,876<br />
3,500<br />
2,919<br />
-25%<br />
3,000<br />
2,500<br />
2,000<br />
30.06.2011<br />
30.06.2012<br />
1,500<br />
1,000<br />
+13%<br />
-85%<br />
322<br />
286<br />
500<br />
32 5<br />
0<br />
EQUIPMENT /<br />
ECHIPAMENTE<br />
VEHICLE / VEHICULE REAL ESTATE /<br />
IMOBILIAR<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 42<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:57 AM
Piata de leasing din Romania dupa numarul de angajati<br />
Romanian Leasing Market by No. of Employees<br />
-3,5%<br />
1659<br />
1800<br />
1604<br />
-3%<br />
1600<br />
1384<br />
1341<br />
1400<br />
1200<br />
1000<br />
31.03.2012<br />
800<br />
30.06.2012<br />
600<br />
-4%<br />
400<br />
275<br />
263<br />
200<br />
0<br />
Number of employees<br />
in HO / Nr. de angajati<br />
in sediul central<br />
Number of employees<br />
in branches / Nr. de<br />
angajati in sucursale<br />
Total employees / Total<br />
angajati<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 43<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:57 AM
The Financial Companies Association – <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
Asociatia Societatilor Financiare - <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
Consumer Credit Market in Romania<br />
Piata creditului de consum in Romania<br />
30.06.2012<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
15<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 44<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
Outstanding by Loan Type<br />
Portofoliul dupa tipul de credit<br />
30.06.2012<br />
4.2%<br />
0.1%<br />
€ 742,297<br />
million<br />
Consumer credit for personal<br />
consumption / Credite destinate<br />
consumului personal<br />
Credits for Vehicles / Credite auto<br />
Industrial Credit/ Credite<br />
Industriale<br />
95.8%<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 45<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
New Credit Granted<br />
Credite noi acordate<br />
2.1%<br />
6.5%<br />
€ 225,875<br />
million<br />
30.06.2012<br />
Consumer credit for personal<br />
consumption / Credite destinate<br />
consumului personal<br />
Credits for Vehicles / Credite auto<br />
Industrial Credit/ Credite<br />
Industriale<br />
91.4%<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 46<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
New Credit for Personal Consumption<br />
Credite noi acordate pentru consum personal<br />
30.06.2012<br />
14%<br />
52%<br />
Direct personal loans<br />
Imprumuturi de tip<br />
nevoi personale<br />
14%<br />
Credit at the point of sale<br />
Credit la POS<br />
34%<br />
€ 206,515<br />
million<br />
52%<br />
34%<br />
Revolving credits,<br />
including credit cards<br />
Credite de tip revolving,<br />
inclusiv carduri de credit<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 47<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
New Credit Granted by Value<br />
Credite noi acordate dupa valoare<br />
30.06.2012<br />
8%<br />
9%<br />
24%<br />
€ 225,875<br />
million<br />
59%<br />
0-1000 Euro<br />
1000 - 5000 Euro<br />
5000-10000 Euro<br />
>10000 Euro<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 48<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
New Credit Granted by Client Age<br />
Credite noi acordate dupa varsta clientilor<br />
30.06.2012<br />
5%<br />
26%<br />
€ 225,875<br />
million<br />
20%<br />
< 25 years old<br />
25-35 years old<br />
35-45 years old<br />
45-55 years old<br />
>55 years old<br />
20%<br />
29%<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 49<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
New Credit Granted by Client Residential Areas<br />
Credite noi acordate dupa zona de resedinta a clientilor<br />
30.06.2012<br />
24%<br />
€ 225,875<br />
million<br />
Rural<br />
Urban<br />
76%<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 50<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
New Credit Granted by Client Macro-Regions Areas<br />
Credite noi acordate dupa zona de macro-regiune a clientilor<br />
30.06.2012<br />
10%<br />
8%<br />
10%<br />
€ 225,875<br />
million<br />
11%<br />
11%<br />
Nord - Vest<br />
Centru<br />
Nord - Est<br />
Sud-Est<br />
Sud-Muntenia<br />
21%<br />
Bucuresti-Ilfov<br />
Sud-Vest<br />
14%<br />
Vest<br />
15%<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 51<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
New Credit Granted by Client Gender<br />
Credite noi acordate dupa sexul clientilor<br />
30.06.2012<br />
50%<br />
€ 225,875<br />
million 50%<br />
F<br />
M<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 52<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
New Credit Granted by Marital Status<br />
Credite noi acordate dupa starea civila<br />
30.06.2012<br />
30%<br />
€ 225,875<br />
million<br />
Married / Casatoriti<br />
Unmarried / Necasatoriti<br />
70%<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 53<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
New Credit Granted by Education<br />
Credite noi acordate dupa gradul de educatie<br />
30.06.2012<br />
18%<br />
30%<br />
€ 225,875<br />
million<br />
Elementary<br />
(1-8 clase)<br />
Medium<br />
(Liceu+ profesionala)<br />
Superior<br />
52%<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 54<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:58 AM
New Credit Granted by Net Income of Applicant<br />
Credite noi acordate dupa venitul net al solicitantului<br />
30.06.2012<br />
2%<br />
1% 1%<br />
3%<br />
9%<br />
8%<br />
0-500 RON<br />
501-1.000 RON<br />
1.001-1.500 RON<br />
21%<br />
1.501-2.000 RON<br />
2.001-2.500 RON<br />
2.501-3.000 RON<br />
55%<br />
3.001-4.000 RON<br />
>4.000 RON<br />
Source/Sursa: ASOCIATIA SOCIETATILOR FINANCIARE – <strong>ALB</strong> ROMANIA<br />
Issued by Diplomat Consult for <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 55<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:59 AM
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 56<br />
11/5/2012 9:21:59 AM
Criminalitate de Business<br />
Intrebare: DANILA, PETRE & ASOCIATII a<br />
constituit si dezvoltat un department specializat<br />
in Dreptul penal al afacerilor. Cum si cand a<br />
aparut interesul pentru specializarea avocatilor<br />
DPA intr-un astfel de domeniu al dreptului<br />
Dreptul penal a constituit unul dintre domeniile<br />
dreptului abordat de Casa noastra de avocatura<br />
inca de la infiintarea sa, in luna ianuarie 2003.<br />
Ca judecator, timp de 14 ani mai inainte de a<br />
alege sa parasesc magistratura pentru a imbatisa<br />
cariera de avocat, avusesem spre solutionare<br />
foarte multe dosare penale, unele extrem de<br />
complexe, astfel incat problemele de fond si de<br />
procedura specifice imi erau foarte cunoscute.<br />
Si partenerul meu, Cristian Petre, pledase ca<br />
avocat in cauze penale anterior asocierii noastre.<br />
Departamentul de Drept penal al afacerilor a<br />
fost insa constituit in anul 2006. A fost perioada<br />
in care am realizat ca, in proportie covarsitoare,<br />
cauzele penale in care eram implicati ca si<br />
avocati, erau cauze legate de sfera afacerilor, in<br />
special cauze ce afectau patrimonial, uneori si<br />
ca imagine, firme carora le acordam consultanta<br />
juridica sau pe care le reprezentam in litigii<br />
civile sau in fata autoritatilor fiscale. Atunci<br />
a aparut necesitatea constituirii si dezvoltarii<br />
departamentului de Drept penal al afacerilor in<br />
Cadrul casei noastre de avocatura.<br />
Intrebare: Drept penal al afacerilor - Drept<br />
penal. Exista o diferenta<br />
Dreptul penal al afacerilor trateaza incalcari ale<br />
normelor de drept penal ce au loc in special in<br />
legatura cu afacerile sau companiile: spalare<br />
de bani, fraude fiscale, infractiuni legate de<br />
falimentarea businessului, cele prevazute de<br />
Legea societatilor comerciale nr. 31/1990,<br />
manipularea pietei de capital, intocmire si<br />
utilizare de documente false in scopul de a<br />
ascunde anumite venituri sau de a inventa<br />
anumite cheltuieli, ignorarea unor conflicte<br />
de interese, a normelor privitoare la protectia<br />
datelor personale, constituirea de grupuri<br />
Criminal Business Law<br />
Question: DANILA, PETRE&ASSOCIATES<br />
(DPA) founded and grew a department<br />
specialized in Criminal business law. How<br />
and when did the interest for specializing DPA<br />
lawyers in this area of law appeared<br />
The Criminal Law is one of the areas of law<br />
practiced by our law firm since its foundation<br />
in January 2003.<br />
Being a judge for 14 years before deciding to<br />
become a lawyer I have had numerous criminal<br />
cases to judge and therefore the specific legal<br />
aspects were very well known to me. Cristian<br />
Petre, my partner, had as well assisted clients<br />
as a lawyer in criminal cases, previous to<br />
our association. The Criminal Business Law<br />
Department was, however, created in 2006. At<br />
that time we realised that the majority of the<br />
criminal cases that we managed as lawyers were<br />
connected to the business environment, mainly<br />
cases that had an impact on the patrimony<br />
or on the image of the companies that we<br />
were providing legal consultancy or we were<br />
representing in civil cases or in front of the<br />
fiscal authorities. Thus it became necessary to<br />
create and to grow the Criminal Business Law<br />
Department.<br />
Question: Criminal Business Law – Criminal<br />
Law. Is there a difference<br />
The Criminal Business Law approaches the<br />
breach of the legal provisions of the criminal<br />
law norms that are primarily connected to the<br />
business environment or with the companies:<br />
money laundering, fiscal frauds, crimes<br />
connected to the bankruptcy of a business,<br />
crimes provided by the Company Law no.<br />
31/1990, manipulating and rigging the capital<br />
market, compiling and using false documents<br />
for the purpose of hiding certain incomes or<br />
generating false expenses, ignoring certain<br />
conflicts of interests, the norms regarding the<br />
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infractionale - uneori transfrontaliere - in scopul<br />
fraudarii unei afaceri, obtinerea si folosirea<br />
neadecvata a fondurilor europene, incalcarea<br />
legislatiei privitoare la achizitiile publice,<br />
folosirea ilegala a fondurilor bugetar etc. Fie<br />
ca businessul, compania, prin persoanele cu<br />
drept de dispozitie este cel care incalca normele<br />
de drept penal, fie ca businessul este victima<br />
incalcarii de catre un tert a respectivelor norme,<br />
fie ca este vorba de persoane cu functii publice<br />
implicate in procese decizionale, vorbim<br />
despre o categorie aparte de infractiuni ce se<br />
circumscrie sferei afacerilor.<br />
Intrebare: Prin ce se deosebeste un departament<br />
de Drept penal al afacerilor de un departament<br />
de Drept penal, in cadrul unei case de avocatura<br />
Din punct de vedere managerial, noi am gandit<br />
si dezvoltat acest departament astfel incat sa<br />
asiguram activitatea de asistare si reprezentare<br />
a clientilor nostri de catre echipe mixte de<br />
avocati, unii specializati in arii ale dreptului<br />
ce tin strict de business (civil, proprietate<br />
intelectuala, fiscal, contencios administrativ,<br />
drept societar, bancar, vamal etc.) si altii cu<br />
competente speciale in domeniul dreptului<br />
penal. Constituirea unei astfel de echipe prezinta<br />
avantajul indiscutabil al unei depline intelegeri<br />
a tuturor aspectelor de business care au capatat<br />
sau pot genera o situatie ce sa implice incidenta<br />
legii penale.<br />
Pe de o parte, avocatii care asigura asistenta /<br />
reprezentarea efectiva a clientilor in cauzele<br />
penale cunosc in amanunt si sunt in masura<br />
sa expuna organelor de urmarire penala /<br />
judecatorilor modul in care businessul a fost<br />
afectat de sau a generat incalcarea legii penale.<br />
Pe de alta parte, conlucrarea avocatilor cu<br />
specializari distincte in cadrul echipei mixte<br />
creeaza posibilitatea pentru DPA de a oferi<br />
in cadrul serviciilor de consultanta juridica<br />
acordate in special companiilor, sfaturi<br />
avocatiale menite sa previna posibilitatea ca<br />
prin incheierea sau executarea unui contract, sa<br />
protection of the personal data, organising<br />
groups – sometimes cross-border groups – with<br />
the purpose of defrauding a business, attaining<br />
and using the European funds improperly;<br />
breaching the norms regarding public<br />
acquisitions, using illegally the budgets etc.<br />
No matter whether the business, the company,<br />
by the legal representatives is breaching the<br />
criminal law norms, or the business is the<br />
victim of such a breach by a third party or if we<br />
are talking about people with public positions<br />
involved in the decisional process, we are<br />
referring to a special category of crimes that<br />
includes the business environment.<br />
Question: What is the difference between a<br />
Criminal Business Law Department and a<br />
Criminal Law Department within a law firm<br />
From a managerial point of view, we structured<br />
and grew this department so that it enables us<br />
to provide our clients the legal assistance and<br />
representation by mix teams of lawyers, some<br />
specialised in areas of law that are strictly linked<br />
to business (civil law, intellectual property law,<br />
fiscal law, company law, banking law etc.) and<br />
others with special skills in criminal law. Joining<br />
such team offers the indisputable advantage of<br />
complete understanding of all business aspects<br />
that have or may generate a situation that falls<br />
under the incidence of the criminal law.<br />
The lawyers specialised in criminal law know<br />
in detail and are able to explain to the criminal<br />
authorities or judges the manner in which the<br />
business was affected by or led to the breach<br />
of the criminal norms. On the other hand,<br />
the cooperation of the lawyers with distinct<br />
specialisations that are part of the mix teams<br />
enables DPA to advice its clients, mainly<br />
companies, how to prevent the possible risk<br />
of breaching certain criminal law norms or<br />
to become victims of such breaches when<br />
concluding or executing a contract.<br />
Our clients, that are mostly financial institutions,<br />
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se expuna incalcarii anumitor prevederi legale<br />
din domeniul dreptului penal, sau sa devina<br />
victimele unor astfel de incalcari de catre<br />
cealalta parte contractanta.<br />
Clientii nostri, care sunt in cea mai mare parte<br />
institutii financiare, sunt interesati in cel mai<br />
inalt grad de o astfel de consultanta si pana in<br />
prezent, foarte multumiti de rezultate.<br />
Intrebare: Spuneti ca ati creat Departamentul<br />
de Drept penal al afacerilor in 2006. Experienta<br />
acumulata va ajuta<br />
Indiscutabil. Am invatat si continuam sa ne<br />
perfectionam pe baza experientei. In primul rand<br />
am reusit sa asiguram o foarte buna colaborare in<br />
cadrul departamentului intre avocatii penalisti si<br />
colegii care sunt specializati in alte domenii ale<br />
dreptului. Atunci cand un client ne incredinteaza<br />
analizarea unui anumit caz, pentru a se stabili daca<br />
aceasta are sau poate capata o conotatie de natura<br />
penala, avocatul civilist constata care este situatia<br />
contractuala sau de fapt a cazului, iar avocatul<br />
penalist analizeaza daca din aceasta situatie, sunt<br />
sau pot aparea consecinte penale. Opinia juridica<br />
– ca rezultat al analizei mixte - este prezentata<br />
clientului caruia ii apartine decizia finala. In al<br />
doilea rand, am reusit sa dezvoltam relatii de<br />
colaborare profesionala foarte bune cu institutiile<br />
statului si cu organele de urmarire penala, in<br />
procedura legala care se desfasoara atunci cand<br />
sunt inregistrate cauze penale in care sunt implicati<br />
clientii DPA - ca faptuitori sau victime. Avem<br />
relatii de colaborare profesionala foarte bune si cu<br />
autoritati politienesti din alte state, precum si cu<br />
colegi avocati din statele respective.<br />
Intrebare: Cum vedeti evolutia activitatii<br />
desfasurate de Departamentul de Drept penal al<br />
afacerilor Va avea mai mult sau mai putin de<br />
lucru in viitor<br />
Cred ca activitatea acestui departament al DPA<br />
va spori. Am in vedere faptul ca in aceasta<br />
perioada, criza economica ce se incapataneaza<br />
sa nu ne paraseasca va continua sa constituie un<br />
climat propice actiunilor infractionale, inclusiv<br />
are interested by this type of legal consultancy<br />
and until present, very satisfied of the outcomes.<br />
Question: You mentioned that the Criminal<br />
Business Law Department was created in 2006.<br />
Does the experience accumulated help you<br />
Absolutely. We learned and continue to improve<br />
based on our experience. We have also managed<br />
to facilitate a very good cooperation between<br />
the lawyers specialised in criminal business law<br />
and the lawyers that are focused on other areas<br />
of law. When a client entrusts us a certain case,<br />
for assessing if it has or may generate criminal<br />
implications, the lawyer specialised in civil law<br />
establishes the contractual or factual status of<br />
the case and the lawyer specialised in criminal<br />
law analyses if the case has or may trigger<br />
criminal consequences. The legal opinion – as<br />
the outcome of the mix analysis – is presented<br />
to the client, which has the final decision. In<br />
addition, we established very good professional<br />
cooperation with the state authorities and the<br />
criminal authorities. Such cooperation is also<br />
very successful with the police authorities from<br />
other countries as well as with our colleagues<br />
from abroad.<br />
Question: What is your opinion about<br />
the activity of the Criminal Business Law<br />
Department Will this department have more or<br />
less activity in the future<br />
In my opinion the activity of this department<br />
from DPA will increase. I have in mind<br />
that the economic crises which persists will<br />
continue to encourage the criminal activities,<br />
including those connected with the business<br />
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celor legate de activitatea de business. Nu<br />
mai putin, infractorii ce actioneaza in legatura<br />
cu afacerile au devenit mai inventivi, mai<br />
sofisticati, tot mai mult actioneaza organizat in<br />
retele ce se desfasoara in mai multe tari, uneori<br />
cu concursul unor reprezentanti ai autoritatilor<br />
din tarile respective. Datele prezentate pe site<br />
de catre DIICOT in raportul de activitate aferent<br />
anului 2011 evidentiaza cresterea numarului de<br />
cauze si a complexitatii modurilor de actiune a<br />
infractorilor. Dar, cel mai mult ma bazez, atunci<br />
cand afirm ca previzionez cresterea activitatii<br />
Departamentului de Drept penal al afacerilor<br />
din cadrul DPA, pe statistica interna. In mod<br />
cert, activitatea acestui departament - care<br />
asigura o pondere importanta in cadrul cifrei de<br />
afaceri a DPA - a avut un trend ascendent. In<br />
prezent, in cadrul Departamentului, se afla peste<br />
480 cauze penale in care DPA asigura asistenta<br />
si reprezentare juridica clientilor in legatura cu<br />
afacerile, achizitiile publice, spalare de bani,<br />
fonduri europene, evaziune fiscala, constituire<br />
de grupari infractionale s.a.<br />
DANILA, PETRE & ASOCIATII a dobandit o<br />
buna reputatie in piata avocaturii si pe aceasta<br />
arie de activitate.<br />
De altfel, anul acesta, a fost distinsa ca «Echipa<br />
anului – Criminal Business Law» de catre<br />
prestigioasa retea de business “avocat.net.ro”.<br />
environment. Nevertheless, the perpetrators<br />
became more inventive and sophisticated,<br />
acting in international criminal organisations,<br />
sometimes with the help of the representatives<br />
of the authorities in the respective countries.<br />
The information presented on the web site of<br />
DIICOT in the activity report for 2011 shows<br />
the increase of the number and complexity of the<br />
modus operandi of the perpetrators. However,<br />
when I foresee the increase of the activity<br />
in the Criminal Business Law Department<br />
I am relying on our internal statistics. It is<br />
indubitable that the activity of this department<br />
– that generates an important percentage of our<br />
turn-over – had an increasing trend. At present,<br />
our department manages over 480 criminal<br />
cases connected to the business environment<br />
(SPA, public procurement, money laundering,<br />
European funds and tax evasion) in which we<br />
offer legal conciliation or representation for our<br />
clients.<br />
DANILA, PETRE & ASSOCIATES has a good<br />
reputation on the legal market as well in this<br />
area of practice.<br />
This year DPA was distinguished by the<br />
prestigious business portal “avocat.net.ro” as<br />
“The team of the year – Criminal Business<br />
Law”.<br />
Va multumesc pentru raspunsurile detaliate.<br />
Si eu va multumesc.<br />
Thank you for your answers.<br />
I thank you as well.<br />
Magda Luminita Danila,<br />
Partener fondator al DPA<br />
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Romania risca procedura de infringement<br />
pentru nerespectarea prevederilor<br />
Directivei europene in domeniul TVA<br />
Romania risks to face infringement<br />
procedure for failure to comply with the<br />
European VAT Directive<br />
Problema tratamentului TVA aplicabil bunurilor<br />
nereposedate de societatile de leasing, urmare<br />
rezilierii contractelor cu utilizatorii rau platnici,<br />
este foarte bine cunoscuta de piata de leasing<br />
financiar din Romania.<br />
Istoricul acestei probleme a debutat in luna<br />
martie 2011 si care, speram noi, se va incheia<br />
cu „happy -end” indecembrie 2012.<br />
Rezumand, amintim faptul ca legislaţia TVA<br />
în vigoare în prezent, prevede ca, atunci<br />
cand bunurile nu mai exista in gestiunea unei<br />
companii, exceptand anumite situatii expres<br />
mentionate in lege (bunuri disparute urmare a<br />
unor evenimente precum calamitati naturale,<br />
forta majora, furt dovedit legal), se impune<br />
autocolectarea TVA.<br />
In situatia particulara a vehiculelor acordate<br />
în leasing şi care nu au reintrat în posesia<br />
societăţilor de leasing la rezilierea contractelor,<br />
incepand cu luna martie 2011, normele de<br />
aplicare a Codului fiscal mentioneaza ca in cazul<br />
in care societatile de leasing nu recupereaza<br />
aceste bunuri in termen de 30 de zile de la<br />
data rezilierii contractului, au obligatia de a<br />
autocolecta TVA aferenta valorii de capital si<br />
dobanzilor ramase nefacturate.<br />
Asadar, prin aparitia acestor modificari in<br />
legislatia secundara privind TVA, societatile<br />
de leasing, deja profund afectate de criza<br />
economica, primeau o noua lovitura, prin faptul<br />
ca nu doar erau pagubite de anumite bunuri de<br />
catre utilizatorii care nu le returnau, dar li se mai<br />
cere sa plateasca si TVA aferenta acestora. Este<br />
adevarat ca legiuitorul acorda operatorilor de<br />
leasing un ragaz de 30 de zile in care societatile<br />
de leasing trebuie sa recupereze aceste bunuri<br />
The issue of the VAT treatment applicable to<br />
goods which cannot be re-possessed by leasing<br />
companies, following early termination of<br />
contracts with defaulting customers, is very<br />
well known by the Romanian financial leasing<br />
market.<br />
This all started in March 2011 and hopefully it<br />
will have a “happy-end” in December 2012.<br />
To summarize, we have to recall that the VAT<br />
legislation currently in force stipulates that, when<br />
goods no longer exist in a company’s inventory,<br />
with the exception of certain situations (i.e.<br />
missing goods as a consequence of events such<br />
as natural disasters, force majeure and legally<br />
proven theft), VAT self-charge is due.<br />
For vehicles subject to leasing agreements,<br />
which have not been repossessed by leasing<br />
companies following the early termination<br />
of the leasing agreements, the Implementing<br />
Rules of the Fiscal Code, in force as of March<br />
2011, stipulate that when leasing companies do<br />
not recover such goods within 30 days from the<br />
contract’s cancellation date, they are obliged to<br />
self-charge VAT on the value of the outstanding<br />
capital and interest.<br />
As a result of these amendments to the<br />
secondary VAT legislation, leasing companies,<br />
already deeply affected by the economic crisis,<br />
receive a new hit, as they are not only losing the<br />
goods the users do not return, but they are also<br />
required to pay the VAT related to these goods.<br />
While it is true that the lawgiver offers leasing<br />
companies a deadline of 30 days to recover the<br />
goods in question in order to avoid having to<br />
pay VAT for them, the term itself is entirely<br />
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pentru a evita astfel plata TVA la buget, insa<br />
acest termen este total nerealist, tinand cont de<br />
faptul de procedura legala de recuperare poate<br />
dura de la cateva luni, in cele mai bune cazuri,<br />
pana la doi – trei ani, in cazurile cele mai<br />
frecvente. Asadar, impactul financiar negativ<br />
asupra societatilor de leasing este unul foarte<br />
mare si, practic, potrivit actualelor prevederi<br />
legale, de neevitat.<br />
Trebuie spus faptul ca, pe cat sunt de<br />
surprinzatoare aceaste prevederi legale, pe atat<br />
sunt in neconcordanta cu legislatia europeana<br />
in domeniul TVA, mai exact cu prevederile<br />
Directivei TVA.<br />
Acum, problema descrisa mai sus pare a fi<br />
mai acuta ca oricand desi, in mod constant, a<br />
reprezentat o preocupare pentru operatorii de<br />
leasing din Romania. Acestia, prin Asociatia<br />
Societatilor Financiare – <strong>ALB</strong> Romania (care<br />
reprezinta 91% din piata de leasing financiara si<br />
63% din piata creditului de consum acordat de<br />
institutii financiare non-bancare din Romania),<br />
cu ajutorul constant al PricewaterhouseCoopers<br />
(PwC) Romania, au depus in permanenta<br />
eforturi pentru solutionarea ei.<br />
Astfel, este cunoscut faptul ca <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
a depus toate diligentele, inclusiv la institutiile<br />
relevante de la Bruxelles, pentru semnalarea si<br />
solutionarea situatiei in discutie, care practic<br />
provenea dintr-o interpretare eronata a cadrului<br />
legal european relevant in ceea ce priveste<br />
tratamentul TVA aplicabil acestor bunuri<br />
nerecuperate.<br />
Eforturile <strong>ALB</strong> Romania au intrat acum<br />
intr-o noua etapa, care, spre deosebire de cele<br />
precedente, este caracterizata si de un nivel mai<br />
mare de incredere ca problema pentru a carei<br />
solutionare au fost intreprinse aceste eforturi va<br />
fi intr-adevar rezolvata.<br />
Concret, urmare corespondentei purtate intre<br />
<strong>ALB</strong> Romania si Comisia Europeana, aceasta<br />
unrealistic. It is therefore impossible for these<br />
companies to meet the 30 day deadline since<br />
the legal procedure for recovery may last from<br />
a few months, in a best case scenario, to twothree<br />
years, which happens most of the time.<br />
Therefore, the negative financial impact<br />
on leasing companies is overwhelming<br />
and, practically, according to the current legal<br />
provisions, unavoidable.<br />
It has to be said that, these legal provisions are<br />
as surprising as they are inconsistent with the<br />
European VAT Directive.<br />
However, the problem described above seems<br />
to be more acute than ever, even though<br />
Romanian leasing companies have constantly<br />
strived to overcome it. Their efforts towards<br />
a beneficial resolution have been channelled<br />
by The Financial Companies Association –<br />
<strong>ALB</strong> Romania (which stands for 91% of the<br />
Romanian financial leasing market and 63% of<br />
the market for consumer credit granted by nonbanking<br />
financial institutions) with the constant<br />
support of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)<br />
Romania.<br />
Thus, it is a well known fact that <strong>ALB</strong> Romania<br />
has diligently followed up on this issue with the<br />
relevant bodies from Bruxelles and not only.<br />
The purpose was to raise awareness and to find<br />
a solution for this issue which basically derives<br />
from the misinterpretation of the relevant<br />
European VAT legal framework as concerns<br />
the VAT treatment applicable for unrecovered<br />
leased goods.<br />
The efforts of <strong>ALB</strong> Romania have reached<br />
a new stage, which unlike the previous ones,<br />
is characterized by an even higher level of<br />
confidence that the problem will be indeed<br />
solved.<br />
Specifically, following the correspondence<br />
between <strong>ALB</strong> Romania and the European<br />
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din urma s-a sesizat cu privire la cadrul legal<br />
incorect din Romania in privinta bunurilor<br />
nerecuperate de societatile de leasing in<br />
circumstantele descrise mai sus, motiv pentru<br />
care a avertizat in acest sens autoritatile fiscale<br />
din tara noastra. Avertizarea s-a concretizat prin<br />
declansarea împotriva României a primei etape<br />
a fazei precontencioase a acţiunii în constatarea<br />
neîndeplinirii obligaţiilor care îi revin în temeiul<br />
Directivei TVA.<br />
Acesta actiune din partea Comisiei Europene<br />
a provocat o prima reactie a autoritatilor din<br />
Romania, care, in luna august a acestui an,<br />
au abrogate, cu efect din 1 ianuarie 2013,<br />
prevederile din Codul fiscal ce impuneau<br />
autocolectarea TVA pentru bunurile constatate<br />
lipsa din gestiune. Aceasta abrogare va avea un<br />
impact direct si asupra societatilor de leasing,<br />
care, in teorie, n-ar mai trebui sa autocolecteze<br />
TVA pentru bunurile nereposedate.<br />
Totusi, potrivit noile reglementari TVA, care vor<br />
intra in vigoare la data de 1 ianuarie 2013, s-ar<br />
putea sa existe obligatia in sarcina societatilor<br />
de leasing de ajusta TVA dedusa initial pentru<br />
bunurile nerecuperate la care am facut referire<br />
in acest articol, obligatie care impune practic<br />
societatilor de leasing plata aceluiasi TVA la<br />
buget, doar ca acesta va fi calculat utilizand o<br />
alta formula.<br />
In acest context, este lesne de inteles<br />
nemultumirea din randul operatorilor de<br />
leasing din Romania, care asa cum spuneam<br />
la inceputul acestui articol, continua acum, cu<br />
eforturi sustinute, sa clarifice si sa solutioneze<br />
problema.<br />
Cu toate acestea, ramane sa vedem daca<br />
autoritatile competente din Romania vor<br />
folosi in mod intelept ocazia data de faptul ca<br />
normele de aplicare ale Codului fiscal urmeaza<br />
a fi actualizate in raport cu ultimele modificari<br />
din Codul fiscal, pentru a oferi un remediu<br />
companiilor de leasing pentru prejudicial creat.<br />
Commission, the latter took note of the<br />
incorrect Romanian VAT legal framework<br />
concerning goods which cannot be repossessed<br />
by leasing companies, in the above described<br />
circumstances, and, as a result, has given<br />
a notice to the fiscal authorities from our<br />
country. This notice was in fact the launch of<br />
the first phase of litigation against Romania, in<br />
the action of assessing its failure to fulfil the<br />
obligations under the VAT Directive.<br />
This action undertaken by the European<br />
Commission has provoked a first reaction in<br />
the Romanian authorities, which, in August<br />
this year (with effect from 1 January 2013),<br />
have abolished the Fiscal Code provisions<br />
that required companies to self-charge VAT<br />
on missing goods. This amendment will also<br />
have a direct impact on leasing companies<br />
who, in theory should no longer be required<br />
to self charge VAT for goods which cannot be<br />
repossessed.<br />
On the other hand, it seems that according to<br />
the new VAT rules, applicable as of 1st of<br />
January 2013, leasing companies may be<br />
required to adjust the VAT initially deducted<br />
for those goods that cannot be repossessed; this<br />
obligation basically requires leasing companies<br />
to pay the same VAT to the budget, but using a<br />
different formula.<br />
Within this context, it is easy to understand the<br />
discontent of Romanian leasing market, which,<br />
as we said at the beginning of this article, is<br />
actively trying to clarify and solve this issue.<br />
Nevertheless, it remains to be seen if the<br />
competent authorities will use the opportunity<br />
given by the fact that the Implementing rules<br />
to the Fiscal code also need to be updated and<br />
amended (in accordance with the changes to<br />
the Fiscal Code), in order to repair the damage<br />
done to leasing companies.<br />
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Incepeam acest articol prin a spune ca speram<br />
la o rezolvare a problemei tratamentului TVA al<br />
bunurilor nerecuperate de societatile de leasing,<br />
favorabila acestora din urma, undeva pana in<br />
luna decembrie a acestui an.<br />
Speranta noastra se bazeaza pe faptul ca<br />
avem incredere ca autoritatile responsabile<br />
cu reglementarea legala a acestei probleme<br />
nu doresc declansarea impotriva Romaniei a<br />
procedurii de infringement, ce ar urma in mod<br />
logic dupa avertizarea pe care tara noastra a<br />
primit-o deja de la Comisia Europeana.<br />
Asadar, asteptam sa fie luate masurile necesare<br />
pentru a elimina din legislatia TVA din Romania<br />
a prevederilor neconforme cu cadrul legal<br />
comunitar in domeniu.<br />
We started this article by saying that we hope<br />
for a favourable solution for leasing companies<br />
before December this year.<br />
We dare to hope because we are confident that<br />
the lawgiver does not want an infringement<br />
procedure to be launched against Romania,<br />
which is the logical next step after the notice<br />
that our country already received from the<br />
European Commission.<br />
For that reason, we expect that the necessary<br />
measures will be taken, so that the Romanian<br />
VAT legislation will be in line with the European<br />
legal framework.<br />
Daniel Anghel, Partener<br />
Diana Coroabă, Director<br />
PricewaterhouseCoopers Tax Advisors & Accountants S.R.L.<br />
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Provocări curente privind aplicarea<br />
practică a reglementărilor contabile de<br />
către instituțiile financiare nebancare<br />
Current challenges regarding practical<br />
application of accounting regulations by<br />
non-banking financial institutions<br />
Convergența la Standardele Internaționale de<br />
Raportare Financiară (”IFRS”) reprezintă un<br />
aspect de interes major pentru organismele de<br />
reglementare din România. Cea mai recentă<br />
cerinţă în acest sens este stabilită prin Ordinul<br />
881/2012 emis de Ministerul Finanțelor Publice,<br />
aplicabil societăţilor comerciale ale căror<br />
valori mobiliare sunt admise la tranzacţionare<br />
pe o piaţă reglementată, care stabilește obligativitatea<br />
acestora de a întocmi situațiile financiare<br />
individuale anuale în conformitate cu IFRS<br />
începând cu anul financiar 2012 și de a aplica<br />
IFRS ca bază a contabilității de la 1 ianuarie<br />
2013.<br />
Astfel, după adoptarea IFRS ca bază a<br />
contabilității de către instituțiile de credit începând<br />
cu 1 ianuarie 2012 și solicitarea de către<br />
Comisia Națională a Valorilor Mobiliare și<br />
Comisia de Supraveghere a Asigurărilor pentru<br />
entitățile pe care le supervizează să întocmească<br />
un al doilea set de situații financiare individuale<br />
conforme cu IFRS în scopuri informative,<br />
IFRS vor deveni de asemenea obligatorii pentru<br />
toate societățile comerciale românești listate pe<br />
o piață reglementată din România.<br />
Aplicarea practică a principiilor IFRS<br />
reprezintă o mare provocare pentru orice<br />
entitate și în mod special pentru entitățile care<br />
adoptă pentru prima dată IFRS, întrucât acestea<br />
Convergence to International Financial Reporting<br />
Standards (“IFRS”) is a major focus point<br />
for regulatory bodies in Romania. The most<br />
recent development is Order 881/2012 issued<br />
by the Ministry of Finance, applicable to companies<br />
whose shares are traded on a regulated<br />
market, which are required to prepare their<br />
individual financial statements in accordance<br />
with IFRS starting with 2012 financial year and<br />
to convert to IFRS as basis of accounting as of<br />
1 January 2013.<br />
Thus, after credit institutions have adopted<br />
IFRS as basis of accounting starting 1 January<br />
2012 and the National Securities Commission<br />
and the Insurance Supervisory Commission<br />
have requested entities falling under their<br />
regulatory requirements to prepare a second set<br />
of individual financial statements in line with<br />
IFRS for information purposes, IFRS will also<br />
become mandatory for all listed entities.<br />
Practical application of IFRS principles is a<br />
great challenge for any company and especially<br />
for first time adopters, as they will be facing both<br />
complex professional judgements on technical<br />
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se vor confrunta atât cu necesitatea emiterii<br />
unor raționamente profesionale complexe<br />
în ceea ce privește aspecte tehnice de natură<br />
contabilă, cât și cu probleme operaționale<br />
legate de implementare. Alte provocări constau<br />
în necesitatea de a reproiecta procesele interne<br />
și raportările externe către investitori, precum și<br />
experiența limitată în ceea ce privește aplicarea<br />
IFRS a personalului propriu implicat în procesul<br />
de conversie.<br />
În prezent, instituțiile financiare nebancare<br />
(IFN) nu sunt obligate de către organismul de<br />
reglementare să întocmească situații financiare<br />
IFRS. Totuși, principiile IFRS sunt relevante<br />
pentru acestea întrucât multe dintre entități fac<br />
parte din grupuri mai mari și trebuie să respecte<br />
cerințele de raportare către grup, care sunt<br />
aliniate la IFRS. De asemenea, multe IFN-uri<br />
întocmesc situații financiare în conformitate<br />
cu IFRS la cererea băncilor și a altor instituții<br />
finanțatoare.<br />
În acest sens, prezentăm în cele de urmează<br />
câteva aspecte care necesită atenție specială<br />
atât în aplicarea IFRS, cât și a Reglementărilor<br />
Contabile Românești (“RAS”), cum ar fi:<br />
aplicarea contabilității de acoperire, principiile<br />
privind derecunoașterea activelor și achizițiile<br />
de portofolii de creanțe.<br />
În final, descriem modificările anticipate în<br />
IFRS relevante pentru IFN-uri, modificări care<br />
ar putea avea un impact semnificativ asupra<br />
activităților desfăşurate și care ar putea ridica<br />
provocări suplimentare în ceea ce privește<br />
aplicarea practică.<br />
Aplicarea contabilității de acoperire<br />
Conform bunelor practici în domeniu, contabilitatea<br />
de acoperire trebuie implementată în<br />
conformitate cu o metodologie bine documentată,<br />
care să includă atât principiile IFRS cât și<br />
principiile RAS, având în vedere diferențele<br />
dintre cele două cadre de raportare.<br />
accounting topics and operational issues related<br />
to implementation. Other challenges include<br />
the need to redesign the business processes<br />
and external reporting to investors, as well as<br />
limited IFRS experience of own staff involved<br />
in the convergence process.<br />
At this point, non-banking financial institutions<br />
(NBFIs) are not required by the regulatory body<br />
to prepare IFRS financial statements. However,<br />
IFRS principles are still relevant as many are<br />
part of larger groups and need to comply with<br />
group reporting requirements aligned to IFRS.<br />
Also many NBFIs prepare IFRS financial<br />
statements at the request of banks and other<br />
financing institutions.<br />
In this respect, we present below some of the<br />
transactions that require a special consideration<br />
under both IFRS and Romanian Accounting<br />
Standards (“RAS”), such as: application of hedge<br />
accounting, principles for asset derecognition<br />
and receivables portfolio acquisitions.<br />
Finally, we describe the expected changes in<br />
IFRS relevant for NBFIs, which could have<br />
a significant impact over NBFIs activities<br />
and potentially raise additional challenge for<br />
practical application.<br />
Hedge accounting application<br />
As a best practice, hedge accounting should be<br />
implemented according to a well documented<br />
methodology, which needs to incorporate both<br />
IFRS principles and RAS principles, given the<br />
differences between the two reporting frameworks.<br />
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Există trei tipuri de relații de acoperire definite<br />
de IFRS:<br />
(a) acoperirea valorii juste (fair value hedge<br />
- FVH): acoperirea expunerii la modificările<br />
valorii juste a unui activ sau a unei datorii<br />
recunoscut(e) sau a unui angajament ferm<br />
nerecunoscut, ori a unei porţiuni identificate<br />
dintr-un astfel de activ, datorie sau angajament<br />
ferm, care sunt atribuibile unui anumit<br />
risc și care pot afecta contul de profit și pierdere.<br />
(b) acoperirea fluxurilor de trezorerie (cash<br />
flow hedge - CFH): acoperirea expunerii la<br />
variabilitatea fluxurilor de trezorerie care (i)<br />
este atribuibilă unui anumit risc asociat unui<br />
activ sau unei datorii recunoscut(e) (cum ar<br />
fi toate sau o parte din plățile viitoare de dobânzi<br />
aferente unei datorii cu dobândă variabilă)<br />
sau asociat unei tranzacții previzionate<br />
foarte probabile și (ii) care poate afecta contul<br />
de profit sau pierdere.<br />
(c) acoperirea unei investiții nete într-o<br />
operațiune din străinătate.<br />
There are three types of hedging relationships<br />
defined under IFRS:<br />
(a) fair value hedge (FVH): a hedge of the<br />
exposure to changes in fair value of a recognized<br />
asset or liability or an unrecognized<br />
firm commitment, or an identified portion of<br />
such an asset, liability or firm commitment,<br />
that is attributable to a particular risk and<br />
could affect profit or loss.<br />
(b) cash flow hedge (CFH): a hedge of the<br />
exposure to variability in cash flows that (i)<br />
is attributable to a particular risk associated<br />
with a recognized asset or liability (such as<br />
all or some future interest payments on variable<br />
rate debt) or a highly probable forecast<br />
transaction and (ii) could affect profit or loss.<br />
(c) hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation.<br />
Numai relațiile FVH și CFH sunt prezentate<br />
mai jos, acestea având probabilitatea de a fi relevante<br />
pentru orice IFN.<br />
Aplicarea contabilității de acoperire nu reprezintă<br />
o cerință obligatorie a nici unui cadru<br />
de raportare (IFRS sau RAS). Contabilitatea<br />
de acoperire reprezintă un privilegiu acordat<br />
entităților, o excepție de la tratamentele contabile<br />
aplicabile în mod normal, cu condiția ca anumite<br />
cerințe specifice să fie îndeplinite. Contabilitatea<br />
de acoperire are rolul de a reflecta din<br />
punct de vedere contabil o relație economică<br />
de acoperire împotriva riscurilor implementată<br />
de către un IFN. În acest scop, efectele asupra<br />
contului de profit sau pierdere ale elementului<br />
acoperit și ale instrumentului de acoperire sunt<br />
recunoscute în aceeași perioadă.<br />
Only the FVH and CFH relationships are discussed<br />
below as they are more likely to be relevant<br />
to any NBFI.<br />
Hedge accounting application is not a requirement,<br />
neither under IFRS or RAS. It is a privilege<br />
granted, an exception to the application of<br />
normal accounting rules, provided some specific<br />
requirements are met. Hedge accounting<br />
is aimed to reflect from an accounting point of<br />
view any economic hedging relationship already<br />
undertaken by an NBFI. Having this purpose<br />
in mind, the profit or loss effects of the<br />
hedged item and hedging instrument should be<br />
recognized in the same period.<br />
There are both differences and similarities between<br />
hedge accounting rules under RAS and<br />
IFRS. The differences relate to the applicable<br />
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Există atât diferențe cât și asemănări între regulile<br />
contabilității de acoperire potrivit RAS<br />
și IFRS. Diferențele se referă la modelele de<br />
contabilizare a operațiunilor de acoperire (i.e.<br />
cum este atins scopul) și la anumite cerințe de<br />
prezentare. Asemănările se referă, în principal,<br />
la cerințele de aplicare a contabilității de acoperire,<br />
inclusiv testarea eficienței.<br />
Contabilitatea de acoperire se aplică unei relaţii<br />
de acoperire dacă sunt întrunite, fără excepție,<br />
următoarele condiţii, atât potrivit IFRS, cât și<br />
RAS:<br />
• Eficienţa operaţiunii de acoperire poate fi<br />
evaluată în mod credibil, respectiv valoahedge<br />
accounting models (i.e. how the purpose<br />
is achieved) and to certain disclosure requirements.<br />
Similarities mainly relate to hedge accounting<br />
application requirements, including<br />
effectiveness testing.<br />
In order to qualify for hedge accounting,<br />
any hedge relationship should fulfil, with no<br />
exception, the following criteria under both<br />
IFRS and RAS:<br />
• La inițierea operațiunii de acoperire există<br />
o desemnare și o documentație formală privind<br />
relația de acoperire precum și obiectivul<br />
și strategia IFN-ului de administrare<br />
a riscului,. Documentația trebuie să includă<br />
identificarea instrumentul de acoperire,<br />
tranzacția sau elementul acoperit, natura<br />
riscului acoperit și modul în care IFN-ul va<br />
evalua eficienţa instrumentului de acoperire<br />
în a compensa expunerea la modificările<br />
valorii a elementului acoperit sau a fluxurilor<br />
de trezorerie ce pot fi atribuibile riscului<br />
acoperit;<br />
• Operațiunea de acoperire se preconizează a<br />
fi foarte eficace în procesul de compensare<br />
a modificărilor valorii juste sau fluxurilor<br />
de trezorerie aferente riscului acoperit,<br />
în concordanță cu strategia de gestionare a<br />
riscului pentru relația de acoperire respectivă;<br />
• Pentru operațiunile de acoperire a fluxurilor<br />
de trezorerie o tranzacție prognozată ce face<br />
obiectul operațiunii de acoperire trebuie să<br />
aibă un grad ridicat de probabilitate și trebuie<br />
să reprezinte o expunere la variațiile<br />
fluxurilor de trezorerie ce ar putea, în final,<br />
afecta profitul sau pierderea;<br />
• At the inception of the hedge there is formal<br />
designation and documentation of the hedging<br />
relationship and the NBFI’s risk management<br />
objective and strategy for undertaking<br />
the hedge. That documentation shall<br />
include identification of the hedging instrument,<br />
the hedged item or transaction, the<br />
nature of the risk being hedged and how the<br />
NBFI will assess the hedging instrument’s<br />
effectiveness in offsetting the exposure to<br />
changes in the hedged item’s fair value or<br />
cash flows attributable to the hedged risk;<br />
• The hedge is expected to be highly effective<br />
in achieving offsetting changes in fair value<br />
or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk,<br />
consistently with the originally documented<br />
risk management strategy for that particular<br />
hedging relationship;<br />
• For cash flow hedges, a forecast transaction<br />
that is the subject of the hedge must be<br />
highly probable and must present an exposure<br />
to variations in cash flows that could<br />
ultimately affect profit or loss;<br />
• The effectiveness of the hedge can be reliably<br />
measured, e.g. the fair value or cash<br />
flows of the hedged item that are attributable<br />
to the hedged risk and the fair value<br />
of the hedging instrument can be reliably<br />
measured;<br />
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ea justă sau fluxurile de trezorerie aferente<br />
elementului acoperit care sunt atribuibile<br />
riscului acoperit și valoarea justă a instrumentului<br />
de acoperire pot fi evaluate în mod<br />
credibil;<br />
• Operațiunea de acoperire este evaluată în<br />
mod continuu și se constată că aceasta a<br />
avut un grad înalt de eficienţă pe parcursul<br />
perioadelor de raportare financiară pentru<br />
care a fost desemnată relaţia de acoperire<br />
Pentru ca operaţiunea de acoperire să fie<br />
considerată a avea un grad ridicat de eficienţă,<br />
rezultatul efectiv al operațiunii de acoperire<br />
trebuie să se încadreze în intervalul 80%-125%<br />
atât potrivit IFRS, cât și RAS. În timp ce criteriile<br />
privind intervalul de eficiență 80%-125% sunt<br />
similare conform IFRS și RAS, ineficiența în<br />
cadrul intervalului este recunoscută în contul de<br />
profit și pierdere numai în cazul IFRS.<br />
Diferențele dintre modelele de contabilizare<br />
a operațiunilor de acoperire conform IFRS<br />
și RAS sunt ilustrate prin prezentarea a două<br />
exemple practice de relații de acoperire împotriva<br />
riscurilor.<br />
Acoperirea valorii juste<br />
Să presupunem ca un IFN care primește plăți<br />
de dobândă fixă (aferente unor credite acordate<br />
cu dobândă fixă) preconizează că dobânzile pe<br />
piață vor crește și astfel va fi expus modificărilor<br />
valorii juste aferente creditelor acordate,<br />
ca urmare a riscului de rată a dobânzii. În acest<br />
caz, IFN-ul ar putea să ia în calcul schimbarea<br />
fluxurilor de trezorerie fixe aferente creditelor<br />
cu fluxuri de trezorerie variabile pentru a<br />
se acoperi împotriva creșterii ratelor de piață.<br />
Acest lucru va fi realizat prin încheierea unui<br />
contract swap pe rata dobânzii (interest rate<br />
swap - IRS), de tipul plăteşte fix – primeşte variabil.<br />
• The hedge is assessed on an ongoing basis<br />
and determined actually to have been highly<br />
effective throughout the financial reporting<br />
periods for which the hedge was designated.<br />
In order for a hedge to be regarded as highly<br />
effective the actual result of the hedge should be<br />
within a range of 80%-125% under both IFRS<br />
and RAS. While similar criteria apply regarding<br />
the 80-125% efficiency corridor under both<br />
IFRS and RAS, inefficiency within the corridor<br />
is recognized in profit or loss account under<br />
IFRS only.<br />
The differences between IFRS and RAS hedge<br />
accounting models are illustrated on two simple<br />
practical examples of hedging relationships.<br />
Fair value hedge<br />
Let’s assume a NBFI that receives fixed interest<br />
payments (from fixed-income loans granted)<br />
expects that interests on the market will increase<br />
and therefore is exposed to changes in<br />
fair value of the fixed rate loans due to interest<br />
rate risk. In this case, the NBFI could consider<br />
changing the fixed cash flows received on the<br />
loans into variable ones in order to hedge the<br />
increasing market rates. This will be achieved<br />
by contracting a fixed for floating Interest Rate<br />
Swap (IRS).<br />
IFN<br />
% dobanda fixa<br />
Credit cu venit fix<br />
NBFI<br />
% fixed interest<br />
Fixed income loan<br />
% dobanda<br />
% dobanda<br />
Contrapartida pentru IRS<br />
% fixed interest<br />
% variable interest<br />
Counterparty of IRS<br />
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Prin implementarea scenariului de mai sus,<br />
IFN-ul a creat din punct de vedere economic un<br />
credit cu rata de dobândă variabilă. Cum va fi<br />
înregistrată această tranzacție din punct de vedere<br />
contabil în conformitate cu IFRS și RAS<br />
Modelele contabile aplicabile sunt sintetizate în<br />
tabelul următor (în ipoteza că documentația și<br />
cerințele de eficiență sunt respectate pe deplin).<br />
Conform tratamentelor contabile aplicabile<br />
în mod normal, creditul ar fi evaluat la cost<br />
amortizat, în timp ce IRS-ul ar fi evaluat la<br />
valoare justă, iar modificările valorii juste ar<br />
fi recunoscute în contul de profit sau pierdere.<br />
Conform contabilității de acoperire, atât în<br />
scopul contabilizării IFRS cât și RAS, elementul<br />
acoperit și instrumentul de acoperire vor<br />
afecta contul de profit sau pierdere simultan<br />
(neconcordanțele contabile vor fi eliminate).<br />
By implementing the above scenario, the NBFI<br />
created a variable interest rate loan from an<br />
economical point of view. How will this transaction<br />
be accounted for under IFRS and RAS<br />
We summarize the applicable accounting models<br />
in the table below (assuming documentation<br />
and efficiency requirements are fully met). Under<br />
normal accounting rules, the loans would<br />
be measured at amortised cost, while the IRS<br />
would be measured at fair value, with changes<br />
in fair value recognized in profit or loss. Under<br />
hedge accounting rules, both for IFRS and<br />
RAS purposes, the hedged item and the hedged<br />
instrument will affect profit or loss simultaneously<br />
(the accounting mismatch will be eliminated).<br />
Element<br />
Element<br />
Element acoperit (credit)<br />
Hedged item (loan)<br />
Instrumentul de acoperire (IRS)<br />
Hedging instrument (IRS)<br />
Modelul contabil IFRS FVH<br />
IFRS FVH accounting model<br />
Evaluat la valoare justă numai în<br />
legătură cu riscul acoperit. Modificările<br />
valorii juste recunoscute<br />
în contul de profit sau pierdere.<br />
Re-measured at fair value only<br />
relating to the hedged risk. Fair<br />
value changes recognized in<br />
profit or loss.<br />
Nicio modificare (evaluat la valoare<br />
justă prin contul de profit<br />
sau pierdere)<br />
No changes (recognized at fair<br />
value through profit or loss)<br />
Modelul contabil RAS<br />
Nicio modificare (cost amortizat)<br />
No changes (amortized cost)<br />
Modificările valorii juste sunt<br />
recunoscute temporar într-un<br />
cont de regularizare special<br />
(post din bilanț) și sunt transferate<br />
în mod sistematic în contul<br />
de profit sau pierdere în perioadele<br />
în care riscul acoperit<br />
afectează contul de profit sau<br />
pierdere.<br />
Fair value changes are temporary<br />
recorded in a dedicated<br />
settlement account (balance<br />
sheet item) and are transferred<br />
symmetrically to profit or loss<br />
in the periods when the hedged<br />
risks affects profit or loss.<br />
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Acoperirea fluxurilor de trezorerie<br />
Să presupunem că un alt IFN care plătește<br />
o rată de dobândă variabilă pentru o linie de<br />
finanțare contractată preconizează că dobânzile<br />
pe piață vor crește și astfel va fi expus la<br />
variațiile fluxurilor de trezorerie aferente<br />
liniei de finanțare, ca urmare a riscului de rată<br />
a dobânzii. În acest caz, IFN-ul ar putea să ia<br />
în calcul schimbarea fluxurilor de trezorerie<br />
variabile aferente liniei de finanțare cu fluxuri<br />
de trezorerie fixe pentru a se acoperi împotriva<br />
creșterii ratelor de piață, prin încheierea unui<br />
Cash flow hedge<br />
Let’s now assume that another NBFI that pays<br />
floating interest on its financing line expects<br />
that interest rates on the market will increase<br />
and therefore it will be exposed to the variability<br />
in cash flows related to the financing line<br />
due to interest rate risk. In this case, the NBFI<br />
could turn the variable cash flows paid on the<br />
financing line into fixed ones in order to protect<br />
against increasing market rates by contracting<br />
a floating to fixed Interest Rate Swap (IRS).<br />
IFN<br />
% dobanda variabila<br />
Linie de finantare<br />
NBFI<br />
% variable interest<br />
Financing line<br />
% dobanda fixa<br />
% dobanda fixa<br />
Contrapartida pentru IRS<br />
% fixed interest<br />
% variable interest<br />
Counterparty of IRS<br />
contract swap pe rata dobânzii, de tipul plăteşte<br />
fix – primeşte variabil.<br />
Prin implementarea scenariului de mai sus,<br />
IFN-ul a creat din punct de vedere economic<br />
o finanţare cu rata de dobândă fixă. Care sunt<br />
diferențele între modelele contabile RAS și<br />
IFRS Să urmărim tabelul de mai jos:<br />
Element<br />
Element<br />
Element acoperit (linie<br />
de finanțare)<br />
Hedged item (financing<br />
line)<br />
Instrumentul de acoperire<br />
(IRS)<br />
Hedging instrument<br />
(IRS)<br />
Modelul contabil IFRS CFH<br />
IFRS CFH accounting model<br />
Nicio modificare (evaluat la cost<br />
amortizat)<br />
No changes (measured at amortized<br />
cost)<br />
Modificările valorii juste aferente<br />
părții eficiente a contractului<br />
de acoperire sunt recunoscute<br />
în alte elemente ale rezultatului<br />
global.<br />
Fair value changes related to the<br />
effective portion of the hedge are<br />
recognized in other comprehensive<br />
income.<br />
By implementing the above scenario, the NBFI<br />
created a fixed interest rate financing from an<br />
economical point of view. What are the differences<br />
between RAS and IFRS accounting models<br />
Let’s have a look at the following table:<br />
Modelul contabil RAS<br />
RAS accounting model<br />
Nicio modificare (evaluat la cost<br />
amortizat)<br />
No changes (amortized cost)<br />
Modificările valorii juste sunt recunoscute<br />
temporar într-un cont de regularizare<br />
special (post din bilanț) și<br />
sunt transferate în mod sistematic în<br />
contul de profit sau pierdere în perioadele<br />
în care riscul acoperit afectează<br />
contul de profit sau pierdere.<br />
Fair value changes are temporary<br />
recorded in a dedicated settlement<br />
account (balance sheet item) and<br />
are transferred symmetrically to<br />
profit or loss in the periods when the<br />
hedged risks affects profit or loss.<br />
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Aplicarea contabilității de acoperire reprezintă<br />
un aspect complex și necesită un efort important<br />
în ceea ce privește documentarea. IFN-urile<br />
care fac parte din grupuri mari din domeniul<br />
serviciilor financiare pot beneficia de experiența<br />
grupului, dar trebuie să ia în considerare și<br />
limitările suplimentare care pot fi impuse (de<br />
exemplu replicarea instrumentului de acoperire<br />
în afara grupului).<br />
Totuși, aplicarea contabilității de acoperire<br />
poate oferi beneficii oricărui IFN, întrucât<br />
utilizatorii situațiilor financiare vor avea acces<br />
la informații care reflectă şi din punct de vedere<br />
contabil deciziile economice luate de IFN în<br />
ceea ce privește acoperirea riscurilor.<br />
Derecunoașterea activelor în cazul transferului<br />
unui portofoliu de creanțe către o terță parte<br />
Transferul activelor a devenit un subiect din ce<br />
în ce mai important în ultimii ani, în principal ca<br />
urmare a contextului economic. Entitățile analizează<br />
diferite alternative pentru îmbunătățirea<br />
poziției lor financiare prin renunțarea la activele<br />
toxice/ neperformante.<br />
”Cui să vindem Care este prețul corect Care<br />
sunt riscurile asociate” - acestea sunt doar câteva<br />
dintre întrebările pe care şi le pun entitățile<br />
care vor să vândă. Dar dincolo de considerentele<br />
de afaceri există și o altă provocare – perspectiva<br />
contabilă.<br />
Derecunoașterea activelor financiare este unul<br />
dintre cele mai complexe aspecte tratate de<br />
IFRS. Acesta necesită o analiză detaliată a tuturor<br />
faptelor și circumstanțelor și deseori, în<br />
practică, rezultatul este modificat de o anumită<br />
clauză inclusă în documentația tranzacției.<br />
Conform cerințelor IFRS, o entitate trebuie să<br />
derecunoască un activ financiar numai atunci<br />
când:<br />
• drepturile contractuale aferente fluxurilor de<br />
trezorerie care decurg din activul financiar<br />
expiră; sau<br />
Hedge accounting application is a complex<br />
aspect and requires an important documentation<br />
effort. NBFIs part of larger financial services<br />
group may benefit from parent experience but<br />
also need to take into consideration additional<br />
limitations that may be imposed (e.g. replication<br />
of the hedging instrument outside the group).<br />
However, hedge accounting application<br />
may bring benefits to any NBFI as financial<br />
statement users will have access to information<br />
that reflects, also from an accounting point<br />
of view, the economic decisions taken by the<br />
NBFI in terms of risk hedging.<br />
Derecognition of assets in case of receivables<br />
portfolio transfer to a third party<br />
The issue of asset transfer had become increasingly<br />
important in the past years, mainly driven<br />
by the economical environment. Entities are<br />
exploring various alternatives to improve their<br />
financial position by getting rid of the toxic/<br />
nonperforming assets.<br />
“Who do I sell to What is the correct price<br />
What are the risks associated” – these are only<br />
few of the questions entities intending to sell<br />
are asking themselves. But beyond the business<br />
considerations lies another challenge – the accounting<br />
perspective.<br />
Derecognition of financial assets is one of the<br />
most complex aspects in IFRS. It requires detailed<br />
analysis of all facts and circumstances<br />
and often, in practice, the outcome is changed<br />
by a certain clause included in the transaction<br />
documentation.<br />
In accordance with IFRS requirements, an entity<br />
shall derecognise a financial asset when and<br />
only when:<br />
• the contractual rights to the cash flows from<br />
the financial asset expire; or<br />
• it transfers the financial asset and the trans-<br />
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• transferă activul financiar, iar transferul<br />
îndeplinește condițiile pentru derecunoștere.<br />
De obicei, expirarea drepturilor contractuale<br />
nu este relevantă în cazul transferului unui<br />
portofoliu. Accentul se pune pe îndeplinirea<br />
condițiilor pentru derecunoșterea transferului,<br />
în conformitate cu criteriile contabile relevante.<br />
Analiza necesară în acest caz se efectuează,<br />
de obicei, în mai mulţi paşi succesivi, şi îmbracă<br />
forma unui arbore decizional. Principalii<br />
pași includ: consolidarea tuturor filialelor și a<br />
entităților asociate implicate în proces, identificarea<br />
fluxurilor de trezorerie care fac obiectul<br />
transferului, evaluarea angajamentelor cu fluxuri<br />
identice, analiza riscurilor și beneficiilor și<br />
evaluarea controlului.<br />
Din punct de vedere juridic, transferul unui portofoliu<br />
poate îmbrăca mai multe forme. Transferul<br />
drepturilor contractuale de a primi fluxuri<br />
de trezorerie se poate realiza prin contract de<br />
novație, contract de cesiune de creanțe sau printr-un<br />
contract de participare la risc (risk participation<br />
agreement). Indiferent de forma juridică<br />
a transferului, rezultatul din punct de vedere<br />
contabil poate fi același.<br />
Chiar dacă din punct de vedere juridic creanțele<br />
sunt transferate, un IFN poate alege să păstreze<br />
relațiile de afaceri cu clienții și să continue să<br />
încaseze sumele aferente portofoliului transferat.<br />
În general, păstrarea drepturilor de administrare<br />
a portofoliului nu împiedică derecunoașterea,<br />
cu condiția ca IFN-ul să nu-și asume obligația<br />
de a face plăţi, cu excepția cazului în care acesta<br />
încasează sume echivalente de la debitori.<br />
Unul dintre cei mai complicați pași în<br />
evaluarea derecunoșterii este analiza riscurilor<br />
și beneficiilor. IFN-ul trebuie să țină cont în<br />
efectuarea acestei analize de diferitele riscuri<br />
care pot afecta expunerea la variabilitatea<br />
fluxurilor de trezorerie: riscul de credit, riscul<br />
fer qualifies for derecognition.<br />
Usually, the expiration of contractual rights is<br />
not relevant in a portfolio transfer. The attention<br />
is focused on whether the transfer qualifies<br />
for derecognition, in accordance with relevant<br />
accounting criteria,<br />
The analysis that needs to be performed usually<br />
takes places in successive steps, following the<br />
structure of a decision tree. The main steps include:<br />
consolidation of all subsidiaries and associates<br />
involved in the process, identification<br />
of cash flows subject to the transfer, evaluation<br />
of pass through arrangements, risk and reward<br />
analysis and control evaluation.<br />
Form a legal perspective, a portfolio transfer can<br />
take many forms. Transfer of contractual rights<br />
to receive cash flows can be achieved through<br />
a novation agreement, a contract of assignment<br />
of receivables or a risk participation agreement.<br />
Regardless of the legal form of the transfer, the<br />
accounting result might be the same.<br />
Even if the receivables are transferred from<br />
a legal point of view, a NBFI may choose<br />
to maintain the business relations with the<br />
clients and continue to collect amounts on the<br />
transferred portfolio. Generally, maintaining<br />
servicing rights over the portfolio does not<br />
preclude derecognition, provided that the NBFI<br />
does not assume an obligation to make payment<br />
unless it collects similar amounts from the<br />
debtors.<br />
One of the most complex steps in the<br />
derecognition assessment is the risk and<br />
rewards analysis. The NBFI should consider in<br />
this analysis the different types of risk that can<br />
affect its exposure to variability in cash flows:<br />
credit risk, late payment risk, interest rate risk,<br />
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întârzierii la plată, riscul de rată a dobânzii,<br />
riscul valutar.<br />
De exemplu, creanțele vândute cu recurs (cazul<br />
în care IFN-ul se angajează să compenseze<br />
cumpărătorul pentru pierderile rezultate din<br />
imposibilitatea de a recupera creanțele) sau<br />
creanțele vândute prin contracte de cesiune<br />
prin care IFN-ul își asumă obligația să cumpere<br />
înapoi la un preț prestabilit activele vândute,<br />
în general nu îndeplinesc condițiile pentru<br />
derecunoștere.<br />
Chiar dacă din punct de vedere juridic<br />
drepturile și obligațiile asociate fluxurilor<br />
viitoare de trezorerie sunt transferate, aceste<br />
tipuri de tranzacții nu îndeplinesc condițiile<br />
pentru derecunoaștere deoarece vânzătorul<br />
păstrează majoritatea riscurilor, iar tranzacția<br />
va fi recunoscută de vânzător ca un împrumut<br />
garantat.<br />
În cadrul RAS nu există cerințe specifice<br />
cu privire la condițiile de derecunoaștere a<br />
activelor financiare. În acest context, aplicarea<br />
principiilor IFRS privind derecunoașterea<br />
în scopul contabilizării conform RAS este o<br />
practică acceptată pe piață. Totuși, ca urmare<br />
a diferențelor de tratament contabil între IFRS<br />
și RAS, valorile contabile nete ale creanțelor<br />
transferate determinate conform celor două<br />
cadre de reglementare vor fi diferite, în principal<br />
din cauza valorilor diferite ale ajustărilor pentru<br />
depreciere constituite (de obicei mai mici<br />
potrivit IFRS).<br />
Transferul portofoliilor de creanțe către<br />
terțe părți este de natură să afecteze calitatea<br />
activelor și profitabilitatea IFN-urilor. Dacă<br />
transferul este fi stabilit la un preț egal cu<br />
valoarea justă a creanțelor, profitabilitatea<br />
IFN-ului se va îmbunătăți dacă valoarea justă a<br />
împrumuturilor transferate este mai mare decât<br />
valoarea lor contabilă netă.<br />
foreign exchange risk.<br />
For example, receivables sold with recourse<br />
(in which the NBFI commits to compensate<br />
the buyer for losses resulting from inability to<br />
recover the receivables), or receivables sold<br />
through assignment contracts that require the<br />
NBFI to buy back the assets disposed of at a<br />
predetermined price, generally do not qualify<br />
for derecognition.<br />
Even if from a legal point of view the rights and<br />
obligations associated to the future cash flows<br />
are transferred, this type of transaction does not<br />
meet the criteria for derecognition because the<br />
seller retains substantially all of the risks and<br />
will be accounted for by the seller as a secured<br />
loan.<br />
There are no specific requirements regarding<br />
the criteria for derecognition of financial assets<br />
under RAS. In this context, it is an acceptable<br />
market practice to apply the derecognition principles<br />
under IFRS for RAS purposes as well.<br />
However, due to differences in accounting<br />
treatment between IFRS and RAS, the net carrying<br />
amounts of receivables transferred under<br />
the two regulatory frameworks will be different,<br />
primarily due to different levels of impairment<br />
loss allowances (usually lower for IFRS<br />
purposes).<br />
Transfer of loans to a third party is likely to impact<br />
the asset quality and profitability of NBFIs.<br />
Provided that the transfer will be established at<br />
a price equal to the fair value of the receivables<br />
the NBFI’s profitability will improve if the fair<br />
value of the loans transferred is greater than<br />
their net book value.<br />
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Achiziția unui portofoliu de creanțe de la o<br />
terță parte<br />
Achiziţia de portofolii de creanţe este mai<br />
puțin frecventă în cazul IFN-urilor, dar este o<br />
tranzacție ce merită adusă în discuție deoarece<br />
tratamentele contabile diferă semnificativ între<br />
RAS şi IFRS.<br />
Potrivit Legii 93/2009 privind instituțiile<br />
financiare nebancare, portofoliile de credite<br />
pot fi achiziționate doar de instituțiile de credit,<br />
instituțiile financiare și instituțiile financiare<br />
nebancare, cu excepția cazului în care:<br />
• creditele respective sunt încadrate în<br />
categoria pierdere, conform reglementărilor<br />
privind clasificarea creditelor; sau<br />
• portofoliile achiziţionate sunt folosite<br />
drept garanții reale pentru emisiunea de<br />
instrumente financiare securitizate.<br />
Conform RAS, creanțele achiziționate sunt<br />
recunoscute inițial la o valoare egală cu valoarea<br />
creanței preluate (i.e. valoarea nominală),<br />
diferenţa dintre valoarea creanţelor transferate<br />
şi suma de achitat cedentului reprezentând venit<br />
la data transferului drepturilor şi obligaţiilor,<br />
potrivit clauzelor contractuale.<br />
În conformitate cu reglementările în vigoare,<br />
IFN-urile sunt obligate să evalueze și să<br />
recunoască în contul de profit sau pierdere orice<br />
pierdere din depreciere aferentă portofoliului<br />
achiziţionat. Această pierdere din depreciere<br />
se determină ca diferenţă între costul amortizat<br />
al creanțelor şi valoarea actualizată a fluxurilor<br />
de numerar viitoare preconizate a fi încasate.<br />
Conform RAS, IFN-urile trebuie să respecte<br />
nivelul minim al pierderilor din depreciere<br />
aferente creditelor și creanțelor calculat în<br />
conformitate cu reglementările prudențiale<br />
emise de Banca Națională a României 1 . Având<br />
în vedere cerinţa privind recunoaşterea iniţială a<br />
creanţelor achiziţionate la valoare nominală, în<br />
cazul creditelor neperformante se va înregistra<br />
1 Regulament BNR nr. 5/2012 privind<br />
clasificarea creditelor şi constituirea, regularizarea<br />
şi utilizarea provizioanelor specifice de<br />
risc de credit aplicabil entităţilor supravegheate<br />
de Banca Naţională a României, altele decât instituţiile<br />
de credit<br />
Acquisition of a receivables portfolio from a<br />
third party<br />
Acquisition of receivables portfolios is less<br />
relevant to NBFIs, however they are worth<br />
discussing as the accounting treatment between<br />
RAS and IFRS differs significantly for such<br />
transactions.<br />
According to Law 93/2009 regarding nonbanking<br />
financial institutions the acquisition<br />
of loan portfolios is permitted only to credit<br />
institutions, financial institutions and nonbanking<br />
financial institutions, except when:<br />
• loans are classified in loss category<br />
according to the regulations regarding<br />
classification of loans; or<br />
• the purchased portfolios are used as<br />
collateral for the issuance of securitised<br />
financial instruments.<br />
Under RAS, acquired receivables are initially<br />
recognised at the face value of the transferred<br />
receivables (i.e. the nominal value), the<br />
difference between the value of the receivables<br />
transferred and the amount to be paid to the<br />
assignor representing revenue at the date of<br />
transfer of all rights and obligations, according<br />
to the contractual terms and conditions.<br />
In accordance with applicable regulations, NBFI<br />
are required to assess and recognize in profit<br />
or loss any impairment losses on the acquired<br />
portfolio. The amount of the loss is measured<br />
as the difference between the amortized cost<br />
of the receivables in the portfolio and the<br />
present value of future cash flows expected<br />
to flow from them. Under RAS, NBFIs have<br />
to comply with the minimum level of loan<br />
loss allowances calculated in accordance with<br />
the prudential regulations issued by National<br />
Bank of Romania 1 . Given the requirement<br />
to record the receivables acquired at their<br />
nominal value at initial recognition, in case<br />
of non-performing receivables an impairment<br />
loss would be booked immediately in profit or<br />
1 Regulation no. 5/2012 regarding the<br />
classification of loans as well as their recording,<br />
regularization and use of credit risk<br />
provisions applicable to entities supervised by<br />
National Bank of Romania, other than credit<br />
institutions<br />
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la data achiziţiei o pierdere din depreciere în<br />
contul de profit sau pierdere.<br />
Conform IFRS, un activ financiar se recunoaşte<br />
iniţial la valoarea justă plus costurile tranzacţiei<br />
direct atribuibile achiziţiei acelui activ financiar<br />
(dacă este cazul). În general, în cazul tranzacţiilor<br />
care au loc între părţi independente şi în condiţii<br />
obiective de piaţă, valoarea justă este egală cu<br />
preţul de tranzacţionare. Recunoaşterea unei<br />
pierderi din depreciere la momentul achiziției<br />
nu este permisă de IFRS.<br />
La momentul recunoaşterii iniţiale, IFNurile<br />
pot opta pentru clasificarea creditelor<br />
achiziţionate în una din următoarele categorii<br />
definite în IAS 39:<br />
• credite şi creanţe; sau<br />
• active financiare disponibile pentru vânzare.<br />
În funcţie de opţiunea IFN-ului, evaluarea<br />
ulterioară a creanţelor achiziţionate va<br />
fi diferită pentru fiecare dintre cele două<br />
categorii: evaluarea la valoare justă în cazul<br />
clasificării ca active financiare disponibile<br />
pentru vânzare şi respectiv evaluarea la cost<br />
amortizat în cazul clasificării în categoria<br />
credite şi creanţe.<br />
Ajustările pentru pierderi din depreciere<br />
sunt calculate pe baza fluxurilor de numerar<br />
viitoare preconizate asociate creanţelor, fără a<br />
lua în considerare cerinţele prudenţiale, ceea<br />
ce în general determină un nivel mai redus al<br />
ajustărilor pentru depreciere conform IFRS<br />
în comparaţie cu RAS. După recunoaşterea<br />
deprecierii, veniturile din dobânzi sunt<br />
recunoscute în continuare prin aplicarea ratei<br />
efective a dobânzii la valoarea contabilă netă<br />
a creanţelor, după deducerea ajustărilor pentru<br />
pierderi din depreciere.<br />
Având în vedere tratamentele contabile<br />
diferite conform RAS şi IFRS așa cum au fost<br />
prezentate mai sus, un IFN care raportează și<br />
în conformitate cu IFRS s-ar putea confrunta<br />
loss at the acquisition date.<br />
Under IFRS, a financial asset is initially<br />
recognized at fair value plus directly attributable<br />
transaction costs (if applicable). Generally, in<br />
transactions taking place between unrelated<br />
parties at arm’s length, fair value is given by<br />
the transaction price. Recognition of day 1<br />
impairment is not allowed under IFRS.<br />
At initial recognition, NBFIs have a free choice<br />
of classifying the acquired loan portfolio in one<br />
of the following categories defined in IAS 39:<br />
• Loans and receivables; or<br />
• Available for sale financial assets.<br />
According to the NBF’s choice, the<br />
subsequent measurement of the acquired<br />
portfolio would be different under the two<br />
categories; fair value for available for sale<br />
classification and amortised cost for loans<br />
and receivables classification.<br />
Impairment loss allowances are determined<br />
based on expected future cash flows associated<br />
with the receivables, without consideration to<br />
prudential requirements, which generally leads<br />
to lower levels of provisions than under RAS.<br />
After impairment, interest income is recognised<br />
by applying the effective interest rate of the<br />
loans to their net book value, after deducting<br />
the impairment loss allowance.<br />
Given the differences between RAS and IFRS<br />
accounting treatments as outlined above, a<br />
NBFI which reports also under IFRS would<br />
face operational difficulties arising from<br />
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cu dificultăți operaționale care decurg din<br />
ţinerea unei evidenţe contabile paralele pentru<br />
portofoliile de creanţe achiziţionate în ceea ce<br />
priveşte ajustările pentru pierderi din depreciere,<br />
recunoaştere venitului din dobânzi etc.<br />
parallel accounting for portfolios acquired, in<br />
terms of, impairment loss allowances, interest<br />
income recognition etc.<br />
Sumar al evoluțiilor IFRS relevante pentru<br />
IFN-uri<br />
Summary of IFRS developments relevant<br />
for NBFIs<br />
Asemenea oricărui cadru de raportare,<br />
Standardele Internaționale de Raportare<br />
Financiară sunt în continuă schimbare. Există<br />
numeroase informații detaliate disponibile<br />
cu privire la amendamentele și modificările<br />
preconizate ale standardelor, provocarea fiind<br />
în a înțelege care sunt schimbările relevante<br />
pentru compania dumneavoastră și de la ce<br />
dată vă sunt acestea aplicabile, precum și de a<br />
vă asigura că resursele de care dispuneţi sunt<br />
aliniate cu noile cerințe. Modificările propuse<br />
relevante pentru IFN-uri se referă la contractele<br />
de leasing și la instrumentele financiare,<br />
conform celor prezentate mai jos.<br />
• Contractele de leasing<br />
În 2010, Consiliul pentru Standarde Internaţionale<br />
de Contabilitate (IASB) precum și Consiliul<br />
pentru Standarde Financiar-Contabile (FASB)<br />
(”Consiliile”) au emis un proiect de expunere<br />
privind înlocuirea IAS 17 Contracte de leasing.<br />
Proiectul de expunere propune o abordare consecventă<br />
pentru toate tipurile de leasing, atât pentru<br />
locatari cât și pentru locatori, bazată pe «dreptul<br />
de utilizare» (right of use - ROU) a activului, care<br />
va rezulta în recunoașterea unei obligații de plată<br />
aferentă contractului de leasing și a unui drept<br />
de utilizare a activului ce face obiectul contractului<br />
de leasing în situațiile financiare ale locatarului.<br />
După o perioadă de discuţii și investigaţii<br />
cu privire la acest proiect, Consiliile au ajuns la<br />
un consens în urma întâlnirii din luna iunie 2012,<br />
şi o variantă revizuită a proiectului de expunere<br />
privind contractele de leasing este aşteptată în a<br />
doua jumătate a anului 2012.<br />
Like any other reporting framework, IFRSs are<br />
continually subject to amendments. There is<br />
plenty of detailed information available on the<br />
amendments and expected changes to IFRS, the<br />
challenge is to understand which changes are<br />
relevant to your company and when they become<br />
applicable and to ensure that your resources<br />
are up to date with the new requirements. For<br />
non-banking financial institutions, the relevant<br />
proposed amendments refer to leases and<br />
financial instruments, as detailed below.<br />
• Leases<br />
In 2010, International Accounting Standard<br />
Boards (IASB) and the Financial Accounting<br />
Standard Boards (FASB) (the Boards) issued<br />
an exposure draft that would result in a replacement<br />
of IAS 17 Leases. The exposure draft<br />
proposes a consistent approach for all types of<br />
leases for both lessees and lessors, based on the<br />
„right of use” (ROU) of the asset, resulting in<br />
the recognition of a payment obligation related<br />
to the lease and the right of use of the asset that<br />
is subject to the lease in the lessee’s financial<br />
statements. Following a period of outreach<br />
and research on the leases project, at their meeting<br />
held in June 2012 the Boards returned to<br />
a decision-making mode and a revised leases<br />
exposure draft is expected in the second half of<br />
2012.<br />
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Încă de la inițierea proiectului cu privire la leasing,<br />
IASB și-a exprimat dorinţa de a menţine<br />
un singur model bazat pe dreptul de utilizare<br />
(ROU) pentru locatari, aşa cum este prevăzut<br />
în primul proiect de expunere. Una dintre dificultăţile<br />
întâmpinate în elaborarea propunerilor<br />
de către Consilii încă de la începutul proiectului,<br />
care a determinat o stagnare a deliberărilor<br />
în anul 2012, a fost legată de încărcarea<br />
cheltuielilor în perioada inițială a contractelor<br />
de leasing care ar rezulta din aplicarea unui<br />
model unic model bazat pe dreptul de utilizare.<br />
Cu toate acestea, la întâlnirea din luna iunie,<br />
membrii IASB în cele din urmă au optat pentru<br />
convergența conceptelor și au fost de acord cu<br />
utilizarea modelului «dual» pentru contabilitatea<br />
locatarului, care este preferat de către membrii<br />
FASB.<br />
Modelul dual presupune un nou test de<br />
clasificare a contractelor de leasing în funcţie<br />
de gradul de utilizare a activului suport pe<br />
durata contractului de leasing. Pe de o parte,<br />
contractele de leasing ar putea fi contabilizate<br />
ca tranzacții de finanțare cu recunoaşterea<br />
veniturilor/ cheltuielilor într-o manieră<br />
accelerată; acesta ar fi cazul multor contracte<br />
de leasing de echipamente. Pe de cealaltă parte,<br />
veniturile și cheltuielile aferente leasing-ului ar<br />
putea fi recunoscute pe bază liniară; acesta ar fi<br />
cazul multor contracte de leasing imobiliar.<br />
Toate contractele de leasing care intră în sfera<br />
de aplicare a noilor propuneri vor fi prezentate<br />
în bilanţ de către locatari, cu un model liniar nou<br />
pentru contractele de leasing care se consideră<br />
că nu au o componentă financiară.<br />
Consiliile au în vedere să emiterea unui standard<br />
final cu privire la leasing în cursul anului 2013.<br />
• Instrumente financiare<br />
IAS 39 va fi înlocuit de un nou standard – IFRS<br />
9 Instrumente financiare în cadrul unui proiect<br />
structurat în patru faze. În prima fază a proiectului<br />
au fost adoptate regulile privind clasificarea<br />
și evaluarea instrumentelor financiare, acestea<br />
Since the start of the leases project, the IASB<br />
expressed their preference to retain the single<br />
right-of-use (ROU) model on conceptual<br />
grounds for lessees as set out in the first exposure<br />
draft. A cornerstone of the Boards’ proposals<br />
since the project began that has stalled the<br />
re-deliberations in 2012 was the front-loaded<br />
pattern of expense for leases that results from<br />
the single ROU model. However, at the meeting<br />
in June, IASB members ultimately chose<br />
convergence over concepts and agreed to accept<br />
the “dual” model for lessee accounting favoured<br />
by FASB members.<br />
The dual model would feature a new lease<br />
classification test based on the extent of<br />
consumption of the underlying asset over the<br />
lease term. On one side of this drawn line, leases<br />
would be accounted for as financing transactions<br />
with an accelerated pattern of income/ expense<br />
recognition; this would be the case for many<br />
equipment leases. On the other side of this line,<br />
lease income and expense would be recognized<br />
on a straight-line basis; this would be the case<br />
for many real estate leases.<br />
All leases within the scope of the proposal<br />
would be on-balance sheet for lessees, with a<br />
new straight-line model for leases that are not<br />
considered to have a financing component.<br />
The Boards hope to issue a final lease standard<br />
during 2013.<br />
• Financial instruments<br />
IAS 39 will be replaced by IFRS 9 Financial<br />
Instruments within a project divided into four<br />
phases. In the first phase the rules on classification<br />
and measurement of financial instruments<br />
have been adopted, providing the classification<br />
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prevăzând clasificarea în două categorii: instrumente<br />
financiare evaluate la cost amortizat si<br />
instrumente financiare evaluate la valoarea justă,<br />
în funcție de termenii contractuali aferenţi<br />
instrumentului și de modelul de afaceri.<br />
În cadrul celei de-a doua faze, referitoare la<br />
deprecierea activelor financiare, a fost emis un<br />
nou proiect de expunere care propune înlocuirea<br />
actualului model bazat pe pierderi întâmplate<br />
cu un model bazat pe pierderi așteptate, care va<br />
conduce la o recunoaștere accelerată a pierderilor<br />
aferente riscului de credit.<br />
IASB a împărțit faza referitoare la contabilitatea<br />
de acoperire în două părți: abordarea generală<br />
privind contabilitatea de acoperire și contabilitatea<br />
de acoperire la nivel de portofoliu<br />
(macrohedging).<br />
Un proiect de expunere pentru abordarea generală<br />
privind contabilitatea de acoperire a fost<br />
publicat în 2010 și o variantă revizuită a modelului<br />
general de contabilitate de acoperire a<br />
fost publicată în luna septembrie a anului 2012.<br />
IASB are, de asemenea, în vedere emiterea unui<br />
document de discuție privind contabilitatea de<br />
acoperire la nivel de portofoliu în cursul anului<br />
2012.<br />
into two categories: financial instruments measured<br />
at amortized cost and financial instruments<br />
measured at fair value, based on the contractual<br />
terms of the instrument and on business<br />
model.<br />
During the second phase, related to the impairment<br />
of financial assets, an exposure draft was<br />
issued which proposes the replacement of the<br />
current model based on materialized losses<br />
with a model based on expected losses that will<br />
result in an accelerated recognition of credit<br />
losses.<br />
The IASB has split the hedge accounting phase<br />
into two parts: general hedging and macro<br />
hedging.<br />
An exposure draft on general hedging was issued<br />
in 2010 and a review draft of the general<br />
hedging model was issued in September 2012.<br />
The IASB is also working towards issuing a discussion<br />
paper on macro hedging during 2013.<br />
***<br />
***<br />
Pentru a fi la curent cu ultimele evoluţii, fiecare<br />
IFN care raportează conform IFRS trebuie să<br />
monitorizeze modificările anticipate în IFRS şi<br />
să planifice resursele adecvate pentru a le implementa.<br />
În plus, luând în considerare tendinţa actuală<br />
a autorităţilor de reglementare din România,<br />
IFN-urile trebuie să fie pregătite pentru situația<br />
în care vor fi obligate să adopte sau vor avea<br />
opţiunea de a adopta IFRS ca bază a contabilităţii<br />
în următorii ani.<br />
In order to be up to date with the latest developments,<br />
each NBFI which reports under IFRS<br />
should monitor the expected changes in IFRS<br />
and plan appropriate resources to accommodate<br />
them.<br />
Moreover, considering the current focus of<br />
regulatory bodies in Romania, NBFIs should<br />
be prepared to be required or given the option<br />
adopt IFRS as basis of accounting in the following<br />
years.<br />
La elaborarea acestui articol au contribuit:<br />
Cătălin Cadaru, Senior Manager<br />
Andreea Vlădescu, Manager – Risk Consulting, KPMG România<br />
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R6 - AGER Leasing<br />
Thursday, October 25, 2012 4:50:52 PM<br />
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VI. Texte legislative pentru IFN-uri<br />
publicate în perioada iunie 2011 – iunie 2012<br />
VI. Legislation for NBFI<br />
issued between June 2011 to June 2012<br />
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THE NATIONAL BANK OF ROMANIA<br />
Regulation No. 24/2011 of the NBR on loans extended to individuals<br />
Having regard to the provisions of Article 4, paragraph (1), Article 45, paragraph (1) and Article<br />
61 of Government Emergency Ordinance No. 99/2006 on credit institutions and capital adequacy,<br />
approved as subsequently amended and supplemented, to the provisions of Article 1 paragraph (1)<br />
and Article 44 of Law 93/2009 on non-bank financial institutions, as subsequently amended and<br />
supplemented, to the provisions of Article 62 paragraph (1) of Government Emergency Ordinance<br />
No. 113/2009 on payment services, approved as amended by Law 197/2010, as subsequently<br />
amended and supplemented, and to the provisions of Article 61, paragraph (1) of Law 127/2011 on<br />
the emission of electronic money,<br />
Based on the provisions of Article 420, paragraph (1) of Government Emergency Ordinance No.<br />
99/2006, approved as subsequently amended and supplemented by Law 227/2007, as subsequently<br />
amended and supplemented, of Law 93/2009, as subsequently amended and supplemented, of Article<br />
186 paragraph (1) of Government Emergency Ordinance No. 113/2009, approved as subsequently<br />
amended by Law 197/2010, as subsequently amended and supplemented, of Law 127/2011 and of<br />
Article 48 of Law 312/2004 on the Statutes of the National Bank of Romania,<br />
The National Bank of Romania hereby issues this Regulation.<br />
CHAPTER I - ENFORCEABILITY<br />
Article 1<br />
(1) This Regulation shall apply to credit institutions, Romanian legal entities and to the branches<br />
of credit institutions, foreign legal entities, to non-bank financial institutions, Romanian legal<br />
entities, and to the branches of foreign financial institutions, recorded in the Special Registry, to the<br />
payment institutions, Romanian legal entities, having a significant level of lending activity under the<br />
Regulation of the National Bank of Romania No. 21/2009 on payment institutions, as subsequently<br />
amended and supplemented, and to institutions issuing electronic money, Romanian legal entities,<br />
having a significant level of lending activity according to the Regulation of the National Bank of<br />
Romania No. 8/2011 on institutions issuing electronic money, hereinafter referred to as lenders,<br />
and regulates the minimum requirements for granting and conducting loans to individuals, in order<br />
to maintain financial stability.<br />
(2) The financial institutions governed by the provisions of Section 2, Chapter IV of Title I of Part<br />
I of Government Emergency Ordinance No. 99/2006 on credit institutions and capital adequacy,<br />
approved as amended and supplemented by Law No. 227/2007, as amended and supplemented, are<br />
exempt from the enforcement of the provisions of this regulation.<br />
Article 2<br />
For the purposes of this Regulation, the terms and expressions below are defined as follows:<br />
a) loans for real estate investment: any loan that meets, cumulatively, the following requirements:<br />
(i) is secured by a real estate mortgage, and (ii) is extended in order to acquire or maintain property<br />
rights over a plot land and/or a building, executed or that is to be executed, or for the rehabilitation,<br />
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modernisation, consolidation or expansion of a building, or for site preparation purposes - in case<br />
of a plot of land; this category also includes loans extended exclusively to repay a loan granted for<br />
real estate investments;<br />
b) consumer loans: loans, other than those provided under letter a).<br />
Article 3<br />
(1) Loans that are extended for medical purposes, in case of death, or the student loans may be<br />
exempted from the provisions of this regulation.<br />
(2) Lenders shall establish based on their own lending standards the rules governing the way in<br />
which loans are extended and secured, as provided under paragraph (1).<br />
(3) This Regulation shall not apply to the amounts secured, for the entire duration of the loan, by<br />
means of collateral deposits established with the lending institution, not even for loans granted for<br />
the sole purpose of restructuring the same lender, due to financial difficulties experienced by the<br />
borrower, to the loan/loans that exist as a balance at the time of the restructuring operation, in order<br />
to adapt the new repayment conditions to the borrower’s possibilities.<br />
CHAPTER II - PROVISIONS GOVERNING THE FINANCING EXTENDED TO<br />
INDIVIDUALS<br />
Article 4<br />
Loans shall be extended to individuals, secured and performed based on a contract, in accordance<br />
with the internal regulations of the lenders, as approved by the competent authorities.<br />
Article 5<br />
(1) Lenders extend loans to individuals based on their own regulations, which are validated by the<br />
National Bank of Romania - Supervision Department.<br />
(2) Any subsequent amendment of their own regulations must be notified to the National Bank of<br />
Romania and becomes effective only after the Supervision Department has validated them.<br />
Article 6<br />
(1) Lenders shall establish, through their internal regulations, in accordance with their risk profile<br />
and risk strategy, at least the following:<br />
a) the way in which the lending activity is organised and conducted, more specifically the loans<br />
extended to individuals and, when appropriate, the securing requirements for each type of loan,<br />
including the maximum limit allowed for the financing value, in relation to the value of the collateral;<br />
b) the categories of customers eligible for financing;<br />
c) the classification procedure of the target customers, according to the categories of payment<br />
default risk, based on the overall risk profile of the lender;<br />
d) the categories of income deemed eligible by the lender, differentiated according to categories of<br />
customers, as well as the related adjustment coefficients, depending on the degree of certainty and<br />
their permanence character;<br />
e) the categories of expenses that are deducted from the eligible income in order to determine the<br />
total level of indebtedness, including at least the subsistence expenses and the payment obligations,<br />
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other than the credit-related ones;<br />
f) the maximum levels allowed for total indebtedness, including the substantiation thereof,<br />
differentiated by categories of customers, by loan destination (e.g. consumer loan, loans for real<br />
estate investments), by type of loan (broken down by currency denomination or, as appropriate, by<br />
indexing, by the type of interest, i.e. fixed or variable interest, by the term of the loan and by the<br />
customer behaviour related to debt servicing, as determined by the quality of the collateral); in the<br />
case of consumer loans, the maximum levels for the total indebtedness are established taking into<br />
account the foreign-exchange risk, the interest rate risk and the risk of decrease of the available<br />
income for the term of the loan;<br />
g) the periodic reassessment methodology of the income adjustment coefficients and of the<br />
maximum allowed levels for indebtedness, in order to ensure the accuracy thereof on an ongoing<br />
basis.<br />
(2) When substantiating the maximum allowed levels for total indebtedness, in case of consumer<br />
loans, the following values shall be used:<br />
a) for the exchange rate shock: 35.5% EUR, 52.6% CHF, and 40.9% USD. For the other currencies,<br />
the CHF value shall be used. If the applicant’s income and the requested credit are denominated in<br />
two different foreign currencies, the highest of the two foreign currency exchange rate shocks vs.<br />
the national currency shall be used to determine the exchange rate shock;<br />
b) for the interest rate shock: 0.6 percentage points for all currencies;<br />
c) for the income shock, in case of income from wages: 6%.<br />
(3) The provisions of this Article in relationship to the foreign-exchange risk shall only apply to the<br />
financing part, for which the customer has not proven that they have income available in the loan<br />
currency or indexed according to the loan currency. The provisions related to the interest rate risk<br />
do not apply to fixed interest rate loans.<br />
Article 7<br />
The total level of indebtedness is determined as the weighted ratio of the total payment obligations<br />
arising from loans or other reimbursable financing of the eligible income from which the expenses<br />
referred to in Article 6 paragraph (1), e) were deducted.<br />
CHAPTER III - PROVISIONS ON SOUND LENDING PRACTICES<br />
Article 8<br />
Lenders must conduct their lending activity in such a way as to ensure the clear and effective<br />
separation of the loan products promotion and sale from the credit risk analysis and exposure<br />
monitoring activities.<br />
Article 9<br />
(1) Lenders analyse their customers’ repayment ability based on the level of the income deemed<br />
eligible by the lenders, which cannot exceed by more than 20% the income level of the previous<br />
year.<br />
(2) Lenders establish the income for the previous year based on documents certifying the revenue<br />
declared to the tax authorities.<br />
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(3) In case there is no legal obligation to declare revenue to the tax authorities, lenders shall establish<br />
the income for the previous year based on other supporting documents.<br />
(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), lenders may take into account the income<br />
exceeding the established level, but only after obtaining, from the customer, the supporting<br />
documents demonstrating its continuity in the future.<br />
The supporting documents must prove the changes occurring in the situation of the customer’s<br />
income, such as a different position, a different job or changes having a significant impact on the<br />
increase of the business volume of individuals obtaining self-employed income.<br />
Article 10<br />
When extending a credit to a borrower, lenders must ensure that the documents and information<br />
presented by the latter indicate that, for the entire duration of the loan, the total level of indebtedness<br />
of the applicant is within the maximum allowed level applicable to it.<br />
Article 11<br />
(1) When extending consumer loans denominated in a foreign currency or indexed to the exchange<br />
rate of a currency, the applicant must have at its disposal immovable property and/or personal<br />
property amounting to a minimum of 133% of the loan amount.<br />
(2) For the purposes of this regulation, the insurance policies involving the coverage of the default<br />
risk shall be treated as personal property.<br />
(3) The credit facilities extended by means of withdrawals from overdraft accounts and loans<br />
granted via credit cards, the value of which does not exceed three times the monthly net income,<br />
may be exempt from the obligation to establish a security, provided that they should not exceed a<br />
limit set by the internal regulations of the lender.<br />
Article 12<br />
(1) The consumer loans are granted for a maximum period of five years.<br />
(2) The provisions of paragraph (1) shall not apply to consumer loans extended to cover real estate<br />
projects, for the purposes of Article 2, letter a), (ii), granted in RON and for which the borrower has<br />
demonstrated holding an amount equal to at least 40%. of the loan amount, as advance payment.<br />
Article 13<br />
(1) The value of a loan extended for real estate investments cannot exceed 85% of the value of the<br />
mortgage collateral, for loans granted in RON.<br />
(2) When extending loans denominated in a foreign currency or indexed against the exchange rate<br />
of a currency, the value of the loan extended to cover a real estate investment cannot exceed 80% of<br />
the mortgage collateral, if the borrower secures the eligible income denominated or indexed against<br />
the loan currency.<br />
(3) The value of the loan for real estate investments extended to a borrower who does not secure<br />
the eligible income denominated or indexed to the loan currency cannot exceed 75% of the value<br />
of the mortgage collateral, for loans denominated in euros or indexed to the EUR exchange rate,<br />
and 60% for loans denominated in other currencies or indexed to the exchange rate of other foreign<br />
currencies.<br />
(4) The provisions of paragraph (1) to (3) do not apply to loans extended to cover real estate<br />
investments, which are wholly or partially secured by the State.<br />
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Article 14<br />
Lenders must make available to individuals who apply for a loan in a foreign currency or indexed<br />
against the exchange rate of a currency a printed booklet containing warnings about the possibility<br />
and consequences of the loan cost increase if the foreign-exchange risk materialises, as well as<br />
recommendations regarding the indebtedness rate which is acceptable to different categories of<br />
customers.<br />
Article 15<br />
Lenders are required to inform their customers, by mentioning the repayment schedules related to<br />
the loan agreements or, if no repayment schedules are drawn up, by distinctly mentioning, in the<br />
loan agreements, the possibility of changing, understood as an increase, of the amounts due, should<br />
the foreign-exchange risk and the interest rate risk materialise.<br />
Article 16<br />
(1) Lenders must ensure that third parties involved in a previous analysis of the customer’s<br />
repayment capacity, such as loan brokers intermediaries, apply the same procedures as the lenders.<br />
(2) Lenders shall monitor the quality of the loan portfolio of the customers attracted by each third<br />
party provided in paragraph (1), compared to the quality of the corresponding loan portfolio of the<br />
customers attracted directly by the lenders.<br />
(3) The analysis performed under paragraph (2) shall represent the basis for the lender’s decision to<br />
continue the business relationship established with each of the third parties referred to in paragraph<br />
(1).<br />
CHAPTER IV - SANCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS<br />
Article 17<br />
The failure to observe the provisions of this Regulations shall trigger off the enforcement of<br />
the measures and/or sanctions provided under Article 226 and 229 of Government Emergency<br />
Ordinance No. 99/2006, as approved as subsequently amended and supplemented, or, as appropriate,<br />
under Articles 58 and 59 of Law 93/2009 on non-bank financial institutions, as subsequently<br />
amended and supplemented, or under Article 66 and 68 of Government Emergency Ordinance No.<br />
113/2009 on payment services, approved as amended by Law 197/2010, as subsequently amended<br />
and supplemented, and under Articles 69 and 71, respectively, of Law 127/2011 on the issue of<br />
electronic money.<br />
Article 18<br />
(1) Lenders the regulations of which are validated by the National Bank of Romania according to<br />
the Regulation No. 3/2007of the National Bank of Romania on limiting the credit risk associated<br />
to loans extended to individuals, as subsequently amended and supplemented, shall notify any<br />
amendments made for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this Regulation, approved by the<br />
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elevant competent authorities, within not more than 90 days since the regulation is published in<br />
Part I of the Official Gazette of Romania, for validation purposes, according to the provisions of<br />
Article 5.<br />
(2) Lenders that do not have their own regulations validated by the National Bank of Romania<br />
according to the Regulations of the National Bank of Romania No. 3/2007, as subsequently<br />
amended and supplemented, shall take the necessary measures to fulfil the obligations incumbent<br />
upon them in accordance with this Regulation and shall send to the Supervision Department of<br />
the National Bank of Romania, no later than 90 days after the publication of this Regulation in the<br />
Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, the lending rules, amended accordingly and approved by the<br />
competent authorities, for validation or, as appropriate, in order to observe the provisions of Article<br />
19.<br />
(3) Before the conditions stipulated in Article 5 or, if applicable, the requirements applicable under<br />
paragraph (2) are complied with, the lenders shall use their own regulations, applicable on the<br />
effective date of this Regulation.<br />
(4) For the purposes of the enforcement of the provisions of paragraph (3), the branches of the credit<br />
institutions that are foreign legal entities shall starting using the maximum levels of indebtedness<br />
referred to in Article 19 within not more than 30 days since the time when this Regulation becomes<br />
enforceable.<br />
Article 19<br />
(1) Until the condition set out in Article 5, paragraph (1) is satisfied, the lenders that, on the effective<br />
date of this Regulation, provide loans to individuals based on internal lending rules which have<br />
not been validated by the National Bank of Romania, the maximum level of indebtedness shall be<br />
limited to 35%.<br />
(2) In the situation provided in paragraph (1), the highest level of indebtedness related to consumer<br />
credit denominated in the respective currency or indexed against a currency, other than the one in<br />
which the borrower’s eligible income is denominated, may not exceed 10%.<br />
Article 20<br />
The provisions of Articles 11, 12, and 13 are not applicable to loans granted exclusively for the<br />
purposes of repaying debts related to loans obtained prior to the entry into force of this Regulation.<br />
Article 21<br />
The central offices shall supervise the compliance, by the affiliated credit cooperatives, of the<br />
requirements of this Regulation.<br />
Article 22<br />
As of the date when this Regulation takes effect, the Regulation of the National Bank of Romania<br />
No. 3/2007 on limiting credit risk for loans to individuals, published in Part I of Official Gazette<br />
of Romania No. 177 of 14 March 2007, as subsequently amended and supplemented, shall be<br />
repealed.<br />
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Regulation No. 24/2011 of the National Bank of Romania governing loans extended to<br />
individuals - amendments<br />
Regulation No. 27/2011 published in Official Gazette No. 842/2011 hereby amends the<br />
provisions of Article 18 of Regulation No. 24/2011 governing loans extended to individuals<br />
Article 18<br />
(1) Lenders that do have their own regulations which the National Bank of Romania has validated,<br />
according to the Regulations of the National Bank of Romania No. 3/2007 on limiting the credit risk<br />
applicable to loans granted to individuals, as subsequently amended and supplemented, shall notify<br />
any amendments made for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this Regulation, approved by<br />
the relevant competent authorities, within not more than 90 days since its publication in Part I of<br />
the Official Gazette of Romania, for validation purposes, according to the provisions of Article 5.<br />
(2) Lenders that do not have their own regulations validated by the National Bank of Romania<br />
according to the Regulations of the National Bank of Romania No. 3/2007, as subsequently<br />
amended and supplemented, shall take the necessary measures to fulfil the obligations incumbent<br />
upon them in accordance with this Regulation and shall send to the Supervision Department of the<br />
National Bank of Romania, no later than 90 days after the publication of this Regulation in Part I<br />
of the Official Gazette of Romania, the lending rules, amended accordingly and approved by the<br />
competent authorities, for validation or, as appropriate, in order to document the compliance with<br />
the applicable provisions of this Regulation.<br />
(3) Until the conditions stipulated in Article 5 or, if applicable, the requirements applicable under<br />
paragraph (2) are met, the lenders shall use their own regulations, applicable on the effective date<br />
of this Regulation.<br />
(4) Within 60 days after the entry into force of this Regulation, the lenders that do not have their<br />
own regulations validated by the National Bank of Romania and that according to paragraph (3),<br />
conduct their lending activity based on their internal rules, shall use the maximum indebtedness<br />
levels referred to in Article 19.<br />
Amended by:<br />
Regulation No. 27/2011 that amended Article 18 of the Regulation No. 24/2011 of the National<br />
Bank of Romania governing loans extended to individuals, passed on 24 November 2011, Official<br />
Gazette No. 842/2011.<br />
90<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 90<br />
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ORDER No. 25/2011 of the National Bank of Romania governing the status reports<br />
on the enforcement of Regulation No. 11/2011 of the National Bank of<br />
Romania governing the classification of credits and placements<br />
and establishing and using prudential value adjustments,<br />
applicable over 1 May to 31 December 2012<br />
Order No. 25/2011 of the National Bank of Romania regarding the status reports on the<br />
enforcement of Regulation No. 11/2011 of the National Bank of Romania regarding the<br />
classification of credits and placements, as well as the establishment and use of prudential value<br />
adjustments, over 01 January - 31 December 2012 was published in Official Gazette No. 903 of<br />
20 December 2011.<br />
Considering the provisions of Article 101, paragraph (1) of Government Emergency Ordinance No.<br />
99/2006 on credit institutions and capital adequacy, approved as amended and complemented as<br />
per Law No. 227/2007, as subsequently amended and completed, and Point 202 of Annex No. 1 to<br />
Order No. nr. 27/2010 of the National Bank of Romania that approves the accounting regulations<br />
that are compliant with IFRS, applicable to credit institutions, according to the provisions of<br />
Law No. 48 of Law No. 312/2004governing the Statute of the National Bank of Romania, Article<br />
420, paragraph (1) of Government Emergency Ordinance No. 99/2006, approved as amended and<br />
completed as per Law No. 227/2007, as subsequently amended and completed, and of Article 5,<br />
paragraph (6) of Order No. 26/2011 of the National Bank of Romania on certain provisions to<br />
enforce the prudent banking requirements against the background of the legal changes that are<br />
associated to the implementation at individual level of the IFRS, that are to become effective as of<br />
1 January 2012,<br />
The National Bank of Romania hereby issues the following Order:<br />
Article 1 - This Order hereby establishes the form, content, frequency and methods according<br />
to which the lenders, as they are defined under Article 2, letter b) of Regulation No. 11/2011of the<br />
National Bank of Romania regarding the classification of credits and placements, as well as the<br />
establishment and use of the prudential value adjustments are supposed to send the status reports<br />
on a regular basis to the National Bank of Romania in compliance with the provisions of Article<br />
5, paragraph (5) of Order No. 26/2011 of the National Bank of Romania on certain provisions to<br />
enforce the prudent banking requirements against the background of the legal changes that are<br />
associated to the implementation at individual level of the IFRS that are to take effect as of 01<br />
January 2012.<br />
Article 2 - The templates of the reporting forms are presented in the Annex.<br />
Article 3 - The reporting forms are to be filled out by lenders based on data processed according<br />
to the provisions of Regulation No. 11/2011 of the National Bank of Romania that are applicable<br />
over 1 January - 31 December 2012, which refer to the following:<br />
a) the national territory in its entirety and all of the sub-units that exist abroad - at the global level of the lender;<br />
91<br />
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) the operations, representing credits and placements, as they are defined under Article 2, letter<br />
n) of Regulation No. 11/2011 of the National Bank of Romania, in all currencies, evaluated against<br />
the lei.<br />
Article 4 - (1) The reporting forms shall be transmitted to the lenders of the National Bank of<br />
Romania as follows:<br />
a) through the computerised system that supports reporting to the National Bank of Romania,<br />
hereinafter referred to as SIRBNR, in accordance with the provisions of Norm No. 15/2006 of the<br />
National Bank of Romania regarding the transmission of the primary indicators by means of the<br />
NBR Reporting Computerised System, as amended;<br />
b) on paper, signed by the authorised persons, and the forms should be addressed to the Surveillance<br />
Directorate.<br />
(2) Lenders shall send the report forms on a monthly basis, within 17 days from the time when<br />
the reported month ends.<br />
Article 5 - (1) In the case of the networks of co-operative credit organisation, the main offices<br />
of the credit co-operatives shall prepare and report on two sets of forms, more specifically one<br />
covering the central office of the credit co-operatives and the other one covering the whole network.<br />
(2) In order to prepare network reports, the central offices of the credit co-operatives shall<br />
aggregate the data regarding the credit co-operative organisations that work throughout the entire<br />
network. For that purpose, the credit/placement operations that take place between co-operative<br />
organisations within the same network shall not be taken into consideration.<br />
Article 6 - The failure to comply with the provisions of this Order shall trigger off the enforcement<br />
of the measures and/or penalties that are specified in Government Emergency Ordinance No.<br />
99/2006 on credit institutions and capital adequacy, as subsequently amended and completed by<br />
Law No. 227/2007, as subsequently amended and completed.<br />
Article 7 - For the January 2012 reporting, lenders shall prepare and transmit to the National<br />
Bank of Romania, from all of the reports described in the Annex, just Status Report (1) and Status<br />
Report (2.2).<br />
Article 8 - Before the date when the electronic reports are submitted exclusively via SIRBNR,<br />
according to the Provisions of Norm No. 15/2006 of the National Bank of Romania, as amended,<br />
the reporting institutions shall transmit to the National Bank of Romania the respective reports<br />
through the inter-bank communication network (RCI), by means of Excel files.<br />
Article 9 - The Annex is an integral part of this Order.<br />
Article 10 - This Order shall be published in Part I of the Romanian Official Gazette and shall<br />
become effective as of 01 January 2012.<br />
President of the Board of Directors of the National Bank of Romania,<br />
Mugur Constantin Isãrescu<br />
92<br />
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ANNEX OF NBR ORDER NO. 25/2011<br />
STATUS REPORT (1)<br />
regarding the classification of exposures associated to credits/placements, and the adjustment of their value as at [.../.../...]<br />
Name of the credit institution/central authority/network: ..................<br />
Item<br />
No.<br />
Classification<br />
categories<br />
Gross exposures Net exposures( 1 )<br />
principal<br />
associated<br />
outstanding<br />
debts and<br />
amounts to<br />
amortise<br />
principal<br />
associated<br />
outstanding<br />
debts and<br />
amounts to<br />
amortise<br />
A B 1 2 3 4<br />
total<br />
5 =<br />
3 +<br />
4<br />
Coefficient<br />
I - exposures to credit institutions<br />
1. Standard 0<br />
2. Loss - total,<br />
of which:<br />
3. - category<br />
1*)<br />
Prudential<br />
adjustment of the<br />
value of financial<br />
assets that consist<br />
of<br />
credits/placements.<br />
- RON -<br />
Depreciation adjustments allocated to the<br />
financial assets that consist of<br />
credits/placements.<br />
adjustments<br />
specific to<br />
amortisation,<br />
identified on<br />
an individual<br />
basis<br />
out of which:<br />
adjustments<br />
specific to<br />
depreciation,<br />
identified in<br />
financial<br />
asset groups<br />
collective<br />
adjustments<br />
for losses<br />
that have<br />
been<br />
generated,<br />
but not yet<br />
identified.<br />
6 7 = 5*6 8 9 10<br />
1<br />
1<br />
Total<br />
11 =<br />
8 + 9<br />
+ 10<br />
93<br />
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4. - category<br />
2**)<br />
5. Total (lines 1<br />
to 2)<br />
II - exposures to debtors outside the credit institutions' sector out of which:<br />
1<br />
X<br />
A. debtors, legal entities<br />
6. Standard 0<br />
7. Under<br />
surveillance<br />
0.05<br />
8. Substandard 0.2<br />
9. Doubtful 0.5<br />
10. Loss - total,<br />
of which:<br />
11. - category<br />
1*)<br />
12. - category<br />
2**)<br />
13. Total (lines 6<br />
to 10)<br />
B1. debtors, natural persons, other than those exposed to the foreign-exchange risk<br />
14. Standard 0<br />
15. Under<br />
surveillance<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
X<br />
0.05<br />
16. Substandard 0.2<br />
17. Doubtful 0.5<br />
18. Loss - total,<br />
of which:<br />
1<br />
94<br />
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19. - category<br />
1*)<br />
20. - category<br />
2**)<br />
21. Total (lines<br />
14 to 18)<br />
B2. debtors, natural persons, exposed to the foreign-exchange risk (exposures that are associated to the foreign currency or are indexed against<br />
the foreign exchange of a foreign currency)<br />
22. Standard 0.07<br />
23. Under<br />
surveillance<br />
1<br />
1<br />
X<br />
0.08<br />
24. Substandard 0.23<br />
25. Doubtful 0.53<br />
26. Loss - total,<br />
of which:<br />
27. - category<br />
1*)<br />
28. - category<br />
2**)<br />
29. Total (lines<br />
22 to 26)<br />
30. Total (lines<br />
5+13+21+29)<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
X<br />
X<br />
STATUS REPORT (2.1)<br />
regarding the classification of the exposures to debtors outside the credit institutions sector, at the end of the previous month, more<br />
specifically on [mm/dd/yyyy], representing credits from the problem-assets' category that were subject to replacement operations during the<br />
running month, as well as the level of the adjustment values that are related to them.<br />
95<br />
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Name of the credit institution/central authority/network: ..................................<br />
Item<br />
No.<br />
Classification<br />
categories<br />
Gross exposures Net exposures( 1 )<br />
principal<br />
associated<br />
outstanding<br />
debts and<br />
amounts to<br />
amortise<br />
principal<br />
associated<br />
outstanding<br />
debts and<br />
amounts to<br />
amortise<br />
A B 1 2 3 4<br />
total<br />
5 =<br />
3 +<br />
4<br />
Coefficient<br />
A. debtors, legal entities<br />
1. Standard 0<br />
2. Under<br />
surveillance<br />
Prudential<br />
adjustment<br />
of the<br />
value of<br />
the<br />
financial<br />
assets that<br />
consist of<br />
credits.<br />
- RON -<br />
Depreciation adjustments allocated<br />
to the financial assets that consist of credits.<br />
adjustments<br />
specific to<br />
amortisation,<br />
identified on<br />
an individual<br />
basis<br />
out of which:<br />
adjustments<br />
specific to<br />
depreciation,<br />
identified in<br />
financial<br />
asset groups<br />
collective<br />
adjustments<br />
for losses<br />
that have<br />
been<br />
generated,<br />
but not yet<br />
identified.<br />
6 7 = 5*6 8 9 10<br />
0.05<br />
3. Substandard 0.2<br />
4. Doubtful 0.5<br />
5. Loss - total,<br />
of which:<br />
6. - category<br />
1*)<br />
1<br />
1<br />
Total<br />
11 =<br />
8 + 9<br />
+ 10<br />
96<br />
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7. - category<br />
2**)<br />
8. Total (lines 1<br />
to 5)<br />
B1. debtors, natural persons, other than those exposed to the foreign-exchange risk<br />
9. Standard 0<br />
10. Under<br />
surveillance<br />
1<br />
X<br />
0.05<br />
11. Substandard 0.2<br />
12. Doubtful 0.5<br />
13. Loss - total,<br />
of which:<br />
14. - category<br />
1*)<br />
15. - category<br />
2**)<br />
16. Total (lines 9<br />
to 13)<br />
B2. debtors, natural persons, exposed to the foreign-exchange risk (exposures that are associated to the foreign currency or are indexed<br />
against the foreign exchange of a foreign currency)<br />
17. Standard 0.07<br />
18. Under<br />
surveillance<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
X<br />
0.08<br />
19. Substandard 0.23<br />
20. Doubtful 0.53<br />
21. Loss - total,<br />
of which:<br />
1<br />
97<br />
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22. - category<br />
1*)<br />
23. - category<br />
2**)<br />
24. Total (lines<br />
17 to 21)<br />
25. Total (lines<br />
8+16+24)<br />
1<br />
1<br />
X<br />
X<br />
STATUS REPORT (2.2)<br />
regarding the classification at the end of the running month, more specifically [mm/dd/yyyy], of the exposures to debtors outside the credit<br />
institutions' sector, representing credits from the problem assets' category which during the running month were subject to the application of<br />
the requirements specified in Article 6, paragraph (7) of the Regulation No. 11/2011 of the National regarding the classification of the credits<br />
and/or placements, and the establishment and use of the prudential value adjustments, as well as the level of the value adjustments related to<br />
them.<br />
Name of the credit institution/central authority/network: ..................................<br />
98<br />
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Item<br />
No.<br />
Classification<br />
categories<br />
Gross exposures Net exposures( 1 )<br />
principal<br />
associated<br />
outstanding<br />
debts and<br />
amounts to<br />
amortise<br />
principal<br />
associated<br />
outstanding<br />
debts and<br />
amounts to<br />
amortise<br />
A B 1 2 3 4<br />
total<br />
5 =<br />
3 +<br />
4<br />
Coefficient<br />
A. debtors, legal entities<br />
1. Standard 0<br />
2. Under<br />
surveillance<br />
Prudential<br />
adjustment<br />
of the<br />
value of<br />
the<br />
financial<br />
assets that<br />
consist of<br />
credits.<br />
- RON -<br />
Depreciation adjustments allocated<br />
to the financial assets that consist of credits.<br />
adjustments<br />
specific to<br />
amortisation,<br />
identified on<br />
an individual<br />
basis<br />
out of which:<br />
adjustments<br />
specific to<br />
depreciation,<br />
identified in<br />
financial<br />
asset groups<br />
collective<br />
adjustments<br />
for losses<br />
that have<br />
been<br />
generated,<br />
but not yet<br />
identified.<br />
6 7 = 5*6 8 9 10<br />
0.05<br />
3. Substandard 0.2<br />
4. Doubtful 0.5<br />
5. Loss - total,<br />
of which:<br />
6. - category<br />
1<br />
1*)<br />
7. - category 1<br />
1<br />
Total<br />
11 =<br />
8 + 9<br />
+ 10<br />
99<br />
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2*)<br />
8. Total (lines 1<br />
to 5)<br />
B1. debtors, natural persons, other than those exposed to the foreign-exchange risk<br />
9. Standard 0<br />
10. Under<br />
surveillance<br />
X<br />
0.05<br />
11. Substandard 0.2<br />
12. Doubtful 0.5<br />
13. Loss - total,<br />
of which:<br />
14. - category<br />
1*)<br />
15. - category<br />
2*)<br />
16. Total (lines 9<br />
to 13)<br />
B2. debtors, natural persons, exposed to the foreign-exchange risk (exposures that are associated to the foreign currency or are indexed<br />
against the foreign exchange of a foreign currency)<br />
17. Standard 0.07<br />
18. Under<br />
surveillance<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
X<br />
0.08<br />
19. Substandard 0.23<br />
20. Doubtful 0.53<br />
21. Loss - total,<br />
of which:<br />
22. - category 1<br />
1<br />
100<br />
60184_file_interior_lucian_v9.indd 100<br />
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1*)<br />
23. - category<br />
2*)<br />
24. Total (lines<br />
17 to 21)<br />
25. Total (lines<br />
8+16+24)<br />
1<br />
X<br />
X<br />
STATUS REPORT (2.3)<br />
regarding the dynamics inside the categories of financial performance of the exposures to the debtors existing outside the credit institutions'<br />
sector, representing credits from the problem assets' category included in the Status Report (2.1) and the Status Report (2.2), related to the<br />
period [.../.../...]. - [.../.../...] (end of the month that preceded the month when the replacement operations took place - end of the month when<br />
the replacement operations took place)<br />
Name of the credit institution/central house/network: ..................<br />
The share of the volume of credit-related exposures [volume]<br />
associated to the category of final financial performance in the<br />
overall volume of credit-related exposures associated to the initial<br />
category of financial performance.<br />
(%)<br />
101<br />
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Initial<br />
category of<br />
financial<br />
performance<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C<br />
D<br />
E<br />
A B C D E Total Description<br />
( 2 )<br />
Contact person<br />
...................................................<br />
(name, first name, telephone)<br />
Authorised person***)<br />
...................................................<br />
(name, first name, signature)<br />
Authorised person***)<br />
...................................................<br />
(name, first name, signature)<br />
___________<br />
( 1 ) The net exposures are gross exposures diminished according to the related guarantees.<br />
*) Category 1: exposures representing credits/placements classified as "losses", in the case of which the debt service is of not more than 90<br />
days and in the case of which no judicial procedures have been started.<br />
**) Category 2: exposures representing credits/placements classified as "losses", in the case of which the debt service exceeds 90 days<br />
and/or in the case of which judicial procedures have been started.<br />
( 2 ) If the total is not 100%, the operations that led to this situation shall be described briefly.<br />
***) Authorised person - this is a person who is mandated to commit the legal accountability of the institution or another person whom the<br />
authorised person has mandated.<br />
102<br />
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ORDER No. 27/ 27 December 2010<br />
Official Gazette, Part I, No. 930 of 28 December 2011<br />
effective as of 28 December 2011,<br />
to approve the accounting regulations harmonised with the European directives<br />
Having regard to the provisions of Articles 22 and 54 of Law No. 93/2009 on non-bank financial<br />
institutions, as subsequently amended and completed, to the provisions of Article 36 of the<br />
Government Ordinance No. 39/1996 on the establishment and operation of the Deposit-guarantee<br />
Fund in the Banking System, republished, as subsequently amended and completed, of Article<br />
34 of the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 113/2009 on payment services, approved as<br />
amended by Law No. 197/2010, as subsequently amended and completed, and to the provisions of<br />
Article 37 of Law No. 127/2011 governing the issuance of electronic money,<br />
According to Article 4, paragraph 3, letter a) of the Accounting Law 82/1991, republished, as<br />
subsequently amended and completed, of Article 48 of Law 312/2004 on the Statutes governing the<br />
National Bank of Romania, of Article 48 of the Government Ordinance No. 39/1996, republished,<br />
as subsequently amended and completed, of Article 36 of the Government Emergency Ordinance<br />
No. 113/2009, approved as amended by Law 197/2010, as subsequently amended and completed,<br />
and of Article 40 of Law 127/2011,<br />
The National Bank of Romania hereby issues the following Order:<br />
Article 1 The Accounting Regulations, harmonised with the European directives indicated in the<br />
Annex*) are hereby approved.<br />
___________<br />
*) The Annex was published in Part I of the Official Gazette of Romania No. 930 bis which can<br />
be purchased from the Public Relations Centre of the “Official Gazette” public corporation, located<br />
in Bucharest at 1, Panduri Street.<br />
Article 2 The provisions of this Regulation shall apply to:<br />
a) non-bank financial institutions placed registered with the General Registry according to the<br />
provisions of Law 93/2009 on non-bank financial institutions, as subsequently amended and<br />
completed;<br />
b) payment institutions that extend loans related to the payment services and whose activity<br />
is limited to the provision of payment services, according to the provisions of Article 22 of the<br />
Government Emergency Ordinance No. 113/2009 on payment services, approved as amended by<br />
Law 197/2010, as amended and completed;<br />
c) institutions emitting electronic money, that grant loans related to the payment services and<br />
whose activity is limited to the emission of electronic money and the provision of payment services,<br />
according to the provisions of Article 22 of Law 127/2011 governing the issuance of electronic<br />
money;<br />
d) Romanian branches of the foreign institutions referred to at letters a) through c);<br />
103<br />
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d) foreign branches of the institutions referred to under letters a) through c), that are Romanian<br />
legal entities;<br />
e) Deposit Guarantee Fund in the Banking System, established pursuant to the Government<br />
Ordinance No. 39/1996 governing the creation and operation of the Deposit Guarantee Fund in the<br />
banking system, republished, as subsequently amended and completed.<br />
Article 3 The annual financial statements must be accompanied by a written statement whereby<br />
the management undertakes its responsibility about the preparation thereof, in accordance with the<br />
accounting regulations harmonised with the European Directives.<br />
Article 4 (1) The annual financial statements prepared by the institutions listed in Article 2 shall<br />
be subject to a statutory audit.<br />
(2) The consolidated annual financial statements prepared by the institutions listed in Article 2, as<br />
parent companies, shall also be subject to a statutory audit.<br />
Article 5 The National Bank of Romania shall monitor the enforcement of the provisions of this<br />
Order.<br />
Article 6 This Order shall come into force on the 1 st of January 2012.<br />
Article 7 Upon entry into force of this Order, the Order of the National Bank of Romania No.<br />
13/2008 for the approval of the accounting Regulations harmonised with the European Directives,<br />
applicable to credit institutions, to non-bank financial institutions and to the Deposit Guarantee<br />
Fund in the banking system, published in Part I of the Official Gazettes of Romania Nos. 879<br />
and 879 bis of 24 December 2008, as subsequently amended and completed, as well as any other<br />
contrary provisions, are hereby repealed.<br />
Article 8 This Order shall be published in Part I of the Official Gazette of Romania.<br />
Pp.<br />
The Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Bank of Romania,<br />
Florin Georgescu<br />
Bucharest, 27 December 2011.<br />
No. 27<br />
104<br />
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Order No. 4 din 8 March 2012<br />
Published in Part I of Official Gazette No. 179 of 20 March 2009<br />
to become effective as of 20 March 2012. This Order governs the status reports on the<br />
classification of credit-related exposures associated to the payment services and the related<br />
need of credit-risk provisions that are applicable to the entities monitored by the National Bank<br />
of Romania, others than the credit institutions<br />
Considering the provisions of Article 23, paragraph (1) of Law No. 93/2009 on non-bank financial<br />
institutions, as subsequently amended and completed, Article 331, paragraph (1) of Government<br />
Emergency Ordinance No. 113/2009 on payment services, as approved and amended under Law<br />
No. 197/2010, as subsequently amended and completed, Article 36, paragraph (1) of Law No.<br />
127/2011 governing the issuance of electronic money and the Chart of Accounts specified in Order<br />
No. 27/2011 of the National Bank of Romania that approved the Accounting Regulations that are<br />
compliant with EU Directives and that apply to institutions that use NBR’s Accounting Rules, other<br />
than the credit institutions,<br />
According to Article 48 of Law No. 312/2004 governing the Statute of the National Bank of<br />
Romania, Law No. 93/2009, as subsequently amended and completed, Article 186, paragraph (1)<br />
of Government Emergency Ordinance No. 113/2009, as approved and amended as per Law No.<br />
197/2010, as subsequently amended and completed, Law No. 127/2011 and Article 25, paragraph<br />
(2) of Regulation No. 5/2012 of the National Bank of Romania governing the classification of<br />
credits and the creation, regularisation and use of the specific credit-risk provisions, applicable to<br />
the entities that operate under the surveillance of the National Bank of Romania, other than the<br />
credit institutions,<br />
The National Bank of Romania hereby issues the following Order:<br />
CHAPTER I<br />
General provisions<br />
Article 1 - (1) This Order hereby establishes the form and content of the status report form<br />
regarding the classification of the credit-related exposures and exposures associated to the payment<br />
services and their related necessary specific credit-risk provisions, that is sent on a quarterly basis<br />
to the National Bank of Romania, as per Article 25, paragraph (1) of Regulation No. 5/2012 of the<br />
National Bank of Romania governing the classification of credits and the creation, regularisation<br />
and use of specific credit risk provisions applicable to the entities that operate under the surveillance<br />
of the National Bank of Romania, other than the credit institutions, by lenders, as they are defined<br />
under Article 2, letter d) of the same Regulation.<br />
(2) On the other hand, this Order also establishes the ways in which the form specified under<br />
paragraph (1) should be sent to the National Bank of Romania.<br />
Article 2 - Each category of lenders shall fill out the reporting form based on the data posted in<br />
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the accounting books, [data] that should be processed according to Regulation No. 5/2012 of the<br />
National Bank of Romania, while considering the following:<br />
a) the national territory in its entirety and all of the sub-units that exist abroad - at the global level<br />
of the lender;<br />
b) all of the operations related to credits and to the payment services that are delivered in all<br />
currencies, assessed against the Romanian leu;<br />
c) the category of lender.<br />
Article 3 - (1) The reporting forms shall be transmitted to the lenders of the National Bank of<br />
Romania as follows:<br />
a) electronically, to ifn@bnro.ro;<br />
b) in hardcopy, signed by the authorised persons, and the forms should be addressed to the<br />
Surveillance Directorate.<br />
Article 4 (2) Lenders shall send in their report form on a quarterly basis, within 25 calendar days<br />
from the time when the reported quarter ends.<br />
Article 5 - The failure to comply with the provisions of this Order shall trigger off the enforcement<br />
of the measures and/or the penalties that are specified in Articles 58 and 59 of Law No. 93/2009<br />
governing the non-bank financial institutions, as subsequently amended and completed, under<br />
Articles 66 and 68 of Government Emergency Ordinance No. 113/2009 on payment services,<br />
as approved and amended by Law No. 197/2010, as subsequently amended and completed, and<br />
Articles 69 and 71 of Law No. 127/2011 governing the issuance of electronic money.<br />
CHAPTER II<br />
Final provisions<br />
Article 6 - This Order shall apply as of the date when Regulation No. 5/2012 of the National Bank<br />
of Romania starts to be applied.<br />
Article 7 - The template of the reporting form is specified in the Annex that is an integral part of<br />
this Order.<br />
Article 8 - The present order is published in Part I of the Romanian Official Gazette.<br />
President of the Board of Directors of the National Bank of Romania,<br />
Mugur Constantin Isãrescu<br />
Bucharest, 08 March 2012.<br />
No. 4<br />
106<br />
ANNEX<br />
STATUS REPORT regarding the classification of credit-related exposures and exposures<br />
associated to the payment services and their related necessary specific credit-risk provisions as at<br />
[.../.../...]<br />
Name of the non-bank financial institutions/payment institution/institution that issues the<br />
electronic currency: ........ ........ ............. RON.<br />
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Item Classification Gross exposures Net exposures( 1 ) Necessary specific<br />
No. categories<br />
from from Coefficient credit-risk provisions<br />
principal Interest principal Interest principal Interest<br />
A B 1 2 3 4 5 6 = 3*5 7 = 4*5<br />
I - credits extended to debtors, other than the natural person debtors, for which specific credit risk<br />
provisions are created.<br />
1 Standard 0<br />
2 Under surveillance 0.05<br />
3 Substandard 0.2<br />
4 Doubtful 0.5<br />
5 Loss 1<br />
6 Total (lines 1 to 5) X<br />
I - credits extended to debtors, other than the natural person debtors, for which no specific credit<br />
risk provisions are created.<br />
7 Standard<br />
8 Under surveillance<br />
9 Substandard<br />
10 Doubtful<br />
11 Loss<br />
12 Total (lines 7 to 11)<br />
III - credits extended to natural person debtors, for which specific credit risk provisions are<br />
created (others than the credits extended to the natural person debtors that are exposed to the<br />
foreign-exchange risk, and that are recorded in a currency or are indexed against a currency).<br />
13 Standard 0<br />
14 Under surveillance 0.05<br />
15 Substandard 0.2<br />
16 Doubtful 0.5<br />
17 Loss 1<br />
18 Total (lines 13 to 17) X<br />
III - credits extended to natural person debtors, for which no specific credit risk provisions are<br />
created (others than the credits extended to the natural person debtors that are exposed to the<br />
foreign-exchange risk, and that are recorded in a currency or are indexed against a currency).<br />
19 Standard<br />
20 Under surveillance<br />
21 Substandard<br />
22 Doubtful<br />
23 Loss<br />
24 Total (lines 19 to 23)<br />
V - credits that are extended to natural person debtors who are exposed to the foreign-exchange<br />
risk and that are indexed based on the exchange rate of a currency or indexed against a currency,<br />
and for which specific credit risk provisions are created.<br />
25 Standard 0.07<br />
26 Under surveillance 0.08<br />
27 Substandard 0.23<br />
28 Doubtful 0.53<br />
29 Loss 1<br />
30 Total (lines 25 to 29) X<br />
V - credits that are extended to natural person debtors who are exposed to the foreign-exchange<br />
risk and that are indexed based on the exchange rate of a currency or indexed against a currency,<br />
and for which specific credit risk provisions are not created.<br />
31 Standard<br />
32 Under surveillance<br />
33 Substandard<br />
34 Doubtful<br />
35 Loss<br />
36 Total (lines 31 to 35)<br />
37 Total (lines 6+12+18+24+30+36) X<br />
1) The net exposures are gross exposures diminished according to the related guarantees.<br />
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REGULATION No. 5/8 MARCH 2012<br />
Part I of Official Gazette No. 179 of 20 March 2012<br />
effective as of 20 March 2012<br />
on credit classification and the establishment, adjustment and use of specific credit risk<br />
provisions, applicable to the entities supervised by the National Bank of Romania, other<br />
than credit institutions<br />
Having regard to the provisions of Article 23 of Law No. 93/2009 on non-bank financial<br />
institutions, as subsequently amended and completed, to Article 331 paragraph (1) of Government<br />
Emergency Ordinance No. 113/2009 on payment services, approved as amended by Law 197/2010,<br />
as subsequently amended and completed, to Article 36, paragraph (1) of Law 127/2011 governing<br />
the issuance of electronic money and to the Chart of Accounts included in the Order No. 27/2011of<br />
the NBR that approves the Accounting Regulations harmonised with the European Directives,<br />
under Article 48 of Law 312/2004 on the Statutes governing the National Bank of Romania, Law<br />
93/2009, as subsequently amended and completed, to Article 186 paragraph (1) of Government<br />
Emergency Ordinance No. 113/2009, approved as amended by Law 197/2010, as subsequently<br />
amended and completed, and to Law 127/2011.<br />
The National Bank of Romania hereby issues this Regulation.<br />
CHAPTER I<br />
General Provisions<br />
Article 1 - This Regulation applies to non-bank financial institutions, Romanian legal entities, and<br />
to Romanian branches of foreign financial institutions, except for those included in Title I, chapter<br />
IV, Section 2 of “Financial institutions from other Member States” of Government Emergency<br />
Ordinance No. 99/2006 on credit institutions and capital adequacy, approved as amended and<br />
completed by Law No. 227/2007, as subsequently amended and completed, entered in the General<br />
Registry of the National Bank of Romania, on payment institutions, Romanian legal entities<br />
granting credits related to payment services, institutions issuing electronic money, Romanian legal<br />
entities, granting credits related to the payment services, and regulates:<br />
a) the classification of credits granted to borrowers;<br />
b) the determination of the required credit risk provisions, for the classified credits;<br />
c) the establishment, adjustment, and use of the specific provisions for credit risk.<br />
Article 2 The following expressions shall have the meanings assigned below:<br />
a) non-bank financial institutions - entities defined according to the provisions of Law No. 93/2009<br />
on non-bank financial institutions, as subsequently amended and completed;<br />
b) payment institutions - entities defined according to the provisions of Government Emergency<br />
Ordinance No. 113/2009 on payment services, approved as amended by Law 197/2010, as<br />
subsequently amended and completed;<br />
c) institutions emitting electronic money - entities defined according to the provisions of Law No.<br />
127/2011 governing the issuance of electronic money,<br />
d) lenders - non-bank financial institutions, payment institutions, and institutions emitting electronic<br />
money, governed by this Regulation;<br />
e) lender’s group - group consisting of the parent company, the other subsidiaries of the parent<br />
company and the subsidiaries of the lender;<br />
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f) A Category countries - Member States of the European Union 1 and countries which are full<br />
members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and countries<br />
that have concluded special lending arrangements with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in<br />
the general arrangements to borrow (GAB); if one country in this category reschedules its external<br />
debt, the country in question is excluded from the “A” category for a period of 5 years;<br />
g) multilateral development banks - the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,<br />
the International Finance Corporation , the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian<br />
Development Bank, the African Development Bank, the Council of Europe Development Bank, the<br />
Nordic Investment Bank, the Caribbean Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction<br />
and Development, the European Investment Bank, the European Investment Fund, the Multilateral<br />
Investment Guarantee Agency, the International Finance Facility for Immunization, the Islamic<br />
Development Bank and any other entity that falls into this category according to qualifications<br />
made in the European Union;<br />
h) debtor - an entity in relation to which the lender incurs exposures resulting from credits, including<br />
the entity towards which the lender only has exposures which represent potential debts, such as,<br />
for example, financing and guaranteeing commitments. For purposes of this Regulation, credit<br />
institutions and the National Bank of Romania are not included in the lender’s debtor’s category;<br />
i) debtor, natural person, exposed to foreign exchange risk - the debtor, natural person, who does<br />
not generate positive net cash flows denominated in the credit currency, allowing for the repayment,<br />
on due date, of each credit instalment (principal and interest). Cash flows are adjusted according to<br />
the degree of certainty and the permanent character thereof;<br />
j) debt service - the number of days of delay from the debt maturity date;<br />
k) initiation of debt recovery proceedings - one of the following:<br />
k1) the courts issue a bankruptcy resolution against the debtor;<br />
k2) enforcement proceedings are brought against natural persons or legal entities, to recovery debts<br />
resulting from credits subject to classification;<br />
l) principal - amounts paid in advance by lenders to the borrowers, as borrowed capital, including<br />
those that might be included in this category if the obligations of the lenders, resulting from the<br />
financing and guarantee entered into by the latter, become due;<br />
m) credits - categories of credits that are classified by the lenders in accordance with the provisions<br />
of this Regulation, being systematised in terms of specific credit risk provisioning requirements, of<br />
the structuring, where applicable, in principal and interest, as well as of the accounts in which they<br />
are recorded. These are presented in Section I “credits” of the Annex No. 1;<br />
n) guarantees - received guarantees that lenders may take into account to reduce the exposure to<br />
the debtor, in accordance with the provisions hereof, which are systematised in terms of guarantee<br />
category, and of accounts in which they are recorded. These are presented in Section II “Guarantees”<br />
of Annex No. 1. The guarantees are divided into the following categories:<br />
(i) personal guarantees - guarantees provided by third parties (e.g. bail, surety etc.), which can be<br />
classified, according to their respective features, as follows:<br />
(i1) express guarantee - the protection provided by the guarantee is clearly linked to exposures that<br />
can be accurately identified or via a clearly defined exposure portfolio, so that the coverage degree<br />
of the protection can be clearly defined and cannot be questioned;<br />
(i2) irrevocable guarantee - apart from the failure of the buyer of protection to observe the obligation<br />
to pay the protection price on the maturity date, the agreement whereby the protection is provided<br />
contains no provision that would allow the protection provider to unilaterally cancel the guarantee<br />
or which could result in an increase of the actual guarantee price;<br />
(i3) unconditional guarantee - the contract whereby protection is provided contains no provision<br />
1 For purposes of this Regulation, Romania is considered separately from other EU member states.<br />
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in relationship to which the buyer of protection has no control, a clause which may exempt the<br />
guarantor of the obligation to pay in a timely manner, but no later than 90 calendar days from the<br />
date when requested, if the main obligee fails to pay, in due time, the overdue amount(s);<br />
(ii) real property - refers to tangible or intangible assets received as collaterals in exchange of operations<br />
carried out (e.g. mortgages on real/personal property, pledges etc.).<br />
(iii) intrinsic real property – refers to the guarantees included in the characteristics of the operation itself<br />
(e.g. values received under a repurchase agreement, securities received under a repurchase agreement<br />
with specific delivery, goods covered by financial leasing contracts, etc.); the lenders record the intrinsic<br />
real guarantees in the off-balance account 9981 – Other values received;<br />
o) specific credit risk provisions - the provisions created by lenders in order to cover potential creditrelated<br />
losses, systematised in terms of structuring in principal amount and interest, as well as of the<br />
accounts in which they are recorded. These are presented in Section III “Provisions” of the Annex No. 1.<br />
p) fair value - the amount for which an asset can be exchanged freely and knowingly between two<br />
parties, in an arm’s length transaction.<br />
Article 3 - Institutions issuing electronic money and payment institutions that extend credits related to<br />
payment services and that do not conduct their accounting activity in accordance with the accounting<br />
regulations issued by the National Bank of Romania shall consider the appropriate accounts listed in<br />
the chart of accounts provided by accounting regulations applicable to such entities, in which they have<br />
recorded amounts whose economic nature is similar to those of the accounts referred to in Annex No. 1.<br />
Article 4 - (1) The internal rules of lenders, to which this regulation refers, shall represent one single<br />
legislative instrument.<br />
(2) The internal rules referred to in paragraph (1) are approved by the statutory bodies of the non-bank<br />
financial institutions, of the payment institutions whose main object of business consists of the provision<br />
of payment services of the institutions issuing electronic money, whose main object of business consists<br />
of the emission of electronic money. In the case of payment institutions and institutions issuing electronic<br />
money whose main object of business does not consist of payment services and issuance of electronic<br />
money, the internal rules referred to in paragraph (1) shall be acknowledged by the people who are<br />
responsible for managing and heading the payment services activity, as per Article 15, paragraph (2)<br />
of Government Emergency Ordinance No. 113/2009, approved as amended by Law No. 197/2010, as<br />
subsequently amended and completed, and by the persons who are in charge of managing and heading the<br />
electronic money emission and payment services, as per Article 11, paragraph (2) taken in conjunction<br />
with Article 14 of Law No. 127/2011.<br />
(3) The internal rules of the non-bank financial institutions recorded in the Special Registry, of the<br />
payment institutions and of the institutions issuing electronic money whose lending activity has reached<br />
a significant level, within the meaning of Regulation No. 21/2009 of the NBR on payment institutions,<br />
as subsequently amended and completed, and of Regulation No. 8/2011 of the NBR on institutions<br />
issuing electronic money, respectively, shall be submitted to the Supervision Directorate of the NBR.<br />
(4) The internal rules referred to in paragraph (3) and any amendments thereto shall be submitted within<br />
5 days since the time when approved.<br />
CHAPTER 2<br />
Guarantee-based reduction of exposure<br />
Article 5 For the enforcement of the provisions of this chapter, lenders must ensure the fulfilment of<br />
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the requirements provided for under Chapter V - “Information requirements” regarding the guarantees.<br />
Article 6 - In order to establish the value whereby the amounts representing the credit exposures are<br />
actually reduced, the amounts registered in the accounting records, related to the guarantees, shall<br />
be adjusted through the application of coefficients ranging between 0 and 1, and the result shall be<br />
limited to the level of the guaranteed amounts.<br />
Article 7 The guarantees which can be taken into account by lenders to reduce the exposure against<br />
the debtor are listed in the table of Annex No. 2, as well as other real property, according to the<br />
internal rules of the lenders.<br />
Article 8 - (1) The coefficients used for the adjustment of the amounts registered in the accounting<br />
records, related to the guarantees listed in the table of Annex No. 2, shall be established by the<br />
lender, for each category/case. The value of these coefficients cannot exceed the maximum value<br />
that is specified in the table.<br />
(2) The lender must have the supporting documentation that is needed to establish the value of the<br />
coefficients provided under paragraph(1).<br />
Article 9 - (1) Any real property guarantee, except for the general pledge, of the guarantees created<br />
over future goods 2 and the real property provided in the table in Appendix No. 2, may be taken into<br />
account to reduce the value of the lender’s exposure against the debtor, to a value which cannot<br />
exceed the fair value thereof. For this purpose, lenders may only consider those real guarantees<br />
for which they can establish the fair value based on their own methodology 3 as provided by their<br />
internal regulations. In order to adjust the fair value, the lender shall establish the coefficients for<br />
each category/case.<br />
(2) The guarantee policies the object of which consists of debt receivables may be taken into<br />
account for exposure reduction purposes only if the legal requirements in force on security interests<br />
are met.<br />
(3) The lender must have the supporting documentation that is needed to establish the value of the<br />
coefficients provided under paragraph (1).<br />
Article 10 - The insurance policies whose object is to guarantee/take over the risk of default shall<br />
be assimilated to letters of guarantee issued by credit institutions and, consequently, lenders may<br />
consider them as credit risk “mitigators”, if all of the following conditions are observed:<br />
a) have characteristics that are similar to those imposed on the letters of guarantee issued by credit<br />
institutions (express, irrevocable, and unconditional);<br />
b) the credit risk was transferred outside the lender’s group through insurance/reinsurance<br />
transactions conducted with insurance/reinsurance companies, and the insurance/reinsurance<br />
companies from outside the group, which have taken over the risk, comply with the requirements of<br />
the applicable community standards (or the standards that apply to insurance/reinsurance companies<br />
2 The guarantees on future goods only produce effects as of the moment when the debtor<br />
obtains the ownership of the goods and, as a consequence, they cannot be taken into account for<br />
exposure reduction. E.g.: guarantees represented by the assignment of compensations given under<br />
credit risk insurance policies, life insurance policies; guarantees represented by the assignment of<br />
collections from future debts.<br />
3 As the fair value is a category defined and regulated under the International Financial<br />
Reporting Standards (IFRS), lenders shall prepare the methodologies used to establish the fair<br />
value of the received real property, taking into account the aforesaid accounting standards.<br />
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and that the lender, following the analyses made, deems equivalent to community standards). If the<br />
credit risk has been partially transferred, the credit risk mitigating quality of the insurance policy<br />
can only be taken into account for the transferred portion;<br />
c) the internal rules of the lenders refer to a coefficient not exceeding 0.8 for the deduction of the<br />
exposure thereof to the debtor, as well as the assessment methodology of the position of the issuing<br />
insurance/reinsurance companies and the coefficient level for every such issuer/category of issuers<br />
can be determined.<br />
Article 11 - (1) The express, irrevocable and unconditional guarantees that are granted by the credit<br />
guarantee funds (CGF) in Romania by brokering the resources allocated for this purpose by central<br />
authorities and for which central authorities undertake responsibility, can be considered express,<br />
irrevocable and unconditional guarantees issued by the government 4 if:<br />
a) the allocated funds are effectively transferred by the central authorities to the CGF; and<br />
b) the CGF can prove to the lender that they have a proper management system that can distinctly<br />
indicate such funds, and they are only used for guaranteeing the related risks.<br />
(2) The provisions of paragraph (1) shall only apply if the lender has the documentation certifying<br />
that the requirements are met.<br />
Article 12 (1) The guarantees related to the exposures representing the principal of the credits<br />
classified as “loss” are adjusted by applying coefficients established by the lender, for every separate<br />
category/case. The value of these coefficients cannot exceed 0.25.<br />
(2) The lender must have the supporting documentation that is needed to establish the value of the<br />
coefficients provided under paragraph(1).<br />
(3) The guarantees related to the exposures that represent current/outstanding interest, attached to<br />
the credits specified under paragraph (1) shall not be taken into account, and the coefficient applied<br />
to the amounts of these guarantees is zero.<br />
Article 13 - Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 12, the guarantees provided for under<br />
headings Nos. 1-6 of the table in Annex No. 2 are adjusted by coefficients whose value cannot<br />
exceed 0.5.<br />
CHAPTER III<br />
Classification of credits and calculation of the necessary specific credit risk provisions<br />
Article 14 For the enforcement of the provisions of this chapter, lenders must ensure the fulfilment<br />
of the requirements provided for under Chapter V - “Information requirements”.<br />
Article 15 - Lenders classify exposures in the following categories:<br />
a) standard;<br />
b) under supervision;<br />
c) substandard;<br />
d) doubtful;<br />
e) loss.<br />
4 The express, irrevocable, and unconditional guarantees that are issued by the state have,<br />
according to the Table in Annex No. 2, a deduction coefficient of 1 at the most.<br />
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Article 16 - The exposure incurred by a lender to a certain debtor shall fall into a single classification<br />
category based on the principle of the “declassification by contamination”, by taking into account<br />
the weakest of the individual classification categories, respectively.<br />
Article 17 - For purposes of credit classification and in order to establish the specific credit risk<br />
provisions required, the following stages have to be completed:<br />
1. credit classification<br />
1.1. identify, from amongst the amounts registered in the credit accounts, all the statements that<br />
represent exposures deriving from operations conducted with a certain debtor and identify, for each<br />
of these exposures, the other attributes that are necessary to perform the classification/provisioning<br />
operation;<br />
1.2. classify these exposures by simultaneously applying the following criteria:<br />
a) debt service;<br />
b) initiation of debt recovery proceedings.<br />
The correspondence between criteria and classification categories is described in Table No. 1 of<br />
Annex No. 3;<br />
1.3. reclassify these exposures into a single category, based on the principle of declassification by<br />
contamination.<br />
NOTE:<br />
For optimisation purposes, the last two stages can be integrated into a single stage that should<br />
ensure directly the global classification of the exposures in question, without establishing individual<br />
classification categories;<br />
2. Calculation of the necessary specific credit risk provisions:<br />
(2.1) diminishing the exposures, from the previous stage, which are guaranteed under the provisions<br />
of Chapter II “Guarantee-based reduction of exposures”;<br />
2.2. applying the provisioning coefficient to the exposures that were processed previously and<br />
which are subject to the creation of specific credit risk provisions; the correspondence between the<br />
classification categories and the provisioning coefficients is described in Table No. 2 of Annex No. 3;<br />
3. resuming stage 1 and 2 for all other debtors in relation to which the lender is incurring exposure<br />
to credits.<br />
CHAPTER IV<br />
The establishment, adjustment, and use of the specific provisions for credit risk.<br />
Article 18 - Establishing the specific credit risk provisions concerns their creation and is made by<br />
registering the amount of the necessary specific credit risk provisions under expenses.<br />
Article 19 - The adjustment of the specific credit risk provisions refers to changing their existing level<br />
in order to restore the equal proportion of the existing level vs the required level, and is performed by<br />
posting as an expense the difference between the balance level of the specific credit risk provisions<br />
and the necessary level, or by re-posting the difference between the existing balance of the specific<br />
credit-risk provisions and the needs as income.<br />
Article 20 - Using the specific credit risk provisions refers to writing off the specific credit risk<br />
provisions and is performed by carrying forward, as income, the amount the represents the balance<br />
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of the specific credit risk provisions related to the credits, for which one of the following conditions<br />
is met:<br />
a) the legal avenues to recover have been exhausted or the time limit of the statutes of limitation has<br />
been exceeded;<br />
b) the contractual rights related to the credit have been transferred.<br />
Article 21 - Lenders shall establish and/or adjust on a monthly basis the specific credit risk<br />
provisions related to the credits that have been included in the balance at the end of the respective<br />
month, by registering them as expense and/or by carrying them forward as income, regardless of<br />
the results of that specific period.<br />
Article 22 - Lenders shall establish, adjust, and use the specific credit risk provisions based on the<br />
currency in which the credits to be corrected are denominated.<br />
CHAPTER V<br />
Information requirements<br />
Article 23 - For purposes of this Regulation, lenders must have available proper information<br />
management methods and procedures ensuring the compliance with the requirements related to<br />
the classification of credits and to the establishment of the necessary specific credit risk provisions,<br />
as well as to the establishment/adjustment/use thereof. Specifically, there are some requirements 5<br />
whose compliance must be ensured by lenders, based on the above-mentioned methods and<br />
procedures:<br />
a) establish and preserve the correspondence between the eligible real /personal guarantees and<br />
the operations representing the credits that they guarantee;<br />
b) identify, amongst the amounts registered in the credit and guarantee accounts, both in- and<br />
off-balance, all the statements related to a certain operation and, for each of these statements,<br />
establishing/associating all the required attributes to perform the classification/provisioning<br />
operation;<br />
c) adjust the amounts that are posted in the accounting books for the guarantees, in order to<br />
calculate the value whereby the amounts that represent exposures are reduced, as extracted from<br />
the credit accounts;<br />
d) identify all of the operations that represent credits and related guarantees, and that are performed<br />
with a certain debtor;<br />
e) identify all the debtors in relation to which the lender has credit-related exposures;<br />
f) establish and preserve the correspondence between the statements related to the specific credit<br />
risk provision accounts and the statements describing the credit operations for which they were<br />
created.<br />
Article 24 - Lenders must have proper information management and storage methods, as well as<br />
procedures enabling them to check primary data and the way in which data has been processed in<br />
order to classify credits and to establish the necessary specific credit risk provisions, as well as in<br />
order to establish/adjust/use them, for every closing of the accounting period.<br />
5 The requirements related to guarantees are only mandatory if the guarantees are used to<br />
mitigate exposure.<br />
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CHAPTER VI<br />
Reporting requirements<br />
Article 25 - (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (4), each category of lenders shall<br />
report to the National Bank of Romania, on a quarterly basis, on the classification of credit-related<br />
exposures and exposures associated to the payment services and their related necessary specific<br />
credit-risk provisions.<br />
(2) The form and content of the reporting forms, as well as the transmission methods described<br />
under paragraph (1) shall be established under an order issued by the National Bank of Romania.<br />
(3) Lenders granting exclusively credits related to payment services must report separately on<br />
the classification of exposures of the credit category in question, and the related specific credit risk<br />
provisions.<br />
(4) Further to the request of the National Bank of Romania, lenders must report on any other<br />
situation related to the enforcement of this regulation.<br />
CHAPTER VII<br />
Transitional and final provisions<br />
Article 26 - (1) Lenders shall enforce this Regulation starting on the first day of the month following<br />
the month when the 90 calendar day period elapsed from the time of publication expired.<br />
(2) As of the date when lenders start to enforce this Regulation, Regulation No. 5/2002<br />
of the National Bank of Romania on the classification of credits and placements, as well as on<br />
the establishment, adjustment and use of specific credit-risk provisions, as published in Part I of<br />
Official Gazette No. 200 of 30 March 2009, as subsequently amended and completed, and Order<br />
No. 5/2009 of the National Bank of Romania on reporting on the classification of credits/placements<br />
exposures and the related specific credit risk provisions, as published in Part I of Official Gazette<br />
No. 284 of 30 April 2009, will be repealed.<br />
Article 27 - The failure to comply with the provisions of this Regulation shall result in the<br />
enforcement of the penalties and/or measures, as appropriate, that are described under Articles 58<br />
and 59 of Law 93/2009, as subsequently amended and completed, Articles 66 and 68 of Government<br />
Emergency Ordinance No. 113/2009, approved as amended by Law 197/2012, as subsequently<br />
amended and completed, and under Article 69 and 71 of Law 127/2011, respectively.<br />
Article 28 - Annexes 1 through 3 are an integral part of this Regulation.<br />
Article 29 - This Regulation shall be published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I.<br />
The Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Bank of Romania,<br />
Mugur Constantin Isărescu<br />
Bucharest, 08 March 2012<br />
No. 5<br />
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Law 9/2012 on the motor vehicle emission tax<br />
.<br />
Part I of Official Gazette No. 17, 10 January 2012<br />
THE ROMANIAN PARLIAMENT HEREBY PASSES THE FOLLOWING LAW<br />
Article 1 - (1) This law establishes the legal framework governing the motor-vehicle pollution tax,<br />
hereinafter referred to as “the tax”.<br />
- (2) The revenues collected based on this tax shall be deposited in the budget of the<br />
Environment Fund and shall be managed by the Environment Fund Administration, in order to<br />
finance programmes and projects for environmental protection.<br />
Article 2 - For purposes of this Regulation, the terms and expressions below have the following<br />
meanings:<br />
a) new vehicle - any vehicle that was not registered previously;<br />
b) RNTR 2 - Regulations for type approval and issue of the motor vehicle identity card, as<br />
well as type approval of products used - RNTR 2, approved by Order No. 211/2003 of the Minister<br />
of Public Works, Transportation and Housing, as subsequently amended and completed;<br />
c) RNTR 7 - Regulations on individual homologation, issue of the identity card and the<br />
authenticity certification of vehicles - RNTR 7, approved by Order of the Ministry of Public Works,<br />
Transportation and Housing No. 2132/2005, as subsequently amended and completed;<br />
d) removal from the national fleet - any action that results in writing off the registered<br />
vehicle, except for decommissioning (scrapping) and dismantling;<br />
e) competent tax authority - the territorial tax authority in whose records the taxpayer is<br />
registered;<br />
f) taxpayer - any natural person or legal entity that finds itself in one of the situations<br />
indicated under Article 4;<br />
g) used vehicle - any vehicle that was registered previously;<br />
h) registration - the administrative operation consisting of recording in the books of the<br />
competent authorities, according to the laws in force, the title to property of a vehicle, by its first<br />
owner in Romania, and granting the registration certificate and the registration number;<br />
i) first transcription of the title to property - the first transfer of the title to property on<br />
the used vehicle, made after the time when this Law took effect, in accordance with Article 11<br />
paragraph (2), letter b) of Government Emergency Ordinance No. 195/2002 on the traffic on public<br />
roads, republished, as subsequently amended and completed;<br />
j) special tax for passenger cars and motor vehicles - the tax provided for in Article 214<br />
of Law 571/2003 on the Tax Code, as subsequently amended and completed, in force until 1 July<br />
2008;<br />
k) motor-vehicle pollution tax - the tax, as stipulated by Government Emergency Ordinance<br />
No. 50/2008 for the establishment of the motor-vehicle pollution tax, approved by Law 140/2011;<br />
l) tax - represents the amount owed by the taxpayer for pollutant emissions from vehicles<br />
included in the M1, M2, M3, and N1, N2, N3 categories.<br />
Article 3 - (1) The tax is applicable to vehicles included in the M1, M2, M3 and N1, N2, N3<br />
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categories, as defined in RNTR 2, except:<br />
a) vehicles owned by diplomatic missions, consular offices and members thereof, and other<br />
organisations and foreign individuals having diplomatic status, which operate in Romania;<br />
b) vehicles that are customised to accommodate the needs of disabled persons, for the<br />
transportation of persons with severe and profound disabilities, as defined in Law 448/2006 on the<br />
protection and promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities, republished, as subsequently<br />
amended and completed;<br />
c) vehicles for use by the armed forces, state security forces, police, Gendarmerie, border<br />
police and fire fighters;<br />
d) vehicles defined according to the RNTR 2 as vehicles for ambulance and medical services,<br />
vehicles equipped for emergency aid and special vehicles for extrication services and fire fighting;<br />
(2) The exception provided in paragraph (1), b) applies only to a single vehicle purchased during<br />
a 5-year period and if the vehicle is owned by a disabled person.<br />
(3) The special alterations to the vehicles are registered by the “Romanian Car Registry”<br />
Autonomous Administration in the identity card of the vehicle.<br />
(4) The list of special alteration to the vehicle list is provided in RNTR 7.<br />
(5) Vehicles with transmission that can operate in automatic mode, owned by people with<br />
disabilities, according to paragraph (1), letter b) fall into the category of vehicles that are exempt<br />
from tax, provided that the provisions of paragraph (3) are observed.<br />
(6) The category of vehicles mentioned under paragraph (1), d) includes only those vehicles<br />
provided with special equipment required to perform ambulance and medical services, extrication<br />
or fire fighting services, and which are entered in the records of the ambulance stations, of mobile<br />
emergency and resuscitation services, and of the inspectorates for emergency situations . The same<br />
category includes the vehicles provided with special equipment required to perform ambulance and<br />
medical services, as well as fire fighting services, owned by economic operators.<br />
Article 4 - (1) The tax shall have to be paid under the following circumstances:<br />
a) when a vehicle’s first owner in Romania has such title to property recorded in the registry<br />
books of the competent authorities, according to the laws in force, and when the related registration<br />
certificate and registration number are issued;<br />
b) when a vehicle re-enters into service, after the expiry of an exception or exemption<br />
provided for in Article 3 and 8;<br />
c) when the vehicle is reinsertion into the national fleet if, when removed from the national<br />
fleet, the residual value of the tax was reimbursed to the owner, in accordance with Article 7.<br />
(2) The tax payment obligation occurs when the title to property over a used motor vehicle<br />
is first transcribed in Romania, and for which the passenger car and motor vehicle special tax or the<br />
motor-vehicle pollution tax has not been paid according to Law 571/2003, as subsequently amended<br />
and completed, and which is not included in the category of vehicles excepted or exempted from<br />
such tax, under the legislation in force at the time of registration.<br />
Article 5 - (1) The competent tax authority calculates the tax based on the documents that proof<br />
of the title to property of the vehicle and using the tax computing elements of the charge, filed by<br />
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the taxpayer intending to carry out the registration or the first transcription of the title to property.<br />
The list of documents is mentioned in the Methodological Rules that support the enforcement of<br />
this Law.<br />
(2) The amount of the tax, in RON, is calculated based on the EUR exchange rate established<br />
on the first working day of October of the previous year, and published in the Official Journal of the<br />
European Union<br />
(3) The tax is paid by the taxpayer in a separate account, opened at the State Treasury, on<br />
behalf of the Environment Fund Administration, and the proof of payment shall be submitted upon<br />
registration or transcription of the vehicle’s title to property, in one of the situations provided for in<br />
Article 4.<br />
Article 6 - (1) The due tax amount is calculated on the basis of the elements provided for in<br />
Annexes 1-5, as follows:<br />
a) for vehicles included in the M1 category, having as corresponding emission the Euro 3,<br />
Euro 4, Euro 5 or Euro 6 standards:<br />
1. for vehicles having Euro 5, Euro 4, and Euro 3 as emission standards, the tax is calculated<br />
based on the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2<br />
) and the tax for polluting emissions in Euro/l gram<br />
of CO 2<br />
, provided in Annex No. 1, and of the emission standard and tax for pollutant emission in<br />
Euro/1 cc, provided in Annex No. 2, and of the tax reduction rate, provided in column No. 2 of<br />
Annex No. 4, using the formula: Due amount = [(A x B x 30%) + (C x D x 70%)] x (100 - E)%,<br />
where: A = the combined value of the CO 2<br />
emissions in grams/km; B = polluting emission tax,<br />
expressed in EUR/1 gram of CO 2<br />
, provided in column No. 3 of Annex No. 1, C = cylinder capacity<br />
(capacity displacement); D = polluting emissions tax for cylinder capacity, provided in column No.<br />
3 of Annex No. 2, E = tax reduction rate, provided in column No. 2 of annex No. 4;<br />
2. for vehicles having Euro 6 as emission standards, the tax is calculated based on the<br />
formula set out under Point 1 as soon as the Euro 6 standard for the registration, sale and entry<br />
into service of new vehicles takes effect, according to the (EC) Regulation No. 715/2007 of the<br />
European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type-approval of motor vehicles, with<br />
respect to emissions from light passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro<br />
6) and on the access to information on vehicle repair and maintenance operations;<br />
b) for vehicles included in the M1 category, having non-Euro, Euro 1 or Euro 2 as<br />
corresponding emission standards and for which the combined value of the CO2 emissions is<br />
unspecified, according to the formula: where C = cylinder capacity (capacity displacement); D =<br />
polluting emissions tax for cylinder capacity, provided in column No. 3 of Annex No. 2, E = tax<br />
reduction rate, provided in column No. 2 of annex No. 4;<br />
c) the formula set out under letter b) is also applicable to the vehicles included in the M1<br />
category, having as corresponding emission standards Euro 3, Euro 5 or Euro 6, which do not have<br />
a European type approval, and for which the combined value of the CO2 emissions is unspecified;<br />
d) the formula set out under letter b) is also applicable to the vehicles included in the M2,<br />
M3, N1, N2, and N3 categories, and for which the polluting emissions tax, related to the cylinder<br />
capacity, is specified in column 2 of the Annex No. 3;<br />
(2) The Euro emission standard and the value of the CO 2<br />
emission, referred to under paragraph (1),<br />
are those mentioned by the “Romanian Car Registry” Autonomous Administration Authority (Rom.<br />
„Registrul Auto Roman”) in the vehicle identity card, according to the rules for the enforcement<br />
of this law. For vehicles that do not have a European type approval for the entire vehicle, such<br />
elements are established in accordance with the regulations in force.<br />
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(3) The tax reduction rate, provided in Annex No. 4, is determined according to the age of the<br />
vehicle.<br />
(4) When the tax is calculated, additional reductions may be made, apart from the tax reduction<br />
provided in Annex No. 4, depending on the deviations from the norm of the element/elements<br />
substantiating the establishment of the fixed rate, if the person requesting registration or, as<br />
appropriate, the first transcription of the title to property of a used motor vehicle, declares that the<br />
actual annual average use of the vehicle in question is greater than the annual average use deemed<br />
standard for that category of vehicles, according to the guidelines that support the enforcement of<br />
this law. In this case, the tax calculation is based on the tax rate reduction resulting from the rate<br />
provided in Annex No. 4, increased by the additional reduction rate provided in Annex No. 5. When<br />
the new reduction rate is higher than 90%, the 90% reduction rate shall apply.<br />
(5) The amount of the tax to be paid, calculated according to paragraph (1), may be adjusted<br />
when the person that requests the registration or, if applicable, the first transcription of the title to<br />
property of a used motor vehicle is able to prove, based on the technical expertise conducted by the<br />
“Romanian Car Registry” Autonomous Administration, that the depreciation of the used vehicle is<br />
greater, according to the guidelines that support the enforcement of this law.<br />
(6) The age of the vehicle is calculated based on the date when first registered.<br />
(7) When the person who requests the registration or the first transcription of the title to property<br />
over the vehicle is unable to prove the registration date of the vehicle, the production year shall be<br />
taken into account for tax calculation purposes.<br />
Article 7 - (1) The taxpayer who has paid the tax shall be reimbursed its residual value according<br />
to paragraph (3), if a motor vehicle for which the motor-vehicle motor-vehicle pollution tax, as<br />
defined in Article 2 letter k), or the tax under this Law have been paid in Romania, is subsequently<br />
removed from the national fleet.<br />
(2) The residual value of the tax is the tax that would have been paid for the vehicle in question, if<br />
it had been registered as soon as removed from the national fleet.<br />
(3) The tax shall be reimbursedfurther to the request of the taxpayer, based on the following<br />
documents:<br />
a) a document proving that the applicant was the last owner of the vehicle removed from<br />
the national fleet;<br />
b) proof that the vehicle was written off. Due amount = C x D x (100 - E), 100.<br />
(4) The reimbursement application is submitted to the competent tax authority.<br />
(5) If the tax residual value, calculated as specified under this article, is higher than the tax paid<br />
when the vehicle is registered in Romania, the residual value calculated proportionally to the paid<br />
tax shall be refunded.<br />
Article 8 - (1) No tax is due when vehicles:<br />
a) are included in the historic vehicle category, as defined by the laws in force;<br />
b) are given to educational, healthcare and cultural institutions, ministries, other public<br />
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administration bodies, employers’ associations and trade unions of national importance, public<br />
utility associations and foundations, by foreign governments, international organisations and nonprofit<br />
and charitable organisations, through donations or directly, via non-reimbursable grants, as<br />
well as within scientific and technical cooperation programmes;<br />
c) are seized or transferred, by law, to the property of the state and given, free of charge, in<br />
accordance with the legal provisions in force;<br />
d) are intended for sports competitions, as defined by the laws in force;<br />
(2) For vehicles equipped with diesel engines and particle filters, as confirmed by the “Romanian<br />
Car Registry” Autonomous Administration, the tax amount is reduced by 25%.<br />
Article 9 - (1) The tax amount may be disputed when the person registering or transcribing the<br />
title to property of a used motor vehicle can prove that the vehicle in question has depreciated to an<br />
extent greater than the one indicated by the grid provided in annex No. 4.<br />
(2) The assessment of the depreciation level will be conducted on the basis of the elements taken<br />
into account when establishing the reduction rate provided in Article 6, paragraph (4).<br />
(3) In case of dispute, the used car characteristics, provided under paragraph (2), are established,<br />
at the request of the taxpayer, via a technical expertise conducted by the “Romanian Car Registry”<br />
Autonomous Administration, for a fee, according to the procedure stipulated by the rules for the<br />
enforcement of this law.<br />
(4) The technical expertise fee is determined by the “Romanian Car Registry” Autonomous<br />
Administration depending on the technical expertise operations required and cannot exceed the<br />
cost thereof.<br />
(5) The results of the technical expertise are recorded in a document issued by the “Romanian Car<br />
Registry” Autonomous Administration, which includes the information corresponding to each of<br />
the items mentioned in paragraph (2), as well as the resulting reduction rate.<br />
(6) The document on the results of the technical expertise, issued by the “Romanian Car Registry”<br />
Autonomous Administration, shall be submitted by the taxpayer to the relevant tax authorities.<br />
(7) When the relevant tax authority gets the document mentioned in paragraph (6), it shall recalculate<br />
the due amount representing the tax, which may result in the reimbursement of the difference, as<br />
paid upon registration or transcription of the title to property of a used motor vehicle.<br />
(8) If duly justified, the tax authority may request a second opinion.<br />
Article 10 - The relevant tax authority shall ascertaining, check, collect and settle the tax-related<br />
disputes regarding the amounts due by taxpayers, according to the provisions of the Government<br />
Ordinance No. 92/2003 on the Code of Fiscal Procedure, as republished and as subsequently<br />
amended and completed.<br />
Article 11 - Any taxpayer who is dissatisfied with how a dispute is resolved may approach the<br />
courts that handle contentious matters and that have the appropriate jurisdiction under the law.<br />
Article 12 - (1) If the motor-vehicle pollution tax paid by taxpayers as of 1 July 2008 and up until<br />
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the time when this Law takes effect, according to Government Emergency Ordinance No. 50/2008,<br />
approved by Law No. 140/2011, as subsequently amended and completed, is higher than the tax<br />
resulting from the enforcement of these provisions on vehicle pollutant emissions tax, calculated<br />
in RON and observing the exchange rate applicable at the time of registration in Romania, the<br />
amounts representing the balance of paid tax may only be reimbursed to the holder of the payment<br />
obligation, according to the procedure specified by the rules for the enforcement of this law. The<br />
balance to be refunded shall be calculated based on the formula set out in this law, which uses<br />
elements considered when the vehicle was first registered in Romania.<br />
(2) The amounts set out in paragraph (1) shall be refunded upon the taxpayer’s request, duly<br />
submitted to the relevant tax authority, in accordance with Government Ordinance No. 92/2003, as<br />
republished, as subsequently amended and completed.<br />
(3) The resulting tax, i.e. the difference between the amount paid by the taxpayer as special tax<br />
and the amount resulting from the application of the pollutant emission tax are refunded observing<br />
the statute of limitation specified in the tax law, according to the procedure established in the<br />
guidelines that support the enforcement of this law.<br />
Article 13 - The expenses established by courts under final and binding rulings, which should be<br />
paid by the state, as well as any other expenses incurred following the court enforcement procedure,<br />
shall be paid out of the tax collected in the accounts of the relevant tax authority or from the tax<br />
transferred to the budget of the Environment Fund, as applicable.<br />
Article 14 - Within 15 days from the date when this law is published in Part I of the Official Gazette<br />
of Romania, the Ministry of Environment and Forests and the Ministry of Administration and<br />
Interior, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure shall write<br />
the guidelines that will support the enforcement of this law and that have to be formalised under a<br />
Government Decision.<br />
Article 15 - Annexes 1 through 5 are an integral part of this Law.<br />
Article 16 - When this Law becomes effective, Government Emergency Ordinance No. 50/2008<br />
on the establishment of the motor vehicle pollution tax, published in Part I of Official Gazette of<br />
Romania No. 327 of 25 April 2008, approved by Law 140/2011 and by Government Decision<br />
No. 686/2008 on the approval of the Methodological Rules for the enforcement of Government<br />
Emergency Ordinance No. 50/2008 for the establishment of the motor vehicle pollution tax,<br />
published in Part I of Official Gazette of Romania No. 480 of 30 June 2008, as subsequently<br />
amended and completed, is repealed. This Law has been passed by the Romanian Parliament, in<br />
compliance with Articles 75 and 76, paragraph (2) of the Romanian Constitution, as republished.<br />
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Annex No. 1 - Pollution tax rates, according to CO 2<br />
emission level<br />
Emission standard1) CO2 emission Pollution tax<br />
Rates<br />
- gram CO 2<br />
/km - - EUR/1 gram CO 2<br />
-<br />
Hybrid, electric - 0<br />
Euro 6 - 0<br />
Euro 5, Euro 4, Euro 3 < =120 0<br />
121-150 0.5<br />
151-180 1.0<br />
181-210 2.0<br />
211-240 4.0<br />
241-270 6.0<br />
> =271 8.0<br />
----------------<br />
1) The emission standard is the one established by:<br />
- (EC) Regulation No. 715/2007 for Euro 5 and Euro 6;<br />
- Directives 98/69/EC and 2002/80/EC for Euro 3 and Euro 4.<br />
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Annex No. 2 - Pollution tax rates, depending on emission standard<br />
Emission standard1) Cylinder capacity Tax level for<br />
Cylinder<br />
polluting emissions<br />
capacity - EUR/1 cc -<br />
- cc -<br />
Hybrid, electric 0<br />
Euro 6 2)<br />
Euro 5 3,000 0.390<br />
Euro 4 3,000 2.70<br />
Euro 3 3,000 7.02<br />
Euro 2 3,000 16.00<br />
Euro 1 3,000 29.70<br />
Non-Euro
1,201-1,400 23.77<br />
1,401-1,600 35.62<br />
1,601-2,000 47.55<br />
2,001-3,000 70.00<br />
>3,000 95.10<br />
---------------<br />
1) The emission standard is the one established by:<br />
- (EC) Regulation No. 715/2007 for Euro 5 and Euro 6;<br />
- Directives 98/69/EC and 2002/80/EC for Euro 3 and Euro 4.<br />
- Directives 94/12/EC and 96/69/EC for Euro 2.<br />
- Directives 91/441/EEC and 93/59/EEC for Euro 1.<br />
2) The pollution tax rates (EUR/1cc) shall be determined upon entry into force of the Euro 6<br />
Standard for the registration, sale and entry into service of new vehicles, according to the (EC)<br />
Regulation No. 715/2007<br />
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Annex No. 3 - pollution tax rates, for motor vehicles included in the N1, N2, N3, M2, and<br />
M3 categories<br />
Emission standard1) pollution tax rates<br />
- Euro/1 cc -<br />
Euro 6/VI2) 0<br />
Euro 5/V 0,05<br />
Euro 4/IV 0,25<br />
Euro 3/III 0,5<br />
Euro 2/II 2<br />
Euro 1/I 4<br />
Non-Euro 9<br />
--------------<br />
1) The emission standard is the one established by:<br />
- Directives 1999/96/EC and 2005/55/EC for Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V;<br />
- Directives 91/542/EEC and 96/1/EC for Euro II.<br />
- Directive 91/542/EEC for Euro I.<br />
2) The pollution tax rates (EUR/1cc) shall be determined upon entry into force of the Euro 6<br />
Standard for the registration, sale and entry into service of new vehicles, according to the (EC)<br />
Regulation No. 715/2007.<br />
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Annex No. 4 - Pollution tax discount rates<br />
Vehicle age<br />
reduction rate<br />
- % -<br />
New<br />
1 month – 3 months included 5<br />
> 3 months – 6 months included 8<br />
> 6 months – 9 months included 10<br />
> 9 months – 1 year included 13<br />
> 1 year – 2 years included 21<br />
> 2 years – 3 years included 28<br />
> 3 years – 4 years included 33<br />
> 4 years – 5 years included 38<br />
> 5 years – 6 years included 43<br />
> 6 years – 7 years included 49<br />
> 7 years – 8 years included 55<br />
> 8 years – 9 years included 61<br />
> 9 years – 10 years included 66<br />
> 10 years – 11 years included 73<br />
> 11 years – 12 years included 79<br />
> 12 years – 13 years included 84<br />
> 13 years – 14 years included 89<br />
Over 14 years 90<br />
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Annex No. 5 - Additional pollution tax rate discounts, according to the actual annual<br />
average mileage<br />
Category of vehicle Difference between average use reduction rate<br />
actual annual use and average use additional<br />
annual standard - % -<br />
- Km -<br />
M1 30,001 1.75<br />
N1 50,001 1.5<br />
M2 and N2 75,001 1.5<br />
M3 and N3 200,001 1.5<br />
Bucharest, on 6 January 2012, No. 9<br />
PRESIDENT OF THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES<br />
ROBERTA ALMA ANASTASE<br />
PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE<br />
VASILE BLAGA<br />
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Emergency Ordinance No. 1/2012 to suspend the enforcement of certain<br />
provisions of Law No. 9/2012 governing the tax chargeable on<br />
motor-vehicle pollution and to reimburse the tax paid according to Article 4,<br />
paragraph (2) of Law has been published in Part I of Official Gazette No. 79 of<br />
31 January 2012<br />
Considering the technical difficulties that could be generated by the immediate enforcement of<br />
Article 2, letter i), Article 4, paragraph (2) and those regarding the first transcription of the title<br />
to property, and Article 5, paragraph (1) of Law No. 9/2012 governing the tax chargeable on<br />
motor-vehicle pollution, and considering the need to overcome these difficulties in order to be<br />
able to correctly charge the motor-vehicle pollution fee, and the need to remove the risk to be<br />
late in establishing this tax exactly, in order to reassess the impact that the measures specified<br />
in this piece of legislation could have both economically and socially, a time interval of one<br />
year should be allocated for that purpose. Moreover, this measure is necessary in order to<br />
streamline the enforcement of the motor-vehicle pollution tax and to clarify the legal disputes<br />
that have been generated by the enforcement of Emergency Ordinance No. 50/2008 regarding<br />
the motor vehicle pollution tax. Since the failure to enforce this Emergency Ordinance would<br />
inflict negative consequences upon the way in which the motor-vehicles falling in the category<br />
of the ones specified in Law No. 9/2012 are taxed, and considering the fact that these elements<br />
are associated to the public interest and represent an emergency situation and an extraordinary<br />
circumstance that has to be regulated formally without delay, as per Article 115, paragraph (4)<br />
of the Romanian Constitution, as republished, the Government of Romania hereby adopts this<br />
Emergency Ordinance.<br />
Article 1 - Provisions of Article 2, letter i), Article 4, paragraph (2) and the provisions regarding<br />
the first transcription of the title of property as per Article 5, paragraph (1) of Law No. 9/2012<br />
governing the tax chargeable on motor-vehicle pollution, published in Part I of the Official<br />
Gazette of Romania No. 17 of 10 January 2012, shall no longer be applied as of the date when<br />
this Emergency Ordinance takes effect up until 1 January 2013.<br />
Article 2 - (1) Taxpayers who have paid the motor-vehicle pollution tax upon the first<br />
transcription of their title to property, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph (2) of Law No.<br />
9/2012, over the span of time included between the date when this Law took effect and the date<br />
when this Emergency Ordinance took effect may request to have this tax reimbursed.<br />
(2) The amounts described under paragraph (1) shall be refunded further to the taxpayer’s<br />
request, which should be lodged with the relevant tax authority, as per Government Ordinance<br />
No. 92/2003 that governs the Code of Fiscal Procedure, as subsequently amended and<br />
completed, which shall apply accordingly except for the provisions of Article 124 in the<br />
respective Ordinance.<br />
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(3) The amounts shall be refunded before the expiry of the statutes of limitation specified<br />
under Article 135 of Government Ordinance No. 92/2003, as republished, as subsequently<br />
amended and completed.<br />
PRIME MINISTER<br />
EMIL BOC<br />
Also endorsed by:<br />
Minister of Environment and Forests, László Borbély<br />
Minister of Administration and Interior, Constantin-Traian Igaş<br />
Pp. Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure, Gheorghe Dobre, secretar general<br />
Pp. Minister of European Affairs, Cătălin Teodor Vatafu, secretary of state<br />
Minister of Public Finances, Gheorghe Ialomiţianu<br />
Bucharest, 30 January 2012<br />
No. 1<br />
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EMERGENCY ORDINANCE no. 24 of 6 June 2012<br />
amending and supplementing Law No. 571/2003 governing the<br />
Tax Code and regulating certain financial and tax measures<br />
ISSUER: THE ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT<br />
PUBLISHED IN: THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL No. 384 OF 7 JUNE 2012<br />
(…)<br />
5. Article 21, paragraph (3), letter n) is amended and shall have the following content:<br />
“n) operating, maintenance and repair costs for company cars used by persons holding management<br />
and administrative positions of the legal entity, are deductible, to a limited degree, under paragraph<br />
(4) letter t) for no more than one vehicle for each person having such a position. “<br />
6. Article 21, paragraph (4), letter t) is amended and shall have the following content:<br />
“t) 50% of the costs of road motor vehicles which are not used exclusively for conducting business,<br />
having a maximum authorised weight not exceeding 3,500 kg and no more than 9 passenger seats,<br />
including the driver’s seat, owned or used by the taxpayer. These expenses are fully deductible in<br />
situations in which such vehicles are included in any of the following categories:<br />
1. vehicles used exclusively for emergency services, security and protection services, and courier<br />
services;<br />
2. vehicles used by sales and procurement personnel;<br />
3. vehicles used for passenger transport, in exchange for payment, including taxi services;<br />
4. vehicles used for the provision of services in exchange for payment, including for rental to other<br />
persons or for instruction, as used by driving schools;<br />
5. vehicles used as goods, for commercial purposes.<br />
The expenses covered by these provisions do not include the depreciation expenses. The way these<br />
provisions are to be enforced shall be established by means of guideline norms.<br />
7. Under Article 22, paragraph (1), letter m) shall be inserted after the letter l) that shall have<br />
the following content:<br />
“m) the provisions/adjustments for doubtful debts taken over from credit institutions in order to<br />
recover them, observing the difference limit between the amount of the receivables taken over by<br />
assignment and the amount to be paid to the assignor, for receivables that meet, cumulatively, the<br />
following requirements:<br />
1. are assigned and recorded in the assignee’s accounts after the 1st of July 2012, inclusively;<br />
2. are transferred from one person or payable by a person not affiliated to the taxpayer that has the<br />
quality of assignee;<br />
3. were included in the taxable income of the taxpayer that has the quality of assignee.”<br />
8. Under Article 48, paragraph (7), letter l^1) is amended and shall have the following content:<br />
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“l^1) 50% of the costs of road motor vehicles which are not used exclusively for conducting business,<br />
having a maximum authorised weight not exceeding 3,500 kg and no more than 9 passenger seats,<br />
including the driver’s seat, owned or used.<br />
These expenses are fully deductible in situations in which such vehicles are included in any of the<br />
following categories:<br />
1. vehicles used exclusively for emergency services, security and protection services, and courier<br />
services;<br />
2. vehicles used by sales and procurement personnel;<br />
3. vehicles used for passenger transport, in exchange for payment, including taxi services;<br />
4. vehicles used for the provision of services in exchange for payment, including for rental to other<br />
persons or for instruction, as used by driving schools;<br />
5. vehicles used as goods, for commercial purposes. The expenses covered by these provisions do<br />
not include the depreciation expenses.<br />
In the case of road motor vehicles, owned or used, which are not subject to the expense deduction<br />
limit, the general deduction rules shall apply.<br />
The way these provisions are to be enforced shall be established by means of guideline norms.<br />
(…)<br />
15. Article 145^1 is amended and shall have the following content:<br />
“Special limitations of the deduction right Article 145^1<br />
(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 145, the deduction right is limited to 50% for the<br />
taxes related to the purchase, intra-community purchase, import, rental or leasing of road motor<br />
vehicles and the taxes for the expenses related to the vehicles owned or used by the taxpayer, if the<br />
vehicles are not used exclusively for conducting business.<br />
(2) The restriction referred to under paragraph (1) does not apply to road motor vehicles with a<br />
maximum authorised weight exceeding 3500 kg or having more than 9 seats, including the driver’s<br />
seat.<br />
(3) The provisions of paragraph (1) do not apply to the following categories of road motor vehicles:<br />
a) vehicles used exclusively for emergency services, security and protection services, and courier<br />
services;<br />
b) vehicles used by sales and procurement personnel;<br />
c) vehicles used for passenger transport, in exchange for payment, including taxi services;<br />
d) vehicles used for the provision of services in exchange for payment, including for instruction, as<br />
used by driving schools;<br />
e) vehicles used for rental or whose use is assigned by means of a financial or operating leasing<br />
agreement;<br />
f) vehicles used as goods, for commercial purposes.<br />
(4) The provisions of paragraphs (1) to (3) included shall also apply if invoices were issued and/or<br />
advances were paid, as part of the equivalent value of the goods and/or services before 1 July 2012,<br />
if the delivery/provision occurs after such date.<br />
(5) The general rules of deduction set out in Article 145 and Articles 146 - 147^1 shall apply to<br />
the vehicles not subject to the limitation of the deduction right according to paragraph (1), which<br />
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are used exclusively to conduct business, as well as those exempt from the deduction limit under<br />
paragraph (3).<br />
(6) The way these provisions are to be enforced shall be established by guideline norms.”<br />
16. Under Article 152, paragraphs (1), (2) and (5), (7) are amended and shall have the following<br />
content:<br />
“(1) the taxable persons established in Romania according to Article 125^1, paragraph<br />
(2) letter a), whose annual turnover, either declared or achieved, is below the EUR 65,000 ceiling,<br />
whose equivalent in RON is determined taking into account the exchange rate published by the<br />
National Bank of Romania upon accession and is rounded to the next thousand, or RON 220,000,<br />
may apply for a tax exemption, hereinafter referred to as the special tax relief conditions for the<br />
operations described in Article 126 paragraph (1), excluding intra-Community supplies of new<br />
means of transportation, which are exempted under Article 143, paragraph (2) letter a).<br />
(2) The turnover serving as a reference for the application of paragraph (1) is formed of the total<br />
value, not including the tax, in the case of taxable persons requesting the de-registration from<br />
the VAT-payers’ records of the supplies of goods and services made by a taxable person during<br />
a calendar year, taxable or, as appropriate, which would be taxable if they were not conducted<br />
by a small enterprise, of operations resulting from economic activities for which the place of<br />
supply/provision is considered to be abroad, if the tax were deductible, if these operations were<br />
performed in Romania according to Article 145, paragraph (2), letter b), of exempt operations with<br />
deductibility and of exempt operations without deductibility, as set out in Article 141, paragraph<br />
(2), letters a), b), e) and f), unless they are incidental to the main activity, except for the following:<br />
a) supplies of tangible or intangible assets, as defined in Article 125^1, paragraph (1), section 3,<br />
made by taxable persons;<br />
b) intra-community supplies of new means of transportation, exempted under Article 143 paragraph<br />
(2), letter a).<br />
(…)<br />
(5) For the newly incorporated taxable persons, which start an economic activity during a calendar<br />
year, the exemption ceiling is the one referred to in paragraph (1).<br />
(6) The taxable person applying the special tax relief conditions and whose annual turnover referred<br />
to in paragraph (2) is greater than or equal to the ceiling provided in paragraph (1) shall apply for<br />
registration for VAT purposes according to Article 153, within 10 days from the time when the<br />
said ceiling has been reached or exceeded. The date when the ceiling was reached or exceeded<br />
is deemed to be the first day of the calendar month following the month in which the ceiling was<br />
reached or exceeded.<br />
The special tax relief conditions shall apply by the date of registration as a VAT payer, as per<br />
Article 153. If the taxable person in question does not request or requests a late registration, the tax<br />
authorities are entitled to set tax payment obligations and related accessories starting on the date<br />
on which said taxable person should have been registered for taxation purposes, under Article 153.<br />
(7) The taxable person registered as a VAT payer under Article 153 that, during the preceding<br />
calendar year, has not exceeded the tax relief ceiling provided in paragraph (1) may request the<br />
removal from the records of persons registered as a VAT payer under Article 153, in order to apply<br />
for the special tax relief conditions, provided that, on the date when such application is filed, the<br />
tax relief ceiling for the current year should not exceeded. The application may be submitted to the<br />
tax authorities between the 1st and 10th day of each month following the tax period applied by the<br />
taxable person, under Article 156^1.<br />
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The cancellation will be effective starting on the date when the decision to remove from the records<br />
of persons registered as a VAT payer is notified. The tax authorities are required to solve the<br />
applications for the removal from the records of persons registered as a VAT payer no later than the<br />
end of the month in which such application is filed. Before the decision to cancel the registration<br />
for VAT purposes is notified, the taxable person shall enjoy all of the rights and be bound by all<br />
obligations incumbent upon VAT payers according to Article 153.<br />
The taxable person that applies for de-registration must file the last tax return specified in Article<br />
156^2, regardless of the taxation period applied under Article 156^1, until the 25 th day of the<br />
month following the month in which the decision to cancel the VAT-payer’s status was notified. In<br />
the tax return filed last, taxable persons are required to highlight the value resulting from the tax<br />
adjustments, under this title.”<br />
(…)<br />
PRIME MINISTER,<br />
VICTOR VIOREL PONTA<br />
Also endorsed by:<br />
Deputy Prime Minister,<br />
The Ministry of Public Finances,<br />
Florin Georgescu<br />
The Minister of European Affairs,<br />
Leonard Orban<br />
The Minister of the Economy, Trade and<br />
Business Environment<br />
Daniel Chiţoiu<br />
Bucharest, 6 June 2012<br />
No. 24<br />
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